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polymorphic toxin systems: comprehensive characterization of trafficking modes, processing, mechanisms of action, immunity and ecology using comparative genomics.proteinaceous toxins are observed across all levels of inter-organismal and intra-genomic conflicts. these include recently discovered prokaryotic polymorphic toxin systems implicated in intra-specific conflicts. they are characterized by a remarkable diversity of c-terminal toxin domains generated by recombination with standalone toxin-coding cassettes. prior analysis revealed a striking diversity of nuclease and deaminase domains among the toxin modules. we systematically investigated polymorp ...201222731697
widespread dynamic dna methylation in response to biotic stress.regulation of gene expression by dna methylation is crucial for defining cellular identities and coordinating organism-wide developmental programs in many organisms. in plants, modulation of dna methylation in response to environmental conditions represents a potentially robust mechanism to regulate gene expression networks; however, examples of dynamic dna methylation are largely limited to gene imprinting. here we report an unexpected role for dna methylation in regulation of the arabidopsis t ...201222733782
biological and chemical induction of resistance to the globodera tabacum solanacearum in oriental and flue-cured tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.).the effects of acibenzolar-s-methyl (asm) and four combinations of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) on the reproduction of a tobacco cyst nematode, globodera tabacum solanacearum, and growth of nicotiana tabacum (cv. k326 and xanthi) were tested under greenhouse and field conditions. the pgpr included combinations of bacillus subtilis a13 with b. pumilis inr7, b. pumilis se34, b. licheniformis in937b, or b. amyloliquefaciens in937a, respectively. among the four rhizobacterial combinat ...200922736815
oxidative stress and programmed cell death in yeast.yeasts, such as saccharomyces cerevisiae, have long served as useful models for the study of oxidative stress, an event associated with cell death and severe human pathologies. this review will discuss oxidative stress in yeast, in terms of sources of reactive oxygen species (ros), their molecular targets, and the metabolic responses elicited by cellular ros accumulation. responses of yeast to accumulated ros include upregulation of antioxidants mediated by complex transcriptional changes, activ ...201222737670
the ankyrin-repeat transmembrane protein bda1 functions downstream of the receptor-like protein snc2 to regulate plant immunity.plants utilize a large number of immune receptors to recognize pathogens and activate defense responses. a small number of these receptors belong to the receptor-like protein family. previously, we showed that a gain-of-function mutation in the receptor-like protein snc2 (for suppressor of npr1, constitutive2) leads to constitutive activation of defense responses in snc2-1d mutant plants. to identify defense signaling components downstream of snc2, we carried out a suppressor screen in the snc2- ...201222740615
draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pathovar syringae strain ff5, causal agent of stem tip dieback disease on ornamental pear.pseudomonas syringae ff5 causes stem tip dieback disease on ornamental pear (pyrus calleryana). its genome encodes a complete type iii secretion system (t3ss) and hopac1, hopm1, avre1, hopi1, hopaa1, hopj1, hopah2, hopah1, hopag1, and hopaz1. lacking detectable homologues of other t3ss effectors, it may encode novel, undiscovered effectors.201222740663
lyk4, a lysin motif receptor-like kinase, is important for chitin signaling and plant innate immunity in arabidopsis.chitin is commonly found in fungal cell walls and is one of the well-studied microbe/pathogen-associated molecular patterns. previous studies showed that lysin motif (lysm)-containing proteins are essential for plant recognition of chitin, leading to the activation of plant innate immunity. in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), the lyk1/cerk1 (for lysm-containing receptor-like kinase1/chitin elicitor receptor kinase1) was shown to be essential for chitin recognition, whereas in rice (oryza sati ...201222744984
integration of bioinformatics and synthetic promoters leads to the discovery of novel elicitor-responsive cis-regulatory sequences in arabidopsis.a combination of bioinformatic tools, high-throughput gene expression profiles, and the use of synthetic promoters is a powerful approach to discover and evaluate novel cis-sequences in response to specific stimuli. with arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) microarray data annotated to the pathoplant database, 732 different queries with a focus on fungal and oomycete pathogens were performed, leading to 510 up-regulated gene groups. using the binding site estimation suite of tools, best, 407 conse ...201222744985
an ultra-fast metabolite prediction algorithm.small molecules are central to all biological processes and metabolomics becoming an increasingly important discovery tool. robust, accurate and efficient experimental approaches are critical to supporting and validating predictions from post-genomic studies. to accurately predict metabolic changes and dynamics, experimental design requires multiple biological replicates and usually multiple treatments. mass spectra from each run are processed and metabolite features are extracted. because of ma ...201222745711
evolution of two-component signal transduction systems.to exist in a wide range of environmental niches, bacteria must sense and respond to a variety of external signals. a primary means by which this occurs is through two-component signal transduction pathways, typically composed of a sensor histidine kinase that receives the input stimuli and then phosphorylates a response regulator that effects an appropriate change in cellular physiology. histidine kinases and response regulators have an intrinsic modularity that separates signal input, phosphot ...201222746333
exploring optimization parameters to increase ssdna recombineering in lactococcus lactis and lactobacillus reuteri.single-stranded dna (ssdna) recombineering is a technology which is used to make subtle changes in the chromosome of several bacterial genera. cells which express a single-stranded dna binding protein (rect or bet) are transformed with an oligonucleotide which is incorporated via an annealing and replication-dependent mechanism. by in silico analysis we identified ssdna binding protein homologs in the genus lactobacillus and lactococcus lactis. to assess whether we could further improve the reco ...201222750793
lon protease of azorhizobium caulinodans ors571 is required for suppression of reb gene expression.bacterial lon proteases play important roles in a variety of biological processes in addition to housekeeping functions. in this study, we focused on the lon protease of azorhizobium caulinodans, which can fix nitrogen both during free-living growth and in stem nodules of the legume sesbania rostrata. the nitrogen fixation activity of an a. caulinodans lon mutant in the free-living state was not significantly different from that of the wild-type strain. however, the stem nodules formed by the lo ...201222752172
membrane vesicle formation as a multiple-stress response mechanism enhances pseudomonas putida dot-t1e cell surface hydrophobicity and biofilm formation.among the adaptive responses of bacteria to rapid changes in environmental conditions, those of the cell envelope are known to be the most crucial. therefore, several mechanisms with which bacteria change their cell surface and membranes in the presence of different environmental stresses have been elucidated. among these mechanisms, the release of outer membrane vesicles (mv) in gram-negative bacteria has attracted particular research interest because of its involvement in pathogenic processes, ...201222752175
fatty acid biosynthesis in pseudomonas aeruginosa is initiated by the faby class of β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthases.the prototypical type ii fatty acid synthesis (fas) pathway in bacteria utilizes two distinct classes of β-ketoacyl synthase (kas) domains to assemble long-chain fatty acids, the kasiii domain for initiation and the kasi/ii domain for elongation. the central role of fas in bacterial viability and virulence has stimulated significant effort toward developing kas inhibitors, particularly against the kasiii domain of the β-acetoacetyl-acyl carrier protein (acp) synthase fabh. herein, we show that t ...201222753059
hcp2, a secreted protein of the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, is required for fitness for competition against bacteria and yeasts.when analyzing the secretome of the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, we identified hemolysin-coregulated protein (hcp) as one of the secreted proteins. hcp is assumed to be an extracellular component of the type vi secretion system (t6ss). two copies of hcp genes are present in the p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 genome, hcp1 (pspto_2539) and hcp2 (pspto_5435). we studied the expression patterns of the hcp genes and tested the fitness of hcp knockout mutants in host plant col ...201222753062
cellular choline and glycine betaine pools impact osmoprotection and phospholipase c production in pseudomonas aeruginosa.choline is abundantly produced by eukaryotes and plays an important role as a precursor of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine. in pseudomonas aeruginosa, glycine betaine has additional roles as a nutrient source and an inducer of the hemolytic phospholipase c, plch. the multiple functions for glycine betaine suggested that the cytoplasmic pool of glycine betaine is regulated in p. aeruginosa. we used (13)c nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)c-nmr) to demonstrate that p. aeruginosa maintains both ch ...201222753069
madp-rts: versatile virulence factors from bacterial pathogens of plants and mammals.mono adp-ribosyltransferases (madp-rts) are a family of enzymes that cleave nad(+) and covalently attach the adp-ribosyl moiety to target proteins. madp-rts are well established as important virulence factors of bacteria that infect mammals. cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, and diphtheria toxin are three of the best-known examples of madp-rts. they modify host target proteins in order to promote infection and/or killing of the host cell. despite low sequence similarity at the primary amino acid l ...201222754560
the crystal structure of the periplasmic domain of vibrio parahaemolyticus cpxa.the cpx two-component system of gram-negative bacteria senses extracytoplasmic stresses using the histidine kinase cpxa, a membrane-bound sensor, and controls the transcription of the genes involved in stress response by the cytosolic response regulator cpxr, which is activated by the phosphorelay from cpxa. cpxp, a cpxa-associated protein, also plays an important role in the regulation of the cpx system by inhibiting the autophosphorylation of cpxa. although the stress signals and physiological ...201222760860
acyl-homoserine lactone-dependent eavesdropping promotes competition in a laboratory co-culture model.many proteobacteria use acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl)-mediated quorum sensing to activate the production of antibiotics at high cell density. extracellular factors like antibiotics can be considered public goods shared by individuals within a group. quorum-sensing control of antibiotic production may be important for protecting a niche or competing for limited resources in mixed bacterial communities. to begin to investigate the role of quorum sensing in interspecies competition, we developed a ...201222763647
identification of three mapkkks forming a linear signaling pathway leading to programmed cell death in nicotiana benthamiana.the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade is an evolutionarily ancient mechanism of signal transduction found in eukaryotic cells. in plants, mapk cascades are associated with responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses such as plant pathogens. mapk cascades function through sequential phosphorylation: mapk kinase kinases (mapkkks) phosphorylate mapk kinases (mapkks), and phosphorylated mapkks phosphorylate mapks. of these three types of kinase, the mapkkks exhibit the most diverg ...201222770370
genes for plant autophagy: functions and interactions.autophagy, or self-consuming of cytoplasmic constituents in a lytic compartment, plays a crucial role in nutrient recycling, development, cell homeostasis, and defense against pathogens and toxic products. autophagy in plant cells uses a conserved machinery of core autophagy-related (atg) proteins. recently, research on plant autophagy has been expanding and other components interacting with the core atg proteins are being revealed. in addition, growing evidence suggests that autophagy communica ...201222772908
the bacterium pantoea stewartii uses two different type iii secretion systems to colonize its plant host and insect vector.plant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria utilize phylogenetically distinct type iii secretion systems (t3ss) that produce needle-like injectisomes or pili for the delivery of effector proteins into host cells. pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (herein referred to as p. stewartii), the causative agent of stewart's bacterial wilt and leaf blight of maize, carries phylogenetically distinct t3sss. in addition to an hrc-hrp t3ss, known to be essential for maize pathogenesis, p. stewartii has a second t ...201222773631
contribution of surfactin and swra to flagellin expression, swimming, and surface motility in bacillus subtilis.multicellular communities produced by bacillus subtilis can adopt sliding or swarming to translocate over surfaces. while sliding is a flagellum-independent motility produced by the expansive forces in a growing colony, swarming requires flagellar functionality and is characterized by the appearance of hyperflagellated swarm cells that associate in bundles or rafts during movement. previous work has shown that swarming by undomesticated b. subtilis strains requires swra, a gene that upregulates ...201222773650
uv-b irradiation changes specifically the secondary metabolite profile in broccoli sprouts: induced signaling overlaps with defense response to biotic stressors.only a few environmental factors have such a pronounced effect on plant growth and development as ultraviolet light (uv). concerns have arisen due to increased uv-b radiation reaching the earth's surface as a result of stratospheric ozone depletion. ecologically relevant low to moderate uv-b doses (0.3-1 kj m(-2) d(-1)) were applied to sprouts of the important vegetable crop brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli), and eco-physiological responses such as accumulation of non-volatile secondary ...201222773681
multiple transcription-activating sequences regulate the rsmz regulatory small rna of pseudomonas brassicacearum.the muts-rpos region is known to be a highly polymorphic segment of the chromosome owing to horizontal gene transfer and evolutionary processes. in pseudomonas, muts-fdxa-rsmz-rpos organization is highly conserved, as well as the promoter region of the rsmz small rna (srna)-encoding gene. one exception to this conservation is in pseudomonas brassicacearum, where a 308-nucleotide (nt) sequence, predicted to form a hairpin structure in single-stranded dna (ssdna), is inserted between the rpos and ...201222773788
antisense rna that affects rhodopseudomonas palustris quorum-sensing signal receptor expression.quorum sensing in the bacterium rhodopseudomonas palustris involves the rpai signal synthase, which produces p-coumaroyl-homoserine lactone (pc-hsl) and rpar, which is a pc-hsl-dependent transcriptional activator. there is also an antisense rpar transcript (asrpar) of unknown function. recent rnaseq studies have revealed that bacterial antisense rnas are abundant, but little is known about the function of these molecules. because asrpar expression is quorum sensing dependent, we sought to charac ...201222778415
the beginnings of crop phosphoproteomics: exploring early warning systems of stress.this review examines why a knowledge of plant protein phosphorylation events is important in devising strategies to protect crops from both biotic and abiotic stresses, and why proteomics should be included when studying stress pathways. most of the achievements in elucidating phospho-signaling pathways in biotic and abiotic stress are reported from model systems: while these are discussed, this review attempts mainly to focus on work done with crops, with examples of achievements reported from ...201222783265
influence of atp-binding cassette transporters in root exudation of phytoalexins, signals, and in disease resistance.the roots of plants secrete compounds as a way to exchange information with organisms living in the soil. here, we report the involvement of seven root-expressed atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters corresponding to both full and half-size molecules (atabcg36, atabcg37, atabcc5, atabcf1, atabcf3, atnap5, and atath10) in root exudation processes using arabidopsis thaliana. root exuded phytochemicals were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (hplc-ms) and gas chr ...201222783269
the lateral organ boundaries domain transcription factor lbd20 functions in fusarium wilt susceptibility and jasmonate signaling in arabidopsis.the lateral organ boundaries (lob) domain (lbd) gene family encodes plant-specific transcriptional regulators functioning in organ development. in a screen of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) sequence-indexed transferred dna insertion mutants, we found disruption of the lob domain-containing protein20 (lbd20) gene led to increased resistance to the root-infecting vascular wilt pathogen fusarium oxysporum. in wild-type plants, lbd20 transcripts were barely detectable in leaves but abundant in r ...201222786889
lack of the golgi phosphate transporter pht4;6 causes strong developmental defects, constitutively activated disease resistance mechanisms and altered intracellular phosphate compartmentation in arabidopsis.the golgi-located phosphate exporter pht4;6 has been described as involved in salt tolerance but further analysis on the physiological impact of pht4;6 remained elusive. here we show that pht4;6-gfp is targeted to the trans-golgi compartment and that loss of function of this carrier protein has a dramatic impact on plant growth and development. knockout mutants of pht4;6 exhibit a dwarf phenotype that is complemented by the homologous gene from rice (oryza sativa). interestingly, pht4;6 mutants ...201222788523
atpase site architecture is required for self-assembly and remodeling activity of a hexameric aaa+ transcriptional activator.aaa+ proteins (atpases associated with various cellular activities) are oligomeric atpases that use atp hydrolysis to remodel their substrates. by similarity with gtpases, a dynamic organization of the nucleotide-binding pockets between atpase protomers is proposed to regulate functionality. using the transcription activator pspf as an aaa+ model, we investigated contributions of conserved residues for roles in atp hydrolysis and intersubunit communication. we determined the r-finger residue and ...201222789710
importance of rare taxa for bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of bt- and conventional maize varieties.ribosomal 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing was used to explore whether the genetically modified (gm) bt-maize hybrid mon 89034 × mon 88017, expressing three insecticidal recombinant cry proteins of bacillus thuringiensis, would alter the rhizosphere bacterial community. fine roots of field cultivated bt-maize and three conventional maize varieties were analyzed together with coarse roots of the bt-maize. a total of 547,000 sequences were obtained. library coverage was 100% at the phylum and 99.8% at ...201222791236
importance of rare taxa for bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of bt- and conventional maize varieties.ribosomal 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing was used to explore whether the genetically modified (gm) bt-maize hybrid mon 89034 × mon 88017, expressing three insecticidal recombinant cry proteins of bacillus thuringiensis, would alter the rhizosphere bacterial community. fine roots of field cultivated bt-maize and three conventional maize varieties were analyzed together with coarse roots of the bt-maize. a total of 547,000 sequences were obtained. library coverage was 100% at the phylum and 99.8% at ...201222791236
pseudomonas syringae catalases are collectively required for plant pathogenesis.the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 must detoxify plant-produced hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) in order to survive in its host plant. candidate enzymes for this detoxification include the monofunctional catalases katb and kate and the bifunctional catalase-peroxidase katg of dc3000. this study shows that katg is the major housekeeping catalase of dc3000 and provides protection against menadione-generated endogenous h(2)o(2). in contrast, katb rapidly and substantially ac ...201222797762
extensive remodeling of the pseudomonas syringae pv. avellanae type iii secretome associated with two independent host shifts onto hazelnut.hazelnut (corylus avellana) decline disease in greece and italy is caused by the convergent evolution of two distantly related lineages of pseudomonas syringae pv. avellanae (pav). we sequenced the genomes of three pav isolates to determine if their convergent virulence phenotype had a common genetic basis due to either genetic exchange between lineages or parallel evolution.201222800299
canopy light and plant health. 201222802612
an overall evaluation of the resistance (r) and pathogenesis-related (pr) superfamilies in soybean, as compared with medicago and arabidopsis.plants have the ability to recognize and respond to a multitude of pathogens, resulting in a massive reprogramming of the plant to activate defense responses including resistance (r) and pathogenesis-related (pr) genes. abiotic stresses can also activate pr genes and enhance pathogen resistance, representing valuable genes for breeding purposes. the present work offers an overview of soybean r and pr genes present in the genosoja (brazilian soybean genome consortium) platform, regarding their st ...201222802711
identification of soybean micrornas involved in soybean cyst nematode infection by deep sequencing.soybean cyst nematode (scn), heterodera glycines, is the most devastating pathogen of soybean worldwide. micrornas (mirnas) are a class of small, non-coding rnas that are known to play important role in plant stress response. however, there are few reports profiling the mirna expression patterns during pathogen stress. we sequenced four small rna libraries from two soybean cultivar (hairbin xiaoheidou, scn race 3 resistant, liaodou 10, scn race 3 susceptible) that grown under un-inoculated and s ...201222802924
pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi: some like it knot.pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi is the causal agent of olive (olea europaea) knot disease and an unorthodox member of the p. syringae complex, causing aerial tumours instead of the foliar necroses and cankers characteristic of most members of this complex. olive knot is present wherever olive is grown; although losses are difficult to assess, it is assumed that olive knot is one of the most important diseases of the olive crop. the last century witnessed a large number of scientific articl ...201222805238
histological examination of horse chestnut infection by pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi and non-destructive heat treatment to stop disease progression.since its emergence in northwest europe as a pathogen that infects trunks and branches of aesculus spp. (the horse chestnuts) approximately one decade ago, pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi has rapidly established itself as major threat to these trees. infected trees exhibit extensive necrosis of phloem and cambium, which can ultimately lead to dieback. the events after host entry leading to extensive necrosis are not well documented. in this work, the histopathology of this interaction is invest ...201222808044
effector-triggered post-translational modifications and their role in suppression of plant immunity.plant-pathogen interactions feature complex signaling exchanges between host and microbes that ultimately determine association outcomes. plants deploy pattern recognition receptors to perceive pathogen-associated molecular patterns, mount pattern-triggered immunity (pti), and fend off potential pathogens. in recent years an increasing number of defense-signaling components have been identified along with a mechanistic understanding of their regulation during immune responses. post-translational ...201222811685
an image classification approach to analyze the suppression of plant immunity by the human pathogen salmonella typhimurium.the enteric pathogen salmonella is the causative agent of the majority of food-borne bacterial poisonings. resent research revealed that colonization of plants by salmonella is an active infection process. salmonella changes the metabolism and adjust the plant host by suppressing the defense mechanisms. in this report we developed an automatic algorithm to quantify the symptoms caused by salmonella infection on arabidopsis.201222812426
genes involved in the evolution of herbivory by a leaf-mining, drosophilid fly.herbivorous insects are among the most successful radiations of life. however, we know little about the processes underpinning the evolution of herbivory. we examined the evolution of herbivory in the fly, scaptomyza flava, whose larvae are leaf miners on species of brassicaceae, including the widely studied reference plant, arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis). scaptomyza flava is phylogenetically nested within the paraphyletic genus drosophila, and the whole genome sequences available for 12 spe ...201222813779
the arabidopsis mediator subunit med25 differentially regulates jasmonate and abscisic acid signaling through interacting with the myc2 and abi5 transcription factors.transcriptional regulation plays a central role in plant hormone signaling. at the core of transcriptional regulation is the mediator, an evolutionarily conserved, multisubunit complex that serves as a bridge between gene-specific transcription factors and the rna polymerase machinery to regulate transcription. here, we report the action mechanisms of the mediator25 (med25) subunit of the arabidopsis thaliana mediator in regulating jasmonate- and abscisic acid (aba)-triggered gene transcription. ...201222822206
lipid profiling of the arabidopsis hypersensitive response reveals specific lipid peroxidation and fragmentation processes: biogenesis of pimelic and azelaic acid.lipid peroxidation (lpo) is induced by a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses. although lpo is involved in diverse signaling processes, little is known about the oxidation mechanisms and major lipid targets. a systematic lipidomics analysis of lpo in the interaction of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) with pseudomonas syringae revealed that lpo is predominantly confined to plastid lipids comprising galactolipid and triacylglyceride species and precedes programmed cell death. singlet oxygen w ...201222822212
a nac transcription factor and sni1 cooperatively suppress basal pathogen resistance in arabidopsis thaliana.transcriptional repression of pathogen defense-related genes is essential for plant growth and development. several proteins are known to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of plant defense responses. however, mechanisms by which expression of defense-related genes are regulated by repressor proteins are poorly characterized. here, we describe the in planta function of cbnac, a calmodulin-regulated nac transcriptional repressor in arabidopsis. a t-dna insertional mutant (cbnac1) displ ...201222826500
the prolific atl family of ring-h2 ubiquitin ligases.an abundant class of e3 ubiquitin ligases encodes the ring-finger domain. the ring finger binds to the e2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and brings together both the e2 and substrate. it is predicted that 477 ring finger e3 ligases exist in arabidopsis thaliana. a particular family among them, named arabidopsis tóxicos en levadura (atl), consists of 91 members that contain the ring-h2 variation and a hydrophobic domain located at the n-terminal end. transmembrane e3 ligases are important in severa ...201222827943
the function of calreticulin in plant immunity: new discoveries for an old protein.since its initial discovery as a high affinity ca ( 2+) -binding protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and endoplasmic reticulum (er), calreticulin (crt) has been documented to be a multifunctional protein in both animal and plant cells. this protein is well recognized as a ca ( 2+) -binding molecular chaperone that facilitates the folding of newly synthesized glycoproteins and regulates the ca ( 2+) homeostasis in the er lumen. however, functional relevance associated with its localization in o ...201222827946
modulation of ros production and hormone levels by ahk5 during abiotic and biotic stress signaling.histidine kinases have been shown to mediate responses to endogenous and exogenous stimuli in organisms such as yeast, bacteria and plants. in the model plant arabidopsis, histidine kinases have been shown to function in hormone signaling, and abiotic and biotic stress responses. more recently, the least characterized of the arabidopsis histidine kinases, ahk5, was demonstrated to function in resistance toward the virulent bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 (pstdc3000) and the necro ...201222827948
[species composition of agents of the horsetail common (equisetum arvense l.) bacteriosises].bacterial diseases of weeds horsetail common (equisetum arvense l.) were revealed in the crops of wheat and soya in the fields of kyiv and vinnitsia regions of ukraine. the distinctive symptoms of bacterial affections on the root neck, on stalks of vegetative and spore shoots, on twigs were brown, dark brown or almost black necrotic spots of oblong form. the necroses increased in size, embraced the stalks. the stalks broke, the plants dried up. patterns of affected plants, isolated and identifie ...201222830194
dynamic differential methylation facilitates pathogen stress response in arabidopsis. 201222837399
mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases in plant metal stress: regulation and responses in comparison to other biotic and abiotic stresses.exposure of plants to toxic concentrations of metals leads to disruption of the cellular redox status followed by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros). ros, like hydrogen peroxide, can act as signaling molecules in the cell and induce signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. mapk cascades are evolutionary conserved signal transduction modules, able to convert extracellular signals to appropriate cellular responses. in this review, our current understanding abou ...201222837729
map kinase cascades in arabidopsis innate immunity.plant mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades generally transduce extracellular stimuli into cellular responses. these stimuli include the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) by host transmembrane pattern recognition receptors which trigger mapk-dependent innate immune responses. in the model arabidopsis, molecular genetic evidence implicates a number of mapk cascade components in pamp signaling, and in responses to immunity-related phytohormones such as ethylen ...201222837762
phytohormone signaling pathway analysis method for comparing hormone responses in plant-pest interactions.phytohormones mediate plant defense responses to pests and pathogens. in particular, the hormones jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid have been shown to dictate and fine-tune defense responses, and identification of the phytohormone components of a particular defense response is commonly used to characterize it. identification of phytohormone regulation is particularly important in transcriptome analyses. currently there is no computational tool to determine the relative a ...201222846705
atp hydrolyzing salivary enzymes of caterpillars suppress plant defenses.the oral secretions of herbivores are important recognition cues that can be used by plants to mediate induced defenses. in this study, a degradation of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (atp) in tomato leaves was detected after treatment with helicoverpa zea saliva. correspondingly, a high level of atpase activity in saliva was detected and three atp hydrolyzing enzymes: apyrase, atp synthase and atpase 13a1 were identified in salivary glands. to determine the functions of these proteins in mediating d ...201222848670
dna polymorphisms and biocontrol of bacillus antagonistic to citrus bacterial canker with indication of the interference of phyllosphere biofilms.citrus bacterial canker caused by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri is a devastating disease resulting in significant crop losses in various citrus cultivars worldwide. a biocontrol agent has not been recommended for this disease. to explore the potential of bacilli native to taiwan to control this disease, bacillus species with a broad spectrum of antagonistic activity against various phytopathogens were isolated from plant potting mixes, organic compost and the rhizosphere soil. seven strains t ...201222848728
chemical inhibitors of the type three secretion system: disarming bacterial pathogens.the recent and dramatic rise of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens underlies the fear that standard treatments for infectious disease will soon be largely ineffective. resistance has evolved against nearly every clinically used antibiotic, and in the near future, we may be hard-pressed to treat bacterial infections previously conquered by "magic bullet" drugs. while traditional antibiotics kill or slow bacterial growth, an important emerging strategy to combat pathogens seeks to blo ...201222850518
direct cloning, genetic engineering, and heterologous expression of the syringolin biosynthetic gene cluster in e. coli through red/et recombineering.the reconstruction of a natural product biosynthetic pathway from bacteria in a vector and subsequent heterologous expression in a technically amenable microbial system represents an efficient alternative to empirical traditional methods for functional discovery, yield improvement, and genetic engineering to produce "unnatural" derivatives. however, the traditional cloning procedure based on genomic library construction and screening are complicated due to the large size (>10 kb) of most biosynt ...201222851214
regulation of biosynthesis of syringolin a, a pseudomonas syringae virulence factor targeting the host proteasome.many strains of the phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae synthesize the virulence factor syringolin a, which irreversibly inactivates the eukaryotic proteasome. syringolin a, a peptide derivative, is synthesized by a mixed nonribosomal peptide/polyketide synthetase encoded by five clustered genes, syla to syle. biosynthesis of syringolin a, previously shown to be dependent on the gacs/gaca two-component system, occurs in planta and in vitro but only under still culture con ...201222852810
attenuation of quorum sensing in the pathogen acinetobacter baumannii using non-native n-acyl homoserine lactones.many bacterial pathogens use quorum sensing (qs) to control virulence. as a result, the development of methods to intercept qs has attracted significant interest as a potential anti-infective therapy. acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a pan-drug-resistant pathogen and displays a remarkable ability to persist in hospital settings despite desiccation and antimicrobial treatment. recent studies have shown that a. baumannii qs mutants have limited motility and fail to form mature biofilms; thes ...201222853441
genetic and physical mapping of candidate genes for resistance to fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum race 3 in cowpea [vigna unguiculata (l.) walp].fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum (fot) is a soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes vascular wilt disease in cowpea. fot race 3 is one of the major pathogens affecting cowpea production in california. identification of fot race 3 resistance determinants will expedite delivery of improved cultivars by replacing time-consuming phenotypic screening with selection based on perfect markers, thereby generating successful cultivars in a shorter time period. resistance to fot race 3 was studied in ...201222860000
rhizobacteria bacillus subtilis restricts foliar pathogen entry through stomata.plants exist in a complex multitrophic environment, where they interact with and compete for resources with other plants, microbes and animals. plants have a complex array of defense mechanisms, such as the cell wall being covered with a waxy cuticle serving as a potent physical barrier. although some pathogenic fungi infect plants by penetrating through the cell wall, many bacterial pathogens invade plants primarily through stomata on the leaf surface. entry of the foliar pathogen, pseudomonas ...201222862801
transcriptome profiling of resistant and susceptible cavendish banana roots following inoculation with fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4.fusarium wilt, caused by the fungal pathogen fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (foc tr4), is considered the most lethal disease of cavendish bananas in the world. the disease can be managed in the field by planting resistant cavendish plants generated by somaclonal variation. however, little information is available on the genetic basis of plant resistance to foc tr4. to a better understand the defense response of resistant banana plants to the fusarium wilt pathogen, the transcr ...201222863187
synergistic activation of the pathogenicity-related proline iminopeptidase gene in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris by hrpx and a luxr homolog.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain 8004 contains an orphan quorum-sensing (qs) locus, xccr-pip(xcc), in which the proline iminopeptidase (pip(xcc)) gene (where "xcc" indicates that the pip gene is from x. campestris pv. campestris) is positively regulated by the luxr homologue xccr by binding to the luxxc box of the pip(xcc) promoter. the disruption of pip(xcc) significantly attenuated the virulence of x. campestris pv. campestris. an imperfect plant-inducible promoter (pip) box is loc ...201222865058
solution nmr and x-ray crystal structures of pseudomonas syringae pspto_3016 from protein domain family pf04237 (duf419) adopt a "double wing" dna binding motif.the protein pspto_3016 is a 117-residue member of the protein domain family pf04237 (duf419), which is to date a functionally uncharacterized family of proteins. in this report, we describe the structure of pspto_3016 from pseudomonas syringae solved by both solution nmr and x-ray crystallography at 2.5 å resolution. in both cases, the structure of pspto_3016 adopts a "double wing" α/β sandwich fold similar to that of protein yjbr from escherichia coli and to the c-terminal dna binding domain of ...201222865330
polyphenol oxidases in physcomitrella: functional ppo1 knockout modulates cytokinin-dependent development in the moss physcomitrella patens.polyphenol oxidases (ppos) are copper-binding enzymes of the plant secondary metabolism that oxidize polyphenols to quinones. although ppos are nearly ubiquitous in seed plants, knowledge on their evolution and function in other plant groups is missing. this study reports on the ppo gene family in the moss physcomitrella patens (hedw.) b.s.g. asan example for an early divergent plant. the p. patens ppo multigene family comprises 13 paralogues. phylogenetic analyses suggest that plant ppos evolve ...201222865913
a high-throughput forward genetic screen identifies genes required for virulence of pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola es4326 on arabidopsis.successful pathogenesis requires a number of coordinated processes whose genetic bases remain to be fully characterized. we utilized a high-throughput, liquid media-based assay to screen transposon disruptants of the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola es4326 to identify genes required for virulence on arabidopsis. many genes identified through this screen were involved in processes such as type iii secretion, periplasmic glucan biosynthesis, flagellar motility, and amino acid bios ...201222870224
lysin motif-containing proteins lyp4 and lyp6 play dual roles in peptidoglycan and chitin perception in rice innate immunity.plant innate immunity relies on successful detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) of invading microbes via pattern recognition receptors (prrs) at the plant cell surface. here, we report two homologous rice (oryza sativa) lysin motif-containing proteins, lyp4 and lyp6, as dual functional prrs sensing bacterial peptidoglycan (pgn) and fungal chitin. live cell imaging and microsomal fractionation consistently revealed the plasma membrane localization of these proteins in rice c ...201222872757
protein phosphorylation in plant immunity: insights into the regulation of pattern recognition receptor-mediated signaling.plants are continuously challenged by pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. the plant immune system recognizes invading pathogens and responds by activating an immune response. these responses occur rapidly and often involve post-translational modifications (ptms) within the proteome. protein phosphorylation is a common and intensively studied form of these ptms and regulates many plant processes including plant growth, development, and immunity. most well-characterized pattern recog ...201222876255
arabidopsis clade i tga transcription factors regulate plant defenses in an npr1-independent fashion.transcriptional reprogramming during induction of salicylic acid (sa)-mediated defenses is regulated primarily by npr1 (nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1), likely through interactions with tga bzip transcription factors. to ascertain the contributions of clade i tga factors (tga1 and tga4) to defense responses, a tga1-1 tga4-1 double mutant was constructed and challenged with pseudomonas syringae and hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. although the mutant displayed enhanced susceptibility ...201222876961
genome-wide mapping of nbs-lrr genes and their association with disease resistance in soybean.r genes are a key component of genetic interactions between plants and biotrophic bacteria and are known to regulate resistance against bacterial invasion. the most common r proteins contain a nucleotide-binding site and a leucine-rich repeat (nbs-lrr) domain. some nbs-lrr genes in the soybean genome have also been reported to function in disease resistance. in this study, the number of nbs-lrr genes was found to correlate with the number of disease resistance quantitative trait loci (qtl) that ...201222877146
phylogenetic relationships among global populations of pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.abstract pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causal agent of canker in kiwifruit (actinidia spp.) vines, was first detected in japan in 1984, followed by detections in korea and italy in the early 1990s. isolates causing more severe disease symptoms have recently been detected in several countries with a wide global distribution, including italy, new zealand, and china. in order to characterize p. syringae pv. actinidiae populations globally, a representative set of 40 isolates from new zea ...201222877312
characterization of the nrt2.6 gene in arabidopsis thaliana: a link with plant response to biotic and abiotic stress.the high affinity nitrate transport system in arabidopsis thaliana involves one gene and potentially seven genes from the nrt1 and nrt2 family, respectively. among them, nrt2.1, nrt2.2, nrt2.4 and nrt2.7 proteins have been shown to transport nitrate and are localized on the plasmalemma or the tonoplast membranes. nrt2.1, nrt2.2 and nrt2.4 play a role in nitrate uptake from soil solution by root cells while nrt2.7 is responsible for nitrate loading in the seed vacuole. we have undertaken the func ...201222880003
ft-icr/ms and gc-ei/ms metabolomics networking unravels global potato sprout's responses to rhizoctonia solani infection.the complexity of plant-pathogen interactions makes their dissection a challenging task for metabolomics studies. here we are reporting on an integrated metabolomics networking approach combining gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (gc/ms) with fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance/mass spectrometry (ft-icr/ms) and bioinformatics analyses for the study of interactions in the potato sprout-rhizoctonia solani pathosystem and the fluctuations in the global metabolome of sprouts. the developed ...201222880040
avrrpm1 missense mutations weakly activate rps2-mediated immune response in arabidopsis thaliana.plants recognize microbes via specific pattern recognition receptors that are activated by microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps), resulting in mamp-triggered immunity (mti). successful pathogens bypass mti in genetically diverse hosts via deployment of effectors (virulence factors) that inhibit mti responses, leading to pathogen proliferation. plant pathogenic bacteria like pseudomonas syringae utilize a type iii secretion system to deliver effectors into cells. these effectors can contr ...201222880057
ghwrky15, a member of the wrky transcription factor family identified from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.), is involved in disease resistance and plant development.as a large family of regulatory proteins, wrky transcription factors play essential roles in the processes of adaptation to diverse environmental stresses and plant growth and development. although several studies have investigated the role of wrky transcription factors during these processes, the mechanisms underlying the function of wrky members need to be further explored, and research focusing on the wrky family in cotton crops is extremely limited.201222883108
fur-mediated global regulatory circuits in pathogenic neisseria species.the ferric uptake regulator (fur) protein has been shown to function as a repressor of transcription in a number of diverse microorganisms. however, recent studies have established that fur can function at a global level as both an activator and a repressor of transcription through both direct and indirect mechanisms. fur-mediated indirect activation occurs via the repression of additional repressor proteins, or small regulatory rnas, thereby activating transcription of a previously silent gene. ...201222885296
host protein bsl1 associates with phytophthora infestans rxlr effector avr2 and the solanum demissum immune receptor r2 to mediate disease resistance.plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to modulate plant immunity and promote host colonization. plant nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) immunoreceptors recognize specific pathogen effectors directly or indirectly. little is known about how nb-lrr proteins recognize effectors of filamentous plant pathogens, such as phytophthora infestans. avr2 belongs to a family of 13 sequence-divergent p. infestans rxlr effectors that are differentially recognized by members of the r2 nb-lrr f ...201222885736
bacterial tyrosine kinases: evolution, biological function and structural insights.reversible protein phosphorylation is a major mechanism in the regulation of fundamental signalling events in all living organisms. bacteria have been shown to possess a versatile repertoire of protein kinases, including histidine and aspartic acid kinases, serine/threonine kinases, and more recently tyrosine and arginine kinases. tyrosine phosphorylation is today recognized as a key regulatory device of bacterial physiology, linked to exopolysaccharide production, virulence, stress response and ...201222889913
hidden evolutionary complexity of nucleo-cytoplasmic large dna viruses of eukaryotes.the nucleo-cytoplasmic large dna viruses (ncldv) constitute an apparently monophyletic group that consists of at least 6 families of viruses infecting a broad variety of eukaryotic hosts. a comprehensive genome comparison and maximum-likelihood reconstruction of the ncldv evolution revealed a set of approximately 50 conserved, core genes that could be mapped to the genome of the common ancestor of this class of eukaryotic viruses.201222891861
the arabidopsis della rga-like3 is a direct target of myc2 and modulates jasmonate signaling responses.gibberellins (gas) are plant hormones involved in the regulation of plant growth in response to endogenous and environmental signals. ga promotes growth by stimulating the degradation of nuclear growth-repressing della proteins. in arabidopsis thaliana, dellas consist of a small family of five proteins that display distinct but also overlapping functions in repressing ga responses. this study reveals that della rga-like3 (rgl3) protein is essential to fully enhance the jasmonate (ja)-mediated re ...201222892320
hspro controls early nicotiana attenuata seedling growth during interaction with the fungus piriformospora indica.in a previous study aimed at identifying regulators of nicotiana attenuata responses against chewing insects, a 26-nucleotide tag matching the hspro (ortholog of sugar beet hs1(pro)(-)(1)) gene was found to be strongly induced after simulated herbivory (gilardoni et al., 2010). here we characterized the function of hspro during biotic interactions in transgenic n. attenuata plants silenced in its expression (ir-hspro). in wild-type plants, hspro expression was not only induced during simulated h ...201222892352
the role of g-proteins in plant immunity.heterotrimeric g-proteins play an important regulatory role in multiple physiological processes, including the plant immune response, and substantial progress has been made in elucidating the g-protein-mediated defense-signaling network. this mini-review discusses the importance of g-proteins in plant immunity. we also provide an overview of how g-proteins affect plant cell death and stomatal movement. our recent studies demonstrated that g-proteins are involved in signal transduction and induct ...201222895102
two novel ring-type ubiquitin ligases, rglg3 and rglg4, are essential for jasmonate-mediated responses in arabidopsis.jasmonates (jas) regulate various stress responses and development processes in plants, and the ja pathway is tightly controlled. in this study, we report the functional characterization of two novel ring-type ubiquitin ligases, ring domain ligase3 (rglg3) and rglg4, in modulating ja signaling. both rglg3 and rglg4 possessed ubiquitin ligase activities and were widely distributed in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) tissues. altered expression of rglg3 and rglg4 affected methyl ja-inhibited roo ...201222898498
mpk11-a fourth elicitor-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase in arabidopsis thaliana.recognition of pathogen attack or elicitation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) leads to defense signaling that includes activation of the three mitogen-activated protein kinases (mpks), mpk3, mpk4 and mpk6 in arabidopsis. recently, we demonstrated the activation of a fourth mpk, mpk11, after treatment with flg22, a 22 amino acid pamp derived from bacterial flagellin. here, we extended the study by examining elicitation with two other pamps, elf18 (derived from bacterial elonga ...201222899057
sgt1b is required for hopz3-mediated suppression of the epiphytic growth of pseudomonas syringae on n. benthamiana.type iii secreted effectors shape the potential of bacterial pathogens to cause disease on plants. some effectors affect pathogen growth only in specific niches. for example, hopz3 causes reduced epiphytic growth of pseudomonas syringae strain b728a on nicotiana benthamiana. this raises the question of whether genes important for effector-triggered disease resistance are needed for responses to effectors whose major effect is in the epiphytic niche. we report that sgt1b, a protein known to be im ...201222899059
cml9, a multifunctional arabidopsis thaliana calmodulin-like protein involved in stress responses and plant growth?plants have evolved complex signaling networks to respond to their fluctuating environment and adapt their growth and development. calcium-dependent signaling pathways play key role in the onset of these adaptive responses. in plant cells, the intracellular calcium transients are triggered by numerous stimuli and it is supposed that the large repertory of calcium sensors present in higher plants could contribute to integrate these signals in physiological responses. here, we present data on cml9 ...201222899061
plant erd2s self-interact and interact with gtpase-activating proteins and adp-ribosylation factor 1.erd2s (er luminal protein receptors)-mediated retrograde transport is one of the most substantial processes to maintain the endoplasmic reticulum (er) homeostasis. it is completed by the recognition of the escaped er luminal proteins, the gathering into cop i vesicle, and the fusion and releasing into the er. erd2s can recognize hdel/kdel motifs at the c-terminal of the escaped er luminal proteins at the golgi to initiate the retrograde transport. however, these mechanisms remain largely unknown ...201222899072
disease resistance to pectobacterium carotovorum is negatively modulated by the arabidopsis lectin receptor kinase lecrk-v.5.plant stomata function in disease resistance by restricting bacteria entry inside leaves. during plant-bacteria interactions, stomatal closure is initiated by the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). recently, we have shown that the lectin receptor kinase v.5 (lecrk-v.5) negatively regulates bacterium- and mamp-induced stomatal closure upstream of reactive oxygen species (ros) production mediated by abscisic acid signaling. closed stomata in lecrk-v.5 mutants are correla ...201222899085
bacterial contamination of dental unit waterlines.safety of patients and dental personnel requires the appropriate microbiological water quality in dental units. during treatment, patients and dental workers are exposed both to direct contact with bacteria-contaminated water in the form of splatter and with contaminated water aerosol emitted during work by unit handpieces, including rotating and ultrasonic instruments. the aim of the study was to determine the qualitative and quantitative contamination of water in dental unit reservoirs with ae ...201222899458
bacterial contamination of dental unit waterlines.safety of patients and dental personnel requires the appropriate microbiological water quality in dental units. during treatment, patients and dental workers are exposed both to direct contact with bacteria-contaminated water in the form of splatter and with contaminated water aerosol emitted during work by unit handpieces, including rotating and ultrasonic instruments. the aim of the study was to determine the qualitative and quantitative contamination of water in dental unit reservoirs with ae ...201222899458
multiple calmodulin-like proteins in arabidopsis are induced by insect-derived (spodoptera littoralis) oral secretion.in plant cells, diverse environmental changes often induce transient elevation in the intracellular calcium concentrations, which are involved in signaling pathways leading to the respective cellular reactions. therefore, these calcium elevations need to be deciphered into specific downstream responses. calmodulin-like-proteins (cmls) are calcium-sensing proteins present only in higher plants. they are involved in signaling processes induced by both abiotic as well as biotic stress factors. howe ...201222902684
nucleoporins nup160 and seh1 are required for disease resistance in arabidopsis.arabidopsis nup160 and seh1, encoding two predicted nucleoporins of the nup107-160 nuclear pore sub-complex, were identified in a reverse genetics screen based on their requirement for basal disease resistance. both genes also contribute to immunity conferred by toll interleukin 1 receptor/nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (tnl)-type r proteins and constitutive resistance activated in the deregulated tnl mutant, snc1. protein amounts of eds1, a central regulator of tnl-triggered resistance, ...201222902705
different roles of glycine-rich rna-binding protein7 in plant defense against pectobacterium carotovorum, botrytis cinerea, and tobacco mosaic viruses.glycine-rich rna-binding protein7 (atgrp7) has previously been demonstrated to confer plant defense against pseudomonas syringae dc3000. here, we show that atgrp7 can play different roles in plant defense against diverse pathogens. atgrp7 enhances resistance against a necrotrophic bacterium pectobacterium carotovorum scc1 or a biotrophic virus tobacco mosaic virus. by contrast, atgrp7 plays a negative role in defense against a necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea. these results provide evidence ...201222902796
direct and indirect regulation of the ycnkji operon involved in copper uptake through two transcriptional repressors, ycnk and csor, in bacillus subtilis.northern blot and primer extension analyses revealed that the ycnkji operon and the ycnl gene of bacillus subtilis are transcribed from adjacent promoters that are divergently oriented. the ycnk and ycnj genes encode a deor-type transcriptional regulator and a membrane protein involved in copper uptake, respectively. dna binding experiments showed that the ycnk protein specifically binds to the ycnk-ycnl intergenic region, including a 16-bp direct repeat that is essential for the high binding af ...201222904286
simultaneous degradation of organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides by sphingobium japonicum ut26 with surface-displayed organophosphorus hydrolase.a genetically engineered microorganism (gem) capable of simultaneously degrading organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides was constructed for the first time by display of organophosphorus hydrolase (oph) on the cell surface of a hexachlorocyclohexane (hch)-degrading sphingobium japonicum ut26. the gem could potentially be used for removing the two classes of pesticides that may be present in mixtures at contaminated sites. a surface anchor system derived from the truncated ice nucleation pr ...201322910813
genome-wide identification of pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence-related genes using a caenorhabditis elegans infection model.pseudomonas aeruginosa strain pa14 is an opportunistic human pathogen capable of infecting a wide range of organisms including the nematode caenorhabditis elegans. we used a non-redundant transposon mutant library consisting of 5,850 clones corresponding to 75% of the total and approximately 80% of the non-essential pa14 orfs to carry out a genome-wide screen for attenuation of pa14 virulence in c. elegans. we defined a functionally diverse 180 mutant set (representing 170 unique genes) necessar ...201222911607
plant innate immunity induced by flagellin suppresses the hypersensitive response in non-host plants elicited by pseudomonas syringae pv. averrhoi.a new pathogen, pseudomonas syringae pv. averrhoi (pav), which causes bacterial spot disease on carambola was identified in taiwan in 1997. many strains of this pathovar have been isolated from different locations and several varieties of hosts. some of these strains, such as hl1, are nonmotile and elicit a strong hypersensitive response (hr) in nonhost tobacco leaves, while other strains, such as pa5, are motile and elicit a weak hr. based on the image from a transmission electron microscope, t ...201222911741
dissecting phaseolus vulgaris innate immune system against colletotrichum lindemuthianum infection.the genus colletotrichum is one of the most economically important plant pathogens, causing anthracnose on a wide range of crops including common beans (phaseolus vulgaris l.). crop yield can be dramatically decreased depending on the plant cultivar used and the environmental conditions. this study aimed to identify potential genetic components of the bean immune system to provide environmentally friendly control measures against this fungus.201222912818
discovery of stress responsive dna regulatory motifs in arabidopsis.the discovery of dna regulatory motifs in the sequenced genomes using computational methods remains challenging. here, we present motifindexer--a comprehensive strategy for de novo identification of dna regulatory motifs at a genome level. using word-counting methods, we indexed the existence of every 8-mer oligo composed of bases a, c, g, t, r, y, s, w, m, k, n or 12-mer oligo composed of a, c, g, t, n, in the promoters of all predicted genes of arabidopsis thaliana genome and of selected stres ...201222912824
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