Publications

duration of serum antibody response to rabies vaccination in horses.	objective to investigate the impact of age and inferred prior vaccination history on the persistence of vaccine-induced antibody against rabies in horses. design serologic response evaluation. animals 48 horses with an undocumented vaccination history. procedures horses were vaccinated against rabies once. blood samples were collected prior to vaccination, 3 to 7 weeks after vaccination, and at 6-month intervals for 2 to 3 years. serum rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (rvna) values were measur ...	2016	27479286
post-exposure treatment with anti-rabies vhh and vaccine significantly improves protection of mice from lethal rabies infection.	post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) against rabies infection consists of a combination of passive immunisation with plasma-derived human or equine immune globulins and active immunisation with vaccine delivered shortly after exposure. since anti-rabies immune globulins are expensive and scarce, there is a need for cheaper alternatives that can be produced more consistently. previously, we generated potent virus-neutralising vhh, also called nanobodies, against the rabies glycoprotein that are effect ...	2016	27483431
safety and immunogenicity of recombinant rabies virus (erags) in mice and raccoon dogs.	the development of a genetically modified live rabies vaccine applicable to wild raccoon dogs is necessary for the eradication of rabies in korea. thus, we constructed a recombinant rabies virus (rabv) called the erags strain, using a reverse genetic system and evaluated its safety and efficacy in mice and its safety and immunogenicity in raccoon dogs.	2016	27489806
a recombinant rabies virus (erags) for use in a bait vaccine for swine.	rabies viruses (rabv) circulating worldwide in various carnivores occasionally cause fatal encephalitis in swine. in this study, the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant rabies virus, the erags strain constructed with a reverse genetics system, was evaluated in domestic pigs.	2016	27489807
roles of nuclear trafficking in infection by cytoplasmic negative-strand rna viruses: paramyxoviruses and beyond.	genome replication and virion production by most negative-sense rna viruses (nsvs) occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, but many nsv-expressed proteins undergo active nucleocytoplasmic trafficking via signals that exploit cellular nuclear transport pathways. nuclear trafficking has been reported both for nsv accessory proteins (including isoforms of the rabies virus phosphoprotein, and v, w and c proteins of paramyxoviruses) and for structural proteins. trafficking of the former is thought to en ...	2016	27498841
foraging choices of vampire bats in diverse landscapes: potential implications for land-use change and disease transmission.	in latin america, the common vampire bat desmodus rotundus is the primary reservoir of rabies, a zoonotic virus that kills thousands of livestock annually and causes sporadic and lethal human rabies outbreaks. the proliferation of livestock provides an abundant food resource for this obligate blood-feeding species that could alter its foraging behaviour and rabies transmission, but poor understanding of the dietary plasticity of vampire bats limits understanding of how livestock influences rabie ...	2016	27499553
delivery of therapeutic sirna to the cns using cationic and anionic liposomes.	prion diseases result from the misfolding of the normal, cellular prion protein (prp(c)) to an abnormal protease resistant isomer called prp(res). the emergence of prion diseases in wildlife populations and their increasing threat to human health has led to increased efforts to find a treatment for these diseases. recent studies have found numerous anti-prion compounds that can either inhibit the infectious prp(res) isomer or down regulate the normal cellular prion protein. however, most of thes ...	2016	27501362
serological evidence of lyssaviruses among bats on southwestern indian ocean islands.	we provide serological evidence of lyssavirus circulation among bats on southwestern indian ocean (swio) islands. a total of 572 bats belonging to 22 species were collected on anjouan, mayotte, la réunion, mauritius, mahé and madagascar and screened by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for the presence of neutralising antibodies against the two main rabies related lyssaviruses circulating on the african continent: duvenhage lyssavirus (duvv) and lagos bat lyssavirus (lbv), representing ...	2016	27501458
chimeric rabies glycoprotein with a transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail from newcastle disease virus fusion protein incorporates into the newcastle disease virion at reduced levels.	rabies is still an important world-wide health problem. newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been developed as a vaccine vector in animals using a reverse genetics system. previously, our group generated a recombinant ndv (lasota strain) expressing the complete rabies g protein (rvg), named rl-rvg. in this study, we constructed a variant, rl-rvgtm, which expresses a chimeric rabies g protein rvgtm containing the ectodomain of rvg and the transmembrane domain（tm） and cytoplasmic tail （ct） from the n ...	2016	27515260
companion animals as a source of viruses for human beings and food production animals.	companion animals comprise a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish, as well as food production animal species, such as domestic pigs, kept as companion animals. despite their prominent place in human society, little is known about the role of companion animals as sources of viruses for people and food production animals. therefore, we reviewed the literature for accounts of infections of companion animals by zoonotic viru ...	2016	27522300
[viral superantigens].	superantigens (sags) are microbial proteins produced by various microorganisms that elicit excessive and strong stimulation of t cells via an unconventional mechanism. they cause polyclonal activation of t cells in a non-specific manner, by binding to a particular variable-beta (vβ) chain of t-cell receptor (tcr) and mhc class ii molecule, in unprocessed form and outside of peptide-binding cleft, forming a bridge between the antigen presenting cell and the t cell. sags are classified into three ...	2016	27525406
motor, cognitive, and affective areas of the cerebral cortex influence the adrenal medulla.	modern medicine has generally viewed the concept of "psychosomatic" disease with suspicion. this view arose partly because no neural networks were known for the mind, conceptually associated with the cerebral cortex, to influence autonomic and endocrine systems that control internal organs. here, we used transneuronal transport of rabies virus to identify the areas of the primate cerebral cortex that communicate through multisynaptic connections with a major sympathetic effector, the adrenal med ...	2016	27528671
green synthesis and evaluation of silver nanoparticles as adjuvant in rabies veterinary vaccine.	green synthesis of nanoparticles by plant extracts plays a significant role in different applications. recently, several studies were conducted on the use of nanoparticles as adjuvant. the main aim of this study was to evaluate green synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnps) as adjuvant in rabies veterinary vaccine and compare the results with the existing commercially available alum adjuvant.	2016	27536101
subversion of the immune response by rabies virus.	rabies has affected mankind for several centuries and is one of the oldest known zoonoses. it is peculiar how little is known regarding the means by which rabies virus (rabv) evades the immune response and kills its host. this review investigates the complex interplay between rabv and the immune system, including the various means by which rabv evades, or advantageously utilizes, the host immune response in order to ensure successful replication and spread to another host. different factors that ...	2016	27548204
increased pathogenicity of rabies virus due to modification of a non-coding region.	sub-passaging of qs-05, a street rabies virus (rabv) isolate, in non-neuronal cells resulted in a virus with higher pathogenicity, qs-bhk-p7. four full-length cdna plasmids were constructed and the corresponding recombinant viruses were recovered: rqs-05, rqs-bhk-p7 and rqs05-2475g/rqs-bhk-p7-2475a (made by switching of intergenic p-m between these two backbones). rqs-bhk-p7-2475 a virus had eight instead of seven adenosines in its poly(a) sequence. interestingly, mutant viruses with 6 or 8 aden ...	2016	27558122
development of primer pairs from molecular typing of rabies virus variants present in mexico.	nucleoprotein (n) gene from rabies virus (rabv) is a useful sequence target for variant studies. several specific rabv variants have been characterized in different mammalian hosts such as skunk, dog, and bats by using anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mabs) via indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test, a technique not available in many laboratories in mexico. in the present study, a total of 158 sequences of n gene from rabv were used to design eight pairs of primers (four external and f ...	2016	27563666
vaccine-induced rabies case in a cow (bos taurus): molecular characterisation of vaccine strain in brain tissue.	rabies is a fatal neuropathogenic zoonosis caused by the rabies virus of the lyssavirus genus, rhabdoviridae family. the oral vaccination of foxes - the main reservoir of rabies in europe - using a live attenuated rabies virus vaccine was successfully conducted in many western european countries. in july 2015, a rabies vaccine strain was isolated from the brain tissues of a clinically suspect cow (bos taurus) in romania. the nucleotide analysis of both n and g gene sequences showed 100% identity ...	2016	27576075
the potential use of rabies virus glycoprotein-derived peptides to facilitate drug delivery into the central nervous system: a mini review.	rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg), a 505 amino acid type-1 glycoprotein, is responsible for the neurotrophic nature of the rabies virus infection. despite varying reports in the literature as to which receptor is ultimately responsible for interaction of rvg with the nervous system, there is a strong argument for major nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr) involvement. peptide derivatives of rvg, such as rabies virus-derived peptide (rdp) and rvg-29 are emerging as promising targeting ligands f ...	2017	27581650
releasing the genomic rna sequestered in the mumps virus nucleocapsid.	in a negative strand rna virus, the genomic rna is sequestered inside the nucleocapsid when the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase uses it as the template for viral rna synthesis. it must require a conformational change in the nucleocapsid protein (np) to make the rna accessible by the viral polymerase during this process. the structure of an empty mumps virus nucleocapsid-like particle is determined to 10.4 å resolution by cryoem image reconstruction. by modeling the crystal structure of parain ...	2016	27581981
experience-dependent plasticity of excitatory and inhibitory intertectal inputs in xenopus tadpoles.	communication between optic tecta/superior colliculi is thought to be required for sensorimotor behaviors by comparing inputs across the midline, however the development of and the role of visual experience in the function and plasticity of intertectal connections are unclear. we combined neuronal tracing, in vivo time-lapse imaging, and electrophysiology to characterize the structural and functional development of intertectal axons and synapses in xenopus tadpole optic tectum. we find that inte ...	2016	27582296
rabies outbreaks and vaccination in domestic camels and cattle in northwest china.	in contrast to many countries where rabies has been well controlled in humans and livestock, even in wildlife, rabies is still endemic in almost regions of china. in northwest china, rabies transmitted by stray dogs and wild foxes has caused heavy economic losses to local herdsmen, as well as causing numbers of human cases. in this study, as part of an investigation of ways to prevent rabies epidemics in livestock, we report an analysis of domestic cattle and camel rabies cases in ningxia hui (n ...	2016	27583559
serologic response in eight alpacas vaccinated by extralabel use of a large animal rabies vaccine during a public health response to a rabid alpaca in south carolina.	case description a female alpaca, kept at pasture with 12 other female alpacas, 2 crias, and 5 goats, was evaluated because of clinical signs of aggression. clinical findings the clinical signs of aggression progressed to include biting at other animals as well as disorientation. three days later, the alpaca was euthanized because of suspicion of rabies virus infection. treatment and outcome no physical injuries were found at necropsy. brain tissue specimens were confirmed positive for rabies on ...	2016	27585106
localization of the rabies virus antigen in merkel cells in the follicle-sinus complexes of muzzle skins of rabid dogs.	the direct fluorescent antibody test (dfat) on fresh brain tissues is the gold standard for rabies virus antigen detection in dogs. however, this method is laborious and holds a high risk of virus exposure for the experimenter. skin biopsies are useful for the diagnosis of humans and animals. in mammals, the tactile hair, known as the follicle-sinus complex (fsc), is a specialized touch organ that is abundant in the muzzle skin. each tactile hair is equipped with more than 2,000 sensory nerve en ...	2016	27587291
microarray for identification of the chiropteran host species of rabies virus in canada.	species identification through genetic barcoding can augment traditional taxonomic methods, which rely on morphological features of the specimen. such approaches are especially valuable when specimens are in poor condition or comprise very limited material, a situation that often applies to chiropteran (bat) specimens submitted to the canadian food inspection agency for rabies diagnosis. coupled with phenotypic plasticity of many species and inconclusive taxonomic keys, species identification us ...	2013	27605186
the lyssavirus glycoprotein: a key to cross-immunity.	rabies is an acute viral encephalomyelitis in warm-blooded vertebrates, caused by viruses belonging to rhabdovirus family and genus lyssavirus. although rabies is categorised as a neglected disease, the rabies virus (rabv) is the most studied amongst lyssaviruses which show nearly identical infection patterns. in efforts to improving post-exposure prophylaxis, several anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies (mabs) targeting the glycoprotein (g protein) sites i, ii, iii and g5 have been characterized. ...	2016	27614701
distributed and mixed information in monosynaptic inputs to dopamine neurons.	dopamine neurons encode the difference between actual and predicted reward, or reward prediction error (rpe). although many models have been proposed to account for this computation, it has been difficult to test these models experimentally. here we established an awake electrophysiological recording system, combined with rabies virus and optogenetic cell-type identification, to characterize the firing patterns of monosynaptic inputs to dopamine neurons while mice performed classical conditionin ...	2016	27618675
host-pathogen evolutionary signatures reveal dynamics and future invasions of vampire bat rabies.	anticipating how epidemics will spread across landscapes requires understanding host dispersal events that are notoriously difficult to measure. here, we contrast host and virus genetic signatures to resolve the spatiotemporal dynamics underlying geographic expansions of vampire bat rabies virus (vbrv) in peru. phylogenetic analysis revealed recent viral spread between populations that, according to extreme geographic structure in maternally inherited host mitochondrial dna, appeared completely ...	2016	27621441
cell type-specific long-range connections of basal forebrain circuit.	the basal forebrain (bf) plays key roles in multiple brain functions, including sleep-wake regulation, attention, and learning/memory, but the long-range connections mediating these functions remain poorly characterized. here we performed whole-brain mapping of both inputs and outputs of four bf cell types - cholinergic, glutamatergic, and parvalbumin-positive (pv+) and somatostatin-positive (som+) gabaergic neurons - in the mouse brain. using rabies virus -mediated monosynaptic retrograde traci ...	2016	27642784
quantification of lyssavirus-neutralizing antibodies using vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype particles.	rabies is a highly fatal zoonotic disease which is primarily caused by rabies virus (rabv) although other members of the genus lyssavirus can cause rabies as well. as yet, 14 serologically and genetically diverse lyssaviruses have been identified, mostly in bats. to assess the quality of rabies vaccines and immunoglobulin preparations, virus neutralization tests with live rabv are performed in accordance with enhanced biosafety standards. in the present work, a novel neutralization test is prese ...	2016	27649230
quantitative analysis of the microtubule interaction of rabies virus p3 protein: roles in immune evasion and pathogenesis.	although microtubules (mts) are known to have important roles in intracellular transport of many viruses, a number of reports suggest that specific viral mt-associated proteins (maps) target mts to subvert distinct mt-dependent cellular processes. the precise functional importance of these interactions and their roles in pathogenesis, however, remain largely unresolved. to assess the association with disease of the rabies virus (rabv) map, p3, we quantitatively compared the phenotypes of p3 from ...	2016	27649849
a basal ganglia circuit for evaluating action outcomes.	the basal ganglia, a group of subcortical nuclei, play a crucial role in decision-making by selecting actions and evaluating their outcomes. while much is known about the function of the basal ganglia circuitry in selection, how these nuclei contribute to outcome evaluation is less clear. here we show that neurons in the habenula-projecting globus pallidus (gph) in mice are essential for evaluating action outcomes and are regulated by a specific set of inputs from the basal ganglia. we find in a ...	2016	27652894
persistence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies after vaccination of rural population following vampire bat rabies outbreak in brazil.	animal control measures in latin america have decreased the incidence of urban human rabies transmitted by dogs and cats; currently most cases of human rabies are transmitted by bats. in 2004-2005, rabies outbreaks in populations living in rural brazil prompted widespread vaccination of exposed and at-risk populations. more than 3,500 inhabitants of augusto correa (pará state) received either post-exposure (pep) or pre-exposure (prep) prophylaxis. this study evaluated the persistence of rabies v ...	2016	27653947
phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus isolated from canids in north and northeast brazil.	cases of canine rabies continue to occur in north and northeast brazil, and the number of notifications of rabies cases in wild canids has increased as a result of the expansion of urban areas at the expense of areas with native vegetation. in light of this, we performed molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates from dogs and cerdocyon thous from various states in north and northeast brazil. in all, 102 samples from dogs (n = 56) and cerdocyon thous (n = 46) collected between 2006 and ...	2017	27671776
evaluation of in vitro antiviral activity of datura metel linn. against rabies virus.	the soxhlet and cold extracts of datura metel linn. were evaluated for in vitro antirabies activity.	0	27695266
combining optogenetics and electrophysiology to analyze projection neuron circuits.	a set of methods is described for channelrhodopsin-2 (chr2)-based synaptic circuit analysis that combines photostimulation of virally transfected presynaptic neurons' axons with whole-cell electrophysiological recordings from retrogradely labeled postsynaptic neurons. the approach exploits the preserved photoexcitability of chr2-expressing axons in brain slices and can be used to assess either local or long-range functional connections. stereotaxic injections are used both to express chr2 select ...	2016	27698240
validation of a rapid rabies diagnostic tool for field surveillance in developing countries.	one root cause of the neglect of rabies is the lack of adequate diagnostic tests in the context of low income countries. a rapid, performance friendly and low cost method to detect rabies virus (rabv) in brain samples will contribute positively to surveillance and consequently to accurate data reporting, which is presently missing in the majority of rabies endemic countries.	2016	27706156
visuomotor signals for reaching movements in the rostro-dorsal sector of the monkey thalamic reticular nucleus.	the thalamic reticular nucleus (trn) collects inputs from the cerebral cortex and thalamus and, in turn, sends inhibitory outputs to the thalamic relay nuclei. this unique connectivity suggests that the trn plays a pivotal role in regulating information flow through the thalamus. here, we analyzed the roles of trn neurons in visually guided reaching movements. we first used retrograde transneuronal labeling with rabies virus, and showed that the rostro-dorsal sector of the trn (trnrd) projected ...	2016	27706860
transmission of viral disease to the recipient through the donor liver.	morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation continue to be significantly influenced by infectious complications. a particular concern is transmission of pathogens through the graft, which may cause significant disease in the recipient.	2007	27711010
comparison of immune responses to attenuated rabies virus and street virus in mouse brain.	rabies is a lethal neurological disease caused by the neurotropic rabies virus (rabv). to investigate the innate immune response in the brain during rabies infection, key gene transcripts indicative of innate immunity in a mouse model system were measured using real-time rt-pcr. mice were infected via the intracerebral or intramuscular route with either attenuated rabies virus (srv9) or pathogenic rabies virus (bd06). infection with srv9 resulted in the early detection of viral replication and t ...	2017	27722994
rabies vaccine response measurement is assay dependent.	vaccine equivalency, booster administration, and animal import decisions are based in part on the level of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (rvna) in serum. serum neutralization (sn) is commonly used but other methods are employed. studies have shown that although enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and sn results are correlated, exact comparison cannot be ensured. this study investigated the applicability of the recognized 0.5 iu/ml cut-off value between methods. serum from rabies vacci ...	2016	27726931
human rabies: a 2016 update.	rabies is a zoonotic disease that is usually transmitted to humans by animal bites. dogs are the most important vector worldwide. there are encephalitic and paralytic forms of the disease. there are differences in the clinical features of the disease acquired from dogs and bats. neuroimaging is non-specific. confirmatory diagnostic laboratory tests for rabies include detection of neutralizing anti-rabies virus antibodies in serum or cerebrospinal fluid and rabies virus antigen or rna in tissues ...	2016	27730539
ineffectiveness of rabies vaccination alone for post-exposure protection against rabies infection in animal models.	most reported vaccination failures among rabies-exposed patients were due to fail to timely co-administer rabies immunoglobulin (rig). considering that such protection failure might be caused by low antigen titers in the vaccine, scientists improved antigen titers to 4.0 iu or even higher, yet the failure remained. therefore, it becomes vital to develop more efficacious vaccine against rabies. in our evaluation of a novel pika rabies vaccine, we used multiple animal models (beagles, golden hamst ...	2016	27737787
pseudo-typed semliki forest virus delivers egfp into neurons.	semliki forest virus (sfv), a neurotropic virus, has been used to deliver heterologous genes into cells in vitro and in vivo. in this study, we constructed a reporter sfv4-fl-egfp and found that it can deliver egfp into neurons located at the injection site without disseminating throughout the brain. lacking of the capsid gene of sfv4-fl-egfp does not block its life cycle, while forming replication-competent virus-like particles (vlps). these vlps hold subviral genome by using the packaging sequ ...	2017	27739033
rabies virus infection induces the formation of stress granules closely connected to the viral factories.	stress granules (sgs) are membrane-less dynamic structures consisting of mrna and protein aggregates that form rapidly in response to a wide range of environmental cellular stresses and viral infections. they act as storage sites for translationally silenced mrnas under stress conditions. during viral infection, sg formation results in the modulation of innate antiviral immune responses, and several viruses have the ability to either promote or prevent sg assembly. here, we show that rabies viru ...	2016	27749929
rabies virus-mediated oligodendrocyte labeling reveals a single oligodendrocyte myelinates axons from distinct brain regions.	oligodendrocytes myelinate neuronal axons during development and increase conduction velocity of neuronal impulses in the central nervous system. neuronal axons extend from multiple brain regions and pass through the white matter; however, whether oligodendrocytes ensheath a particular set of axons or do so randomly within the mammalian brain remains unclear. we developed a novel method to visualize individual oligodendrocytes and axon derived from a particular brain region in mouse white matter ...	2017	27759175
the family rhabdoviridae: mono- and bipartite negative-sense rna viruses with diverse genome organization and common evolutionary origins.	the family rhabdoviridae consists of mostly enveloped, bullet-shaped or bacilliform viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded rna genome that infect vertebrates, invertebrates or plants. this ecological diversity is reflected by the diversity and complexity of their genomes. five canonical structural protein genes are conserved in all rhabdoviruses, but may be overprinted, overlapped or interspersed with several novel and diverse accessory genes. this review gives an overview of the charact ...	2017	27773769
elucidating the phylodynamics of endemic rabies virus in eastern africa using whole-genome sequencing.	many of the pathogens perceived to pose the greatest risk to humans are viral zoonoses, responsible for a range of emerging and endemic infectious diseases. phylogeography is a useful tool to understand the processes that give rise to spatial patterns and drive dynamics in virus populations. increasingly, whole-genome information is being used to uncover these patterns, but the limits of phylogenetic resolution that can be achieved with this are unclear. here, whole-genome variation was used to ...	2015	27774283
whole-brain monosynaptic afferent inputs to basal forebrain cholinergic system.	the basal forebrain cholinergic system (bfcs) robustly modulates many important behaviors, such as arousal, attention, learning and memory, through heavy projections to cortex and hippocampus. however, the presynaptic partners governing bfcs activity still remain poorly understood. here, we utilized a recently developed rabies virus-based cell-type-specific retrograde tracing system to map the whole-brain afferent inputs of the bfcs. we found that the bfcs receives inputs from multiple cortical ...	2016	27777554
morphology of visual sector thalamic reticular neurons in the macaque monkey suggests retinotopically specialized, parallel stream-mixed input to the lateral geniculate nucleus.	the thalamic reticular nucleus (trn) is a unique brain structure at the interface between the thalamus and the cortex. because the trn receives bottom-up sensory input and top-down cortical input, it could serve as an integration hub for sensory and cognitive signals. functional evidence supports broad roles for the trn in arousal, attention, and sensory selection. how specific circuits connecting the trn with sensory thalamic structures implement these functions is not known. the structural org ...	2017	27778378
intranasal location and immunohistochemical characterization of the equine olfactory epithelium.	the olfactory epithelium (oe) is the only body site where neurons contact directly the environment and are therefore exposed to a broad variation of substances and insults. it can serve as portal of entry for neurotropic viruses which spread via the olfactory pathway to the central nervous system. for horses, it has been proposed and concluded mainly from rodent studies that different viruses, e.g., borna disease virus, equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1), hendra virus, influenza virus, rabies virus, v ...	2016	27790096
an in vitro rna synthesis assay for rabies virus defines ribonucleoprotein interactions critical for polymerase activity.	we report an in vitro rna synthesis assay for the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) of rabies virus (rabv). we expressed rabv large polymerase protein (l) in insect cells from a recombinant baculovirus vector and the phosphoprotein cofactor (p) in escherichia coli and purified the resulting proteins by affinity and size exclusion chromatography. using chemically synthesized short rna corresponding to the first 19 nucleotides (nt) of the rabies virus genome, we demonstrate that l alone initiate ...	2017	27795419
rabies vaccine development by expression of recombinant viral glycoprotein.	the rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (rvgp) is the main antigen of rabies virus and is the only viral component present in all new rabies vaccines being proposed. many approaches have been taken since dna recombinant technology became available to express an immunogenic recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rrvgp). these attempts are reviewed here, and the relevant results are discussed with respect to the general characteristics of the rrvgp, the expression system used, the expression levels ...	2017	27796547
rabies control and treatment: from prophylaxis to strategies with curative potential.	rabies is an acute, fatal, neurological disease that affects almost all kinds of mammals. vaccination (using an inactivated rabies vaccine), combined with administration of rabies immune globulin, is the only approved, effective method for post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies in humans. in the search for novel rabies control and treatment strategies, live-attenuated viruses have recently emerged as a practical and promising approach for immunizing and controlling rabies. unlike the conventio ...	2016	27801824
one-health: a safe, efficient, dual-use vaccine for humans and animals against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and rabies virus.	middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012 and is a highly pathogenic respiratory virus. there are no treatment options against mers-cov for humans or animals, and there are no large-scale clinical trials for therapies against mers-cov. to address this need, we developed an inactivated rabies virus (rabv) that contains the mers-cov spike (s) protein expressed on its surface. our initial recombinant vaccine, bnsp333-s, expresses a full-length wild-type mers-cov s prot ...	2017	27807241
viral infection: rabies virus causes stress.		2016	27818500
trileucine residues in a ligand-cpp-based sirna delivery platform improve endosomal escape of sirna.	sirna entrapment within endosomes is a significant problem encountered with sirna delivery platforms that co-opt receptor-mediated entry pathways. attachment of a cell-penetrating peptide (cpp), such as nona-arginine (9r) to a cell receptor-binding ligand like the rabies virus glycoprotein, rvg, allows effective sirna delivery to the cytoplasm by non-endocytic pathways, but a significant amount of sirna complexes also enters the cell by ligand-induced receptor endocytosis and remain localized in ...	2017	27820977
optimal frequency of rabies vaccination campaigns in sub-saharan africa.	rabies causes more than 24 000 human deaths annually in sub-saharan africa. the world health organization recommends annual canine vaccination campaigns with at least 70% coverage to control the disease. while previous studies have considered optimal coverage of animal rabies vaccination, variation in the frequency of vaccination campaigns has not been explored. to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of rabies canine vaccination campaigns at varying coverage and frequency, we parametrized a rabies v ...	2016	27852799
a novel rabies vaccine expressing cxcl13 enhances humoral immunity by recruiting both t follicular helper and germinal center b cells.	rabies remains a public health threat in most parts of the world, and approximately 99% of the cases are transmitted by dogs. there is an urgent need to develop an efficacious and affordable vaccine to control canine-transmitted rabies in developing countries. our previous studies demonstrate that overexpression of chemokines/cytokines such as ccl-3 (mip-1α) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) can enhance the immunogenicity of rabies vaccines. in the present study, the ...	2017	27852854
a comparative study of the rapina and the virus-neutralizing test (rffit) for the estimation of antirabies-neutralizing antibody levels in dog samples.	the mass vaccination of dogs against rabies is a highly rational strategy for interrupting the natural transmission of urban rabies. according to the world organization for animal health (oie) and the world health organization (who), the immunization of at least 70% of the total dog population minimizes the risk of endemic rabies. knowledge of the virus-neutralizing antibody (vna) level against the rabies virus (rabv) is required to evaluate protective immunity and vaccine coverage of dogs in th ...	2016	27863040
the epidemiological importance of bats in the transmission of rabies to dogs and cats in the state of são paulo, brazil, between 2005 and 2014.	in brazil, rabies control in dogs and cats was pioneered by the state of são paulo with the adoption of the pan american health organization recommendations for prophylaxis and control, which led to a reduction in rabies cases from 1994 onwards. as a result of these measures, the rabies virus (rabv) genetic lineage associated with dogs has not been found in the state since 1998, and all the cases in domestic animals reported since then have been caused by bat-associated lineages of rabv. in the ...	2016	27863049
rabies in poland in 2013 and 2014	evaluation of the epidemiological situation of rabies in poland in 2013 and 2014 in comparison to the previous years.	2017	27870541
systems biomedicine of rabies delineates the affected signaling pathways.	the prototypical neurotropic virus, rabies, is a member of the rhabdoviridae family that causes lethal encephalomyelitis. although there have been a plethora of studies investigating the etiological mechanism of the rabies virus and many precautionary methods have been implemented to avert the disease outbreak over the last century, the disease has surprisingly no definite remedy at its late stages. the psychological symptoms and the underlying etiology, as well as the rare survival rate from ra ...	2016	27872612
a presumptive case of human rabies: a rare survived case in rural ghana.	rabies remains endemic in ghana and continues to pose a major public health threat to humans and animals with a nearly 100% case fatality rate in humans. we report of a presumptive case of human rabies whose survival represents a rare occurrence in rural ghana and worldwide. lessons from this case study provide a critically needed focus in helping improve rabies surveillance and case management in ghana. we report of the survival of a 36-year-old man who developed clinical rabies after he was bi ...	2016	27891499
novel approaches to the prevention and treatment of rabies.	rabies is a highly lethal disease caused by the neurotropic rabies virus (rabv), and it remains an important public health problem globally. effective vaccines have been developed for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (pep). pep is only effective if it is initiated promptly after recognizing exposure. once neurological symptoms develop, however, it is widely accepted that there is no effective treatment available. recent studies indicate that the presence of rabv-specific immunity (i.e. virus n ...	2015	27891529
recombinant rabies virus expressing il-21 enhances immunogenicity through activation of t follicular helper cells and germinal centre b cells.	previous studies have demonstrated that the lack of interleukin-21 (il-21) signalling could affect specific antibody induction after rabies vaccination. here, to further investigate the over-expression of il-21 on the immunogenicity of rabies virus (rabv), a recombinant rabv expressing murine il-21, designated lbnse-il21, was constructed and evaluated in a mouse model. it was found that in mice immunized with lbnse-il21, there was a substantial increase in the number of t follicular helper cells ...	2016	27902338
impact of rabies vaccination history on attainment of an adequate antibody titre among dogs tested for international travel certification, israel - 2010-2014.	rabies is endemic in wildlife or domestic carnivore populations globally. infection of domestic dogs is of particular concern in many areas. in regions where domestic animals are at risk of exposure to rabies virus, dogs should be routinely vaccinated against rabies to protect both pet and human populations. many countries require demonstration of an adequate level of serum rabies neutralizing antibodies to permit entry of dogs during international travel. we analysed rabies titres of dogs seeki ...	2016	27911041
dual anterograde and retrograde viral tracing of reciprocal connectivity.	current large-scale approaches in neuroscience aim to unravel the complete connectivity map of specific neuronal circuits, or even the entire brain. this emerging research discipline has been termed connectomics. recombinant glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus (rabv ∆g) has become an important tool for the investigation of neuronal connectivity in the brains of a variety of species. neuronal infection with even a single rabv ∆g particle results in high-level transgene expression, revealing the fin ...	2017	27943199
monosynaptic tracing in developing circuits using modified rabies virus.	an attenuated rabies virus that expresses fluorescent protein has made it possible to analyze retrograde (presynaptic) monosynaptic connections in vivo. by combining attenuated rabies virus with a cre-loxp based system to target cells in a subtype-specific fashion, it is possible to examine neuronal input in vivo onto any class of neuron, in development and in the mature brain. we describe here the methods to amplify deletion mutant, pseudotyped rabies virus, selectively target cells of interest ...	2017	27943201
mechanism of membrane fusion induced by vesicular stomatitis virus g protein.	the glycoproteins (g proteins) of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and related rhabdoviruses (e.g., rabies virus) mediate both cell attachment and membrane fusion. the reversibility of their fusogenic conformational transitions differentiates them from many other low-ph-induced viral fusion proteins. we report single-virion fusion experiments, using methods developed in previous publications to probe fusion of influenza and west nile viruses. we show that a three-stage model fits vsv single-part ...	2017	27974607
large-scale phylogenomic analysis reveals the complex evolutionary history of rabies virus in multiple carnivore hosts.	the natural evolution of rabies virus (rabv) provides a potent example of multiple host shifts and an important opportunity to determine the mechanisms that underpin viral emergence. using 321 genome sequences spanning an unprecedented diversity of rabv, we compared evolutionary rates and selection pressures in viruses sampled from multiple primary host shifts that occurred on various continents. two major phylogenetic groups, bat-related rabv and dog-related rabv, experiencing markedly differen ...	2016	27977811
cre fused with rvg peptide mediates targeted genome editing in mouse brain cells in vivo.	cell penetrating peptides (cpps) are short peptides that can pass through cell membranes. cpps can facilitate the cellular entry of proteins, macromolecules, nanoparticles and drugs. rvg peptide (rvg hereinafter) is a 29-amino-acid cpp derived from a rabies virus glycoprotein that can cross the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and enter brain cells. however, whether rvg can be used for genome editing in the brain has not been reported. in this work, we combined rvg with cre recombinase for bacterial ex ...	2016	27983648
serine residues at positions 162 and 166 of the rabies virus phosphoprotein are critical for the induction of oxidative stress in rabies virus infection.	our previous work in a mouse model of experimental rabies showed neuronal process (dendrites and axons) degeneration in association with severe clinical disease. cultured adult rodent dorsal root ganglion (drg) neurons infected with the challenge virus standard-11 (cvs) strain of rabies virus (rabv) showed axonal swellings and reduced axonal growth with evidence of oxidative stress. we have shown that cvs infection alters a variety of mitochondrial parameters and increases mitochondrial complex ...	2016	27995576
the matrix protein of rabies virus binds to relap43 to modulate nf-κb-dependent gene expression related to innate immunity.	the matrix (m) protein of wild isolates of rabies virus such as tha (m-tha) was previously shown to be able to interact with relap43, a protein of the nf-κb family, and to efficiently suppress nf-κb-dependent reporter gene expression, in contrast with the vaccine strain sad. here, we analyze the mechanisms involved in relap43-m protein interaction. we demonstrate that the central part of m-tha, and the specific c-terminal region of relap43 are required for this interaction. four differences in t ...	2016	28000711
role of nitric oxide in the regulation of immune responses during rabies virus infection in mice.	rabies virus (rabv) stimulates nitric oxide (no) production, which either triggers t cell differentiation or suppresses t cell function depending on its concentration. herein, we assessed the potential role of no in regulation of immune responses during rabv infection in mice model. the experimental animals were divided into four groups and 100ld50 of challenge virus standard (cvs) strain of rabv was inoculated intracerebrally on day 0 and subsequently aminoguanidine (ag; inducible nitric oxide ...	2016	28004019
challenges to eliminate rabies virus infection in china by 2020.		2017	28017558
parahippocampal and retrosplenial connections of rat posterior parietal cortex.	the posterior parietal cortex has been implicated in spatial functions, including navigation. the hippocampal and parahippocampal region and the retrosplenial cortex are crucially involved in navigational processes and connections between the parahippocampal/retrosplenial domain and the posterior parietal cortex have been described. however, an integrated account of the organization of these connections is lacking. here, we investigated parahippocampal connections of each posterior parietal subd ...	2017	28032674
potential exposures to australian bat lyssavirus notified in queensland, australia, 2009-2014.	australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) belongs to the genus lyssavirus which also includes classic rabies virus and the european lyssaviruses. to date, the only three known human ablv cases, all fatal, have been reported from queensland, australia. ablv is widely distributed in australian bats, and any bite or scratch from an australian bat is considered a potential exposure to ablv.	2016	28033365
targeted delivery of nano-ptx to the brain tumor-associated macrophages.	nanoparticles containing mixed lipid monolayer shell, biodegradable polymer core and rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) peptide as brain targeting ligand, were developed for brain targeted delivery of paclitaxel (ptx) to treat malignant glioma. rvg conjugated ptx loaded nps (rvg-ptx-nps) had the desirable size (~140 nm), narrow size distribution and spherical shape. rvg-ptx-nps showed poor uptake by neurons and selective targeting to the brain tumor associated macrophages (tams) with controlled rel ...	2017	28036254
the global phylogeography of lyssaviruses - challenging the 'out of africa' hypothesis.	rabies virus kills tens of thousands of people globally each year, especially in resource-limited countries. yet, there are genetically- and antigenically-related lyssaviruses, all capable of causing the disease rabies, circulating globally among bats without causing conspicuous disease outbreaks. the species richness and greater genetic diversity of african lyssaviruses, along with the lack of antibody cross-reactivity among them, has led to the hypothesis that africa is the origin of lyssaviru ...	2016	28036390
reduction of animal suffering in rabies vaccine potency testing by introduction of humane endpoints.	potency controls of inactivated rabies vaccines for human use are confirmed by the national institutes of health challenge test in which lethal infection with severe neurological symptoms should be observed in approximately half of the mice inoculated with the rabies virus. weight loss, decreased body temperature, and the presence of rabies-associated neurological signs have been proposed as humane endpoints. the potential for reduction of animal suffering by introducing humane endpoints in the ...	2017	28040390
5'-phospho-rna acceptor specificity of gdp polyribonucleotidyltransferase of vesicular stomatitis virus in mrna capping.	the gdp polyribonucleotidyltransferase (prntase) domain of the multifunctional l protein of rhabdoviruses, such as vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus, catalyzes the transfer of 5'-phospho-rna (prna) from 5'-triphospho-rna (ppprna) to gdp via a covalent enzyme-prna intermediate to generate a 5'-cap structure (gpppa). here, using an improved oligo-rna capping assay with the vsv l protein, we showed that the michaelis constants for gdp and pppaacag (vsv mrna-start sequence) are 0.03 ...	2017	28053102
fusion peptide improves stability and bioactivity of single chain antibody against rabies virus.	the combination of rabies immunoglobulin (rig) with a vaccine is currently effective against rabies infections, but improvements are needed. genetic engineering antibody technology is an attractive approach for developing novel antibodies to replace rig. in our previous study, a single-chain variable fragment, scfv57r, against rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) was constructed. however, its inherent weak stability and short half-life compared with the parent rig may limit its diagnostic and therap ...	2017	28068664
local circuits of v1 layer 4b neurons projecting to v2 thick stripes define distinct cell classes and avoid cytochrome oxidase blobs.	decades of anatomical studies on the primate primary visual cortex (v1) have led to a detailed diagram of v1 intrinsic circuitry, but this diagram lacks information about the output targets of v1 cells. understanding how v1 local processing relates to downstream processing requires identification of neuronal populations defined by their output targets. in primates, v1 layers (l)2/3 and 4b send segregated projections to distinct cytochrome oxidase (co) stripes in area v2: neurons in co blob colum ...	2017	28077720
v1 connections reveal a series of elongated higher visual areas in the california ground squirrel, otospermophilus beecheyi.	for studies of visual cortex organization, mouse is becoming an increasingly more often used model. in addition to its genetic tractability, the relatively small area of cortical surface devoted to visual processing simplifies efforts in relating the structure of visual cortex to visual function. however, the nature of this compact organization can make some comparisons to the much larger non-human primate visual cortex difficult. the squirrel, as a highly visual rodent offers a useful means for ...	2017	28078786
a pan-lyssavirus taqman real-time rt-pcr assay for the detection of highly variable rabies virus and other lyssaviruses.	rabies, resulting from infection by rabies virus (rabv) and related lyssaviruses, is one of the most deadly zoonotic diseases and is responsible for up to 70,000 estimated human deaths worldwide each year. rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of rabies is essential for timely administration of post-exposure prophylaxis in humans and control of the disease in animals. currently, only the direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) test is recommended for routine rabies diagnosis. reverse-transcription p ...	2017	28081126
expression of interleukin-6 by a recombinant rabies virus enhances its immunogenicity as a potential vaccine.	several studies have confirmed that interleukin-6 (il6) mediates multiple biological effects that enhance immune responses when used as an adjuvant. in the present study, recombinant rabies virus (rabv) expressing canine il6 (rhep-cail6) was rescued and its pathogenicity and immunogenicity were investigated in mice. we demonstrated that mice received a single intramuscular immunization with rhep-cail6 showed an earlier increase and higher maximum titres of virus-neutralizing antibody (vna) as we ...	2017	28089546
rabies virus vaccine as an immune adjuvant against cancers and glioblastoma: new studies may resurrect a neglected potential.	to review the literature about the use of rabies virus-vaccine (rv-v) as an anticancer immunotherapeutic modality in the light of recent findings. the literature search in relevant databases with the following key words: rabies virus, cancer, remission. remissions occured following rv-v injections in patients with cervical cancer and melanoma. pilot clinical studies showed that rv-v injections enhanced survival in glioblastoma patients, which is supported by findings in gl261 mouse glioma model. ...	2017	28093702
ecological potential for rabies virus transmission via scavenging of dead bats by mesocarnivores.	multiple species of bats are reservoirs of rabies virus in the americas and are occasionally the source of spillover infections into mesocarnivore species. although rabies transmission generally is assumed to occur via bite, laboratory studies have demonstrated the potential for rabies transmission via ingestion of rabid animals. we investigated the ecological potential for this mode of transmission by assessing mesocarnivore scavenging behavior of dead bats in suburban habitats of flagstaff, ar ...	2017	28094609
overexpression of interleukin-7 extends the humoral immune response induced by rabies vaccination.	rabies continues to present a public health threat in most countries of the world. the most efficient way to prevent and control rabies is to implement vaccination programs for domestic animals. however, traditional inactivated vaccines used in animals are costly and have relatively low efficiency, which impedes their extensive use in developing countries. there is, therefore, an urgent need to develop single-dose and long-lasting rabies vaccines. however, little information is available regardi ...	2017	28100620
whole-brain 3d mapping of human neural transplant innervation.	while transplantation represents a key tool for assessing in vivo functionality of neural stem cells and their suitability for neural repair, little is known about the integration of grafted neurons into the host brain circuitry. rabies virus-based retrograde tracing has developed into a powerful approach for visualizing synaptically connected neurons. here, we combine this technique with light sheet fluorescence microscopy (lsfm) to visualize transplanted cells and connected host neurons in who ...	2017	28102196
antigenic and genotypic characterization of rabies virus isolated from bats (mammalia: chiroptera) from municipalities in são paulo state, southeastern brazil.	bats have aroused growing attention in the public health sphere because they are considered the main reservoir of rabies virus (rabv) in the americas, in places where canine rabies is under control. antigenic and genetic studies of rabv isolates have been used to describe the epidemiological profile of rabies and to identify possible hosts/reservoirs for different epidemiological cycles. this study describes the antigenic and genotypic characterization of 19 rabv isolates from central nervous sy ...	2017	28108804
re-emerging of rabies in shaanxi province, china, 2009 to 2015.	to explore the epidemiological, phylogeographic and migration characteristics of human rabies in shaanxi province, china from 2009 to 2015.	2017	28112421
synaptic inputs from stroke-injured brain to grafted human stem cell-derived neurons activated by sensory stimuli.	transplanted neurons derived from stem cells have been proposed to improve function in animal models of human disease by various mechanisms such as neuronal replacement. however, whether the grafted neurons receive functional synaptic inputs from the recipient's brain and integrate into host neural circuitry is unknown. here we studied the synaptic inputs from the host brain to grafted cortical neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells after transplantation into stroke-injured ra ...	2017	28115364
an accelerated rabies vaccine schedule based on toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) agonist pika adjuvant augments rabies virus specific antibody and t cell response in healthy adult volunteers.	rabies is a fatal disease where post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) is crucial in preventing infection. however, deaths even after appropriate pep, have been reported. the pika rabies vaccine adjuvant is a tlr3 agonist that activates b and t cells leading to a robust immune response.	2017	28118938
immunogenicity, safety and antibody persistence of a purified vero cell cultured rabies vaccine (speeda) administered by the zagreb regimen or essen regimen in post-exposure subjects.	to compare the safety, immunogenicity and long-term effect of a purified vero cell cultured rabies vaccine in post-exposure subjects following 2 intramuscular regimens, zagreb or essen regimen.	2017	28121231
nose-to-brain delivery of bace1 sirna loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles for alzheimer's therapy.	we designed a delivery system to obtain an efficient and optimal nose-to-brain transport of bace1 sirna, potentially useful in the treatment of alzheimer's disease. we selected a cell-penetrating peptide, the short peptide derived from rabies virus glycoprotein known as rvg-9r, to increase the transcellular pathway in neuronal cells. the optimal molar ratio between rvg-9r and bace1 sirna was elucidated. the complex between the two was then encapsulated. we propose chitosan-coated and uncoated so ...	2017	28126681
becn1-dependent casp2 incomplete autophagy induction by binding to rabies virus phosphoprotein.	autophagy is an essential component of host immunity and used by viruses for survival. however, the autophagy signaling pathways involved in virus replication are poorly documented. here, we observed that rabies virus (rabv) infection triggered intracellular autophagosome accumulation and results in incomplete autophagy by inhibiting autophagy flux. subsequently, we found that rabv infection induced the reduction of casp2/caspase 2 and the activation of amp-activated protein kinase (ampk)-akt-mt ...	2017	28129024
rabies virus-inspired silica-coated gold nanorods as a photothermal therapeutic platform for treating brain tumors.	rabies virus-inspired silica-coated gold nanorods are fabricated by mimicking size, shape, surface glycoprotein property and in vivo behavior of the rabies virus. these nanorods not only resemble the appearance of the actual rabies virus but also travel into the brain through the neuronal pathway bypassing the blood-brain barrier, and moreover respond to near-infrared laser (808 nm) irradiation, emit heat, and effectively suppress brain tumors.	2017	28134459
health survey of free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) in central park, new york, new york, usa: implications for human and domestic animal health.	we conducted health assessments on 113 free-ranging raccoons ( procyon lotor ) in central park, new york city, us, in february 2010, september 2010, and november 2011 in conjunction with a trap-vaccinate-release program to control a raccoon rabies epizootic. five individuals were sampled at two time points for 118 raccoon examinations in total. we tested 13 of 13 and 8 of 13 euthanized raccoons for rabies and canine distemper virus (cdv), respectively, by antigen testing on brain tissue; all wer ...	2017	28135131
targeting vaccine-induced extrafollicular pathway of b cell differentiation improves rabies postexposure prophylaxis.	vaccine-induced b cells differentiate along two pathways. the follicular pathway gives rise to germinal centers (gcs) that can take weeks to fully develop. the extrafollicular pathway gives rise to short-lived plasma cells (pcs) that can rapidly secrete protective antibodies within days of vaccination. rabies virus (rabv) postexposure prophylaxis (pep) requires rapid vaccine-induced humoral immunity for protection. therefore, we hypothesized that targeting extrafollicular b cell responses for ac ...	2017	28148792