Publications

genome-wide analysis of wrky transcription factors in solanum lycopersicum.	the wrky transcription factors have been implicated in multiple biological processes in plants, especially in regulating defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. however, little information is available about the wrkys in tomato (solanum lycopersicum). the recent release of the whole-genome sequence of tomato allowed us to perform a genome-wide investigation for tomato wrky proteins, and to compare these positively identified proteins with their orthologs in model plants, such as arabidopsis ...	2012	22570076
cml42-mediated calcium signaling coordinates responses to spodoptera herbivory and abiotic stresses in arabidopsis.	in the interaction between arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and the generalist herbivorous insect spodoptera littoralis, little is known about early events in defense signaling and their link to downstream phytohormone pathways. s. littoralis oral secretions induced both ca²⁺ and phytohormone elevation in arabidopsis. plant gene expression induced by oral secretions revealed up-regulation of a gene encoding a calmodulin-like protein, cml42. functional analysis of cml42 plants revealed more res ...	2012	22570470
sequence diversity in the dickeya flic gene: phylogeny of the dickeya genus and taqman® pcr for 'd. solani', new biovar 3 variant on potato in europe.	worldwide, dickeya (formerly erwinia chrysanthemi) is causing soft rot diseases on a large diversity of crops and ornamental plants. strains affecting potato are mainly found in d. dadantii, d. dianthicola and d. zeae, which appear to have a marked geographical distribution. furthermore, a few dickeya isolates from potato are attributed to d. chrysanthemi and d. dieffenbachiae. in europe, isolates of erwinia chrysanthemi biovar 1 and biovar 7 from potato are now classified in d. dianthicola. how ...	2012	22570692
compartment-specific antioxidative defense in arabidopsis against virulent and avirulent pseudomonas syringae.	the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) during biotic stress is either part of a hypersensitive response of the plant or induced directly by the pathogen. antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathione counteract the accumulation of ros and are part of the defense reaction. the aim of the present study was to investigate the compartment-specific importance of ascorbate and glutathione during a virulent and avirulent pseudomonas syringae infection in arabidopsis thaliana. peroxisomes we ...	2012	22571419
the β-subunit of the snrk1 complex is phosphorylated by the plant cell death suppressor adi3.	the protein kinase avrpto-dependent pto-interacting protein3 (adi3) is a known suppressor of cell death, and loss of its function has been correlated with cell death induction during the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) resistance response to its pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. however, adi3 downstream interactors that may play a role in cell death regulation have not been identified. we used a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify the plant snrk1 (for sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protei ...	2012	22573803
a deletion in the nitrate high affinity transporter nrt2.1 alters metabolomic and transcriptomic responses to pseudomonas syringae.	a deletion in the high affinity nitrate trasporter nrt2.1 in arabidopsis results in a reduced susceptibility to pseudomonas syringae by two different mechanisms, the sa priming and an interference in the effector triggered susceptibility. in the present research we further characterized the metabolic and genetic profiles of the mutant nrt2 in the interaction with p. syringae. despite the priming found in the sa-dependent pathway, the metabolic changes in nrt2 compared with wild-type plants are m ...	2012	22580578
plant-growth promoting effect of newly isolated rhizobacteria varies between two arabidopsis ecotypes.	various rhizobacteria are known for their beneficial effects on plants, i. e. promotion of growth and induction of systemic resistance against pathogens. these bacteria are categorized as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) and are associated with plant roots. knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of plant growth promotion in vivo is still very limited, but interference of bacteria with plant hormone metabolism is suggested to play a major role. to obtain new growth promoting bacteria, ...	2012	22580689
the epigenetic machinery controlling transgenerational systemic acquired resistance.	progeny from diseased arabidopsis shows enhanced resistance, which is associated with priming of defense genes. this transgenerational systemic acquired resistance (sar) is effective against biotrophic pathogens, such as the downy mildew pathogen hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. in this study, we have examined mutants in rna-directed dna methylation (rddm) for transgenerational sar. our analysis suggests that transgenerational sar is regulated by the rddm pathway and transmitted by hypomethylatio ...	2012	22580690
shade avoidance.	the presence of neighboring vegetation modifies the light environment experienced by plants, generating signals that are perceived by phytochromes and cryptochromes. these signals cause large changes in plant body form and function, including enhanced growth of the hypocotyl and petioles, a more erect position of the leaves and early flowering in arabidopsis thaliana. collectively, these so-called shade-avoidance responses tend to reduce the degree of current or future shade by neighbors. shade ...	2012	22582029
prediction and comparison of salmonella-human and salmonella-arabidopsis interactomes.	salmonellosis caused by salmonella bacteria is a food-borne disease and a worldwide health threat causing millions of infections and thousands of deaths every year. this pathogen infects an unusually broad range of host organisms including human and plants. a better understanding of the mechanisms of communication between salmonella and its hosts requires identifying the interactions between salmonella and host proteins. protein-protein interactions (ppis) are the fundamental building blocks of ...	2012	22589098
isolation and profiling of protein-associated small rnas.	small rnas are short noncoding rnas with important regulatory roles in many cellular processes. small rnas are generated by dicer or dicer-like proteins and then incorporated into rnai effector -proteins argonautes (agos) for silencing of their targets. in plants, small rnas regulate host innate immunity against various pathogens, but their mode of action and associated protein factors that facilitate their function remain to be elucidated. here, we describe an efficient method to isolate -ago-a ...	2012	22589133
the ustilago maydis effector pep1 suppresses plant immunity by inhibition of host peroxidase activity.	the corn smut ustilago maydis establishes a biotrophic interaction with its host plant maize. this interaction requires efficient suppression of plant immune responses, which is attributed to secreted effector proteins. previously we identified pep1 (protein essential during penetration-1) as a secreted effector with an essential role for u. maydis virulence. pep1 deletion mutants induce strong defense responses leading to an early block in pathogenic development of the fungus. using cytological ...	2012	22589719
pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) isolates from recent bacterial canker of kiwifruit outbreaks belong to the same genetic lineage.	intercontinental spread of emerging plant diseases is one of the most serious threats to world agriculture. one emerging disease is bacterial canker of kiwi fruit (actinidia deliciosa and a. chinensis) caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa). the disease first occurred in china and japan in the 1980s and in korea and italy in the 1990s. a more severe form of the disease broke out in italy in 2008 and in additional countries in 2010 and 2011 threatening the viability of the global kiw ...	2012	22590555
tracing hidden herbivores: time-resolved non-invasive analysis of belowground volatiles by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (ptr-ms).	root herbivores are notoriously difficult to study, as they feed hidden in the soil. however, root herbivores may be traced by analyzing specific volatile organic compounds (vocs) that are produced by damaged roots. these vocs not only support parasitoids in the localization of their host, but also may help scientists study belowground plant-herbivore interactions. herbivore-induced vocs are usually analyzed by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (gc-ms), but with this off-line method, the gase ...	2012	22592334
plant erd2-like proteins function as endoplasmic reticulum luminal protein receptors and participate in programmed cell death during innate immunity.	the hypersensitive response (hr), a form of programmed cell death (pcd), is a tightly regulated innate immune response in plants that is hypothesized to restrict pathogen growth and disease development. although considerable efforts have been made to understand hr pcd, it remains unknown whether the retrograde pathway from the golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) is involved. here we provide direct genetic evidence that two nicotiana benthamiana homologs, erd2a and erd2b, function as er lumin ...	2012	22595145
the pseudomonas syringae hrpj protein controls the secretion of type iii translocator proteins and has a virulence role inside plant cells.	the bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae injects effector proteins into plant cells via a type iii secretion system (t3ss), which is required for pathogenesis. the protein hrpj is secreted by p. syringae and is required for a fully functional t3ss. a hrpj mutant is non-pathogenic and cannot inject effectors into plant cells or secrete the harpin hrpz1. here we show that the hrpj mutant also cannot secrete the harpins hrpw1 and hopak1 or the translocator hrpk1, suggesting that these prot ...	2012	22607547
a widespread bacterial type vi secretion effector superfamily identified using a heuristic approach.	sophisticated mechanisms are employed to facilitate information exchange between interfacing bacteria. a type vi secretion system (t6ss) of pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown to deliver cell wall-targeting effectors to neighboring cells. however, the generality of bacteriolytic effectors and, moreover, of antibacterial t6s remained unknown. using parameters derived from experimentally validated bacterial t6ss effectors we identified a phylogenetically disperse superfamily of t6ss-associated peptid ...	2012	22607806
why do bacteria use so many enzymes to scavenge hydrogen peroxide?	hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) is continuously formed by the autoxidation of redox enzymes in aerobic cells, and it also enters from the environment, where it can be generated both by chemical processes and by the deliberate actions of competing organisms. because h(2)o(2) is acutely toxic, bacteria elaborate scavenging enzymes to keep its intracellular concentration at nanomolar levels. mutants that lack such enzymes grow poorly, suffer from high rates of mutagenesis, or even die. in order to und ...	2012	22609271
different biosynthetic pathways to fosfomycin in pseudomonas syringae and streptomyces species.	fosfomycin is a wide-spectrum antibiotic that is used clinically to treat acute cystitis in the united states. the compound is produced by several strains of streptomycetes and pseudomonads. we sequenced the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for fosfomycin production in pseudomonas syringae pb-5123. surprisingly, the biosynthetic pathway in this organism is very different from that in streptomyces fradiae and streptomyces wedmorensis. the pathways share the first and last steps, involving co ...	2012	22615277
functional analysis of nopm, a novel e3 ubiquitin ligase (nel) domain effector of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234.	type 3 effector proteins secreted via the bacterial type 3 secretion system (t3ss) are not only virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria, but also influence symbiotic interactions between nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria (rhizobia) and leguminous host plants. in this study, we characterized nopm (nodulation outer protein m) of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234, which shows sequence similarities with novel e3 ubiquitin ligase (nel) domain effectors from the human pathogens shigella flexneri and salomone ...	2012	22615567
the mbo operon is specific and essential for biosynthesis of mangotoxin in pseudomonas syringae.	mangotoxin is an antimetabolite toxin produced by certain pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains. this toxin is an oligopeptide that inhibits ornithine n-acetyl transferase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of ornithine and arginine. previous studies have reported the involvement of the putative nonribosomal peptide synthetase mgoa in virulence and mangotoxin production. in this study, we analyse a new chromosomal region of p. syringae pv. syringae umaf0158, which contains six coding sequence ...	2012	22615797
metabolic adaptation of ralstonia solanacearum during plant infection: a methionine biosynthesis case study.	mete and meth are two distinct enzymes that catalyze a similar biochemical reaction during the last step of methionine biosynthesis, meth being a cobalamin-dependent enzyme whereas mete activity is cobalamin-independent. in this work, we show that the last step of methionine synthesis in the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum is under the transcriptional control of the master pathogenicity regulator hrpg. this control is exerted essentially on mete expression through the intermediate regulato ...	2012	22615832
genetic mapping and identification of qtl for earliness in the globe artichoke/cultivated cardoon complex.	the asteraceae species cynara cardunculus (2n = 2x = 34) includes the two fully cross-compatible domesticated taxa globe artichoke (var. scolymus l.) and cultivated cardoon (var. altilis dc). as both are out-pollinators and suffer from marked inbreeding depression, linkage analysis has focussed on the use of a two way pseudo-test cross approach.	2012	22621324
the chemical composition of endotoxin isolated from intestinal strain of desulfovibrio desulfuricans.	desulfovibrio desulfuricans anaerobes are constituents of human alimentary tract microflora. there are suggestions that they take part in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and some gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, such as ulcerative colitis or crohn's disease. endotoxin is one of gram-negative bacteria cellular components that influence these microorganisms pathogenicity. endotoxin is a lipid-polisaccharide heteropolymer consisting of three elements: lipid a, core oligosaccharide, and o- ...	2012	22629175
the vascular pathogen verticillium longisporum requires a jasmonic acid-independent coi1 function in roots to elicit disease symptoms in arabidopsis shoots.	verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne vascular pathogen that causes reduced shoot growth and early senescence in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). here, we report that these disease symptoms are less pronounced in plants that lack the receptor of the plant defense hormone jasmonic acid (ja), coronatine insensitive1 (coi1). initial colonization of the roots was comparable in wild-type and coi1 plants, and fungal dna accumulated to almost similar levels in petioles of wild-type and coi1 plant ...	2012	22635114
expanded roles for multicargo and class 1b effector chaperones in type iii secretion.	bacterial type iii secretion systems (t3ss) are complex protein assemblies that mediate the secretion of protein substrates outside the cell. type iii secretion chaperones (t3sc) are always found associated with t3ss, and they serve in multiple roles to ensure that protein substrates are efficiently targeted for secretion. bacterial pathogens with t3ss express t3sc proteins that bind effectors, a process important for effector protein delivery into eukaryotic cells during infection. in this mini ...	2012	22636784
tobacco transcription factor ntwrky12 interacts with tga2.2 in vitro and in vivo.	the promoter of the salicylic acid-inducible pr-1a gene of nicotiana tabacum contains binding sites for transcription factor ntwrky12 (wk-box at position -564) and tga factors (as-1-like element at position -592). transactivation experiments in arabidopsis protoplasts derived from wild type, npr1-1, tga256, and tga2356 mutant plants revealed that ntwrky12 alone was able to induce a pr-1a::β-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene to high levels, independent of co-expressed tobacco ntnpr1, tga2.1, tga2 ...	2011	22639590
silencing β1,2-xylosyltransferase in transgenic tomato fruits reveals xylose as constitutive component of ige-binding epitopes.	complex plant n-glycans containing β1,2-xylose and core α1,3-fucose are regarded as the major class of the so-called "carbohydrate cross-reactive determinants" reactive with ige antibodies in sera of many allergic patients, but their clinical relevance is still under debate. plant glycosyltransferases, β1,2-xylosyltransferase (xylt), and core α1,3-fucosyltransferase (fuct) are responsible for the transfer of β1,2-linked xylose and core α1,3-linked fucose residues to n-glycans of glycoproteins, r ...	2011	22639593
mutations in an atypical tir-nb-lrr-lim resistance protein confer autoimmunity.	in order to defend against microbial infection, plants employ a complex immune system that relies partly on resistance (r) proteins that initiate intricate signaling cascades upon pathogen detection. the resistance signaling network utilized by plants is only partially characterized. a genetic screen conducted to identify novel defense regulators involved in this network resulted in the isolation of the snc6-1d mutant. positional cloning revealed that this mutant contained a molecular lesion in ...	2011	22639607
insights into auxin signaling in plant-pathogen interactions.	the phytohormone auxin has been known to be a regulator of plant growth and development ever since its discovery. recent studies on plant-pathogen interactions identify auxin as a key character in pathogenesis and plant defense. like plants, diverse pathogens possess the capacity to synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), the major form of auxin in plants. the emerging knowledge on auxin-signaling components, auxin metabolic processes, and indole-derived phytoalexins in plant responses to pathoge ...	2011	22639609
transcriptional plant responses critical for resistance towards necrotrophic pathogens.	plant defenses aimed at necrotrophic pathogens appear to be genetically complex. despite the apparent lack of a specific recognition of such necrotrophs by products of major r genes, biochemical, molecular, and genetic studies, in particular using the model plant arabidopsis, have uncovered numerous host components critical for the outcome of such interactions. although the ja signaling pathway plays a central role in plant defense toward necrotrophs additional signaling pathways contribute to t ...	2011	22639610
mining the active proteome of arabidopsis thaliana.	assigning functions to the >30,000 proteins encoded by the arabidopsis genome is a challenging task of the arabidopsis functional genomics network. although genome-wide technologies like proteomics and transcriptomics have generated a wealth of information that significantly accelerated gene annotation, protein activities are poorly predicted by transcript or protein levels as protein activities are post-translationally regulated. to directly display protein activities in arabidopsis proteomes, ...	2011	22639616
a plethora of virulence strategies hidden behind nuclear targeting of microbial effectors.	plant immune responses depend on the ability to couple rapid recognition of the invading microbe to an efficient response. during evolution, plant pathogens have acquired the ability to deliver effector molecules inside host cells in order to manipulate cellular and molecular processes and establish pathogenicity. following translocation into plant cells, microbial effectors may be addressed to different subcellular compartments. intriguingly, a significant number of effector proteins from diffe ...	2011	22639625
the spliceosome-activating complex: molecular mechanisms underlying the function of a pleiotropic regulator.	correct interpretation of the coding capacity of rna polymerase ii transcribed eukaryotic genes is determined by the recognition and removal of intronic sequences of pre-mrnas by the spliceosome. our current knowledge on dynamic assembly and subunit interactions of the spliceosome mostly derived from the characterization of yeast, drosophila, and human spliceosomal complexes formed on model pre-mrna templates in cell extracts. in addition to sequential structural rearrangements catalyzed by atp- ...	2012	22639636
catabolism and deactivation of the lipid-derived hormone jasmonoyl-isoleucine.	the oxylipin hormone jasmonate controls myriad processes involved in plant growth, development, and immune function. the discovery of jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (ja-ile) as the major bioactive form of the hormone highlights the need to understand biochemical and cell biological processes underlying ja-ile homeostasis. among the major metabolic control points governing the accumulation of ja-ile in plant tissues are the availability of jasmonic acid, the immediate precursor of ja-ile, and oxidative e ...	2012	22639640
non-canonical processing of arabidopsis pri-mir319a/b/c generates additional micrornas to target one rap2.12 mrna isoform.	arabidopsis mir319a/b/c primary transcripts are unusual due to the presence of a long stem and loop structure containing functional mir319a/b/c molecules. in our experiments carried out using high throughput sequencing (hts), we have shown that additional micrornas (mirnas), mir319a.2/b.2/c.2 are generated from the upper part of the same hairpin structure. we have also found cognate mirnaa.2/b.2/c.2* to be present in the hts results with a considerably lower number of reads. northern hybridiza ...	2012	22639648
crosstalk between phospholipase d and sphingosine kinase in plant stress signaling.	the activation of phospholipase d (pld) produces phosphatidic acid (pa), whereas plant sphingosine kinase (sphk) phosphorylates long-chain bases to generate long-chain base-1-phosphates such as phytosphingosine-1-phosphate (phyto-s1p). pa and phyto-s1p have been identified as lipid messengers. recent studies have shown that pa interacts directly with sphks in arabidopsis, and that the interaction promotes sphk activity. however, sphk and phyto-s1p act upstream of pldα1 and pa in the stomatal res ...	2012	22639650
sphingolipids and plant defense/disease: the "death" connection and beyond.	sphingolipids comprise a major class of structural materials and lipid signaling molecules in all eukaryotic cells. over the past two decades, there has been a phenomenal growth in the study of sphingolipids (i.e., sphingobiology) at an average rate of ∼1000 research articles per year. sphingolipid studies in plants, though accounting for only a small fraction (∼6%) of the total number of publications, have also enjoyed proportionally rapid growth in the past decade. concomitant with the growth ...	2012	22639658
the role of polypyrimidine tract-binding proteins and other hnrnp proteins in plant splicing regulation.	alternative precursor mrna splicing is a widespread phenomenon in multicellular eukaryotes and represents a major means for functional expansion of the transcriptome. while several recent studies have revealed an important link between splicing regulation and fundamental biological processes in plants, many important aspects, such as the underlying splicing regulatory mechanisms, are so far not well understood. splicing decisions are in general based on a splicing code that is determined by the ...	2012	22639666
the plant cell wall: a dynamic barrier against pathogen invasion.	prospective plant pathogens must overcome the physical barrier presented by the plant cell wall. in addition to being a preformed, passive barrier limiting access of pathogens to plant cells, the cell wall is actively remodeled and reinforced specifically at discrete sites of interaction with potentially pathogenic microbes. active reinforcement of the cell wall through the deposition of cell wall appositions, referred to as papillae, is an early response to perception of numerous categories of ...	2012	22639669
haemoglobin modulates salicylate and jasmonate/ethylene-mediated resistance mechanisms against pathogens.	nitric oxide (no) plays a role in defence against hemibiotrophic pathogens mediated by salicylate (sa) and also necrotrophic pathogens influenced by jasmonate/ethylene (ja/et). this study examined how no-oxidizing haemoglobins (hb) encoded by glb1, glb2, and glb3 in arabidopsis could influence both defence pathways. the impact of hb on responses to the hemibiotrophic pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato (pst) avrrpm1 and the necrotrophic botrytis cinerea were investigated using glb1, glb2, and g ...	2012	22641422
integrated systems view on networking by hormones in arabidopsis immunity reveals multiple crosstalk for cytokinin.	phytohormones signal and combine to maintain the physiological equilibrium in the plant. pathogens enhance host susceptibility by modulating the hormonal balance of the plant cell. unlike other plant hormones, the detailed role of cytokinin in plant immunity remains to be fully elucidated. here, extensive data mining, including of pathogenicity factors, host regulatory proteins, enzymes of hormone biosynthesis, and signaling components, established an integrated signaling network of 105 nodes an ...	2012	22643121
the mekk1-mkk1/mkk2-mpk4 kinase cascade negatively regulates immunity mediated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase in arabidopsis.	in arabidopsis thaliana, the mekk1-mkk1/mkk2-mpk4 mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase cascade represses cell death and immune responses. in mekk1, mkk1 mkk2, and mpk4 mutants, programmed cell death and defense responses are constitutively activated, but the mechanism by which mekk1, mkk1/mkk2, and mpk4 negatively regulate cell death and immunity was unknown. from a screen for suppressors of mkk1 mkk2, we found that mutations in suppressor of mkk1 mkk2 1 (summ1) suppress the cell death and def ...	2012	22643122
the stem cell state in plant development and in response to stress.	stem cells are commonly defined by their developmental capabilities, namely, self-renewal and multitype differentiation, yet the biology of stem cells and their inherent features both in plants and animals are only beginning to be elucidated. in this review article we highlight the stem cell state in plants with reference to animals and the plastic nature of plant somatic cells often referred to as totipotency as well as the essence of cellular dedifferentiation. based on recent published data, ...	2011	22645540
at the frontier; rxlr effectors crossing the phytophthora-host interface.	plants are constantly beset by pathogenic organisms. to successfully infect their hosts, plant pathogens secrete effector proteins, many of which are translocated to the inside of the host cell where they manipulate normal physiological processes and undermine host defense. the way by which effectors cross the frontier to reach the inside of the host cell varies among different classes of pathogens. for oomycete plant pathogens - like the potato late blight pathogen phytophthora infestans - it h ...	2011	22645549
hijacking of the host scf ubiquitin ligase machinery by plant pathogens.	the scf (skp1-cul1-f-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex mediates polyubiquitination of proteins targeted for degradation, thereby controlling a plethora of biological processes in eukaryotic cells. although this ubiquitination machinery is found and functional only in eukaryotes, many non-eukaryotic pathogens also encode f-box proteins, the critical subunits of the scf complex. increasing evidence indicates that such non-eukaryotic f-box proteins play an essential role in subverting or exploi ...	2011	22645554
a genome-wide survey for arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases implicated in plant immunity.	receptor-like kinases (rlk) are among the largest gene families encoded by plant genomes. common structural features of plant rlks are an extracellular ligand binding domain, a membrane spanning domain, and an intracellular protein kinase domain. the largest subfamily of plant rlks is characterized by extracellular leucine-rich repeat (lrr-rlk) structures that are known biochemical modules for mediating ligand binding and protein-protein interactions. in the frame of the arabidopsis functional g ...	2011	22645555
biochemical and molecular-genetic characterization of sfd1's involvement in lipid metabolism and defense signaling.	the arabidopsis thaliana sfd1 (suppressor of fatty acid desaturase deficiency1) gene (also known as gly1) is required for accumulation of 34:6 (i.e., 18:3-16:3) monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (mgdg) and for the activation of systemic acquired resistance (sar), an inducible defense mechanism that confers resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens. sfd1, which has been suggested to be involved in lipid-based signaling in sar, contains a putative chloroplast transit peptide and has glycerol-3-p ...	2012	22645576
leveraging proteomics to understand plant-microbe interactions.	understanding the interactions of plants with beneficial and pathogenic microbes is a promising avenue to improve crop productivity and agriculture sustainability. proteomic techniques provide a unique angle to describe these intricate interactions and test hypotheses. the various approaches for proteomic analysis generally include protein/peptide separation and identification, but can also provide quantification and the characterization of post-translational modifications. in this review, we di ...	2012	22645586
up-regulation of antioxidants in tobacco by low concentrations of h₂o₂ suppresses necrotic disease symptoms.	pretreatment of tobacco leaves with low concentrations (5 to 10 mm) of h₂o₂ suppressed hypersensitive-type necrosis associated with resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) or pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. the same pretreatment resulted in suppression of normosensitive necrosis associated with susceptibility to botrytis cinerea. this type of h₂o₂-mediated, induced disease symptom resistance correlated with enhanced host antioxidant capacity, i.e., elevated enzymatic activities of catala ...	2012	22646244
multiple lessons from the multiple functions of a regulator of type iii secretion system assembly in the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae.	the assembly of type iii secretion systems (t3sss), which inject bacterial effector proteins into the cytosol of animal and plant hosts, is a highly regulated process. animal pathogens use a length-control protein to produce t3ss needles of fixed length and then a second regulator, such as yopn in yersinia spp, to mediate host contact-dependent effector delivery. for pseudomonas syringae and other plant pathogens, regulation of the assembly process differs because the t3ss pilus must grow throug ...	2012	22646515
contextualizing context for synthetic biology--identifying causes of failure of synthetic biological systems.	despite the efforts that bioengineers have exerted in designing and constructing biological processes that function according to a predetermined set of rules, their operation remains fundamentally circumstantial. the contextual situation in which molecules and single-celled or multi-cellular organisms find themselves shapes the way they interact, respond to the environment and process external information. since the birth of the field, synthetic biologists have had to grapple with contextual iss ...	2012	22649052
endoplasmic reticulum-quality control chaperones facilitate the biogenesis of cf receptor-like proteins involved in pathogen resistance of tomato.	cf proteins are receptor-like proteins (rlps) that mediate resistance of tomato (solanum lycopersicum) to the foliar pathogen cladosporium fulvum. these transmembrane immune receptors, which carry extracellular leucine-rich repeats that are subjected to posttranslational glycosylation, perceive effectors of the pathogen and trigger a defense response that results in plant resistance. to identify proteins required for the functionality of these rlps, we performed immunopurification of a functiona ...	2012	22649272
evolutionary and experimental assessment of novel markers for detection of xanthomonas euvesicatoria in plant samples.	bacterial spot-causing xanthomonads (bsx) are quarantine phytopathogenic bacteria responsible for heavy losses in tomato and pepper production. despite the research on improved plant spraying methods and resistant cultivars, the use of healthy plant material is still considered as the most effective bacterial spot control measure. therefore, rapid and efficient detection methods are crucial for an early detection of these phytopathogens.	2012	22655073
stochastic modeling of pseudomonas syringae growth in the phyllosphere.	pseudomonas syringae is a gram-negative bacterium which lives on leaf surfaces. its growth has been described using epifluorescence microscopy and image analysis; it was found to be growing in aggregates of a wide range of sizes. we develop a stochastic model to describe aggregate distribution and determine the mechanisms generating experimental observations. we found that a logistic birth-death model with migration (time-homogeneous markov process) provides the best description of the observed ...	2012	22659411
the novel kasugamycin 2'-n-acetyltransferase gene aac(2')-iia, carried by the incp island, confers kasugamycin resistance to rice-pathogenic bacteria.	kasugamycin (ksm), a unique aminoglycoside antibiotic, has been used in agriculture for many years to control not only rice blast caused by the fungus magnaporthe grisea but also rice bacterial grain and seedling rot or rice bacterial brown stripe caused by burkholderia glumae or acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae, respectively. since both bacterial pathogens are seed-borne and cause serious injury to rice seedlings, the emergence of ksm-resistant b. glumae and a. avenae isolates highlights the urg ...	2012	22660700
forward genetic in planta screen for identification of plant-protective traits of sphingomonas sp. strain fr1 against pseudomonas syringae dc3000.	sphingomonas sp. strain fr1 has recently been shown to protect arabidopsis thaliana against the bacterial leaf pathogen pseudomonas syringae dc3000. here, we describe a forward genetic in planta screen to identify genes in sphingomonas sp. fr1 necessary for this effect. about 5,000 sphingomonas sp. fr1 mini-tn5 mutants were assayed for a defect in plant protection against a luxcdabe-tagged p. syringae dc3000 derivative in a space-saving 24-well plate system. the bioluminescence of the pathogen w ...	2012	22660707
involvement of two-component system cbo0366/cbo0365 in the cold shock response and growth of group i (proteolytic) clostridium botulinum atcc 3502 at low temperatures.	the role of the two-component system (tcs) cbo0366/cbo0365 in the cold shock response and growth of the mesophilic clostridium botulinum atcc 3502 at 15°c was demonstrated by induced expression of the tcs genes upon cold shock and impaired growth of the tcs mutants at 15°c.	2012	22660717
srfj, a salmonella type iii secretion system effector regulated by phop, rcsb, and iolr.	virulence-related type iii secretion systems are present in many gram-negative bacterial pathogens. these complex devices translocate proteins, called effectors, from the bacterium into the eukaryotic host cell. here, we identify the product of srfj, a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium gene regulated by ssrb, as a new substrate of the type iii secretion system encoded by salmonella pathogenicity island 2. the n-terminal 20-amino-acid segment of srfj was recognized as a functional secretion ...	2012	22661691
micrornas as regulators in plant metal toxicity response.	metal toxicity is a major stress affecting crop production. this includes metals that are essential for plants (copper, iron, zinc, manganese), and non-essential metals (cadmium, aluminum, cobalt, mercury). a primary common effect of high concentrations of metal such as aluminum, copper, cadmium, or mercury is root growth inhibition. metal toxicity triggers the accumulation of reactive oxygen species leading to damage of lipids, proteins, and dna. the plants response to metal toxicity involves s ...	2012	22661980
genome-wide characterization of isr induced in arabidopsis thaliana by trichoderma hamatum t382 against botrytis cinerea infection.	in this study, the molecular basis of the induced systemic resistance (isr) in arabidopsis thaliana by the biocontrol fungus trichoderma hamatum t382 against the phytopathogen botrytis cinerea b05-10 was unraveled by microarray analysis both before (isr-prime) and after (isr-boost) additional pathogen inoculation. the observed high numbers of differentially expressed genes allowed us to classify them according to the biological pathways in which they are involved. by focusing on pathways instead ...	2012	22661981
quorum quenching revisited--from signal decays to signalling confusion.	in a polymicrobial community, while some bacteria are communicating with neighboring cells (quorum sensing), others are interrupting the communication (quorum quenching), thus creating a constant arms race between intercellular communication. in the past decade, numerous quorum quenching enzymes have been found and initially thought to inactivate the signalling molecules. though this is widely accepted, the actual roles of these quorum quenching enzymes are now being uncovered. recent evidence e ...	2012	22666051
recombineering: a powerful tool for modification of bacteriophage genomes.	recombineering, a recently developed technique for efficient genetic manipulation of bacteria, is facilitated by phage-derived recombination proteins and has the advantage of using dna substrates with short regions of homology. this system was first developed in e. coli but has since been adapted for use in other bacteria. it is now widely used in a number of different systems for a variety of purposes, and the construction of chromosomal gene knockouts, deletions, insertions, point mutations, a ...	2012	22666652
genetics of ascites resistance and tolerance in chicken: a random regression approach.	resistance and tolerance are two complementary mechanisms to reduce the detrimental effects of parasites, pathogens, and production diseases on host performance. using body weight and ascites data on domesticated chicken gallus gallus domesticus, we demonstrate the use of random regression animal model and covariance functions to estimate genetic parameters for ascites resistance and tolerance and illustrate the way individual variation in resistance and tolerance induce both genotype re-ranking ...	2012	22670223
the type iii secretion system is necessary for the development of a pathogenic and endophytic interaction between herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans and poaceae.	herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans was first identified as a bacterial plant pathogen, causing the mottled stripe disease in sugarcane. h. rubrisubalbicans can also associate with various plants of economic interest in a non pathogenic manner.	2012	22672506
top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology.	many plant bacteriologists, if not all, feel that their particular microbe should appear in any list of the most important bacterial plant pathogens. however, to our knowledge, no such list exists. the aim of this review was to survey all bacterial pathologists with an association with the journal molecular plant pathology and ask them to nominate the bacterial pathogens they would place in a 'top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. the survey generated 458 votes from the international ...	2012	22672649
antibody peptide based antifungal immunotherapy.	fungal infections still represent relevant human illnesses worldwide and some are accompanied by unacceptably high mortality rates. the limited current availability of effective and safe antifungal agents makes the development of new drugs and approaches of antifungal vaccination/immunotherapy every day more needed. among them, small antibody(ab)-derived peptides are arousing great expectations as new potential antifungal agents. in this topic, the search path from the study of the yeast killer ...	2012	22675322
a lov protein modulates the physiological attributes of xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri relevant for host plant colonization.	recent studies have demonstrated that an appropriate light environment is required for the establishment of efficient vegetal resistance responses in several plant-pathogen interactions. the photoreceptors implicated in such responses are mainly those belonging to the phytochrome family. data obtained from bacterial genome sequences revealed the presence of photosensory proteins of the bluf (blue light sensing using fad), lov (light, oxygen, voltage) and phytochrome families with no known functi ...	2012	22675525
comparative analysis of two phenotypically-similar but genomically-distinct burkholderia cenocepacia-specific bacteriophages.	genomic analysis of bacteriophages infecting the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) is an important preliminary step in the development of a phage therapy protocol for these opportunistic pathogens. the objective of this study was to characterize kl1 (vb_bces_kl1) and ah2 (vb_bces_ah2), two novel burkholderia cenocepacia-specific siphoviruses isolated from environmental samples.	2012	22676492
overexpression of xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria effector avrbst in arabidopsis triggers plant cell death, disease and defense responses.	recognition of bacterial effector proteins by plant cells is crucial for plant disease and defense response signaling. the xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) type iii effector protein, avrbst, is secreted into plant cells from xcv strain bv5-4a. here, we demonstrate that dexamethasone (dex): avrbst overexpression triggers cell death signaling in healthy transgenic arabidopsis plants. avrbst overexpression in arabidopsis also reduced susceptibility to infection with the obligate biotrop ...	2012	22678032
fluoride ion encapsulation by mg2+ ions and phosphates in a fluoride riboswitch.	significant advances in our understanding of rna architecture, folding and recognition have emerged from structure-function studies on riboswitches, non-coding rnas whose sensing domains bind small ligands and whose adjacent expression platforms contain rna elements involved in the control of gene regulation. we now report on the ligand-bound structure of the thermotoga petrophila fluoride riboswitch, which adopts a higher-order rna architecture stabilized by pseudoknot and long-range reversed w ...	2012	22678284
ketoglutarate transport protein kgtp is secreted through the type iii secretion system and contributes to virulence in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.	the phytopathogenic prokaryote xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight (bb) of rice and utilizes a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to deliver t3ss effectors into rice cells. in this report, we show that the ketoglutarate transport protein (kgtp) is secreted in an hpab-independent manner through the t3ss of x. oryzae pv. oryzae pxo99(a) and localizes to the host cell membrane for α-ketoglutaric acid export. kgtp contained an imperfect pip box (plant-inducible p ...	2012	22685129
decolorization of industrial synthetic dyes using engineered pseudomonas putida cells with surface-immobilized bacterial laccase.	microbial laccases are highly useful in textile effluent dye biodegradation. however, the bioavailability of cellularly expressed or purified laccases in continuous operations is usually limited by mass transfer impediment or enzyme regeneration difficulty. therefore, this study develops a regenerable bacterial surface-displaying system for industrial synthetic dye decolorization, and evaluates its effects on independent and continuous operations.	2012	22686507
protein export according to schedule: architecture, assembly, and regulation of type iii secretion systems from plant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria.	flagellar and translocation-associated type iii secretion (t3s) systems are present in most gram-negative plant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria and are often essential for bacterial motility or pathogenicity. the architectures of the complex membrane-spanning secretion apparatuses of both systems are similar, but they are associated with different extracellular appendages, including the flagellar hook and filament or the needle/pilus structures of translocation-associated t3s systems. the needle ...	2012	22688814
ubiquitination during plant immune signaling.		2012	22689893
time for coffee represses accumulation of the myc2 transcription factor to provide time-of-day regulation of jasmonate signaling in arabidopsis.	plants are confronted with predictable daily biotic and abiotic stresses that result from the day-night cycle. the circadian clock provides an anticipation mechanism to respond to these daily stress signals to increase fitness. jasmonate (ja) is a phytohormone that mediates various growth and stress responses. here, we found that the circadian-clock component time for coffee (tic) acts as a negative factor in the ja-signaling pathway. we showed that the tic mutant is hypersensitive to growth-rep ...	2012	22693280
arabidopsis nonhost resistance gene pss1 confers immunity against an oomycete and a fungal pathogen but not a bacterial pathogen that cause diseases in soybean.	nonhost resistance (nhr) provides immunity to all members of a plant species against all isolates of a microorganism that is pathogenic to other plant species. three arabidopsis thaliana pen (penetration deficient) genes, pen1, 2 and 3 have been shown to provide nhr against the barley pathogen blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei at the prehaustorial level. arabidopsis pen1-1 mutant lacking the pen1 gene is penetrated by the hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen phytophthora sojae, the causal organism of ...	2012	22694952
thiamine induced resistance to plasmopara viticola in grapevine and elicited host-defense responses, including hr like-cell death.	recently, thiamine (vitaminb1) has been shown to induce resistance against pseudomonas syringae in arabidopsis plants through priming of defense responses. in this paper, we have demonstrated the efficiency of thiamine to induce resistance against downy mildew caused by the oomycete plasmopara viticola in a susceptible vitis vinifera cultivar "chardonnay" under glasshouse controlled conditions by providing a dual mode of action involving direct antifungal activity and elicitation of host-defense ...	2012	22698755
high-throughput genomic sequencing of cassava bacterial blight strains identifies conserved effectors to target for durable resistance.	cassava bacterial blight (cbb), incited by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (xam), is the most important bacterial disease of cassava, a staple food source for millions of people in developing countries. here we present a widely applicable strategy for elucidating the virulence components of a pathogen population. we report illumina-based draft genomes for 65 xam strains and deduce the phylogenetic relatedness of xam across the areas where cassava is grown. using an extensive database of eff ...	2012	22699502
npr3 and npr4 are receptors for the immune signal salicylic acid in plants.	salicylic acid (sa) is a plant immune signal produced after pathogen challenge to induce systemic acquired resistance. it is the only major plant hormone for which the receptor has not been firmly identified. systemic acquired resistance in arabidopsis requires the transcription cofactor nonexpresser of pr genes 1 (npr1), the degradation of which acts as a molecular switch. here we show that the npr1 paralogues npr3 and npr4 are sa receptors that bind sa with different affinities. npr3 and npr4 ...	2012	22699612
bacterial canker of plum trees, caused by pseudomonas syringae pathovars, as a serious threat for plum production in the netherlands.	in the netherlands, bacterial canker in plum trees (prunus domestica) is a serious and recent problem in plum production. it is caused by pseudomonas syringae pathovars syringae and morsprunorum. the trunks of the affected plum trees are girdled by bacterial cankers resulting in sudden death of infected trees in 3-4 years after planting. disease incidences can be very high, and sometimes complete orchards have to be removed. recently, plum cultivation in the netherlands has changed from a relati ...	2011	22702175
coronatine promotes pseudomonas syringae virulence in plants by activating a signaling cascade that inhibits salicylic acid accumulation.	phytopathogens can manipulate plant hormone signaling to access nutrients and counteract defense responses. pseudomonas syringae produces coronatine, a toxin that mimics the plant hormone jasmonic acid isoleucine and promotes opening of stomata for bacterial entry, bacterial growth in the apoplast, systemic susceptibility, and disease symptoms. we examined the mechanisms underlying coronatine-mediated virulence and show that coronatine activates three homologous nac transcription factor (tf) gen ...	2012	22704619
influence of the plant defense response to escherichia coli o157:h7 cell surface structures on survival of that enteric pathogen on plant surfaces.	consumption of fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables contaminated with escherichia coli o157:h7 has resulted in hundreds of cases of illness and, in some instances, death. in this study, the influence of cell surface structures of e. coli o157:h7, such as flagella, curli fimbriae, lipopolysaccharides, or exopolysaccharides, on plant defense responses and on survival or colonization on the plant was investigated. the population of the e. coli o157:h7 atcc 43895 wild-type strain was significan ...	2012	22706044
early senescence and cell death in arabidopsis saul1 mutants involves the pad4-dependent salicylic acid pathway.	age-dependent leaf senescence and cell death in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) requires activation of the transcription factor oresara1 (ore1) and is not initiated prior to a leaf age of 28 d. here, we investigate the conditional execution of events that regulate early senescence and cell death in senescence-associated ubiquitin ligase1 (saul1) mutants, deficient in the plant u-box-armadillo e3 ubiquitin ligase saul1. in saul1 mutants challenged with low light, the switch of age-dependent ce ...	2012	22706448
hydrogen peroxide-a central hub for information flow in plant cells.	hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) was initially recognized as a toxic reactive oxygen species, able to cause damage to a variety of cellular structures. however, it became clear in the last decade that h(2)o(2) can also act as a potent signalling molecule, involved in a plethora of physiological functions.	2012	22708052
homologous rxlr effectors from hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and phytophthora sojae suppress immunity in distantly related plants.	diverse pathogens secrete effector proteins into plant cells to manipulate host cellular processes. oomycete pathogens contain large complements of predicted effector genes defined by an rxlr host cell entry motif. the genome of hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (hpa, downy mildew of arabidopsis) contains at least 134 candidate rxlr effector genes. only a small subset of these genes is conserved in related oomycetes from the phytophthora genus. here, we describe a comparative functional characteriz ...	2012	22709376
molecular communications between plant heat shock responses and disease resistance.	as sessile, plants are continuously exposed to potential dangers including various abiotic stresses and pathogen attack. although most studies focus on plant responses under an ideal condition to a specific stimulus, plants in nature must cope with a variety of stimuli at the same time. this indicates that it is critical for plants to fine-control distinct signaling pathways temporally and spatially for simultaneous and effective responses to various stresses. global warming is currently a big i ...	2012	22710621
transgenic expression of tobacco mosaic virus capsid and movement proteins modulate plant basal defense and biotic stress responses in nicotiana tabacum.	plant viruses cause metabolic and physiological changes associated with symptomatic disease phenotypes. symptoms involve direct and indirect effects, which result in disruption of host physiology. we used transgenic tobacco expressing a variant of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) coat protein (cp(t42w)) or movement protein (mp), and a hybrid line (mp×cp(t42w)) that coexpresses both proteins, to study the plant response to individual viral proteins. findings employing microarray analysis of mp×cp(t42w) ...	2012	22712510
bacterial canker on kiwifruit in italy: anatomical changes in the wood and in the primary infection sites.	the bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is a severe threat to kiwifruit production worldwide. many aspects of p. syringae pv. actinidiae biology and epidemiology still require in-depth investigation. the infection by and spread of p. syringae pv. actinidiae in xylem and phloem was investigated by carrying out artificial inoculation experiments with histological and dendrochronological analyses of naturally diseased plants in italy. we found that the bacter ...	2012	22713076
gene discovery using mutagen-induced polymorphisms and deep sequencing: application to plant disease resistance.	next-generation sequencing technologies are accelerating gene discovery by combining multiple steps of mapping and cloning used in the traditional map-based approach into one step using dna sequence polymorphisms existing between two different accessions/strains/backgrounds of the same species. the existing next-generation sequencing method, like the traditional one, requires the use of a segregating population from a cross of a mutant organism in one accession with a wild-type (wt) organism in ...	2012	22714407
the coprs two-component system is responsible for resistance to copper in the cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. pcc 6803.	photosynthetic organisms need copper for cytochrome oxidase and for plastocyanin in the fundamental processes of respiration and photosynthesis. however, excess of free copper is detrimental inside the cells and therefore organisms have developed homeostatic mechanisms to tightly regulate its acquisition, sequestration, and efflux. herein we show that the coprs two-component system (also known as hik31-rre34) is essential for copper resistance in synechocystis sp. pcc 6803. it regulates expressi ...	2012	22715108
silencing nicotiana attenuata calcium-dependent protein kinases, cdpk4 and cdpk5, strongly up-regulates wound- and herbivory-induced jasmonic acid accumulations.	the plant hormone jasmonic acid (ja) plays a pivotal role in plant-insect interactions. herbivore attack usually elicits dramatic increases in ja concentrations, which in turn activate the accumulation of metabolites that function as defenses against herbivores. although almost all enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of ja have been identified and characterized, the mechanism by which plants regulate ja biosynthesis remains unclear. calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) are plant-sp ...	2012	22715110
tomato tft1 is required for pamp-triggered immunity and mutations that prevent t3s effector xopn from binding to tft1 attenuate xanthomonas virulence.	xopn is a type iii effector protein from xanthomonas campestris pathovar vesicatoria that suppresses pamp-triggered immunity (pti) in tomato. previous work reported that xopn interacts with the tomato 14-3-3 isoform tft1; however, tft1's role in pti and/or xopn virulence was not determined. here we show that tft1 functions in pti and is a xopn virulence target. virus-induced gene silencing of tft1 mrna in tomato leaves resulted in increased growth of xcv δxopn and xcv δhrpf demonstrating that tf ...	2012	22719257
translocation of phospholipase a2α to apoplasts is modulated by developmental stages and bacterial infection in arabidopsis.	phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) hydrolyzes phospholipids at the sn-2 position to yield lysophospholipids and free fatty acids. of the four paralogs expressed in arabidopsis, the cellular functions of pla(2)α in planta are poorly understood. the present study shows that pla(2)α possesses unique characteristics in terms of spatiotemporal subcellular localization, as compared with the other paralogs that remain in the er and/or golgi apparatus during secretory processes. only pla(2)α is secreted out to ...	2012	22719742
transcriptomic profiling of bacillus amyloliquefaciens fzb42 in response to maize root exudates.	plant root exudates have been shown to play an important role in mediating interactions between plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) and their host plants. most investigations were performed on gram-negative rhizobacteria, while much less is known about gram-positive rhizobacteria. to elucidate early responses of pgpr to root exudates, we investigated changes in the transcriptome of a gram-positive pgpr to plant root exudates.	2012	22720735
engineering ecosystems and synthetic ecologies.	microbial ecosystems play an important role in nature. engineering these systems for industrial, medical, or biotechnological purposes are important pursuits for synthetic biologists and biological engineers moving forward. here we provide a review of recent progress in engineering natural and synthetic microbial ecosystems. we highlight important forward engineering design principles, theoretical and quantitative models, new experimental and manipulation tools, and possible applications of micr ...	2012	22722235
the effect of iron limitation on the transcriptome and proteome of pseudomonas fluorescens pf-5.	one of the most important micronutrients for bacterial growth is iron, whose bioavailability in soil is limited. consequently, rhizospheric bacteria such as pseudomonas fluorescens employ a range of mechanisms to acquire or compete for iron. we investigated the transcriptomic and proteomic effects of iron limitation on p. fluorescens pf-5 by employing microarray and itraq techniques, respectively. analysis of this data revealed that genes encoding functions related to iron homeostasis, including ...	2012	22723948
microbial population and community dynamics on plant roots and their feedbacks on plant communities.	the composition of the soil microbial community can be altered dramatically due to association with individual plant species, and these effects on the microbial community can have important feedbacks on plant ecology. negative plant-soil feedback plays primary roles in maintaining plant community diversity, whereas positive plant-soil feedback may cause community conversion. host-specific differentiation of the microbial community results from the trade-offs associated with overcoming plant defe ...	2012	22726216
pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses two putative type i signal peptidases, lepb and pa1303, each with distinct roles in physiology and virulence.	type i signal peptidases (spases) cleave signal peptides from proteins during translocation across biological membranes and hence play a vital role in cellular physiology. spase activity is also of fundamental importance to the pathogenesis of infection for many bacteria, including pseudomonas aeruginosa, which utilizes a variety of secreted virulence factors, such as proteases and toxins. p. aeruginosa possesses two noncontiguous spase homologues, lepb (pa0768) and pa1303, which share 43% amino ...	2012	22730125
aspartate oxidase plays an important role in arabidopsis stomatal immunity.	perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps), such as bacterial flagellin (or the peptide flg22), by surface-localized receptors activates defense responses and subsequent immunity. in a previous forward-genetic screen aimed at the identification of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) flagellin-insensitive (fin) mutants, we isolated fin4, which is severely affected in flg22-triggered reactive oxygen species (ros) bursts. here, we report that fin4 encodes the chloroplastic enzyme a ...	2012	22730426