Publications

the importance of wild canids in the epidemiology of rabies in northeast brazil: a retrospective study.	rabies is an endemic disease in brazil, where it is considered a serious public health problem. although the number of human and dog-transmitted cases has declined in recent decades, rabies in wildlife has emerged considerably. among the sylvatic animals, wild canids have been considered important hosts of the rabies virus. we performed a retrospective study of reported cases of rabies in wild canids and human victims in ceará state (northeast brazil) during 2003 to 2013. information was provide ...	2016	26815766
a three-year (2011-2013) surveillance on animal bites and victims vaccination in the south of khorasan-e-razavi province, iran.	rabies is acute encephalitis caused by rabies virus and is transmissible between humans and warm blooded animals. the virus is belong to the family of rabdoviridae and, of lissavirus genus.	2015	26816921
molecular characterization of nucleoprotein gene of rabies virus from maharashtra, india.	rabies poses a serious public health concern in developing countries such as india.	2017	26821566
explaining the geographic spread of emerging epidemics: a framework for comparing viral phylogenies and environmental landscape data.	phylogenetic analysis is now an important tool in the study of viral outbreaks. it can reconstruct epidemic history when surveillance epidemiology data are sparse, and can indicate transmission linkages among infections that may not otherwise be evident. however, a remaining challenge is to develop an analytical framework that can test hypotheses about the effect of environmental variables on pathogen spatial spread. recent phylogeographic approaches can reconstruct the history of virus dispersa ...	2016	26864798
immunogenicity and efficacy of rabivac vaccine for animal rabies control in morocco.	to fight animal rabies, moroccan veterinary authorities organize annual dog mass vaccination campaigns using rabivac vaccine, an inactivated adjuvanted cell culture veterinary rabies vaccine. two experiments were undertaken to assess the efficacy and immunogenicity of rabivac.	2016	26866025
molecular epidemiological tracing of a cattle rabies outbreak lasting less than a month in rio grande do sul in southern brazil.	vampire bat-transmitted cattle rabies cases are typically encountered in areas where the disease is endemic. however, over the period of a month in 2009, an outbreak of cattle rabies occurred and then ended spontaneously in a small area of the rio grande do sul state in southern brazil. to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of this rabies outbreak in rio grande do sul, 26 nucleotide sequences of rabies virus (rabv) genomes that were collected in this area were analyzed phylogenetica ...	2016	26868014
generation of recombinant rabies viruses encoding nanoluc luciferase for antiviral activity assays.	rabies is an invariably fatal disease caused by rabies virus (rabv), a member of the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. once central nervous infection occurs and symptoms develop, the case fatality rate approaches 100% despite availability of post-exposure prophylaxis. therefore, new antiviral therapies for rabies are urgently required. antivirals which can inhibit virus replication can be identified through screening of small compounds, however, as rabv infection does not generate easily d ...	2016	26869397
isatis indigotica root polysaccharides as adjuvants for an inactivated rabies virus vaccine.	adjuvants can enhance vaccine immunogenicity and induce long-term enhancement of immune responses. thus, adjuvants are important for vaccine research. polysaccharides isolated from select chinese herbs have been demonstrated to possess various beneficial functions and excellent adjuvant abilities. in the present study, the polysaccharides iip-a-1 and iip-2 were isolated from isatis indigotica root and compared with the common vaccine adjuvant aluminum hydroxide via intramuscular co-administratio ...	2016	26875535
molecular optimization of rabies virus glycoprotein expression in pichia pastoris.	in this work, different approaches were investigated to enhance the expression rabies virus glycoprotein (rabv-g) in the yeast pichia pastoris; this membrane protein is responsible for the synthesis of rabies neutralizing antibodies. first, the impact of synonymous codon usage bias was examined and an optimized rabv-g gene was synthesized. nevertheless, data showed that the secretion of the optimized rabv-g gene was not tremendously increased as compared with the non-optimized one. in addition, ...	2016	26880068
molecular genetic characterization of rabies virus glycoprotein gene sequences from rabid dogs in bangkok and neighboring provinces in thailand, 2013-2014.	because of its association with dogs, rabies virus (rabv) is still endemic in thailand, where it is a serious public health problem. the genetic characterization of rabv in thailand is limited. therefore, in this study, we investigated the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of rabv in the endemic area. viral rna from 48 brain specimens from rabid dogs, collected in bangkok and seven neighboring provinces in 2013-2014, was extracted and sequenced. the complete rabies glycoprotein (g) ge ...	2016	26887972
cxcl10 and blood-brain barrier modulation in rabies virus infection.		0	26895109
rabies post-exposure prophylaxis for a child with severe allergic reaction to rabies vaccine.	most adverse events (aes) during the immunization of rabies vaccine were slight, there was little information about the allergic reaction induced by rabies vaccines and had to stop or change the immunization program. here, we reported a case that a 4-year-old boy had category ii exposure to rabies and showed severe allergic reaction after being immunized with lyophilized purified vero cell rabies vaccine (pvrv). after the anti-allergy therapy with hormone, allergy testing indicated medium allerg ...	2016	26900624
interferon-inducible gtpase: a novel viral response protein involved in rabies virus infection.	rabies virus infection is a major public health concern because of its wide host-interference spectrum and nearly 100 % lethality. however, the interactions between host and virus remain unclear. to decipher the authentic response in the central nervous system after rabies virus infection, a dynamic analysis of brain proteome alteration was performed. in this study, 104 significantly differentially expressed proteins were identified, and intermediate filament, interferon-inducible gtpases, and l ...	2016	26906695
nuclear trafficking of the rabies virus interferon antagonist p-protein is regulated by an importin-binding nuclear localization sequence in the c-terminal domain.	rabies virus p-protein is expressed as five isoforms (p1-p5) which undergo nucleocytoplasmic trafficking important to roles in immune evasion. although nuclear import of p3 is known to be mediated by an importin (imp)-recognised nuclear localization sequence in the n-terminal region (n-nls), the mechanisms underlying nuclear import of other p isoforms in which the n-nls is inactive or has been deleted have remained unresolved. based on the previous observation that mutation of basic residues k21 ...	2016	26939125
synonymous codon usage pattern in glycoprotein gene of rabies virus.	rabies virus (rabv) is the causative agent of a fatal nervous system ailment. the disease is zoonotic and prevalent in many developing countries. the glycoprotein (g) of rabv is the major antigenic determinant of the virus and plays a pivotal role in its neurovirulence. various aspects of 'g' protein biology have been explored, but the factors affecting the nucleotide choice and synonymous codon usage have never been reported. in the present study, we have analyzed the relative synonymous codon ...	2016	26945626
rabies transmission risks during peripartum--two cases and a review of the literature.	we report two cases of probable rabies in near-term/at-term pregnant women in sub-saharan africa and asia. one baby was delivered by caesarean section and the other one vaginally. both received post-exposure prophylaxis (pep), including rig and vaccine and both are alive and healthy, at 9 and 24 months, respectively. we found 14 other published cases of infants born from rabid mothers. one confirmed case of rabies transmission occurred. the other children born from rabid mothers, with or without ...	2016	26947499
tissue culture isolation of lyssa viruses from apparently healthy unvaccinated dogs in nigeria.	there have been previous reports of inapparent infection and intermittent secretion of rabies virus in the saliva of apparently healthy dogs in some african countries, including nigeria.	2014	26949792
lack of protection against rabies in neighbourhood dogs in some peri-urban and rural areas of ogun and oyo states, nigeria.	rabies is a highly fatal zoonosis that causes severe destruction to the central nervous system and remains underreported in developing countries like nigeria.	2014	26949794
a recombinant rabies virus carrying gfp between n and p affects viral transcription in vitro.	several studies have demonstrated the rabies virus to be a perfect potential vaccine vector to insert foreign genes into the target genome. for this study, a green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene was cloned into the rabies virus (rabv) genome between the n and p gene. ct dinucleotide was inserted as intergenic region. the recombinant high egg passage flury strain (hep-flury) of rabv, carrying gfp (rhep-np-gfp), was generated in bhk-21 cells using reverse genetics. according to the viral growth ki ...	2016	26957093
everything you always wanted to know about rabies virus (but were afraid to ask).	the cultural impact of rabies, the fatal neurological disease caused by infection with rabies virus, registers throughout recorded history. although rabies has been the subject of large-scale public health interventions, chiefly through vaccination efforts, the disease continues to take the lives of about 40,000-70,000 people per year, roughly 40% of whom are children. most of these deaths occur in resource-poor countries, where lack of infrastructure prevents timely reporting and postexposure p ...	2015	26958924
toxoplasmosis may lead to road kills of persian leopards ( panthera pardus saxicolor) in golestan national park, iran.	three persian leopards ( panthera pardus saxicolor) that died from car accidents in golestan national park, iran, were tested for toxoplasma gondii and rabies virus infection. acute t. gondii infection was diagnosed in two persian leopards; no rabies virus was detected. acute toxoplasmosis may be a factor in persian leopard road kills.	2016	26981691
rabies in costa rica: documentation of the surveillance program and the endemic situation from 1985 to 2014.	this is the first comprehensive epidemiological analysis of rabies in costa rica. we characterized the occurrence of the disease and demonstrated its endemic nature in this country. in costa rica, as in other countries in latin america, hematophagous vampire bats are the primary wildlife vectors transmitting the rabies virus to cattle herds. between 1985 and 2014, a total of 78 outbreaks of bovine rabies was reported in costa rica, with documented cases of 723 dead cattle. of cattle outbreaks, 8 ...	2016	26982168
human rabies - missouri, 2014.	on september 18, 2014, the missouri department of health and senior services (mdhss) was notified of a suspected rabies case in a missouri resident. the patient, a man aged 52 years, lived in a rural, deeply wooded area, and bat sightings in and around his home were anecdotally reported. exposure to bats poses a risk for rabies. after two emergency department visits for severe neck pain, paresthesia in the left arm, upper body tremors, and anxiety, he was hospitalized on september 13 for encepha ...	2016	26985578
development of broad-spectrum human monoclonal antibodies for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.	currently available rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) for use in humans includes equine or human rabies immunoglobulins (rig). the replacement of rig with an equally or more potent and safer product is strongly encouraged due to the high costs and limited availability of existing rig. in this study, we identified two broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies that represent a valid and affordable alternative to rig in rabies pep. memory b cells from four selected vaccinated donors wer ...	2016	26992832
one-year immunogenicity kinetics and safety of a purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine and an inactivated vero cell-derived japanese encephalitis vaccine administered concomitantly according to a new, 1-week, accelerated primary series.	conventional rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (prep) and japanese encephalitis (je) primary series vaccination regimens each require up to 4 weeks to complete and, thus, may not be feasible for individuals who need these immunizations on short notice. this phase 3b, randomized, controlled, observer-blind study evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of concomitant administration of a purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine and an inactivated, adsorbed je vaccine according to an accelera ...	2016	26994987
retrospective diagnosis of two rabies cases in humans by high throughput sequencing.	rabies is prevalent in 150 countries and is definitely found in russian federation. the average registered incidence of rabies infection among animals in russia is 3000 cases per year. at least 500,000 cases of animal bites and scratches are registered in the russia every year, but only 2-4 cases of rabies infection in humans are reported per year. this relatively low incidence of rabies infection among humans is the result of a well-organized program of rabies surveillance and control as well a ...	2016	26998568
spatial temporal dynamics and molecular evolution of re-emerging rabies virus in taiwan.	taiwan has been recognized by the world organization for animal health as rabies-free since 1961. surprisingly, rabies virus (rabv) was identified in a dead formosan ferret badger in july 2013. later, more infected ferret badgers were reported from different geographic regions of taiwan. in order to know its evolutionary history and spatial temporal dynamics of this virus, phylogeny was reconstructed by maximum likelihood and bayesian methods based on the full-length of glycoprotein (g), matrix ...	2016	26999115
a case of fatal serotonin syndrome-like human rabies caused by tricolored bat-associated rabies virus.	human rabies is a fatal disease, transmitted by saliva of infected animals, and the diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. very few cases are reported annually in the united states. we present a case of human rabies without a clear exposure history that masqueraded as serotonin syndrome.	2016	27001756
laboratory diagnostics in dog-mediated rabies: an overview of performance and a proposed strategy for various settings.	the diagnosis of dog-mediated rabies in humans and animals has greatly benefited from technical advances in the laboratory setting. approaches to diagnosis now include the detection of rabies virus (rabv), rabv rna, or rabv antigens. these assays are important tools in the current efforts aimed at the global elimination of dog-mediated rabies. the assays available for use in laboratories are reviewed herein, as well as their strengths and weaknesses, which vary with the types of sample analyzed. ...	2016	27005282
a rabies vaccine adjuvanted with saponins from leaves of the soap tree (quillaja brasiliensis) induces specific immune responses and protects against lethal challenge.	quillaja brasiliensis (quillajaceae) is a saponin producing species native from southern brazil and uruguay. its saponins are remarkably similar to those of q. saponaria, which provides most of the saponins used as immunoadjuvants in vaccines. the immunostimulating capacities of aqueous extract (ae) and purified saponin fraction (qb-90) obtained from leaves of q. brasiliensis were favorably comparable to those of a commercial saponin-based adjuvant preparation (quil-a) in experimental vaccines a ...	2016	27032516
the importance of immune evasion in the pathogenesis of rabies virus.	rabies is a zoonotic disease caused by the lyssavirus rabies virus (rabv) that can infect most mammals, including humans, where it has a case-fatality rate of almost 100%. although preventable by vaccination, rabies causes c. 59,000 human fatalities every year worldwide. thus, there exists an urgent need to establish an effective therapy and/or improve dissemination of vaccines for humans and animals. these outcomes require greater understanding of the mechanisms of rabv pathogenesis to identify ...	2016	27041139
survival of a newborn from a pregnant woman with rabies infection.	rabies is very common in people's republic of china. each year thousands of people die because of this disease, but rabies diagnosed in pregnancy is very rare.	2016	27042172
reverse genetics in high throughput: rapid generation of complete negative strand rna virus cdna clones and recombinant viruses thereof.	reverse genetics approaches are indispensable tools for proof of concepts in virus replication and pathogenesis. for negative strand rna viruses (nsvs) the limited number of infectious cdna clones represents a bottleneck as clones are often generated from cell culture adapted or attenuated viruses, with limited potential for pathogenesis research. we developed a system in which cdna copies of complete nsv genomes were directly cloned into reverse genetics vectors by linear-to-linear rede/t recom ...	2016	27046474
comparison of immunochromatographic diagnostic test with hheminested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of rabies virus from brain samples of various species.	detection of rabies is a cause of serious concern in developing countries, where dearth of highly equipped laboratories and trained personnel to handle sophisticated investigations is felt. the availability of a diagnostic kit, which can be used in the field, is essential for diagnosis and control programs as well as for epidemiological surveillance of the prevalence of the disease. this study was planned to evaluate anigen rabies ag test kit for its efficacy to be used for rapid diagnosis of ra ...	2015	27047061
co-culture: a quick approach for isolation of street rabies virus in murine neuroblastoma cells.	laboratory detection of rabies in most cases is based on detection of the antigen by fluorescent antibody test, however, in weak positive cases confirmative laboratory diagnosis depends on widely accepted mouse inoculation test. cell lines like neuroblastoma have been used to isolate the virus with greater success not only to target for diagnosis, but also for molecular studies that determine the epidemiology of the circulating street rabies strains and in studies that look at the efficiency of ...	2015	27047148
virological and serological diagnosis of rabies in bats from an urban area in the brazilian amazon.	the outbreaks of rabies in humans transmitted by desmodus rotundus in 2004 and 2005, in the northeast of the brazilian state of para, eastern amazon basin, made this a priority area for studies on this zoonosis. given this, the present study provides data on this phenomenon in an urban context, in order to assess the possible circulation of the classic rabies virus (rabv) among bat species in capanema, a town in the amazon basin. bats were collected, in 2011, with mist nets during the wet and dr ...	2015	27049703
brain-wide maps of synaptic input to cortical interneurons.	cortical inhibition is mediated by diverse inhibitory neuron types that can each play distinct roles in information processing by virtue of differences in their input sources, intrinsic properties, and innervation targets. previous studies in brain slices have demonstrated considerable cell-type specificity in laminar sources of local inputs. in contrast, little is known about possible differences in distant inputs to different cortical interneuron types. we used the monosynaptic rabies virus sy ...	2016	27053207
complete genome sequence of a vampire bat rabies virus from french guiana.	a rabies virus was detected in a common vampire bat (desmodus rotundus) in french guiana. its genomic sequence was obtained and found to be closely related to other hematophagous bat-related viruses that widely circulate in the northern amazon region. this virus is named at6.	2016	27056216
revealing the micro-scale signature of endemic zoonotic disease transmission in an african urban setting.	the development of novel approaches that combine epidemiological and genomic data provides new opportunities to reveal the spatiotemporal dynamics of infectious diseases and determine the processes responsible for their spread and maintenance. taking advantage of detailed epidemiological time series and viral sequence data from more than 20 years reported by the national reference centre for rabies of bangui, the capital city of central african republic, we used a combination of mathematical mod ...	2016	27058957
immunogenicity of multi-epitope-based vaccine candidates administered with the adjuvant gp96 against rabies.	rabies, a zoonotic disease, causes > 55,000 human deaths globally and results in at least 500 million dollars in losses every year. the currently available rabies vaccines are mainly inactivated and attenuated vaccines, which have been linked with clinical diseases in animals. thus, a rabies vaccine with high safety and efficacy is urgently needed. peptide vaccines are known for their low cost, simple production procedures and high safety. therefore, in this study, we examined the efficacy of mu ...	2016	27068655
development of rabies virus-like particles for vaccine applications: production, characterization, and protection studies.	rabies is a viral infection of the central nervous system for which vaccination is the only treatment possible. besides preexposure, vaccination is highly recommended for people living in endemic areas, veterinarians, and laboratory workers. our group has developed rabies virus-like particles (rv-vlps) with immunogenic features expressed in mammalian cells for vaccine applications. in this chapter the methods to obtain and characterize a stable hek293 cell line expressing rv-vlps are detailed. f ...	2016	27076129
molecular characterization of canine rabies virus, mali, 2006-2013.	we genetically characterized 32 canine rabies viruses isolated in mali during 2006-2013 and identified 3 subgroups that belonged to the africa 2 lineage. we also detected subgroup f rabies virus. this information should be useful for development of mass vaccination campaigns for dogs and eventual large-scale control programs in this country.	2016	27089307
disinfection protocols for necropsy equipment in rabies laboratories: safety of personnel and diagnostic outcome.	in the last decades, molecular techniques have gradually been adopted for the rapid confirmation of results obtained through gold standard methods. however, international organisations discourage their use in routine laboratory investigations for rabies post-mortem diagnosis, as they may lead to false positive results due to cross-contamination. cleaning and disinfection are essential to prevent cross-contamination of samples in the laboratory environment. the present study evaluated the efficac ...	2016	27091100
[not available].	important preventive measures carried out in the herds of domestic animals have found improving the health status of farms, particularly for contagious diseases subject to mandatory declaration and accompanying drastic but necessary eradication measures in infected flocks. however it is more difficult to apply these same biosecurity measures on wildlife that may have been contaminated or not by domestic animals. the growing number of emerging infectious diseases of wildlife may reflect increased ...	2014	27120911
[not available].	more than 1 240 species of bats are known; many of them are insectivorous, others are frugivorous and some american species are haematophagous. more than 100 diferent viruses are associated with these mammals, particularly rhabdoviridae (lyssavirus like rabies virus), paramyxoviridae (like nipah and hendra viruses), filoviridae (ebola and marburg viruses) and coronavirida (viruses causing sars and mers). these infections are usually asymptomatic in bats but the mechanism of this tolerance is not ...	2014	27120912
bayesian spatiotemporal pattern and eco-climatological drivers of striped skunk rabies in the north central plains.	striped skunks are one of the most important terrestrial reservoirs of rabies virus in north america, and yet the prevalence of rabies among this host is only passively monitored and the disease among this host remains largely unmanaged. oral vaccination campaigns have not efficiently targeted striped skunks, while periodic spillovers of striped skunk variant viruses to other animals, including some domestic animals, are routinely recorded. in this study we evaluated the spatial and spatio-tempo ...	2016	27127994
characterization of epitopes on the rabies virus glycoprotein by selection and analysis of escape mutants.	the glycoprotein (g) is the only surface protein of the lyssavirus particle and the only viral product known to be capable of eliciting the production of neutralizing antibodies. in this study, the isolation of escape mutants resistant to monoclonal antibody (mab) neutralization was attempted by a selection strategy employing four distinct rabies virus strains: the extensively passaged evelyn rokitnicki abelseth (era) strain and three field isolates representing two bat-associated variants and t ...	2016	27132040
visual detection of west nile virus using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a vertical flow visualization strip.	west nile virus (wnv) causes a severe zoonosis, which can lead to a large number of casualties and considerable economic losses. a rapid and accurate identification method for wnv for use in field laboratories is urgently needed. here, a method utilizing reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a vertical flow visualization strip (rt-lamp-vf) was developed to detect the envelope (e) gene of wnv. the rt-lamp-vf assay could detect 10(2) copies/μl of an wnv rna sta ...	2016	27148234
notes from the field: assessment of health facilities for control of canine rabies - gondar city, amhara region, ethiopia, 2015.	rabies is an encephalitic disease that is nearly always fatal after onset of illness. worldwide, rabies kills an estimated 59,000 humans each year (95% confidence interval [ci] = 25,000-159,000); the majority of the deaths are caused by the rabies virus variant that circulates in dogs (1,2). canine rabies is endemic in ethiopia, with an estimated 2,771 human deaths annually (ci = 1,116-12,660) (1-3). annual rabies-associated livestock losses are estimated at >$50 million (usd), making rabies imp ...	2016	27149318
improved monosynaptic neural circuit tracing using engineered rabies virus glycoproteins.	monosynaptic rabies virus tracing is a unique and powerful tool used to identify neurons making direct presynaptic connections onto neurons of interest across the entire nervous system. current methods utilize complementation of glycoprotein gene-deleted rabies of the sad b19 strain with its glycoprotein, b19g, to mediate retrograde transsynaptic spread across a single synaptic step. in most conditions, this method labels only a fraction of input neurons and would thus benefit from improved effi ...	2016	27149846
development and validation of a quantitative competitive elisa for potency testing of equine anti rabies sera with other potential use.	in case of a bite by a rabies infected animal, the world health organisation recommends a prophylactic treatment including the administration of human rabies immunoglobulins (hrigs) or highly purified f(ab')2 fragments produced from equine rabies immunoglobulin (f(ab')2 - erigs). according to international regulation, quality control of f(ab')2 - erigs lots requires potency testing by the in vivo mouse neutralisation test (mnt) prior marketing. however, the strategy of the 3rs (reduce, refine, r ...	2016	27151880
calbindin d28k distribution in neurons and reactive gliosis in cerebellar cortex of natural rabies virus-infected cattle.	rabies has been an enigmatic disease because microscopic findings in central nervous system tissues do not always correlate well with the severity of the clinical illness. immunohistochemical staining of the calcium-binding protein calbindin (specifically cbd28k) seems to be the technique most used to identify purkinje neurons under normal and pathological conditions. in the present work, we evaluated cbd28k immunoreactivity in the cerebellar cortex of normal and natural rabies virus (rabv)-infe ...	2016	27154319
quantitative proteome profiling of street rabies virus-infected mouse hippocampal synaptosomes.	it is well established now that neuronal dysfunction rather than structural damage may be responsible for the development of rabies. in order to explore the underlying mechanisms in rabies virus (rabv) and synaptic dysfunctions, a quantitative proteome profiling was carried out on synaptosome samples from mice hippocampus. synaptosome samples from mice hippocampus were isolated and confirmed by western blot and transmission electron microscopy. synaptosome protein content changes were quantitati ...	2016	27155843
purification and on-column refolding of a single-chain antibody fragment against rabies virus glycoprotein expressed in escherichia coli.	an anti-rabies virus single-chain antibody fragment of an anti-glycoprotein with the vl-linker-vh orientation, designated scfv57rn, was successfully and conveniently prepared in this study. the scfv57rn protein was mainly expressed in inclusion bodies in escherichia coli. after washing and purification, the inclusion bodies were finally obtained with an on-column refolding procedure. further purification by gel exclusion chromatography was performed to remove inactive multimers. about 360 mg of ...	2016	27157441
evaluation of elisa for the detection of rabies virus antibodies from the thoracic liquid and muscle extract samples in the monitoring of fox oral vaccination campaigns.	the main goal of oral vaccination of foxes is eradication of rabies in the red fox population as rabies reservoirs. to evaluate the success of vaccination a serological testing is conducted as a part of monitoring program. two different methods are used regarding rabies serology: virus neutralisation test and elisa.	2016	27164987
shared and distinct retinal input to the mouse superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.	the mammalian retina conveys the vast majority of information about visual stimuli to two brain regions: the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dlgn) and the superior colliculus (sc). the degree to which retinal ganglion cells (rgcs) send similar or distinct information to the two areas remains unclear despite the important constraints that different patterns of rgc input place on downstream visual processing. to resolve this ambiguity, we injected a glycoprotein-deficient rabies virus coding fo ...	2016	27169509
mxa mediates sumo-induced resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus.	multiple cellular pathways are regulated by small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) modification, including ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, signal transduction, innate immunity, and antiviral defense. in the study described in this report, we investigated the effects of sumo on the replication of two members of the rhabdoviridae family, vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus (rabv). we show that stable expression of sumo in human cells confers resistance to vsv infection in an interferon ...	2016	27170750
[investigation of adenovirus isolation frequency from the stool samples of patients suspected with acute flaccid paralysis].	although adenoviruses (advs) generally cause upper respiratory tract infections, conjunctivitis/epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, gastroenteritis and pneumonia, they can lead to the involvement of central nervous system. acute flaccid paralysis (afp) is a type of seizure, characterized by rapid and sudden onset of extreme weakness in hands and feet, including (less frequently) weakness of respiratory and swallowing, representing with decreased muscle tone, especially in children below 15-year-old. ...	2016	27175501
assessment the efficiency of the constructed minigenome of rabies virus using pv strain as helper virus.	rabies is an acute viral disease that causes encephalomyelitis in mammals and human. the only way to prevent this disease is through vaccination before or after exposure. the aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the pasteur virus (pv) minigenome, using pv strain.	2016	27179165
biochemical and biophysical characterization of cell-free synthesized rift valley fever virus nucleoprotein capsids enables in vitro screening to identify novel antivirals.	viral capsid assembly involves the oligomerization of the capsid nucleoprotein (np), which is an essential step in viral replication and may represent a potential antiviral target. an in vitro transcription-translation reaction using a wheat germ (wg) extract in combination with a sandwich elisa assay has recently been used to identify small molecules with antiviral activity against the rabies virus.	2016	27179769
a novel rabies virus lipopeptide provides a better protection by improving the magnitude of dcs activation and t cell responses.	besides rabies virus neutralizing antibody, non-neutralizing antibody to internal vital proteins, interferon, and possibly cell-mediated immunity also have a critical role in preventing the infection by rabies virus (rv). we identified novel ctl and th epitopes which could induce lymphocyte proliferation and ifn-γ, il-4 production, and designed linear and branched lipopeptides with these selected ctl and th epitopes. compared to linear construct, branched lipopeptides, especially lipo c, stimula ...	2016	27182006
overwintering of rabies virus in silver haired bats (lasionycteris noctivagans).	silver-haired bats, (lasionycteris noctivagans) are semi-colonial, migratory tree bats that have infrequent contact with humans. despite the species rarity, the l. noctivagans rabies variant is the most commonly reported rabies virus variant (rabv) in domestically acquired human rabies cases in the us. unlike big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) and little brown bats (myotis lucifugus), l. noctivagans are not considered true hibernators. it is unknown if rabv can overwinter in hibernating l. noctiv ...	2016	27195489
the rabies virus l protein catalyzes mrna capping with gdp polyribonucleotidyltransferase activity.	the large (l) protein of rabies virus (rabv) plays multiple enzymatic roles in viral rna synthesis and processing. however, none of its putative enzymatic activities have been directly demonstrated in vitro. in this study, we expressed and purified a recombinant form of the rabv l protein and verified its guanosine 5'-triphosphatase and gdp polyribonucleotidyltransferase (prntase) activities, which are essential for viral mrna cap formation by the unconventional mechanism. the rabv l protein cap ...	2016	27213429
impact of recombinant drosophila s2 cell population enrichment on expression of rabies virus glycoprotein.	recombinant drosophila s2 cells have been used for the expression of many proteins of medical interest. however, membrane-attached glycoproteins, which commonly exhibit lower expression levels compared to soluble proteins, may require special procedures in order to attain high levels of expression. in this study, two s2 cell population enrichment methods (antibiotic and immunomagnetic selection) were evaluated for their ability to enhance expression of the membrane-anchored rabies virus glycopro ...	2016	27216014
[creation of dna vaccine vector based on codon-optimized gene of rabies virus glycoprotein (g protein) with consensus amino acid sequence].	an optimized design of the rabies virus glycoprotein (g protein) for use within dna vaccines has been suggested. the design represents a territorially adapted antigen constructed taking into account glycoprotein amino acid sequences of the rabies viruses registered in the russian federation and the vaccine vnukovo-32 strain. based on the created consensus amino acid sequence, the nucleotide codon-optimized sequence of this modified glycoprotein was obtained and cloned into the pvax1 plasmid (a v ...	2016	27239860
genome-wide transcriptional profiling reveals two distinct outcomes in central nervous system infections of rabies virus.	rabies remains a major public health concern in many developing countries. the precise neuropathogenesis of rabies is unknown, though it is hypothesized to be due to neuronal death or dysfunction. mice that received intranasal inoculation of an attenuated rabies virus (rabv) strain hep-flury exhibited subtle clinical signs, and eventually recovered, which is different from the fatal encephalitis caused by the virulent rabv strain cvs-11. to understand the neuropathogenesis of rabies and the mech ...	2016	27242764
the co-chaperone cdc37 regulates the rabies virus phosphoprotein stability by targeting to hsp90aa1 machinery.	cdc37, as a kinase-specific co-chaperone of the chaperone hsp90aa1 (hsp90), actively aids with the maturation, stabilization and activation of the cellular or viral kinase/kinase-like targets. phosphoprotein (p) of rabies virus (rabv) is a multifunctional, non-kinase protein involved in interferon antagonism, viral transcription and replication. here, we demonstrated that the rabv non-kinase p is chaperoned by cdc37 and hsp90 during infection. we found that cdc37 and hsp90 affect the rabv life c ...	2016	27251758
intracellular spread of rabies virus is reduced in the paralytic form of canine rabies compared to the furious form.	studies of the furious and paralytic forms of canine rabies at the early stage of disease have shown a more rapid viral colonization of the cerebral hemispheres in the furious form, as measured by viral antigen within neuronal cell bodies and viral rna levels. measurement of cellular processes separate from neuronal cell body provides a visual record of the spread of rabies virus which occurs across synapses. in this study, the amount of rabies viral antigen within cell processes was quantitativ ...	2016	27253394
human rabies - wyoming and utah, 2015.	in september 2015, a wyoming woman was admitted to a local hospital with a 5-day history of progressive weakness, ataxia, dysarthria, and dysphagia. because of respiratory failure, she was transferred to a referral hospital in utah, where she developed progressive encephalitis. on day 8 of hospitalization, the patient's family told clinicians they recalled that, 1 month before admission, the woman had found a bat on her neck upon waking, but had not sought medical care. the patient's husband sub ...	2016	27253630
recombinant newcastle disease virus (rl-rvg) triggers autophagy and apoptosis in gastric carcinoma cells by inducing er stress.	we have reported that the recombinant avirulent newcastle disease virus (ndv) lasota strain expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rl-rvg) could induce autophagy and apoptosis in gastric carcinoma cells. in the present study, we explored the upstream regulators, endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress that induce autophagy and apoptosis and the relationships among them. for this purpose, sgc-7901 and hgc cells were infected with rl-rvg. ndv lasota strain and phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) were tre ...	2016	27293989
predicted 3d model of the rabies virus glycoprotein trimer.	the rabvg ectodomain is a homotrimer, and trimers are often called spikes. they are responsible for the attachment of the virus through the interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, neural cell adhesion molecule (ncam), and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75ntr). this makes them relevant in viral pathogenesis. the antigenic structure differs significantly between the trimers and monomers. surfaces rich in hydrophobic amino acids are important for trimer stabilization in which the c-ter ...	2016	27294109
[targeted inhibition of rabies virus gene expression by a chimeric multidomain protein mediated shrna delivery].	in this study, a new chimeric protein seg expressed in previous work was applied to evaluate its translocating efficiency of shrna to rabies virus infected cells in mice, meanwhile, the capability of anti-rabies virus was investigated.	2016	27305782
delayed progression of rabies transmitted by a vampire bat.	here, we compared the growth kinetics, cell-to-cell spread, and virus internalization kinetics in n2a cells of rabv variants isolated from vampire bats (v-3), domestic dogs (v-2) and marmosets (v-m) as well as the clinical symptoms and mortality caused by these variants. the replication rate of v-3 was significantly higher than those of v-2 and v-m. however, the uptake and spread of these rabv variants into n2a cells were inversely proportional. nevertheless, v-3 had longer incubation and evolut ...	2016	27306647
dog ecology and barriers to canine rabies control in the republic of haiti, 2014-2015.	an estimated 59 000 persons die annually of infection with the rabies virus worldwide, and dog bites are responsible for 95% of these deaths. haiti has the highest rate of animal and human rabies in the western hemisphere. this study describes the status of animal welfare, animal vaccination, human bite treatment, and canine morbidity and mortality in haiti in order to identify barriers to rabies prevention and control. an epidemiologic survey was used for data collection among dog owners during ...	2016	27313170
travel-associated rabies in pets and residual rabies risk, western europe.	in 2015, countries in western europe were declared free of rabies in nonflying mammals. surveillance data for 2001-2013 indicate that risk for residual rabies is not 0 because of pet importation from countries with enzootic rabies. however, the risk is so low (7.52 × 10(-10)) that it probably can be considered negligible.	2016	27314463
perspectives in diagnosis and treatment of rabies viral encephalitis: insights from pathogenesis.	rabies viral encephalitis, though one of the oldest recognized infectious disease of humans, remains an incurable, fatal encephalomyelitis, despite advances in understanding of its pathobiology. advances in science have led us on the trail of the virus in the host, but the sanctuaries in which the virus remains hidden for its survival are unknown. insights into host-pathogen interactions have facilitated evolving immunologic therapeutic strategies, though we are far from a cure. most of the pres ...	2016	27324391
probable rabies virus transmission through organ transplantation, china, 2015.	during july 2015, physicians at a hospital in beijing, china, diagnosed rabies in 2 patients who had each received a kidney from a common organ donor who had died from acute progressive encephalitis of unknown cause. the patients had rabies incubation periods of 42 and 48 days. altered mental status developed in both patients and progressively worsened to deep coma within 80 days after transplantation; both patients died. two other transplant recipients received corneas but remained well after r ...	2016	27331337
free-roaming dogs in nepal: demographics, health and public knowledge, attitudes and practices.	in nepal, most dogs are free to roam and may transmit diseases to humans and animals. these dogs often suffer from malnutrition and lack basic health care. minimal information is available about their demographics and about public attitudes concerning dogs and diseases. we carried out a study in chitwan district (central nepal), to collect baseline data on free-roaming owned dog demographics, assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of dog owners concerning dogs and rabies, evaluate rabies vacc ...	2017	27334892
an mrna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein induces protection against lethal infection in mice and correlates of protection in adult and newborn pigs.	rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease of the central nervous system (cns). in unvaccinated or untreated subjects, rabies virus infection causes severe neurological symptoms and is invariably fatal. despite the long-standing existence of effective vaccines, vaccine availability remains insufficient, with high numbers of fatal infections mostly in developing countries. nucleic acid based vaccines have proven convincingly as a new technology for the fast development of vaccines against newly emer ...	2016	27336830
whole genome sequencing and comparisons of different chinese rabies virus lineages including the first complete genome of an arctic-like strain in china.	to learn the rabies genome molecular characteristics and compare the difference of china rabies lineages.	2016	27353708
self-sealing porous silicon-calcium silicate core-shell nanoparticles for targeted sirna delivery to the injured brain.	calcium ions react with silicic acid released from dissolving porous silicon nanoparticles to create an insoluble calcium silicate shell. the calcium silicate shell traps and protects an sirna payload, which can be delivered to neuronal tissues in vitro or in vivo. gene delivery is enhanced by the action of targeting and cell-penetrating peptides attached to the calcium silicate shell.	2016	27383373
roles of the rabies virus phosphoprotein isoforms in pathogenesis.	rabies virus (rabv) p gene mrna encodes five in-frame start codons, resulting in expression of full-length p protein (p1) and n-terminally truncated p proteins (tps), designated p2, p3, p4, and p5. despite the fact that some tps are known as interferon (ifn) antagonists, the importance of tps in the pathogenesis of rabv is still unclear. in this study, to examine whether tps contribute to pathogenesis, we exploited a reverse genetics approach to generate ce(nip)δp2-5, a mutant of pathogenic ce(n ...	2016	27384657
geographical analysis for detecting high-risk areas for bovine/human rabies transmitted by the common hematophagous bat in the amazon region, brazil.	the common hematophagous bat, desmodus rotundus, is one of the main wild reservoirs of rabies virus in several regions in latin america. new production practices and changed land use have provided environmental features that have been very favorable for d. rotundus bat populations, making this species the main transmitter of rabies in the cycle that involves humans and herbivores. in the amazon region, these features include a mosaic of environmental, social, and economic components, which toget ...	2016	27388498
complete genome sequence of a rabies virus strain isolated from a brown bear (ursus arctos) in primorsky krai, russia (november 2014).	we report here the complete genome sequence (genbank kp997032) of rabies virus strain rabv/ursus arctos/russia/primorye/po-01/2014, isolated in november 2014 from a brown bear (ursus arctos) that attacked a person in primorsky krai (russian federation). this strain was clustered into the eurasian genetic subgroup of genotype 1 (street rage).	2016	27389270
rabies virus inactivates cofilin to facilitate viral budding and release.	cytoplasmic actin and actin-associated proteins have been identified in rabv particles. although actin is involved in rabv entry into cells, the specific role of actin in rabv budding and release remains unknown. our study found that rabv m protein-mediated virion budding depends on intact actin filaments. confocal microscopy demonstrated a block to virions budding, with a number of m protein-mediated budding vesicles detained in the cell cytoplasm. furthermore, rabv infection resulted in inacti ...	2016	27396619
development of infectious clones of a wild-type korean rabies virus and evaluation of their pathogenic potential.	most reverse genetic (rg) systems for rabies viruses (rvs) have been constructed on the genome background of laboratory-adapted strains. in this study, we developed an rg system using a korean wild type (kgh) strain to investigate the pathogenic potential of different strains. we developed a rg system with the kgh strain for the first time. following the complete genome sequencing of the kgh strain, pkgh infectious clones were constructed using the cmv/t7 promoter, and hamrz and hdvrz were intro ...	2016	27397101
livestock rabies outbreaks in shanxi province, china.	dogs play an important role in rabies transmission throughout the world. in addition to the severe human rabies situation in china, spillover of rabies virus from dogs in recent years has caused rabies outbreaks in sheep, cattle and pigs, showing that there is an increasing threat to other domestic animals. two livestock rabies outbreaks were caused by dogs in shanxi province, china from april to october in 2015, resulting in the deaths of 60 sheep, 10 cattle and one donkey. brain samples from o ...	2016	27422397
rabies virus matrix protein induces apoptosis by targeting mitochondria.	apoptosis, as an innate antiviral defense, not only functions to limit viral replication by eliminating infected cells, but also contribute to viral dissemination, particularly at the late stages of infection. a highly neurotropic cvs strain of rabies virus induces apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. however, the detailed mechanism of cvs-mediated neuronal apoptosis is not entirely clear. here, we show that cvs induces apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway by dissipating mitochondrial membran ...	2016	27426727
efficient in vitro and in vivo activity of glyco-engineered plant-produced rabies monoclonal antibodies e559 and 62-71-3.	rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease that has no effective treatment after onset of illness. however the disease can be prevented effectively by prompt administration of post exposure prophylaxis which includes administration of passive immunizing antibodies (rabies immune globulin, rig). currently, human rig suffers from many restrictions including limited availability, batch-to batch inconsistencies and potential for contamination with blood-borne pathogens. anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies ...	2016	27427976
comparison of the immunogenicity of two inactivated recombinant rabies viruses overexpressing the glycoprotein.	two recombinant rabies viruses overexpressing their glycoprotein (g) were compared in this study, with the overexpressed g inserted between p and m genes (named lbnse-pm-g), and between the g and l genes (named lbnse-gl-g), respectively. lbnse-pm-g produced more g protein and induced stronger apoptosis than lbnse-gl-g in infected cells, while the amount of virion-incorporated g in lbnse-pm-g was less than in lbnse-gl-g. mice immunized with inactivated lbnse-pm-g produced lower titers of virus-ne ...	2016	27438075
two potential recombinant rabies vaccines expressing canine parvovirus virion protein 2 induce immunogenicity to canine parvovirus and rabies virus.	both rabies virus (rabv) and canine parvovirus (cpv) cause lethal diseases in dogs. in this study, both high egg passage flury (hep-flury) strains of rabv and recombinant rabv carrying double rabv glycoprotein (g) gene were used to express the cpv virion protein 2 (vp2) gene, and were designated rhep-vp2 and, rhep-dg-vp2 respectively. the two recombinant rabvs maintained optimal virus titration according to their viral growth kinetics assay compared with the parental strain hep-flury. western bl ...	2016	27449079
rabies virus lipopeptide conjugated to a tlr7 agonist improves the magnitude and quality of the th1-biased humoral immune response in mice.	in this study, we conjugated the rabies-derived lipopeptide ce536 to a tlr7 agonist, imiquimod, and evaluated its adjuvanticity. the synthetic construct (lipo-i) targeted to tlr7, induced dendritic cell phenotypic maturation and production of both type i interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines more efficiently than unconjugated tlr7 ligands or lipopeptide alone. the immunostimulatory effects of the conjugate were apparently the result of iκbα degradation and sustained p38 and jnk phosphorylati ...	2016	27449478
[rabies in bats].	rabies is a zoonosis ending fatally in all mammals, including humans. unlike the other mammals, this disease is usually not fatal in bats. rabies is caused by lyssaviruses which are divided into several distinct phylogroups comprising 15 known viruses. it is believed that the original hosts of all lyssaviruses are bats. classical rabies virus (rabv) occurs in bats across americas and represents the major cause of rabies in humans and domestic animals there. european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1 ...	2016	27450525
viperin inhibits rabies virus replication via reduced cholesterol and sphingomyelin and is regulated upstream by tlr4.	viperin (virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, ifn-inducible) is an interferon-inducible protein that mediates antiviral activity. generally, rabies virus (rabv) multiplies extremely well in susceptible cells, leading to high virus titres. in this study, we found that viperin was significantly up-regulated in macrophage raw264.7 cells but not in na, bhk-21 or bsr cells. transient viperin overexpression in bsr cells and stable expression in bhk-21 cells could inhibit rabv re ...	2016	27456665
an inactivated rabies virus-based ebola vaccine, filorab1, adjuvanted with glucopyranosyl lipid a in stable emulsion confers complete protection in nonhuman primate challenge models.	the 2013-2016 west african ebola virus (ebov) disease outbreak was the largest filovirus outbreak to date. over 28 000 suspected, probable, or confirmed cases have been reported, with a 53% case-fatality rate. the magnitude and international impact of this ebov outbreak has highlighted the urgent need for a safe and efficient ebov vaccine. to this end, we demonstrate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of filorab1, a recombinant, bivalent, inactivated rabies virus-based ebov vaccine, in r ...	2016	27456709
spatio-temporal analysis of the genetic diversity of arctic rabies viruses and their reservoir hosts in greenland.	there has been limited knowledge on spatio-temporal epidemiology of zoonotic arctic fox rabies among countries bordering the arctic, in particular greenland. previous molecular epidemiological studies have suggested the occurrence of one particular arctic rabies virus (rabv) lineage (arctic-3), but have been limited by a low number of available samples preventing in-depth high resolution phylogenetic analysis of rabvs at that time. however, an improved knowledge of the evolution, at a molecular ...	2016	27459154
a systematic review of human bat rabies virus variant cases: evaluating unprotected physical contact with claws and teeth in support of accurate risk assessments.	in the united states and canada, the most recent documented cases of rabies have been attributed to bat rabies viruses (rabv). we undertook this systematic review in an effort to summarize and enhance understanding of the risk of infection for individuals who have been potentially exposed to a suspect or confirmed rabid bat. united states rabies surveillance summaries documented a total of 41 human bat-rabies virus variant verified non-transplant cases between 1990 and 2015. all cases were fatal ...	2016	27459720
caveats in transneuronal tracing with unmodified rabies virus: an evaluation of aberrant results using a nearly perfect tracing technique.	apart from the genetically engineered, modified, strains of rabies virus (rabv), unmodified 'fixed' virus strains of rabv, such as the 'french' subtype of cvs11, are used to examine synaptically connected networks in the brain. this technique has been shown to have all the prerequisite characteristics for ideal tracing as it does not metabolically affect infected neurons within the time span of the experiment, it is transferred transneuronally in one direction only and to all types of neurons pr ...	2016	27462206
wild-type rabies virus induces autophagy in human and mouse neuroblastoma cell lines.	different rabies virus (rabv) strains have their own biological characteristics, but little is known about their respective impact on autophagy. therefore, we evaluated whether attenuated rabv hep-flury and wild-type rabv gd-sh-01 strains triggered autophagy. we found that gd-sh-01 infection significantly increased the number of autophagy-like vesicles, the accumulation of enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp)-lc3 fluorescence puncta and the conversion of lc3-i to lc3-ii, while hep-flury was ...	2016	27463027
rabies internalizes into primary peripheral neurons via clathrin coated pits and requires fusion at the cell body.	the single glycoprotein (g) of rabies virus (rabv) dictates all viral entry steps from receptor engagement to membrane fusion. to study the uptake of rabv into primary neuronal cells in culture, we generated a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus in which the g protein was replaced with that of the neurotropic rabv cvs-11 strain (rvsv cvs g). using microfluidic compartmentalized culture, we examined the uptake of single virions into the termini of primary neurons of the dorsal root ganglion an ...	2016	27463226