Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| rechargeable antimicrobial surface modification of polyethylene. | polyethylene films were surface modified, to incorporate amine and amide functionalities, and subsequently were evaluated for their ability to recharge the antimicrobial n-halamine structures after contact with sodium hypochlorite, a common food-approved sanitizer. surfaces were tested for chlorine retention and release, as well as antimicrobial activity against microorganisms relevant to food quality and food safety, including escherichia coli k-12, pseudomonas fluorescens, bacillus cereus, and ... | 2008 | 18939750 |
| enterotoxigenic and genetic profiles of bacillus cereus strains of food origin in brazil. | in brazil, the incidence of bacillus cereus outbreaks is unknown, and there is little information about b. cereus occurrence in food. in addition, data on toxin production and genetic characterization of the b. cereus isolates cannot be found. this pathogen causes two distinct types of toxin-mediated foodborne illnesses known as diarrheal and emetic syndromes. diarrheal syndrome has been linked to three different enterotoxins: two protein complexes, hemolysin bl (hbl) and nonhemolytic enterotoxi ... | 2008 | 18939763 |
| cell wall anchor structure of bcpa pili in bacillus anthracis. | assembly of pili in gram-positive bacteria and their attachment to the cell wall envelope are mediated by sortases. in bacillus cereus and its close relative bacillus anthracis, the major pilin protein bcpa is cleaved between the threonine and the glycine of its c-terminal lpxtg motif sorting signal by the pilin-specific sortase d. the resulting acyl enzyme intermediate is relieved by the nucleophilic attack of the side-chain amino group of lysine within the ypkn motif of another bcpa subunit. c ... | 2008 | 18940793 |
| evidence of induced systemic resistance against botrytis elliptica in lily. | lily leaf blight, caused by botrytis elliptica, is an important fungal disease in taiwan. in order to identify an effective, nonfungicide method to decrease disease incidence in lilium formosanum, the efficacy of rhizobacteria eliciting induced systemic resistance (isr) was examined in this study. over 300 rhizobacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of l. formosanum healthy plants and 63 were identified by the analysis of fatty acid profiles. disease suppressive ability of 13 strains was de ... | 2008 | 18943260 |
| regression analyses for evaluating the influence of bacillus cereus on alfalfa yield under variable disease intensity. | abstract we developed and tested regression methods to exploit the variability in disease inherent in field experiments, and applied the methods to evaluate strains of bacillus cereus for biocontrol efficacy. four b. cereus strains were tested for their effect on alfalfa (medicago sativa) performance in 16 field trials planted during 1993 to 1996 at multiple sites in wisconsin. to evaluate performance of the strains, we used the ratio of (metalaxyl response)/(untreated control response) as a mea ... | 2000 | 18944546 |
| modeling dose-response relationships in biological control: partitioning host responses to the pathogen and biocontrol agent. | abstract breeding plants to improve the effectiveness of biocontrol agents is a promising approach to enhance disease suppression by microorganisms. differences in biocontrol efficacy among cultivars suggest there is genetic variation for this trait within crop germplasm. the ability to quantify host differences in support of biological control is influenced by variation in host response to the pathogen and the dose of pathogen and biocontrol agent applied to the host. to assess the contribution ... | 1997 | 18945094 |
| structure-activity relationship of antibacterial chalcones. | the antibacterial activity of 31 chalcones was tested against bacterial strains, bacillus cereus atcc 11778, escherichia coli atcc 25922, pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 27853, and staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923. some of the tested chalcones showed fair to significant activity against gram-positive bacteria. by comparison of the results obtained, the antibacterial activity can be related to features such as the presence of a c-4 hydroxyl group, a c-4' oxygenated substituent or a c-3' isoprenoid si ... | 2008 | 18951808 |
| characterization of a cryptic plasmid from an alpha-proteobacterial endosymbiont of amoeba proteus. | a new cryptic plasmid pap3.9 was discovered in symbiotic alpha-proteobacteria present in the cytoplasm of amoeba proteus. the plasmid is 3869bp with a gc content of 34.66% and contains replication origins for both double-strand (dso) and single-strand (sso). it has three putative orfs encoding mob, rep and phosphoglycolate phosphatase (pgpase). the pap3.9 plasmid appears to propagate by the conjugative rolling-circle replication (rcr), since it contains all required factors such as rep, sso and ... | 2009 | 18951917 |
| enhanced transformation efficiency of recalcitrant bacillus cereus and bacillus weihenstephanensis isolates upon in vitro methylation of plasmid dna. | digestion patterns of chromosomal dnas of bacillus cereus and bacillus weihenstephanensis strains suggest that sau3ai-type restriction modification systems are widely present among the isolates tested. in vitro methylation of plasmid dna was used to enhance poor plasmid transfer upon electroporation to recalcitrant strains that carry sau3ai restriction barriers. | 2008 | 18952874 |
| production and stability of chlorine dioxide in organic acid solutions as affected by ph, type of acid, and concentration of sodium chlorite, and its effectiveness in inactivating bacillus cereus spores. | we studied the production and stability of chlorine dioxide (clo(2)) in organic acid solutions and its effectiveness in killing bacillus cereus spores. sodium chlorite (5000, 10,000, or 50,000 microg/ml) was added to 5% acetic, citric, or lactic acid solution, adjusted to ph 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, or 6.0, and held at 21 degrees c for up to 14 days. the amount of clo(2) produced was higher as the concentration of sodium chlorite was increased and as the ph of the acid solutions was decreased. however, th ... | 2008 | 18954731 |
| soil acidity determines the effectiveness of an organic amendment and a native bacterium for increasing soil stabilisation in semiarid mine tailings. | unstable mine tailings are vulnerable to water and air erosion, so it is important to promote their surface stabilisation in order to avoid the spread of heavy metals. in a greenhouse experiment, we assessed the effect of the addition of aspergillus niger-treated sugar beet waste and inoculation with a native bacterium, bacillus cereus, on the stabilisation of soil aggregates of two acidic, semiarid mine tailings, with different acidity degree, during watering and drying periods. organic amendme ... | 2009 | 18954889 |
| [two cases of bacillus infection and immunodepression]. | members of the genus bacillus are gram-positive bacilli, ubiquitous in the environment. when isolated in clinical practice, it is frequently considered as due to environmental contamination. bacillus cereus is the most frequent species isolated in clinical practice, nevertheless other bacillus spp. are sometimes isolated. bacillus bacteremia is uncommon, the affected patients are severely ill and frequently immunocompromised with hematological malignancies. | 2008 | 18976873 |
| species association increases biofilm resistance to chemical and mechanical treatments. | the study of biofilm ecology and interactions might help to improve our understanding of their resistance mechanisms to control strategies. concerns that the diversity of the biofilm communities can affect disinfection efficacy have led us to examine the effect of two antimicrobial agents on two important spoilage bacteria. studies were conducted on single and dual species biofilms of bacillus cereus and pseudomonas fluorescens. biofilms were formed on a stainless steel rotating device, in a bio ... | 2009 | 18977505 |
| metal content and localization during turnover in b. cereus metallo-beta-lactamase. | metallo-beta-lactamases are enzymes capable of hydrolyzing all known classes of beta-lactam antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. the design of inhibitors active against all classes of metallo-beta-lactamases has been hampered by the heterogeneity in metal content in the active site and the existence of two different mononuclear forms. bcii is a b1 metallo-beta-lactamase which is found in both mononuclear and dinuclear forms. despite very elegant studies, there is still controversy on the nat ... | 2008 | 18980306 |
| trapping and characterization of a reaction intermediate in carbapenem hydrolysis by b. cereus metallo-beta-lactamase. | metallo-beta-lactamases hydrolyze most beta-lactam antibiotics. the lack of a successful inhibitor for them is related to the previous failure to characterize a reaction intermediate with a clinically useful substrate. stopped-flow experiments together with rapid freeze-quench epr and raman spectroscopies were used to characterize the reaction of co(ii)-bcii with imipenem. these studies show that co(ii)-bcii is able to hydrolyze imipenem in both the mono- and dinuclear forms. in contrast to the ... | 2008 | 18980308 |
| effects of bacillus cereus var. toyoi on immune parameters of pregnant sows. | changing immune parameters during pregnancy have previously been reported in humans and cattle, and have been suggested to contribute to increased susceptibility to infections. however, data regarding immune parameters during pregnancy in sows are rare. in this study, we investigated the peripartal immune status of sows using phenotypical (facs analysis) as well as functional (proliferation assays, cytokine analysis) parameters of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in pregnant sows. in p ... | 2009 | 18986709 |
| survival of the acid-adapted bacillus cereus in acidic environments. | in this study, the acid tolerance of bacillus cereus 1-4-1 after adaptation at ph 5.5 for 1, 2 and 4 h was first determined. the survival of acid-adapted and non-adapted cells of b. cereus in phosphate buffer solution (pbs ph 4.0) containing various organic acids such as acetic, propionic, citric, lactic or tartaric acid as well as in a commercial acidic beverage of mixed fruits and vegetables (ph 3.7) was then examined. results revealed that acid adaptation time influenced the increased toleran ... | 2009 | 18986725 |
| using shotgun sequence data to find active restriction enzyme genes. | whole genome shotgun sequence analysis has become the standard method for beginning to determine a genome sequence. the preparation of the shotgun sequence clones is, in fact, a biological experiment. it determines which segments of the genome can be cloned into escherichia coli and which cannot. by analyzing the complete set of sequences from such an experiment, it is possible to identify genes lethal to e. coli. among this set are genes encoding restriction enzymes which, when active in e. col ... | 2009 | 18988632 |
| genetic diversity of clinical isolates of bacillus cereus using multilocus sequence typing. | bacillus cereus is most commonly associated with foodborne illness (diarrheal and emetic) but is also an opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe and fatal infections. several multilocus sequence typing (mlst) schemes have recently been developed to genotype b. cereus and analysis has suggested a clonal or weakly clonal population structure for b. cereus and its close relatives b. anthracis and b. thuringiensis. in this study we used mlst to determine if b. cereus isolates associated with il ... | 2008 | 18990211 |
| eyeball luxation in bacillus cereus-induced panophthalmitis following a double-penetrating ocular injury. | 2008 | 18991051 | |
| the effect of acid adaptation on the susceptibility of bacillus cereus to the stresses of temperature and h2o2 as well as enterotoxin production. | in the present study, bacillus cereus 1-4-1, which is capable of causing diarrheal syndrome, was subjected to acid adaptation at ph 5.5 for 2 hours. the effect of acid adaptation on the survival of b. cereus subjected to subsequent lethal challenges at both low (4 degrees and -18 degrees c) and high temperatures (49 degrees c) as well as in the presence of 5 mm h(2)o(2) was investigated. additionally, enterotoxin production by b. cereus as influenced by acid adaptation was examined. results reve ... | 2009 | 18991549 |
| occurrence of bacillus thuringiensis in canopies of a natural lucidophyllous forest in japan. | a total of 39 bacillus thuringiensis isolates were recovered from 38 leaves collected from 5- to 10-m-high canopies of 8 micro-/meso-phanerophyte species in a lucidophyllous forest of japan. b. thuringiensis-positive leaves accounted for 1.4% of a total of 2805 leaves from 15 tree species. the frequency of the organism was 0.8% among the bacillus cereus/b. thuringiensis group. of 39 isolates obtained, 27 (69.2%) were allocated to 11 h serovars, and 12 isolates remained unidentified: 11 were moti ... | 2009 | 19002526 |
| an alternative real-time pcr method to detect the bacillus cereus group in naturally contaminated food gelatine: a comparison study. | comparison of an internally controlled real-time pcr assay with the standard plate-based assay (iso 21871) for the detection of bacillus cereus group cells in gelatine. | 2009 | 19018957 |
| orf 2 from the bacillus cereus linear plasmid pbclin15 encodes a dna binding protein. | to isolate and identify dna-binding protein(s) with affinity for the mobile chromosomal repeat element bcr1 in bacillus cereus group bacteria. | 2009 | 19018965 |
| bacterial contamination in drinking water: a case study in rural areas of northern rajasthan, india. | the objective of this study was to determine the bacterial contaminations in drinking water samples collected form some rural habitations of northern rajasthan, india. a total of ten bacterial species: escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterobacter aerogenes, klebsiella sp, proteus vulgaris, alcaligenes faecalis, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus lactis and micrococcus luteum were identified form drinking water samples. the bacteria belonging to the family enterobacte ... | 2009 | 19023670 |
| antibacterial activity of acalypha indica l. | hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from the leaves of acalypha indica were tested against gram-positive (staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, bacillus cereus, streptococcus faecalis) and gram-negative (klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris, pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. all the extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-positive organisms with minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) between 0.156 to 2.5 mg/ml. among the gram- ... | 2008 | 19024213 |
| detection of toxigenic bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis spores in u.s. rice. | bacillus cereus is a gram-positive, endospore forming pathogenic bacterium that is ubiquitous in the environment and is frequently associated with emetic and diarrheal types of foodborne illness. in this study, 178 samples of raw rice from retail food stores were analyzed for the presence of b. cereus spores. spores of bacillus species were found in 94 (52.8%) of the rice samples with an average concentration of 32.6 cfu/g (3.6-460 cfu/g for b. cereus and 3.6-23 cfu/g for bacillus thuringiensis) ... | 2009 | 19027973 |
| assessment of the microbiological safety of dried spices and herbs from production and retail premises in the united kingdom. | a study of dried spices and herbs from retail and production premises to determine the microbiological status of such products was undertaken in the uk during 2004. according to ec recommendation 2004/24/ec and european spice association specifications, 96% of 2833 retail samples and 92% of 132 production batches were of satisfactory/acceptable quality. salmonella spp. were detected in 1.5% and 1.1% of dried spices and herbs sampled at production and retail, respectively. overall, 3.0% of herbs ... | 2009 | 19028303 |
| spatial localization of bacteria controls coagulation of human blood by 'quorum acting'. | blood coagulation often accompanies bacterial infections and sepsis and is generally accepted as a consequence of immune responses. though many bacterial species can directly activate individual coagulation factors, they have not been shown to directly initiate the coagulation cascade that precedes clot formation. here we demonstrated, using microfluidics and surface patterning, that the spatial localization of bacteria substantially affects coagulation of human and mouse blood and plasma. bacil ... | 2008 | 19031531 |
| one-pot synthesis of 5-phenylimino, 5-thieno or 5-oxo-1,2,3-dithiazoles and evaluation of their antimicrobial and antitumor activity. | we here report the synthesis and biological evaluation of rare 4-substituted-5-phenylimino, 5-thieno- and 5-oxo-1,2,3-dithiazoles. dithiazoles were selectively obtained in moderate to high yields (25-73%) via a one-pot reaction from various ethanoneoximes with sulfur monochloride, pyridine in acetonitrile followed by treatment by corresponding nucleophiles (aniline, thioacetamide and formic acid). all the synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial (against bacteria escherichia c ... | 2009 | 19036587 |
| antifungal and antibacterial activities of pentanema divaricatum and its active constituent. | the antimicrobial activity of ethanol and chloroform extracts of pentanema divaricatum cass. was studied using the conventional disk diffusion method. the extracts' highest antimicrobial activity was observed against aspergillus niger. bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract by preparative thin layer chromatography (ptlc) showed one antimicrobial fraction which was especially effective against aspergillus niger. by conventional spectroscopy the active fraction was identified as 4alpha ... | 2008 | 19040101 |
| effect of uva irradiance on photocatalytic and uva inactivation of bacillus cereus spores. | the current study is the first to delineate the contribution of photocatalysis to inactivation of bacillus cereus endospores on dry surfaces over a broad range (0-153w/m(2)) of uva irradiance. inactivation of spores at low uva irradiance (30w/m(2)) was primarily due to photocatalysis, whereas at higher uva irradiance inactivation was primarily due to uv alone. a linear relationship between uva irradiance and the rate of spore inactivation was observed in the absence of photocatalyst. the rate of ... | 2009 | 19041258 |
| purification of a soil bacteria exotoxin using silkworm toxicity to measure specific activity. | overnight cultures of 16 of 25 species of soil bacterium injected into silkworm hemolymph killed the silkworms. injection of culture supernatants of five of these 16 bacterial species into the hemolymph also killed silkworms. analysis of 16s rrna indicated that the toxic species were bacillus species. we purified an exotoxin produced by one of the bacillus species by measuring the specific activity based on silkworm toxicity. the final step of purification revealed that the silkworm-killing acti ... | 2009 | 19041713 |
| physiological response of bacillus cereus vegetative cells to simulated food processing treatments. | vegetative cells of the spore-former bacillus cereus were exposed to a number of treatments commonly used in commercial food preparation or during equipment cleaning and decontamination. treated suspensions were then analyzed for reductions (cfu per milliliter) by plate counting and changes in levels of atp and adp released from cells with a bioluminescence-based assay. with the use of flow cytometry (fcm), the physiological status of individual cells before and after exposure to treatments was ... | 2008 | 19044257 |
| stability and antibacterial activity of bacteriocins produced by bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki. | bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides that are produced by bacteria and toxic to bacterial strains closely related to the producer strain. it has previously been reported that bacillus thuringiensis strain neb17 and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki bupm4 produce the bacteriocins thuricin 17 (3,162 da) and bacthuricin f4 (3,160.05 da), respectively. here, we demonstrate that these bacteriocins have functional similarities and show a similar spectrum of antimicrobial activities against ind ... | 2008 | 19047829 |
| discrimination between biothreat agents and 'near neighbor' species using a resequencing array. | timely identification of biothreat organisms from large numbers of clinical or environmental samples in potential outbreak or attack scenario is critical for effective diagnosis and treatment. this study aims to evaluate the potential of resequencing arrays for this purpose. albeit suboptimal, this report demonstrated that respiratory pathogen microarray version 1 can identify bacillus anthracis, francisella tularensis, yersinia pestis and distinguish them from benign 'near neighbor' species in ... | 2008 | 19049648 |
| comparative genomic study of spo0e family genes and elucidation of the role of spo0e in bacillus anthracis. | the propensity of bacterium to sporulate or retain the vegetative form depends on the amount of phosphorylated spo0a (spo0a(-p)), regulated by spo0e multigene family of phosphatases (spo0e, yisi and ynzd). phylogenetic analysis revealed that spo0e multigene family of phosphatases (smfp) descends in two distinct clades of aerobic (bacillus cluster) and anaerobic (clostridia cluster) sporulating bacteria. high sequence conservation within species gives a notion that these members could have evolve ... | 2009 | 19050850 |
| characterization of a bacillus anthracis spore coat-surface protein that influences coat-surface morphology. | bacterial spores are encased in a multilayered proteinaceous shell, called the coat. in many bacillus spp., the coat protects against environmental assault and facilitates germination. in bacillus anthracis, the spore is the etiological agent of anthrax, and the functions of the coat likely contribute to virulence. here, we characterize a b. anthracis spore protein, called cotbeta, which is encoded only in the genomes of the bacillus cereus group. we found that cotbeta is synthesized specificall ... | 2008 | 19054101 |
| antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of kenyan medicinal plants. | seven medicinal plant extracts traditionally used in kenya, mainly for management of infectious conditions, were chosen and screened for their antibacterial activity against gram-negative (pseudomonas aeruginosa and escherichia coli) and gram-positive (bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. antibacterial activity was tested using the broth dilution method. harrisonia abyssinica and terminalia kilimandscharica extracts showed significant activity against gram+ and gram- bacteria. th ... | 2008 | 19057813 |
| complete genome sequence of the extremophilic bacillus cereus strain q1 with industrial applications. | bacillus cereus strain q1 was isolated from a deep-subsurface oil reservoir in the daqing oil field in northeastern china. this strain is able to produce biosurfactants and to survive in extreme environments. here we report the finished and annotated genome sequence of this organism. | 2009 | 19060151 |
| effect of olive powder on the growth and inhibition of bacillus cereus. | a study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial effect of olive powder on bacillus cereus. microorganism spores were inoculated in nutrient broth containing different olive powder concentrations and incubated at 32 degrees , 20 degrees , and 7 degrees c. results indicated that this food ingredient had a bacteriostatic effect. it was observed that b. cereus cells did not grow at 7 degrees c. in the cases where growth occurred, it was modelled and parameters were deduced. in general the h ... | 2009 | 19061367 |
| fluorescent-box-pcr for resolving bacterial genetic diversity, endemism and biogeography. | box-a1r-based repetitive extragenic palindromic-pcr (box-pcr) is one of the most used techniques in biogeography studies of microbial isolates. however the traditional separation of box-pcr patterns by agarose gel electrophoresis suffers many limitations. the aim of this research was to set up a fluorescent box-pcr (f-box-pcr) assay in which separation of pcr products is automated in a capillary electrophoresis system. f-box-pcr was compared with the traditional box-pcr using bacterial strains w ... | 2008 | 19077307 |
| characterization of anti-listeria bacteriocins isolated from shellfish: potential antimicrobials to control non-fermented seafood. | this work had as main objectives to characterize two bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (lab) previously isolated from non-fermented seafood, in order to evaluate their potential as new food protective agents. the two bacteriocinogenic isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using genus- and species-specific primers, and confirmed by 16s rdna sequencing, as enterococcus faecium and pediococcus pentosaceus. the antimicrobial spectrum of each strain included several ... | 2009 | 19081155 |
| characterisation of rat and human tissue alkaline phosphatase isoforms by high-performance liquid chromatography and agarose gel electrophoresis. | alkaline phosphatase (alp) exists as several isoenzymes and many isoforms present in tissues and serum. the objective of this study was to separate tissue alp forms in rats and humans and characterise their properties. the materials for the investigation were intestinal, bone, and liver tissue of rats and commercially available human preparations of tissue alp. two methods of separation were used: high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and agarose gel electrophoresis. using hplc in the ra ... | 2009 | 19084045 |
| role of germinant receptors in caco-2 cell-initiated germination of bacillus cereus atcc 14579 endospores. | spores obtained from bacillus cereus atcc 14579 and mutant strains lacking each of seven germinant receptor operons were exposed to differentiated caco-2 cells and monitored for germination. spores of the geri and gerl mutants showed a reduced germination response, pointing to a role for these receptors in caco-2-induced germination. | 2009 | 19088316 |
| systemic dexamethasone and its effect on normal aerobic bacterial flora of cow. | this study was carried out on 17 holestein, heifers, aged between 1 to 2 years for determining the normal aerobic bacterial flora and their changes after dexamethasone injection. swab samples were taken from eye, ear, pharynx and vagina before and 5 days after twice dexamethasone treatment. results indicated that bacillus cereus and corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis had higher frequency of isolations than the other bacterial flora in eye, ear and pharynx. actinomyces pyogenes was isolated with ... | 2007 | 19093453 |
| adaptive protein evolution grants organismal fitness by improving catalysis and flexibility. | protein evolution is crucial for organismal adaptation and fitness. this process takes place by shaping a given 3-dimensional fold for its particular biochemical function within the metabolic requirements and constraints of the environment. the complex interplay between sequence, structure, functionality, and stability that gives rise to a particular phenotype has limited the identification of traits acquired through evolution. this is further complicated by the fact that mutations are pleiotrop ... | 2008 | 19098096 |
| characterization of the complete zwittermicin a biosynthesis gene cluster from bacillus cereus. | bacillus cereus uw85 produces the linear aminopolyol antibiotic zwittermicin a (zma). this antibiotic has diverse biological activities, such as suppression of disease in plants caused by protists, inhibition of fungal and bacterial growth, and amplification of the insecticidal activity of the toxin protein from bacillus thuringiensis. zma has an unusual chemical structure that includes a d amino acid and ethanolamine and glycolyl moieties, as well as having an unusual terminal amide that is gen ... | 2009 | 19098220 |
| high-resolution structure of the open nak channel. | we report the crystal structure of the nonselective cation channel nak from bacillus cereus at a resolution of 1.6 a. the structure reveals the intracellular gate in an open state, as opposed to the closed form reported previously, making nak the only channel for which the three-dimensional structures of both conformations are known. channel opening follows a conserved mechanism of inner helix bending using a flexible glycine residue, the gating hinge, seen in mthk and most other tetrameric cati ... | 2009 | 19098917 |
| antibacterial effects of roselle calyx extracts and protocatechuic acid in ground beef and apple juice. | the antibacterial effects of roselle calyx aqueous and ethanol extracts and protocatechuic acid against food spoilage bacteria salmonella typhimurium dt104, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, and bacillus cereus were examined. minimal inhibitory concentrations of roselle calyx aqueous and ethanol extracts and protocatechuic acid against these bacteria were in the range of 112-144, 72-96, and 24-44 microg/ml, respectively. protocatechuic acid content in rosel ... | 2009 | 19099360 |
| bacillus cereus heteroresistance to carbapenems in a cancer patient. | 2009 | 19100659 | |
| modelling the number of viable vegetative cells of bacillus cereus passing through the stomach. | model the number of viable vegetative cells of b. cereus surviving the gastric passage after experiments in simulated gastric conditions. | 2009 | 19120618 |
| efficiency of krcl excilamp (222 nm) for inactivation of bacteria in suspension. | to examine the killing efficiency of uv krcl excilamp against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | 2008 | 19120918 |
| [bacillus cereus bacteremia in crohn's disease with multiple ileal stricture on maintenance azathioprine therapy]. | we describe a case of 36-year-old japanese man with crohn's disease, complicated by bacillus cereus bacteremia on maintenance azathioprine therapy. although anti-microbial agents were ineffective, the patient became well immediately after a partial resection of the ileum with multiple severe stenosis. | 2009 | 19122422 |
| spore-forming organisms in platelet concentrates: a challenge in transfusion bacterial safety. | bacterial detection and pathogen reduction are widely used methods of minimizing the risk of transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection. but, bacterial spores are highly resistant to chemical and physical agents. in this study, we assessed the bacterial proliferation of spore-forming organisms seeded into platelet concentrates (pcs) to demonstrate that spores can enter the vegetative state in pcs during storage. in the in vitro study, pcs were inoculated with 1-10 spores ml(-1)of bacillus cereu ... | 2008 | 19140821 |
| [antimicrobial activity of soft and purified propolis extracts]. | to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of soft and purified propolis extracts. study object and methods: antimicrobial activity of soft and purified propolis extracts was determined with reference cultures of staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923, enterococcus faecalis atcc 29212, escherichia coli atcc 25922, klebsiella pneumoniae atcc 33499, pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 27853, proteus mirabilis atcc 12459, bacillus subtilis atcc 6633, bacillus cereus atcc 8035, and fungus candida albicans atcc 60193. ... | 2008 | 19142056 |
| analysis of broth-cultured bacillus atrophaeus and bacillus cereus spores. | to compare physical properties of spores that were produced in broth sporulation media at greater than 10(8) spores ml(-1). | 2008 | 19146496 |
| gene cloning and characterization of arylamine n-acetyltransferase from bacillus cereus strain 10-l-2. | bacillus cereus strain 10-l-2 synthesizes two arylamine n-acetyltransferases (nat-a and nat-b) with broad substrate specificities toward aniline and its derivatives. in southern blot analysis using probes encoding the nh2-terminus of nat-b and a conserved region of n-acetyltransferases, digested total dna of strain 10-l-2 showed one positive band. we cloned and sequenced the gene encoding nat-b. the nh2-terminal amino acid sequence predicted from the open reading frame (768 base pairs) correspon ... | 2009 | 19147105 |
| improvement of plant growth and nickel uptake by nickel resistant-plant-growth promoting bacteria. | in this study, among a collection of ni-resistant bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of alyssum serpyllifolium and phleum phleoides grown on serpentine soil, five plant growth-promoting bacteria (pgpb) were selected based on their ability to utilize 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) as the sole n source and promote seedling growth. all of the strains tested positive for indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) production and phosphate solubilization. in addition, four of the strains exhibit ... | 2009 | 19147283 |
| high-density spore production of a b. cereus aquaculture biological agent by nutrient supplementation. | previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of our bacillus cereus isolate (nrrl 100132) in reducing concentrations of nitrogenous wastes and inhibiting growth of fish pathogens. in vivo efficacy and tolerance to a range of physiological conditions in systems used to rear cyprinus carpio make this isolate an excellent candidate for aquaculture applications. production cost is an important consideration in development of commercially relevant biological products, and this study examines the o ... | 2009 | 19148635 |
| construction of an escherichia coli to bacillus thuringiensis shuttle vector for large dna fragments. | shuttle vectors for bacillus thuringiensis or bacillus cereus usually cannot hold fragments larger than 20 kb. with the development of genome research, shuttle vectors with higher loading capacity are necessary. we constructed an escherichia coli to b. thuringiensis shuttle vector, pemb0557, with a large loading capacity. this vector incorporated the ori60 replicon from b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki ybt-1520, erythromycin resistance (b. thuringiensis), and chloromycetin resistance (e. coli) g ... | 2009 | 19153728 |
| filtration of bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus spores in a pyroclastic topsoil, carbonate apennines, southern italy. | a comparative study on the filtration of bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus spores in a pyroclastic topsoil was performed in laboratory using surfactant-free solutions and solutions with the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (sds) (anionic). the results of the column experiments demonstrate that the sds does not significantly influence the retention of both b. subtilis and b. cereus spores. since the sds is adsorbed through hydrophobic interaction with the organic matter of soil media, these ... | 2009 | 19155162 |
| papr peptide maturation: role of the nprb protease in bacillus cereus 569 plcr/papr global gene regulation. | the global transcriptional regulator plcr controls gene expression in bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis. activity of plcr is regulated by papr, the product of an orf located immediately downstream of plcr. to be active in b. cereus, papr must be secreted and then processed to the mature peptide by an unknown protease. this peptide is transported by an oligopeptide permease into the cell, where it activates plcr. in this study, we show that the neutral protease b (nprb) secreted by b. ce ... | 2009 | 19159431 |
| antimicrobial activity of some thiourea derivatives and their nickel and copper complexes. | five thiourea derivative ligands and their ni(2+) and cu(2+) complexes have been synthesized. the compounds were screened for their in vitro anti-bacterial activity using gram-positive bacteria (two different standard strains of staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, enterococcus faecalis, streptococcus pyogenes, bacillus cereus) and gram-negative bacteria (esherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterobacter cloacae, proteus vulgaris, enterobacter aerogenes) and in vitro anti-yeast ... | 2009 | 19169199 |
| spontaneous fermentation of traditional sago starch in papua new guinea. | sago starch is an important dietary carbohydrate in lowland papua new guinea (png). an investigation was conducted to determine whether microbes play a role in its preservation using traditional methods. in 12 stored sago samples collected from png villages, lactic acid bacteria (lab) were present (> or = 3.6 x 10(4)cfu/g) and ph ranged from 6.8 to 4.2. acetic and propionic acids were detected in all samples, while butyric, lactic and valeric acids were present in six or more. in freshly prepare ... | 2009 | 19171254 |
| mercury stable isotope fractionation during reduction of hg(ii) by different microbial pathways. | mercury (hg) stable isotope fractionation has recently been developed as a tool in biogeochemistry. in this study, the extent of hg stable isotope fractionation during reduction of ionic mercury [hg(ii)] by two hg(ii)-resistant strains, bacillus cereus 5 and the thermophile anoxybacillus sp. fb9 [which actively detoxify hg(ii) by the mer system] and a hg(ii)-sensitive metal-reducing anaerobe, shewanella oneidensis mr-1 [which reduces hg(ii) at low concentrations], was investigated. in all cases, ... | 2008 | 19174888 |
| light scattering calculations exploring sensitivity of depolarization ratio to shape changes. i. single spores in air. | calculations of the depolarization ratio, d(theta, lambda) = 1 - (s22)/(s11), for light scattered from an ensemble or cloud of single aerosolized spores in air were studied using the discrete dipole approximation (dda), sometimes also called the coupled-dipole approximation. here s(ij) is the appropriate mueller matrix element for scattering angle theta and wavelength lambda. the effect of modest shape changes on d(theta, lambda) was determined. the shapes compared were prolate ellipsoids versus ... | 2009 | 19183599 |
| significance of treated agrowaste residue and autochthonous inoculates (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacillus cereus) on bacterial community structure and phytoextraction to remediate soils contaminated with heavy metals. | in this study, we analyzed the impact of treatments such as aspergillus niger-treated sugar beet waste (sb), po4(3-) fertilization and autochthonous inoculants [arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi and bacillus cereus], on the bacterial community structure in a soils contaminated with heavy metals as well as, the effectiveness on plant growth (trifolium repens). the inoculation with am fungi in sb amended soil, increased plant growth similarly to po4(3-) addition, and both treatments matched in p a ... | 2009 | 19185328 |
| differential cell surface properties of vegetative bacillus. | the genus bacillus encompasses a wide range of species which display varying pathogenic abilities. the hydrophobicity of a range of bacillus species was determined to evaluate the correlation between bacterial hydrophobicity and pathogenicity. | 2009 | 19187499 |
| determining the source of bacillus cereus and bacillus licheniformis isolated from raw milk, pasteurized milk and yoghurt. | strain-specific detection of bacillus cereus and bacillus licheniformis in raw and pasteurized milk, and yoghurt during processing. | 2009 | 19187503 |
| [modification of bacterial population structure on anti-lysozyme activity under the influence of hexylresorcinol]. | to investigate the modifying effect of hexylresorcinol chemical analog on anti-lysozyme activity of bacteria. | 2008 | 19189462 |
| thirteen posttranslational modifications convert a 14-residue peptide into the antibiotic thiocillin. | the thiazolylpeptides are a family of >50 bactericidal antibiotics that block the initial steps of bacterial protein synthesis. here, we report a biosynthetic gene cluster for thiocillin and establish that it, and by extension the whole class, is ribosomally synthesized. remarkably, the c-terminal 14 residues of a 52-residue peptide precursor undergo 13 posttranslational modifications to give rise to thiocillin, making this antibiotic the most heavily posttranslationally-modified peptide known t ... | 2009 | 19196969 |
| production and characterization of an alkaline thermostable crude lipase from an isolated strain of bacillus cereus c(7). | a bacterial strain isolated from spoiled coconut and identified as bacillus cereus was found capable of producing alkaline thermostable extracellular lipase. optimum temperature, time, and ph for enzyme substrate reaction were found to be 60 degrees c, 10 min, and 8.0 respectively. common surfactants except triton x 100 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide have no or very little inhibitory effects on enzyme activity. the enzyme was found to be stable in presence of oxidizing agents and protease en ... | 2009 | 19198766 |
| evolution of pathogenicity in the bacillus cereus group. | the bacillus cereus group of bacteria comprises soil-dwelling saprophytes but on occasion these bacteria can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, including food poisoning, systemic infections and highly lethal forms of anthrax. while anthrax is almost invariably caused by strains from a single evolutionary lineage, bacillus anthracis, variation in the virulence properties of strains from other lineages has not been fully addressed. using multi-locus sequence data from 667 strains, we recons ... | 2009 | 19200684 |
| isolation and identification of antibacterial compounds from thymus kotschyanus aerial parts and dianthus caryophyllus flower buds. | the aerial parts of thymus kotschyanus boiss. and hohen. (lamiaceae) and flower buds of dianthus caryophyllus l. (caryophyllaceae) have been traditionally implemented in the treatment of wounds, throat and gum infections and gastro-intestinal disorder by the indigenous people of northern iraq, although the compounds responsible for the medicinal properties have not been identified. in this study, antibacterial compounds from both plants were isolated and characterized, and the biological activit ... | 2009 | 19200700 |
| antimicrobial activity of some macrophytes from lake manzalah (egypt). | the antimicrobial activities of aqueous and organic solvents (chloroform, ethanol and methanol) extracts of four plants ceratophyllum demersum l., eichhornia crassipes, potamogeton crispus and potamogeton pectinatus were tested in vitro against seventeen different microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. nine of these identified organisms were obtained from different sources, bacillus subtilis 1020, bacillus cereus 1080, staphylococcus aureus, erwinia carotovo ... | 2008 | 19205264 |
| microbiological quality of ready-to-eat food served in schools in wales, united kingdom. | a survey of the general microbiological quality of ready-to-eat food served in schools was undertaken across wales, united kingdom. of the 2,351 samples taken, four were identified as containing unsatisfactory counts of escherichia coli, four contained unsatisfactory counts of staphylococcus aureus, and one contained an unacceptable count of bacillus cereus when compared with guidelines for the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat food published by the united kingdom public health laboratory ... | 2009 | 19205487 |
| pathogenic bacillus anthracis in the progressive gene losses and gains in adaptive evolution. | sequence mutations represent a driving force of adaptive evolution in bacterial pathogens. it is especially evident in reductive genome evolution where bacteria underwent lifestyles shifting from a free-living to a strictly intracellular or host-depending life. it resulted in loss-of-function mutations and/or the acquisition of virulence gene clusters. bacillus anthracis shares a common soil bacterial ancestor with its closely related bacillus species but is the only obligate, causative agent of ... | 2009 | 19208130 |
| identification of bacillus anthracis spore component antigens conserved across diverse bacillus cereus sensu lato strains. | we sought to identify proteins in the bacillus anthracis spore, conserved in other strains of the closely related bacillus cereus group, that elicit an immune response in mammals. two high throughput approaches were used. first, an in silico screening identified 200 conserved putative b. anthracis spore components. a total of 192 of those candidate genes were expressed and purified in vitro, 75 of which reacted with the rabbit immune sera generated against b. anthracis spores. the second approac ... | 2009 | 19208616 |
| synergy of astragalus polysaccharides and probiotics (lactobacillus and bacillus cereus) on immunity and intestinal microbiota in chicks. | probiotics and astragalus polysaccharides (aps) can modulate systemic immunity and intestinal microbiota in animals and human beings. it is still unknown if the combined application of probiotics and aps in feed has synergistic effects on immunity and intestinal microbiota. to address this issue, this study was designed to investigate the synergistic effects on immunity and intestinal microbiota in chicks. a total of 240 female hy-line chicks were assigned to 4 treatments. four treatments were f ... | 2009 | 19211520 |
| tetracycline and oxytetracycline resistance determinants detected in bacillus cereus strains isolated from honey samples. | the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of tetracycline and oxytetracycline resistance determinants in bacillus cereus strains isolated from honey samples. of a total of 77 isolates analyzed, 30 (39%) exhibited resistance to tetracyclines according to the results of a disk diffusion method. resistant strains (n=30) were screened by pcr for the presence of the resistant determinants tetk, tetl, tetm, teto, tetw, otra and otrb and their mic values for tetracycline, oxytetracycline an ... | 2008 | 19213248 |
| [diarrhea from the infectologist's point of view]. | gastroenteritis is a nonspecific term for various pathologic states of the gastrointestinal tract. gastroenteritis causing pathogens are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. in the developed countries diarrhea is the most common reason for missing work, while in the developing world, it is a leading cause of death. internationally, the mortality rate is 5-10 million deaths each year. "traveller's diarrhea" is a polyetiologic common health problem of international travel ... | 2009 | 19218145 |
| immuno-detection of anthrose containing tetrasaccharide in the exosporium of bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus strains. | bacillus anthracis strains of various origins were analysed with the view to describe intrinsic and persistent structural components of the bacillus collagen-like protein of anthracis glycoprotein associated anthrose containing tetrasaccharide in the exosporium. | 2009 | 19226390 |
| [cereulide forming presumptive bacillus cereus strains from food--differentiating analyses using cultural methods, lc-ms/ms, pcr, and infrared spectroscopy in consideration of thermotolerant isolates]. | pathogenic bacillus cereus (b. cereus) cause two types of foodborne diseases: the diarrhoeal type and, after production of a heat stable toxin called cereulide, an emetic type. the identification of b. cereus in official food monitoring has been traditionally performed using the cultural procedure as described in method 00.00-25 according to section 64 of the german food and feed law (lfgb). strains isolated by this method are called "presumptive b. cereus" a collective name for b. cereus sensu ... | 2009 | 19226933 |
| porphyrin derivatives as photosensitizers for the inactivation of bacillus cereus endospores. | in this study, we propose (i) to study the photodynamic inactivation (pdi) efficiency of neutral and cationic porphyrin derivatives, (ii) to characterize the kinetics of the inactivation process using bacillus cereus as a model endospore-producing bacterium and (iii) to conclude on the applicability of porphyrin derivatives in the inactivation of bacterial endospores. | 2009 | 19228253 |
| synergistic effect of pulsed electric fields and cocoanox 12% on the inactivation kinetics of bacillus cereus in a mixed beverage of liquid whole egg and skim milk. | with a view to extending the shelf-life and enhancing the safety of liquid whole egg/skim milk (lwe-sm) mixed beverages, a study was conducted with bacillus cereus vegetative cells inoculated in skim milk (sm) and lwe-sm beverages, with or without antimicrobial cocoa powder. the beverages were treated with pulsed electric field (pef) technology and then stored at 5 degrees c for 15 days. the kinetic results were modeled with the bigelow model, weibull distribution function, modified gompertz equ ... | 2009 | 19232768 |
| identification of dna-binding proteins using structural, electrostatic and evolutionary features. | dna-binding proteins (dbps) participate in various crucial processes in the life-cycle of the cells, and the identification and characterization of these proteins is of great importance. we present here a random forests classifier for identifying dbps among proteins with known 3d structures. first, clusters of evolutionarily conserved regions (patches) on the surface of proteins were detected using the patchfinder algorithm; earlier studies showed that these regions are typically the functionall ... | 2009 | 19233205 |
| the tubulin-like repx protein encoded by the pxo1 plasmid forms polymers in vivo in bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis contains two megaplasmids, pxo1 and pxo2, that are critical for its pathogenesis. stable inheritance of pxo1 in b. anthracis is dependent upon the tubulin/ftsz-like repx protein encoded by this plasmid. previously, we have shown that repx undergoes gtp-dependent polymerization in vitro. however, the polymerization properties and localization pattern of repx in vivo are not known. here, we utilize a repx-green fluorescent protein (gfp) fusion to show that repx forms foci and th ... | 2009 | 19233922 |
| antimicrobial effects of propolis extracts on escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to various antibiotics and some microorganisms. | abstract propolis is collected by worker honey bees from the trees. the bees pack propolis on their hind legs, carry it to their colony, and use it as a sterilant in the hive. propolis has also been used by humans since early times for various purposes and, especially, as a medicine because of its antimicrobial properties. in this study, antimicrobial effects of propolis samples on three escherichia coli and two staphylococcus aureus strains that are multiresistant to antibiotics and on salmonel ... | 2000 | 19236174 |
| bacterial communities of tyre monofill sites: growth on tyre shreds and leachate. | to investigate bacterial communities of tyre monofill sites, colonization of tyre material by bacteria and the effect of tyre leachate on bacteria. | 2009 | 19239530 |
| bacillus cereus cell and spore properties as influenced by the micro-structure of the medium. | to investigate the effect of different growth conditions on bacillus cereus cell and spore properties. | 2009 | 19239549 |
| thiopeptide biosynthesis featuring ribosomally synthesized precursor peptides and conserved posttranslational modifications. | thiopeptides, with potent activity against various drug-resistant pathogens, contain a characteristic macrocyclic core consisting of multiple thiazoles, dehydroamino acids, and a 6-membered nitrogen heterocycle. their biosynthetic pathways remain elusive, in spite of great efforts by in vivo feeding experiments. here, cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the thiostrepton and siomycin a gene clusters unveiled a biosynthetic paradigm for the thiopeptide specific core formation, featuring r ... | 2009 | 19246004 |
| identification of non-flagellar genes involved in swarm cell differentiation using a bacillus thuringiensis mini-tn10 mutant library. | swarming is a social phenomenon that enables motile bacteria to move co-ordinately over solid surfaces. the molecular basis regulating this process is not completely known and may vary among species. insertional mutagenesis of a swarming-proficient bacillus thuringiensis strain was performed, by use of the transposon mini-tn10, to identify novel genetic determinants of swarming that are dispensable for flagellation, swimming motility, chemotaxis and active growth. among the 67 non-swarming mutan ... | 2009 | 19246762 |
| cereulide synthesis in emetic bacillus cereus is controlled by the transition state regulator abrb, but not by the virulence regulator plcr. | cereulide, a depsipeptide structurally related to the antibiotic valinomycin, is responsible for the emetic type of gastrointestinal disease caused by bacillus cereus. recently, it has been shown that cereulide is produced non-ribosomally by the plasmid-encoded peptide synthetase ces. using deletion mutants of the emetic reference strain b. cereus f4810/72, the influence of the well-known transcription factors plcr, spo0a and abrb on cereulide production and on the transcription of the cereulide ... | 2009 | 19246763 |
| dna as an adhesin: bacillus cereus requires extracellular dna to form biofilms. | the soil saprophyte bacillus cereus forms biofilms at solid-liquid interfaces. the composition of the extracellular polymeric matrix is not known, but biofilms of other bacteria are encased in polysaccharides, protein, and also extracellular dna (edna). a tn917 screen for strains impaired in biofilm formation at a solid-liquid interface yielded several mutants. three mutants deficient in the purine biosynthesis genes pura, purc, and purl were biofilm impaired, but they grew planktonically like t ... | 2009 | 19251901 |
| siderophore-mediated iron acquisition systems in bacillus cereus: identification of receptors for anthrax virulence-associated petrobactin . | during growth under iron limitation, bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis, two human pathogens from the bacillus cereus group of gram-positive bacteria, secrete two siderophores, bacillibactin (bb) and petrobactin (pb), for iron acquisition via membrane-associated substrate-binding proteins (sbps) and other abc transporter components. since pb is associated with virulence traits in b. anthracis, the pb-mediated iron uptake system presents a potential target for antimicrobial therapies; its cha ... | 2009 | 19254027 |
| effects of food composition on the inactivation of foodborne microorganisms by chlorine dioxide. | chlorine dioxide (clo2) is a strong oxidizing agent that can be applied in solution as well as in the gaseous state. it has bactericidal, fungicidal and viricidal properties. several food-related microorganisms, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, mould spores and bacillus cereus spores were tested for their susceptibility to 0.08 mg/l gaseous clo2 during 1 min at a relative humidity of 90%. in this screening, the resistance of the different groups of microorganisms towar ... | 2009 | 19254814 |
| bacillus cereus-induced permeability of the blood-ocular barrier during experimental endophthalmitis. | the purpose of this study was to determine to what extent blood-retinal barrier (brb) permeability occurred during experimental bacillus cereus endophthalmitis and whether tight junction alterations were involved in permeability. | 2009 | 19264886 |
| nw-g01, a novel cyclic hexadepsipeptide antibiotic, produced by streptomyces alboflavus 313: i. taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physicochemical properties and antibacterial activities. | nw-g01, a novel cyclic hexadepsipeptide antibiotic, was isolated by macroporous resin and silica gel column chromatography and hplc from the fermentation broth of strain no. 313. the producing strain was identified as streptomyces alboflavus on the basis of the morphological characteristics, physiological property and 16s rdna gene sequence analysis. nw-g01 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant s. aureus, ... | 2009 | 19265870 |
| molecular methods to evaluate biodiversity in bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains from different origins. | the spore-forming genus bacillus includes species of industrial, clinical and environmental significance. the possibility of differentiating between bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis, toxin producers associated with illness, is a real need in monitoring potentially contaminated foods to understand the real distribution of b. cereus/b. thuringiensis in different outbreak cases. as the use of dna comparison obtains clearer results than classical microbiological methods in distinguishing b ... | 2009 | 19269566 |