Publications

plasmodium berghei anka infection results in exacerbated immune responses from c57bl/6 mice displaying hypothalamic obesity.		2015	26239414
phagosomal acidification prevents macrophage inflammatory cytokine production to malaria, and dendritic cells are the major source at the early stages of infection: implication for malaria protective immunity development.	inflammatory cytokines produced at the early stages of malaria infection contribute to shaping protective immunity and pathophysiology. to gain mechanistic insight into these processes, it is important to understand the cellular origin of cytokines because both cytokine input and cytokine-producing cells play key roles. here, we determined cytokine responses by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (dcs) to purified plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei anka, and by spleen macrophag ...	2015	26240140
effect of mushroom agaricus blazei on immune response and development of experimental cerebral malaria.	cerebral malaria (cm) is debilitating and sometimes fatal. disease severity has been associated with poor treatment access, therapeutic complexity and drug resistance and, thus, alternative therapies are increasingly necessary. in this study, the effect of the administration of agaricus blazei, a mushroom of brazilian origin in a model of cm caused by plasmodium berghei, strain anka, was investigated in mice.	2015	26260055
antimalarial benzoheterocyclic 4-aminoquinolines: structure-activity relationship, in vivo evaluation, mechanistic and bioactivation studies.	a novel class of benzoheterocyclic analogues of amodiaquine designed to avoid toxic reactive metabolite formation was synthesized and evaluated for antiplasmodial activity against k1 (multidrug resistant) and nf54 (sensitive) strains of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of highly promising analogues, the most potent of which had ic50s in the nanomolar range against both strains. the compounds further demonstrated good in ...	2015	26264839
the hfe genotype and a formulated diet controlling for iron status attenuate experimental cerebral malaria in mice.	plasmodium falciparum infects approximately 500million individuals each year. a small but significant number of infections lead to complications such as cerebral malaria. cerebral malaria is associated with myelin damage and neurological deficits in survivors, and iron status is thought to impact the outcome of infection. we evaluated whether a mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria with plasmodium berghei anka strain was altered by dietary iron deficiency or genetic iron overload (h67d hf ...	2015	26296689
in vivo evaluation of isolated triterpenes and semi-synthetic derivatives as antimalarial agents.	the triterpenes balsaminoside b (1) and karavilagenin c (2) were isolated from the african medicinal plant momordica balsamina l. karavoates b (3) and d (4) were synthesized by diacylation of 2 with acetic and propionic anhydrides, respectively. in previous work, derivatives 3 and 4 exhibited submicromolar median inhibitory concentrations (ic50) in vitro against plasmodium falciparum welch (human malaria parasite) strains 20 to 25 times lower than those of natural product 2. the main objective o ...	2015	26301556
plasmodium apicoplast gln-trnagln biosynthesis utilizes a unique gatab amidotransferase essential for erythrocytic stage parasites.	the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum apicoplast indirect aminoacylation pathway utilizes a non-discriminating glutamyl-trna synthetase to synthesize glu-trna(gln) and a glutaminyl-trna amidotransferase to convert glu-trna(gln) to gln-trna(gln). here, we show that plasmodium falciparum and other apicomplexans possess a unique heterodimeric glutamyl-trna amidotransferase consisting of gata and gatb subunits (gatab). we localized the p. falciparum gata and gatb subunits to the apicoplast in b ...	2015	26318454
structure-activity relationship studies of orally active antimalarial 2,4-diamino-thienopyrimidines.	based on the initial optimization of orally active antimalarial 2,4-diamino-thienopyrimidines and with the help of metabolite identification studies, a second generation of derivatives involving changes at the 2- and 4-positions of the thienopyrimidine core were synthesized. improvements in the physiochemical properties resulted in the identification of 15a, 17a, 32, and 40 as lead molecules with improved in vivo exposure. furthermore, analogue 40 exhibited excellent in vivo antimalarial activit ...	2015	26322748
naghibione; a novel sesquiterpenoid with antiplasmodial effect from dorema hyrcanum koso-pol. root, a plant used in traditional medicine.	some dorema species are used in persian traditional medicine. in the present study the total extract from the roots of dorema hyrcanum koso-pol. was investigated for its in-vitro (pldh assay) and in-vivo (peters' 4-days suppressive test) antiplasmodial effects and assessed for cytotoxicity against the normal cell line mdbk (mtt test). the ic50 values for a chloroquine- sensitive (3d7) and a chloroquine- resistant (k1) strain of plasmodium falciparum were 28.64 and 9.79 µg/ml, respectively. the i ...	2015	26330887
multidrug atp-binding cassette transporters are essential for hepatic development of plasmodium sporozoites.	multidrug resistance-associated proteins (mrps) belong to the c-family of atp-binding cassette (abc) transport proteins and are known to transport a variety of physiologically important compounds and to be involved in the extrusion of pharmaceuticals. rodent malaria parasites encode a single abc transporter subfamily c protein, whereas human parasites encode two: mrp1 and mrp2. although associated with drug resistance, their biological function and substrates remain unknown. to elucidate the rol ...	2016	26332724
the plasmodium translocon of exported proteins component exp2 is critical for establishing a patent malaria infection in mice.	export of most malaria proteins into the erythrocyte cytosol requires the plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (ptex) and a cleavable plasmodium export element (pexel). in contrast, the contribution of ptex in the liver stages and export of liver stage proteins is unknown. here, using the flp/frt conditional mutatagenesis system, we generate transgenic plasmodium berghei parasites deficient in exp2, the putative pore-forming component of ptex. our data reveal that exp2 is important for par ...	2016	26347246
no-donor dihydroartemisinin derivatives as multitarget agents for the treatment of cerebral malaria.	hybrid products in which the dihydroartemisinin scaffold is combined with no-donor furoxan and nonoate moieties have been synthesized and studied as potential tools for the treatment of cerebral malaria (cm). the designed products were able to dilate rat aorta strips precontracted with phenylephrine with a no-dependent mechanism. all hybrid compounds showed preserved antiplasmodial activity in vitro and in vivo against plasmodium berghei anka, comparable to artesunate and artemether. hybrid 10, ...	2015	26367273
detection of viable plasmodium ookinetes in the midguts of anopheles coluzzi using pma-qrtpcr.	mosquito infection with malaria parasites depends on complex interactions between the mosquito immune response, the parasite developmental program and the midgut microbiota. simultaneous monitoring of the parasite and bacterial dynamics is important when studying these interactions. pcr based methods of genomic dna (gdna) have been widely used, but their inability to discriminate between live and dead cells compromises their application. the alternative method of quantification of mrna mainly re ...	2015	26373633
protective effect of aqueous crude extract of neem (azadirachta indica) leaves on plasmodium berghei-induced renal damage in mice.	malaria is a major public health problem in the world because it can cause of death in patients. malaria-associated renal injury is associated with 45% of mortality in adult patients hospitalized with severe form of the disease. therefore, new plant extracts to protect against renal injury induced by malaria infection are urgently needed. in this study, we investigated the protective effect of aqueous crude extract of azadirachta indica (neem) leaves on renal injury induced by plasmodium berghei ...	2015	26379714
dynamic control of hepatic plasmodium numbers by hepcidin despite elevated liver iron during iron supplementation.	treatment of iron deficiency anemia in malaria endemic areas is complicated as iron supplementation increases malaria risk while malaria decreases iron absorption. here we measured the influence of hepcidin expression and non-heme iron during iron supplementation on hepatic plasmodium berghei numbers in anemic and non-anemic mice. despite elevated hepatic non-heme iron on the high iron diet, elevated hepcidin expression is associated with less parasite bioavailable iron and lower hepatic parasit ...	2016	26384816
phytochemical screening and in vivo antimalarial activity of extracts from three medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in nigeria.	the use of plant to meet health-care needs has greatly increased worldwide in the recent times. the search for new plant-derived bioactive agents that can be explored for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria infection is urgently needed. thus, we evaluated the antimalarial activity of three medicinal plants used in nigerian folklore for the treatment of malaria infection. a modified peter's 4-day suppressive test was used to evaluate the antimalarial activity of the plant extracts in a mouse ...	2016	26391173
vegf and lps synergistically silence inflammatory response to plasmodium berghei infection and protect against cerebral malaria.	malaria infection induces, alongside endothelial damage and obstruction hypoxia, a potent inflammatory response similar to that observed in other systemic diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. accordingly, it is increasingly recognised that cerebral malaria (cm), the most severe and life threatening complication of plasmodium falciparum infection, bears a number of similarities with sepsis, an often fatal condition associated with a misregulated inflammatory response triggered by systemic mic ...	2015	26392042
vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) and lovastatin suppress the inflammatory response to plasmodium berghei infection and protect against experimental cerebral malaria.	cerebral malaria (cm) is a severe complication of plasmodium falciparum infection, which is associated with high mortality and long-term cognitive impairment even when effective anti-parasitic treatment is administered. (1 , 2) supportive therapy is needed to improve both morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. in an accompanying paper, we have demonstrated that in the plasmodium berghei anka (pba) rodent model, cm can be effectively prevented by a treatment combining sub-lethal ...	2015	26392164
gene expression changes in the salivary glands of anopheles coluzzii elicited by plasmodium berghei infection.	malaria is a devastating infectious disease caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected anopheles mosquitoes. salivary glands are the only mosquito tissue invaded by plasmodium sporozoites, being a key stage for the effective parasite transmission, making the study of anopheles sialome highly relevant.	2015	26395987
host cell autophagy contributes to plasmodium liver development.	autophagy plays an important role in the defence against intracellular pathogens. however, some microorganisms can manipulate this host cell pathway to their advantage. in this study, we addressed the role of host cell autophagy during plasmodium berghei liver infection. we show that vesicles containing the autophagic marker lc3 surround parasites from early time-points after invasion and throughout infection and colocalize with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. moreover, we show that the lc ...	2016	26399761
anti-plasmodial activity of ethanolic extract of root and stem back of cassia sieberiana dc on mice.	this study assessed within 4 days of suppressive test in vivo antimalarial activity of ethanolic extract of root and stem bark of cassia sieberiana dc against chloroquine sensitive strain of plasmodium berghei nk65 in mice.	2017	26401393
plasmodium infection is associated with impaired hepatic dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity and disruption of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor/substrate homeostasis.	inhibition of nitric oxide (no) signaling may contribute to pathological activation of the vascular endothelium during severe malaria infection. dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (ddah) regulates endothelial no synthesis by maintaining homeostasis between asymmetric dimethylarginine (adma), an endogenous no synthase (nos) inhibitor, and arginine, the nos substrate. we carried out a community-based case-control study of gambian children to determine whether adma and arginine homeostasis is ...	2015	26407009
molecular characterization of socs gene and its expression analysis on plasmodium berghei infection in anopheles culicifacies.	anopheles culicifacies mosquitoes are able to transmit both falciparum and vivax malaria in india. more than 65% of malaria cases reported annually spread through this vector. despite the fact that it poses major vectorial burden in india, the molecular basis of its immune role against plasmodium development has not been explored intensively. here, we characterized an. culicifacies socs (suppressor of cytokine signaling) gene, a regulator of stat pathway and its expression analysis upon plasmodi ...	2015	26407822
global transcriptional repression: an initial and essential step for plasmodium sexual development.	gametocytes are nonreplicative sexual forms that mediate malaria transmission to a mosquito vector. they are generated from asexual blood-stage parasites that proliferate in the circulation. however, little is known about how this transition is genetically regulated. here, we report that an apetala2 (ap2) family transcription factor, ap2-g2, regulates this transition as a transcriptional repressor. disruption of ap2-g2 in the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei did not prevent commitment ...	2015	26417110
characterization of liver cd8 t cell subsets that are associated with protection against pre-erythrocytic plasmodium parasites.	murine models of malaria, such as plasmodium berghei (pb) and plasmodium yoelii (py), have been used for decades to identify correlates of protection associated with immunization using radiation-attenuated sporozoites (ras). to date, ras is the only known immunization regimen to consistently deliver 100 % sterilizing immunity and is considered the "gold standard" of protection against malaria. the ability to isolate lymphocytes directly from the liver of immune mice has facilitated the identific ...	2015	26450377
detection of plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii liver-stage parasite burden by quantitative real-time pcr.	direct detection and quantification of liver-stage plasmodium parasites became possible with the development of quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr). here we describe the measurement of parasite burden in the livers of mice infected with the rodent malaria species, plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii. this method is based on detection of expression of parasite ribosomal 18s rna and can serve as an endpoint to accurately evaluate the efficacy of vaccines targeting the preerythrocytic stages of ...	2015	26450381
generation of transgenic rodent malaria parasites expressing human malaria parasite proteins.	we describe methods for the rapid generation of transgenic rodent plasmodium berghei (pb) parasites that express human malaria parasite (hmp) proteins, using the recently developed gimo-based transfection methodology. three different genetic modifications are described resulting in three types of transgenic parasites. (1) additional gene (ag) mutants. in these mutants the hmp gene is introduced as an "additional gene" into a silent/neutral locus of the pb genome under the control of either a con ...	2015	26450395
vaccination using gene-gun technology.	dna vaccines against infection with plasmodium have been highly successful in rodent models of malaria and have shown promise in the very limited number of clinical trials conducted so far. the vaccine platform is highly attractive for numerous reasons, such as low cost and a very favorable safety profile. gene gun delivery of dna plasmids drastically reduces the vaccine dose and does not only have the potential to make vaccines more accessible and affordable, but also simplifies (a) the testing ...	2015	26450396
antimalarial activity of 80 % methanolic extract of brassica nigra (l.) koch. (brassicaceae) seeds against plasmodium berghei infection in mice.	resistances to currently available drugs and insecticides, significant drug toxicities and costs and lack of vaccines currently complicated the treatment of malaria. a continued search for safe, effective and affordable plant-based antimalarial agents thus becomes crucial and vital in the face of these difficulties. the aim of the study was to evaluate the antimalarial activity of 80 % methanolic extract of the seeds of brassica nigra against plasmodium berghei infection in mice.	2015	26471058
antipyretic and antimalarial activities of solenostemon monostachyus.	solenostemon monostachyus p. beauv (lamiaceae) is an important herb used traditionally in the treatment of malaria, fever, and other diseases.	2016	26474350
increased gal-9 and tim-3 expressions during liver damage in a murine malarial model.	malaria has been one of the most devastating tropical parasite infectious diseases popular around the world. severe malaria is characterized by multiple organ dysfunctions, especially liver damage. however, the mechanisms of malarial liver injury remain to be better clarified. in this study, kunming mice inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 10(6) plasmodium berghei anka (pbanka)-infected red blood cells (irbcs) were investigated at days 5, 10, 15, and 20 post-infection (p.i.) to elucidate th ...	2016	26486943
in vivo antimalarial evaluation of some 2,3-disubstituted-4(3h)-quinazolinone derivatives.	malaria is a neglected tropical parasitic disease affecting billons of people around the globe. though the number of cases and deaths associated with malaria are decreasing in recent years, it is the most deadly disease in the world. this study aimed at investigating the in vivo antimalarial activities of some 2,3-disubstituted-4(3h)-quinazolinone derivatives.	2015	26486987
amodiaquine and ciprofloxacin combination in plasmodiasis therapy.	objective. the study was designed to determine the efficacy of combined amodiaquine and ciprofloxacin in plasmodiasis therapy. method. the in vivo antiplasmodial effect of different dosage levels of amodiaquine, ciprofloxacin, and their combinations against plasmodium berghei berghei was evaluated using swiss albino mice. results. amodiaquine (a known antiplasmodial agent) had a fairly significant antiplasmodial effect reducing the parasites for every 100 red blood cells (rbc) from 66 to 16 (75. ...	2015	26491456
upregulated tim-3/galectin-9 expressions in acute lung injury in a murine malarial model.	malaria is the most relevant parasitic disease worldwide, and severe malaria is characterized by cerebral edema, acute lung injury (ali), and multiple organ dysfunctions; however, the mechanisms of lung damage need to be better clarified. in this study, we used kunming outbred mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka (pbanka) to elucidate the profiles of t cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (tim-3) and its ligand galecin-9 (gal-9) in the development of ali. mice were injected intraperitone ...	2016	26494364
impact of sex differences in brain response to infection with plasmodium berghei.	malaria is considered to be one of the most prevalent diseases in the world. severity of the disease between males and females is very important in clinical research areas. in this study, we investigated the impact of sex differences in brain response to infection with plasmodium berghei. male and female c57bl/6 mice were infected with p. berghei-infected erythrocytes. the infection induced a significant change in weight loss in males (-7.2 % ± 0.5) than females (-4.9 % ± 0.6). the maximum paras ...	2016	26499384
a novel pyrazolopyridine with in vivo activity in plasmodium berghei- and plasmodium falciparum-infected mouse models from structure-activity relationship studies around the core of recently identified antimalarial imidazopyridazines.	toward improving pharmacokinetics, in vivo efficacy, and selectivity over herg, structure-activity relationship studies around the central core of antimalarial imidazopyridazines were conducted. this study led to the identification of potent pyrazolopyridines, which showed good in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetics profiles. the lead compounds also proved to be very potent in the parasite liver and gametocyte stages, which makes them of high interest.	2015	26502160
plasmodium berghei anka causes intestinal malaria associated with dysbiosis.	gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain and diarrhea, are frequently observed in patients with plasmodium falciparum malaria. however, the correlation between malaria intestinal pathology and intestinal microbiota has not been investigated. in the present study, infection of c57bl/6 mice with p. berghei anka (pba) caused intestinal pathological changes, such as detachment of epithelia in the small intestines and increased intestinal permeability, which correlated with development with ...	2015	26503461
within-host selection of drug resistance in a mouse model of repeated incomplete malaria treatment: comparison between atovaquone and pyrimethamine.	the evolutionary selection of malaria parasites within individual hosts is an important factor in the emergence of drug resistance but is still not well understood. we have examined the selection process for drug resistance in the mouse malaria agent plasmodium berghei and compared the dynamics of the selection for atovaquone and pyrimethamine. resistance to these drugs has been shown to be associated with genetic lesions in the dihydrofolate reductase gene in the case of pyrimethamine and in th ...	2015	26503662
enzymatic characterization of recombinant food vacuole plasmepsin 4 from the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei.	the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei is a practical model organism for experimental studies of human malaria. plasmepsins are a class of aspartic proteinase isoforms that exert multiple pathological effects in malaria parasites. plasmepsins residing in the food vacuole (fv) of the parasite hydrolyze hemoglobin in red blood cells. in this study, we cloned pbpm4, the fv plasmepsin gene of p. berghei that encoded an n-terminally truncated pro-segment and the mature enzyme from genomic dna ...	2015	26510189
a novel role for von willebrand factor in the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria.	plasmodium falciparum malaria infection is associated with an early marked increase in plasma von willebrand factor (vwf) levels, together with a pathological accumulation of hyperreactive ultra-large vwf (ul-vwf) multimers. given the established critical role of platelets in malaria pathogenesis, these increases in plasma vwf raise the intriguing possibility that vwf may play a direct role in modulating malaria pathogenesis. to address this hypothesis, we used an established murine model of exp ...	2016	26511133
recruited monocytes modulate malaria-induced lung injury through cd36-mediated clearance of sequestered infected erythrocytes.	pulmonary complications occur in a significant percentage of adults and children during the course of severe malaria. the cellular and molecular innate immune mechanisms that limit the extent of pulmonary inflammation and preserve lung function during severe plasmodium infections remain unclear. in particular, the contributions to pulmonary complications by parasitized erythrocyte sequestration and subsequent clearance from the lung microvasculature by immune cells have not been clearly defined. ...	2016	26516185
enantiopure indolizinoindolones with in vitro activity against blood- and liver-stage malaria parasites.	malaria continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality to this day, and resistance to drugs like chloroquine has led to an urgent need to discover novel chemical entities aimed at new targets. here, we report the discovery of a novel class of potential antimalarial compounds containing an indolizinoindolone scaffold. these novel enantiopure indolizinoindolones were synthesized, in good-to-excellent yields and excellent diastereoselectivities, by cyclocondensation reaction of (s)- or (r ...	2015	26525306
asparagine requirement in plasmodium berghei as a target to prevent malaria transmission and liver infections.	the proteins of plasmodium, the malaria parasite, are strikingly rich in asparagine. plasmodium depends primarily on host haemoglobin degradation for amino acids and has a rudimentary pathway for amino acid biosynthesis, but retains a gene encoding asparagine synthetase (as). here we show that deletion of as in plasmodium berghei (pb) delays the asexual- and liver-stage development with substantial reduction in the formation of ookinetes, oocysts and sporozoites in mosquitoes. in the absence of ...	2015	26531182
impact of chrysosplenetin on the pharmacokinetics and anti-malarial efficacy of artemisinin against plasmodium berghei as well as in vitro cyp450 enzymatic activities in rat liver microsome.	artemisinin (art) is an efficacious and safe anti-malarial drugs but has low oral bioavailability and auto-induction profiles during multiple dosing. the pharmacokinetic disadvantages have been found to partially depend on the induction of cytochrome p-450 enzymes by art and resulted in the therapeutic failure due to insufficient drug levels. the present study, therefore, investigated the impacts of chrysosplenetin (chr), a polymethoxylated flavonoid from artemisia annua, on the pharmacokinetics ...	2015	26537009
an analysis of the influence of sex hormones on balb/c mice infected with plasmodium berghei.	sex steroids can determine several responses in the clinical evolution of malaria. seventy balb-c mice were randomly distributed into 7 groups (10 mice per group): g1 to g6 corresponding to castrated females, castrated females that received estradiol cypionate, uncastrated females, castrated males, castrated males that received intramuscular testosterone decanoate and uncastrated males infected with plasmodium berghei, and g7, the control group. the mice were evaluated with regard to survival, p ...	2016	26549492
suppression of cd4+ effector responses by naturally occurring cd4+ cd25+ foxp3+ regulatory t cells contributes to experimental cerebral malaria.	the role of naturally occurring cd4(+) cd25(+) foxp3(+) regulatory t cells (ntreg) in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (cm), which involves both pathogenic t cell responses and parasite sequestration in the brain, is still unclear. to assess the contribution and dynamics of ntreg during the neuropathogenesis, we unbalanced the ratio between ntreg and naive cd4(+) t cells in an attenuated model of plasmodium berghei anka-induced experimental cm (ecm) by using a selective cell enrichment strat ...	2015	26553468
aspidosperma (apocynaceae) plant cytotoxicity and activity towards malaria parasites. part ii: experimental studies withaspidosperma ramiflorum in vivo and in vitro.	several species of aspidosperma plants are used to treat diseases in the tropics, including aspidosperma ramiflorum, which acts against leishmaniasis, an activity that is experimentally confirmed. the species, known as guatambu-yellow, yellow peroba, coffee-peroba and matiambu, grows in the atlantic forest of brazil in the south to the southeast regions. through a guided biofractionation of a. ramiflorum extracts, the plant activity against plasmodium falciparum was evaluated in vitro for toxici ...	2015	26560981
perivascular arrest of cd8+ t cells is a signature of experimental cerebral malaria.	there is significant evidence that brain-infiltrating cd8+ t cells play a central role in the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) during plasmodium berghei anka infection of c57bl/6 mice. however, the mechanisms through which they mediate their pathogenic activity during malaria infection remain poorly understood. utilizing intravital two-photon microscopy combined with detailed ex vivo flow cytometric analysis, we show that brain-infiltrating t cells accumulate within the perivas ...	2015	26562533
measuring antigen presentation in mouse brain endothelial cells ex vivo and in vitro.	we have recently demonstrated that brain endothelial cells cross-present parasite antigen during mouse experimental cerebral malaria (ecm). here we describe a 2-d protocol to detect cross-presentation by isolating the brain microvessels and incubating them with a reporter cell line that expresses lacz upon detection of the relevant peptide-major histocompatibility complex. after x-gal staining, a typical positive result consists of hundreds of blue spots, compared with fewer than 20 spots from a ...	2015	26562622
plasmodium p-type cyclin cyc3 modulates endomitotic growth during oocyst development in mosquitoes.	cell-cycle progression and cell division in eukaryotes are governed in part by the cyclin family and their regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). cyclins are very well characterised in model systems such as yeast and human cells, but surprisingly little is known about their number and role in plasmodium, the unicellular protozoan parasite that causes malaria. malaria parasite cell division and proliferation differs from that of many eukaryotes. during its life cycle it undergoes two type ...	2015	26565797
the application of anti-toso antibody enhances cd8(+) t cell responses in experimental malaria vaccination and disease.	toso is a molecule highly expressed on b cells. it influences their survival and was identified as an igm binding molecule. b cells and natural antibodies play a role in vaccination-induced cd8(+) t cell responses. we investigated the impact of an anti-toso antibody on vaccination efficiency in a malaria vaccination model. in this model, cd8(+) t cells exert antiparasitic functions on infected hepatocytes in the liver stage of the disease. in vaccinated anti-toso treated mice, more antigen-speci ...	2015	26597034
high dietary folate in mice alters immune response and reduces survival after malarial infection.	malaria is a significant global health issue, with nearly 200 million cases in 2013 alone. parasites obtain folate from the host or synthesize it de novo. folate consumption has increased in many populations, prompting concerns regarding potential deleterious consequences of higher intake. the impact of high dietary folate on the host's immune function and response to malaria has not been examined. our goal was to determine whether high dietary folate would affect response to malarial infection ...	2015	26599510
protective effects of tinospora crispa stem extract on renal damage and hemolysis during plasmodium berghei infection in mice.	renal damage and hemolysis induced by malaria are associated with mortality in adult patients. it has been speculated that oxidative stress condition induced by malaria infection is involved in its pathology. thus, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of tinospora crispa stem extract on renal damage and hemolysis during plasmodium berghei infection. t. crispa stem extract was prepared using hot water method and used for oral treatment in mice. groups of icr mice were infected with 1 × ...	2015	26600953
interleukin-18 antagonism improved histopathological conditions of malaria infection in mice.	interleukin 18 (il-18) exerts pleiotropic roles in many inflammatory-related diseases including parasitic infection. previous studies have demonstrated the promising therapeutic potential of modulating il-18 bioactivity in various pathological conditions. however, its involvement during malaria infection has yet to be established. in this study, we demonstrated the effect of modulating il-18 on the histopathological conditions of malaria infected mice.	2017	26622294
altered lipid composition of surfactant and lung tissue in murine experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.	malaria-associated acute lung injury (ma-ali) and its more severe form malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ma-ards) are common, often fatal complications of severe malaria infections. however, little is known about their pathogenesis. in this study, biochemical alterations of the lipid composition of the lungs were investigated as possible contributing factors to the severity of murine ma-ali/ards. c57bl/6j mice were infected with plasmodium berghei nk65 to induce lethal ma-a ...	2015	26624290
in vivo antimalarial activity of the endophytic actinobacteria, streptomyces suk 10.	endophytic bacteria, such as streptomyces, have the potential to act as a source for novel bioactive molecules with medicinal properties. the present study was aimed at assessing the antimalarial activity of crude extract isolated from various strains of actinobacteria living endophytically in some malaysian medicinal plants. using the four day suppression test method on male icr strain mice, compounds produced from three strains of streptomyces (suk8, suk10, and suk27) were tested in vivo again ...	2015	26626355
inhibition of plasmodium berghei development in mosquitoes by effector proteins secreted from asaia sp. bacteria using a novel native secretion signal.	novel interventions are needed to prevent the transmission of the plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. one possible method is to supply mosquitoes with antiplasmodial effector proteins from bacteria by paratransgenesis. mosquitoes have a diverse complement of midgut microbiota including the gram-negative bacteria asaia bogorensis. this study presents the first use of asaia sp. bacteria for paratransgenesis against p. berghei. we identified putative secreted proteins from a. bogorensis by a g ...	2015	26636338
reinvestigating old pharmacophores: are 4-aminoquinolines and tetraoxanes potential two-stage antimalarials?	the syntheses and antiplasmodial activities of various substituted aminoquinolines coupled to an adamantane carrier are described. the compounds exhibited pronounced in vitro and in vivo activity against plasmodium berghei in the thompson test. tethering a fluorine atom to the aminoquinoline c(3) position afforded fluoroaminoquinolines that act as intrahepatocytic parasite inhibitors, with compound 25 having an ic50 = 0.31 μm and reducing the liver load in mice by up to 92% at 80 mg/kg dose. scr ...	2016	26640981
mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection has no impact on plasmodium berghei anka-induced experimental cerebral malaria in c57bl/6 mice.	cerebral malaria (cm) is the most severe complication of human infection with plasmodium falciparum. the mechanisms predisposing to cm are still not fully understood. proinflammatory immune responses are required for the control of blood-stage malaria infection but are also implicated in the pathogenesis of cm. a fine balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses is required for parasite clearance without the induction of host pathology. the most accepted experimental model to stud ...	2015	26644378
antiparasitic and immunomodulatory potential of oral nanocapsules encapsulated lactoferrin protein against plasmodium berghei.	to analyze the effect of native buffalo lactoferrin (bulf) protein along with its nanoformulation using alginate-enclosed, chitosan-conjugated, calcium phosphate buffalo lf nanocapsules (aec-cco-cp-bulf ncs) against rodent parasite plasmodium berghei.	2016	26654428
evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of extracts and constituents from ampelozizyphus amazonicus.	ampelozizyphus amazonicus ducke, a plant that is widely used by the population of the amazonian region to prevent and treat malaria, was investigated in this work, which describes, for the first time, the antiplasmodial activity of its extracts and associates this activity with its isolated constituents.	0	26664012
in vivo antimalarial activities of russelia equisetiformis in plasmodium berghei infected mice.	the rising problem of resistance to most commonly used antimalarials remains a major challenge in the control of malaria suggesting the need for new antimalarial agents. this work explores the antiplasmodial potential of ethanol extract of russelia equisetiformis in chloroquine plasmodium berghei infected mice. swiss albino mice were intraperitoneally infected with chloroquine-resistant p. berghei (anka). experimental mice were treated for four days consecutively with graded doses of plant extra ...	2017	26664070
stearylamine liposomal delivery of monensin in combination with free artemisinin eliminates blood stages of plasmodium falciparum in culture and p. berghei infection in murine malaria.	the global emergence of drug resistance in malaria is impeding the therapeutic efficacy of existing antimalarial drugs. therefore, there is a critical need to develop an efficient drug delivery system to circumvent drug resistance. the anticoccidial drug monensin, a carboxylic ionophore, has been shown to have antimalarial properties. here, we developed a liposome-based drug delivery of monensin and evaluated its antimalarial activity in lipid formulations of soya phosphatidylcholine (spc) chole ...	2015	26666937
tailoring a combination preerythrocytic malaria vaccine.	the leading malaria vaccine candidate, rts,s, based on the plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (csp), will likely be the first publicly adopted malaria vaccine. however, this and other subunit vaccines, such as virus-vectored thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (trap), provide only intermediate to low levels of protection. in this study, the plasmodium berghei homologues of antigens csp and trap are combined. trap is delivered using adenovirus- and vaccinia virus-based vectors in ...	2015	26667840
antiplasmodial activity, in vivo pharmacokinetics and anti-malarial efficacy evaluation of hydroxypyridinone hybrids in a mouse model.	during the erythrocytic stage in humans, malaria parasites digest haemoglobin of the host cell, and the toxic haem moiety crystallizes into haemozoin. chloroquine acts by forming toxic complexes with haem molecules and interfering with their crystallization. in chloroquine-resistant strains, the drug is excluded from the site of action, which causes the parasites to accumulate less chloroquine in their acid food vacuoles than chloroquine-sensitive parasites. 3-hydroxylpyridin-4-ones are known to ...	2015	26671222
in vitro and in vivo anti-malarial activity of plants from the brazilian amazon.	the anti-malarials quinine and artemisinin were isolated from traditionally used plants (cinchona spp. and artemisia annua, respectively). the synthetic quinoline anti-malarials (e.g. chloroquine) and semi-synthetic artemisinin derivatives (e.g. artesunate) were developed based on these natural products. malaria is endemic to the amazon region where plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax drug-resistance is of concern. there is an urgent need for new anti-malarials. traditionally used amazoni ...	2015	26682750
an investigation into the antimalarial effect of methanolic extract of paullinia pinnata leaves in plasmodium berghei infected mice and course of infection.	the aim of this study was to investigate the antimalarial activity of methanolic leaves extract of paullinia pinnata on chloroquine-sensitive plasmodium berghei nk 65 infected mice.	2014	26688604
anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory effects of gleichenia truncata mediated through inhibition of gsk3β.	gleichenia truncata is a highland fern from the gleicheniaceae family known for its traditional use among indigenous communities in asia to treat fever. the scientific basis of its effect has yet to be documented. a yeast-based kinase assay conducted in our laboratory revealed that crude methanolic extract (cme) of g. truncata exhibited glycogen synthase kinase-3 (gsk3)-inhibitory activity. gsk3β is now recognized to have a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammatory response during bacterial ...	2015	26695202
evaluation of the antiplasmodial properties of selected plants in southern ethiopia.	the majority of the ethiopian population is at risk of malaria largely caused by plasmodium falciparum. the resistance of the parasite to existing drugs is the main challenge in the control of the disease and thus new therapeutic drugs are required. in ethiopia, people use different plant species to treat malaria. however, very few of them have so far been evaluated for their safety level and antimalarial activity. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and antimalarial activity ...	2015	26698300
tap-mediated processing of exoerythrocytic antigens is essential for protection induced with radiation-attenuated plasmodium sporozoites.	mhc class i dependent cd8(+) t cells are essential for protection induced by radiation-attenuated plasmodium sporozoites (ras) in murine malaria models. apart from the mechanism of activation of cd8(+) t cells specific for the circumsporozoite protein, the major sporozoite antigen (ag), cd8(+) t cells specific for other exoerythrocytic ags that have been shown to mediate protection have not been thoroughly investigated. specifically, mechanisms of processing and presentation of exoerythrocytic a ...	2016	26703789
evaluation of the use of ocimum suave willd. (lamiaceae), plectranthus barbatus andrews (lamiaceae) and zanthoxylum chalybeum engl. (rutaceae) as antimalarial remedies in kenyan folk medicine.	crude extracts from the leaves of ocimum suave willd (lamiaceae) and the root barks of plectranthus barbatus andrews (lamiaceae) and zanthoxylum chalybeum engl. (rutaceae) were studied to ascertain the ethnopharmacological standing of their antimalarial usage in kenyan folk medicine.	2016	26705665
application of spect/ct imaging system and radiochemical analysis for investigation of blood kinetics and tissue distribution of radiolabeled plumbagin in healthy and plasmodium berghei-infected mice.	plumbagin is a derivative of napthoquinone which is isolated from the roots of plants in several families. these compound exhibits a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities including antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. the aim of the study was to investigate blood kinetics and tissue distribution of plumbagin in healthy and plasmodium berghei-infected mice using single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (spect/ct) and radiochem ...	2016	26713669
parasitemia induces high plasma levels of interleukin-17 (il-17) and low levels of interleukin-10 (il-10) and transforming growth factor-ß (tgf-ß) in pregnant mice infected with malaria.	during pregnancy, the balanced dominance of the t helper17 response shifts to a th2 response that is characterised by the production of il-10, following the completion of the implantation process. transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β) expression is associated with the completion of trophoblast invasion and placental growth. this study assessed the effect of malaria infection on the levels of il-17, il-10, and tgf-β in the plasma of pregnant mice with malaria.	2017	26715893
monocyte- and neutrophil-derived cxcl10 impairs efficient control of blood-stage malaria infection and promotes severe disease.	cxcl10, or ifn-γ-inducible protein 10, is a biomarker associated with increased risk for plasmodium falciparum-mediated cerebral malaria (cm). consistent with this, we have previously shown that cxcl10 neutralization or genetic deletion alleviates brain intravascular inflammation and protects plasmodium berghei anka-infected mice from cm. in addition to organ-specific effects, the absence of cxcl10 during infection was also found to reduce parasite biomass. to identify the cellular sources of cx ...	2016	26718341
plasmodium berghei bio-burden correlates with parasite lactate dehydrogenase: application to murine plasmodium diagnostics.	the spectrum of techniques to detect malaria parasites in whole blood is limited to measuring parasites in circulation. one approach that is currently used to enumerate total parasite bio-burden involves the use of bio-luminescent parasites. as an alternative approach, this study describes the use of a commercial elisa human parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pldh) detection kit to estimate total parasite bio-burden in murine malaria models.	2016	26729268
corrigendum: plasmodium berghei anka causes intestinal malaria associated with dysbiosis.		2016	26738995
a 43 kda recombinant plasmepsin elicits immune response in mice against plasmodium berghei malaria.	intraerythrocytic parasites degrade haemoglobin to make available nutrients for their growth and maturation. plasmepsins, the aspartic proteases of plasmodium play a significant role in haemoglobin degradation and are proposed as attractive drug targets. in the present study the gene which encodes plasmepsin in rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, was cloned and expressed. the gene was sequenced and expressed in escherichia coli bl21de3 and a recombinant plasmepsin of molecular weight 43 ...	2016	26751879
a yeast strain associated to anopheles mosquitoes produces a toxin able to kill malaria parasites.	malaria control strategies are focusing on new approaches, such as the symbiotic control, which consists in the use of microbial symbionts to prevent parasite development in the mosquito gut and to block the transmission of the infection to humans. several microbes, bacteria and fungi, have been proposed for malaria or other mosquito-borne diseases control strategies. among these, the yeast wickerhamomyces anomalus has been recently isolated from the gut of anopheles mosquitoes, where it release ...	2016	26754943
suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 modulates the immune response profile and development of experimental cerebral malaria.	plasmodium falciparum infection results in severe malaria in humans, affecting various organs, including the liver, spleen and brain, and resulting in high morbidity and mortality. the plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection in mice closely recapitulates many aspects of human cerebral malaria (cm); thus, this model has been used to investigate the pathogenesis of cm. suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (socs2), an intracellular protein induced by cytokines and hormones, modulates the immune respo ...	2016	26765997
marked elevation in plasma osteoprotegerin constitutes an early and consistent feature of cerebral malaria.	adherence of infected erythrocytes to vascular endothelium causes acute endothelial cell (ec) activation during plasmodium falciparum infection. consequently, proteins stored in weibel-palade (wp) bodies within ec are secreted into the plasma. osteoprotegerin (opg) binds to vwf and consequently is stored within wp bodies. given the critical role of ec activation in the pathogenesis of severe malaria, we investigated plasma opg levels in children with p. falciparum malaria. at presentation, plasm ...	2016	26766771
lectin-carbohydrate recognition mechanism of plasmodium berghei in the midgut of malaria vector anopheles stephensi using quantum dot as a new approach.	potential targets of plasmodium ookinetes at the mosquito midgut walls were investigated in relation to interfering malarial transmission. in this study, the essential application of quantum dots (qds) was used to examine the interaction between plasmodium berghei ookinetes and the anopheles stephensi midgut, based on lectin-carbohydrate recognition. two significant lectins were utilized to determine this interaction. two qds, cadmium telluride (cdte)/cds and cadmium selenide (cdse)/cds, were em ...	2016	26772447
a vacuolar iron-transporter homologue acts as a detoxifier in plasmodium.	iron is an essential micronutrient but is also highly toxic. in yeast and plant cells, a key detoxifying mechanism involves iron sequestration into intracellular storage compartments, mediated by members of the vacuolar iron-transporter (vit) family of proteins. here we study the vit homologue from the malaria parasites plasmodium falciparum (pfvit) and plasmodium berghei (pbvit). pfvit-mediated iron transport in a yeast heterologous expression system is saturable (km ∼ 14.7 μm), and selective f ...	2016	26786069
functional profiles of orphan membrane transporters in the life cycle of the malaria parasite.	assigning function to orphan membrane transport proteins and prioritizing candidates for detailed biochemical characterization remain fundamental challenges and are particularly important for medically relevant pathogens, such as malaria parasites. here we present a comprehensive genetic analysis of 35 orphan transport proteins of plasmodium berghei during its life cycle in mice and anopheles mosquitoes. six genes, including four candidate aminophospholipid transporters, are refractory to gene d ...	2016	26796412
translational control of uis4 protein of the host-parasite interface is mediated by the rna binding protein puf2 in plasmodium berghei sporozoites.	uis4 is a key protein component of the host-parasite interface in the liver stage of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei and required for parasite survival after invasion. in the infectious sporozoite, uis4 protein has variably been shown to be translated but also been reported to be translationally repressed. here we show that uis4 mrna translation is regulated by the p. berghei rna binding protein pumilio-2 (pbpuf2 or puf2 from here on forward) in infectious salivary gland sporozoit ...	2016	26808677
novel factors of anopheles gambiae haemocyte immune response to plasmodium berghei infection.	insect haemocytes mediate cellular immune responses (e.g., phagocytosis) and contribute to the synthesis of humoral immune factors. in previous work, a genome-wide molecular characterization of anopheles gambiae circulating haemocytes was followed by functional gene characterization using cell-based rnai screens. assays were carried out to investigate the role of selected haemocyte-specific or enriched genes in phagocytosis of bacterial bio-particles, expression of the antimicrobial peptide cecr ...	2016	26858200
the fikk kinase of toxoplasma gondii is not essential for the parasite's lytic cycle.	fikk kinases are a novel family of kinases unique to the apicomplexa. while most apicomplexans encode a single fikk kinase, plasmodium falciparum expresses 21 and piroplasms do not encode a fikk kinase. fikk kinases share a conserved c-terminal catalytic domain, but the n-terminal region is highly variable and contains no known functional domains. to date, fikk kinases have been primarily studied in p. falciparum and plasmodium berghei. those that have been studied are exported from the parasite ...	2016	26859096
evaluation of senna singueana leaf extract as an alternative or adjuvant therapy for malaria.	the emergence of malarial resistance to most antimalarial drugs is the main factor driving the continued effort to identify/discover new agents for combating the disease. moreover, the unacceptably high mortality rate in severe malaria has led to the consideration of adjuvant therapies. senna singueana leaves are traditionally used against malaria and fever. extracts from the leaves of this plant demonstrated in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities, which in turn could reduce the severity of ...	2016	26870688
synthesis of gold mediated biocompatible nanocomposite of lactone enriched fraction from sahadevi (vernonia cinerea lees): an assessment of antimalarial potential.	metals reduction into submicro/nano size through bhasma preparations for therapeutic use is well established in ancient traditional system of indian medicines i.e. ayurveda. recently, nanotechnology has drawn the attention of researchers to develeope various size and shape nanoparicles / composite for number of applications.in this article, we report the enrichment of lactone enriched fraction (lef) by liquid-liquid portioning of vernonia cinerea metabolic extract and sysnthesis of mediated nano ...	2016	26876516
synergistic anti-malarial action of cryptolepine and artemisinins.	cryptolepine (cpe) is the major indoloquinoline isolated from the popular west african anti-malarial plant, cryptolepis sanguinolenta. cpe possesses various pharmacological activities with potent anti-malarial activity against both chloroquine (cq)-resistant and -sensitive strains. the search for safe and novel anti-malarial agents and combinations to delay resistance development to plasmodium falciparum directed this work aimed at evaluating the anti-malarial interaction and safety of cpe in co ...	2016	26879905
lopinavir/ritonavir enhanced the antimalarial activity of amodiaquine and artesunate in a mouse model of plasmodium berghei.	treatment of malaria and hiv in co-infected patients remains a challenge due to the limited information on interaction between drugs used for the treatment of the two infections. thus, this study evaluated the interaction between lopinavir/ritonavir (lr) and artesunate (as), amodiaquine (aq) or a fixed dose of as/aq in a mouse model of chloroquine-resistant plasmodium berghei. combination of lr with graded doses of as or aq resulted in a significant reduced ed50. in addition, parasites cleared c ...	2016	26900802
antimalarial and cytotoxic properties of chukrasia tabularis a. juss and turraea vogelii hook f. ex. benth.	malaria, caused by plasmodium parasite, is at the moment the highest cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropics. recently, there is increasing efforts to develop more potent antimalarials from plant sources that will have little or no adverse effects. this study is aimed at investigating the in vivo mice antimalarial and in vitro antiplasmodial effects of two meliaceae plants commonly used in nigerian ethnomedicine as part of recipe for treating malaria infection: chukrasia tabularis and tu ...	2016	26911147
landolphia owariensis leaf extracts reduce parasitemia in plasmodium berghei-infected mice.	context landolphia owariensis p. beauv. (apocyanaceae) leaf is used in southeast nigeria to treat malaria. objective this study evaluated the antiplasmodial activity of l. owariensis leaf extract and fractions, also the phytoconstituents were standardized and analyzed. methods the effects of daily, oral administrations of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of l. owariensis leaf extract (loe), its hexane (lohf), ethyl acetate (loef) and methanol (lomf) fractions on early, established and residual infections ...	2016	26916149
immunogenicity and immunizing protection effect of gama gene dna vaccine on plasmodium berghei.	to explore the effect of immunogenicity and immunizing protection of gama gene dna vaccine, which was related with merozoite, ookinete and sporozoite invasion.	2016	26919947
intravital imaging of the immune responses during liver-stage malaria infection: an improved approach for fixing the liver.	the host-parasite relationship is one of the main themes of modern parasitology. recent revolutions in science, including the development of various fluorescent proteins/probes and two-photon microscopy, have made it possible to directly visualize and study the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the host and pathogen. here, we describe our method of preparing and setting-up the liver for our experimental approach of using intravital imaging to examine the interaction between plasmodiu ...	2016	26921520
glutathione-deficient plasmodium berghei parasites exhibit growth delay and nuclear dna damage.	plasmodium parasites are exposed to endogenous and exogenous oxidative stress during their complex life cycle. to minimize oxidative damage, the parasites use glutathione (gsh) and thioredoxin (trx) as primary antioxidants. we previously showed that disruption of the plasmodium berghei gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (pbggcs-ko) or the glutathione reductase (pbgr-ko) genes resulted in a significant reduction of gsh in intraerythrocytic stages, and a defect in growth in the pbggcs-ko parasites. ...	2016	26952808
inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis sensitizes plasmodium berghei to antifolates.	glutathione plays a central role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis, and modulations to this status may affect malaria parasite sensitivity to certain types of antimalarials. in this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis in the plasmodium berghei anka strain through disruption of the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-gcs) gene, which encodes the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the glutathione biosynthetic pathway, significantly sensitizes parasites in vivo to ...	2016	26953195
new molecular settings to support in vivo anti-malarial assays.	quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) is now commonly used as a method to confirm diagnosis of malaria and to differentiate recrudescence from re-infection, especially in clinical trials and in reference laboratories where precise quantification is critical. although anti-malarial drug discovery is based on in vivo murine efficacy models, use of molecular analysis has been limited. the aim of this study was to develop qpcr as a valid methodology to support pre-clinical anti-malarial models by using ...	2016	26955872
potential antimalarial activity of methyl jasmonate and its effect on lipid profiles in plasmodium berghei infected mice.	the antimalarial activity and lipid profiles of methyl jasmonate (mj) were investigated against established malaria infection in vivo using balb/c mice.	2015	26957973
in vivo anti-plasmodial activities and toxic impacts of lime extract of a combination of picralima nitida, alstonia boonei and gongronema latifolium in mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive plasmodium berghei.	lime extracts of powdered combination of seeds of picralima nitida, stem bark of alstonia boonei and leaves of gongronema latifolium is a common remedy used in the treatment of malaria in south western nigeria.	2015	26958029
experimental cerebral malaria spreads along the rostral migratory stream.	it is poorly understood how progressive brain swelling in experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) evolves in space and over time, and whether mechanisms of inflammation or microvascular sequestration/obstruction dominate the underlying pathophysiology. we therefore monitored in the plasmodium berghei anka-c57bl/6 murine ecm model, disease manifestation and progression clinically, assessed by the rapid-murine-coma-and-behavioral-scale (rmcbs), and by high-resolution in vivo mri, including sensitive a ...	2016	26964100