Publications

bioterrorism: a clinical reality.		2007	17727141
soviet anthrax explanation is debunked.		1980	17747803
the virulence of cultivated anthrax virus.		1884	17748437
inhibiting the transport of hazardous spores using polymer-based solutions.	a series of polymer solutions were developed for the purpose of immobilizing aerosolized 1-10 mu m sized hazardous biological particles. the polymer solutions were designed as tools for emergency response and remediation personnel. the inhibition of secondary aerosolization and migration of biothreat particles has important implications for public health protection and contamination cleanup. limiting further dispersion of particles such as bacillus anthracis spores may reduce inhalation hazards ...	2007	17763073
pediatric anthrax: implications for bioterrorism preparedness.	to systematically review the literature about children with anthrax to describe their clinical course, treatment responses, and the predictors of disease progression and mortality.	2006	17764208
immunisation with anthrolysin o or a genetic toxoid protects against challenge with the toxin but not against bacillus anthracis.	anthrolysin o (alo) is a toxin produced by bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. it is a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (cdc) group of toxins, many of which are potential vaccine candidates that protect against their producing organisms. pore formation by alo was studied by transmission electron microscopy and pores were found to be consistent with those formed by other members of this toxin family. we constructed and characterised a novel genetic toxoid of anthrolys ...	2007	17765365
bacillus acidiceler sp. nov., isolated from a forensic specimen, containing bacillus anthracis px02 genes.	research at the center for biological defense identified plasmid-borne forms of bacillus anthracis pxo2 genes in a gram-positive, endospore-forming rod, isolated from a forensic specimen considered a credible threat of harbouring anthrax. conventional, commercial and molecular-based methods indicated that the isolate (cbd 119(t)) was not b. anthracis and considered not to be a member of the bacillus cereus group. based on the 16s rrna gene sequence similarities, strain cbd 119(t) was most closel ...	2007	17766868
bioterrorism: processing contaminated evidence, the effects of formaldehyde gas on the recovery of latent fingermarks.	in the present age of heightened emphasis on counter terrorism, law enforcement and forensic science are constantly evolving and adapting to the motivations and capabilities of terrorist groups and individuals. the use of biological agents on a population, such as anthrax spores, presents unique challenges to the forensic investigator, and the processing of contaminated evidence. in this research, a number of porous and non-porous items were contaminated with viable [corrected] spores and marked ...	2007	17767655
inhalational, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous anthrax in children: a systematic review of cases: 1900 to 2005.	to systematically review all published case reports of children with anthrax to evaluate the predictors of disease progression and mortality.	2007	17768291
active immunization to anthrax by means of heterophile antigen.		1933	17778041
recombinant exosporium protein bcla of bacillus anthracis is effective as a booster for mice primed with suboptimal amounts of protective antigen.	bacillus collagen-like protein of anthracis (bcla) is an immunodominant glycoprotein located on the exosporium of bacillus anthracis. we hypothesized that antibodies to this spore surface antigen are largely responsible for the augmented immunity to anthrax that has been reported for animals vaccinated with inactivated spores and protective antigen (pa) compared to vaccination with pa alone. to test this theory, we first evaluated the capacity of recombinant, histidine-tagged, nonglycosylated bc ...	2007	17785478
late endosomal cholesterol accumulation leads to impaired intra-endosomal trafficking.	pathological accumulation of cholesterol in late endosomes is observed in lysosomal storage diseases such as niemann-pick type c. we here analyzed the effects of cholesterol accumulation in npc cells, or as phenocopied by the drug u18666a, on late endosomes membrane organization and dynamics.	2007	17786222
sequence specific detection of dna using nicking endonuclease signal amplification (nesa).	we have developed a new method for identifying specific single- or double-stranded dna sequences called nicking endonuclease signal amplification (nesa). a probe and target dna anneal to create a restriction site that is recognized by a strand-specific endonuclease that cleaves the probe into two pieces leaving the target dna intact. the target dna can then act as a template for fresh probe and the process of hybridization, cleavage and dissociation repeats. laser-induced fluorescence coupled wi ...	2007	17827214
public health: deaths among heroin users present a puzzle.	more than 30 heroin users in scotland and ireland have succumbed to a mysterious malady in the past 6 weeks, leading health officials to suspect anthrax, the notorious biological warfare agent. now, analyses by microbe hunters on both sides of the atlantic offer a somewhat reassuring conclusion: anthrax did not kill the heroin users. it's unclear what did, but a new suspect has emerged.	2000	17835100
pathology of inhalational anthrax infection in the african green monkey.	there is a critical need for an alternative nonhuman primate model for inhalational anthrax infection because of the increasingly limited supply and cost of the current model. this report describes the pathology in 12 african green monkeys (agms) that succumbed to inhalational anthrax after exposure to a low dose (presented dose 200-2 x 10(4)colony-forming units [cfu]) or a high dose (presented dose 2 x 10(4)-1 x 10(7) cfu) of bacillus anthracis (ames strain) spores. frequent gross lesions noted ...	2007	17846250
anthrax lethal toxin-induced inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation are late events dependent on ion fluxes and the proteasome.	anthrax lethal toxin (lt) is cytotoxic to macrophages from certain inbred mouse strains. the gene controlling macrophage susceptibility to lt is nalp1b. nalp1b forms part of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex involved in caspase-1 activation and release of interleukin (il)-1beta and il-18. we confirm the role of caspase-1 in lt-mediated death by showing that caspase inhibitors differentially protected cells against lt, with the degree of protection corresponding to each compound's ability ...	2008	17850338
response to letter to the editor "zink tk. vaccine 2007;25(15):2766-7".		2007	17850932
[diseases caused by bacteria and rickettsia in biological warfare and bioterrorism].	introduction: until recently, the use of biological weapons was considered more from an academic than practical point of view. the list of agents and/or toxins that can be used as biological weapons is long. some of them are highly lethal, while others cause morbidity and disability. biological weapons: bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi, protozoa and toxins can all be used as biological weapons. the infection may be acquired by inhalation of aerosols, ingestion of contaminated water or food o ...	2007	17853736
direct diazo-transfer reaction on beta-lactam: synthesis and preliminary biological activities of 6-triazolylpenicillanic acids.	in this study we report the first example of a direct diazo-transfer reaction on readily available 6-aminopenicillanates to give 6-azidopenicillanates in high yield. subsequent cu(i)-catalyzed huisgen cycloaddition between these 6-azidopenicillanates and assorted terminal alkynes facilely furnished 6-triazolylpenicillanic acids. preliminary biological screening indicates that these triazolylpenicillanic acids possess low to moderate antibacterial activities.	2007	17855098
c/ebpbeta phosphorylation rescues macrophage dysfunction and apoptosis induced by anthrax lethal toxin.	bacillus anthracis lethal toxin (lt) impairs innate and adaptive immunity. anthrax lethal factor stimulates cleavage of mapk kinases, which prevents the activation of antiapoptotic mapk targets. however, these mapk targets have not been yet identified. here, we found that lt induces macrophage apoptosis by enhancing caspase 8 activation and by preventing the activation of ribosomal s6 kinase-2 (rsk), a mapk target, and the phosphorylation of ccaat/enhancer binding protein-beta (c/ebpbeta) on t(2 ...	2007	17855774
ii. on the present state of knowledge in bacterial science in its surgical relations (concluded): actinomycosis-anthrax-glanders.		1886	17856094
i. report of a case of anthrax.		1893	17859989
ix. a report of two cases of facial anthrax treated by injections of carbolic acid, with recovery.		1901	17861043
the serum treatment of anthrax septicaemia.		1922	17864642
the treatment of anthrax infections.		1923	17864788
anthrax and its treatment.		1923	17864896
nlr proteins: integral members of innate immunity and mediators of inflammatory diseases.	the innate immune system is the first line of defense against microorganisms and is conserved in plants and animals. the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich containing (nlr) protein family is a recent addition to the members of innate immunity effector molecules. these proteins are characterized by a central oligomerization domain, termed nucleotide-binding domain (nbd) and a protein interaction domain, leucine-rich repeats (lrrs) at the c terminus. it has been shown that nlr proteins are lo ...	2008	17875812
pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of gatifloxacin in a lethal murine bacillus anthracis inhalation infection model.	we determined the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (pk-pd) measure most predictive of gatifloxacin efficacy and the magnitude of this measure necessary for survival in a murine bacillus anthracis inhalation infection model. we then used population pharmacokinetic models for gatifloxacin and simulation to identify dosing regimens with high probabilities of attaining exposures likely to be efficacious in adults and children. in this work, 6- to 8-week-old nonneutropenic female balb/c mice received ...	2007	17875992
in vitro efficacy of new antifolates against trimethoprim-resistant bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis is innately resistant to trimethoprim (tmp), a synthetic antifolate that selectively inhibits several bacterial dihydrofolate reductases (dhfrs) but not human dhfr. previously, we were able to confirm that tmp resistance in b. anthracis (mic > 2,048 microg/ml) is due to the lack of selectivity of tmp for the b. anthracis dhfr (e. w. barrow, p. c. bourne, and w. w. barrow, antimicrob. agents chemother. 48:4643-4649, 2004). in this investigation, 24 2,4-diaminopyrimidine derivat ...	2007	17875993
proteasomes control caspase-1 activation in anthrax lethal toxin-mediated cell killing.	activation of caspase-1 through the inflammasome protein nalp1b controls anthrax lethal toxin (lt)-induced necrosis in murine macrophages. in this study we analyzed physiological changes controlled by caspase-1 in lt-treated murine macrophages. the caspase-1 inhibitor boc-d-cmk blocked caspase-1 activity and membrane impairment in lt-treated cells. to determine the relationship between caspase-1 activation and membrane integrity, we added boc-d-cmk to j774a.1 macrophages at different time points ...	2007	17878154
construction, crystal structure and application of a recombinant protein that lacks the collagen-like region of bcla from bacillus anthracis spores.	spores of bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, are enclosed by an exosporium, which consists of a basal layer surrounded by a nap of hair-like filaments. the major structural component of the filaments is called bcla, which comprises a central collagen-like region (clr) and a globular c-terminal domain. here, the entire clr coding sequence of bcla was removed, and the resulting protein (tbcla) produced in escherichia coli. the crystallographic structure of tbcla was determined to ...	2008	17879302
differential analysis of bacillus anthracis after px01 plasmid curing and comprehensive data on bacillus anthracis infection in macrophages and glial cells.	bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive bacterial organism responsible for anthrax. this organism has two pathogenic plasmids: px01 and px02. the genetic function of px01, which comprises about 198 kb, is not known, except for a region called the pathogenic island, which contains three genes-pag, lef, and cya-that code for three toxic proteins. a 2-d difference gel electrophoresis (2-d dige) system was used to verify the existence of proteins controlled by the px01 plasmid, and protein regulation ...	2007	17880004
protein dynamics and monomer-monomer interactions in antr activation by electron paramagnetic resonance and double electron-electron resonance.	the anthracis repressor (antr) is a mn(ii)-activated dna binding protein that is involved in the regulation of mn(ii) homeostasis in bacillus anthracis. antr is structurally and functionally homologous to mn(ii)-activated repressor from bacillus subtillis (mntr). our studies on antr focus on metal-regulated activation of the protein. line shape analysis of continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectra showed that metal binding resulted in a general reduction of backbone dynamics ...	2007	17880108
safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a recombinant protective antigen anthrax vaccine given to healthy adults.	bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, a vaccine-preventable zoonotic disease that may follow intentional or unintentional exposure to its spores. although an anthrax vaccine is currently licensed in the usa, better vaccines are desirable for both pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis.	2007	17881903
[immunogenicity of the recombinant bacillus strains with cloned gene of biosynthesis of protective antigen against bacillus anthracis].	microbe russian anti-plague research institute, saratov a hybrid plasmid pub110pa-1 demonstrating stable functioning in the cells of bacillus strains and containing the gene of biosynthesis of bacillus anthracis protective antigen was constructed. the recombinant strains surpassing the anthrax vaccinal cultures in the secreted synthesis of the protective antigen were obtained and their immunological efficacy was assessed. a single inoculation of guinea pigs with the dose of 5 x 107 spores of the ...	2007	17886469
identification of the amino acid residues critical for specific binding of the bacteriolytic enzyme of gamma-phage, plyg, to bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, a lethal disease affecting humans, which has attracted attention due to its bioterrorism potential. gamma-phage specifically infects b. anthracis, and is used for its detection. gamma-phage lysin, plyg, specifically lyses b. anthracis. mutational analysis of plygb (plyg binding domain; residues 156-233) indicated that positions 190-199 are necessary for binding to b. anthracis. this region is the central part of plygb and is predicted to form a beta-sheet. the ...	2007	17888883
the opinion of the production sector on the role of vaccines in the control and eradication of livestock diseases in argentina.	research by a number of international organisations indicates that world demand for red meat protein is set to increase significantly in the coming years. however, faced with the risk of infectious animal diseases and zoonoses--factors that could limit the growth of this production sector--the fight against livestock diseases must continue, especially against those that affect food safety or pose a threat to human life. the use of vaccination to prevent infectious animal diseases is of key impor ...	2007	17892168
hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry: potential for investigating innate immunity proteins.		2007	17892227
establishing a high level of knowledge regarding bioterrorist threats in emergency department physicians: methodology and the results of a national bio-preparedness project.	medical systems worldwide are facing the new threat of morbidity associated with the deliberate dispersal of microbiological agents by terrorists. rapid diagnosis and containment of this type of unannounced attack is based on the knowledge and capabilities of medical staff. in 2004, the knowledge of emergency department physicians of anthrax was tested. the average test score was 58%. consequently, a national project on bioterrorism preparedness was developed. the aim of this article is to prese ...	2007	17894214
crystal structure of a 3-oxoacyl-(acylcarrier protein) reductase (ba3989) from bacillus anthracis at 2.4-a resolution.		2008	17894349
formaldehyde gas inactivation of bacillus anthracis, bacillus subtilis, and geobacillus stearothermophilus spores on indoor surface materials.	to evaluate the decontamination of bacillus anthracis, bacillus subtilis, and geobacillus stearothermophilus spores on indoor surface materials using formaldehyde gas.	2007	17897215
assembly of pili on the surface of bacillus cereus vegetative cells.	vegetative forms of bacillus cereus are reported to form pili, thin protein filaments that protrude up to 1 mum from the bacterial surface. pili are assembled from two precursor proteins, bcpa and bcpb, in a manner requiring a pilus-associated sortase enzyme (srtd). pili are also formed on the surface of bacillus anthracis expressing bcpa-srtd-bcpb. bcpa is distributed throughout the entire pilus, whereas bcpb appears positioned at its tip. in agreement with the hypothesis for pilus assembly in ...	2007	17897374
anthrax vaccine and public health policy.	the centers for disease control and prevention has classified bacillus anthracis, the causative organism of anthrax, as a category a potential bioterrorism agent. there are critical shortcomings in the us anthrax vaccine program. rather than depending on the private sector, the government must assume direct production of anthrax vaccine. the development of a capacity capable of preemptive immunization of the public against anthrax should be considered.	2007	17901434
field testing a head-of-household method to dispense antibiotics.	using a simulated anthrax exposure scenario, the philadelphia department of public health tested how rapidly and accurately a head-of-household (hoh) point of dispensing (pod) site with an express dispensing line could provide medication to heads of households collecting antibiotics for all household members.	2007	17903094
anthrax lethal toxin inhibits growth of and vascular endothelial growth factor release from endothelial cells expressing the human herpes virus 8 viral g protein coupled receptor.	in this study, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (mkk) inhibits tumor growth by acting on angiogenic signaling and by extension may form the basis of an effective strategy for treatment of kaposi's sarcoma.	2007	17908989
crystallization and preliminary x-ray characterization of arylamine n-acetyltransferase c (banatc) from bacillus anthracis.	the arylamine n-acetyltransferase (nat) enzymes are xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that have been found in a large range of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. these enzymes catalyse the acetylation of arylamine drugs and/or pollutants. recently, a bacillus anthracis nat isoform (banatc) has been cloned and shown to acetylate the sulfonamide antimicrobial sulfamethoxazole (smx). subsequently, it was shown that banatc contributes to the resistance of this bacterium to smx. here, the crystallization and ...	2007	17909290
anthrax vaccination in a military population before the war in iraq: side effects and informed choice.	to assess any health consequences of the anthrax vaccination programme in uk armed forces deployed to iraq.	2007	17913313
systemic but not mucosal immunity induced by ava prevents inhalational anthrax.	improved vaccines and adjuvants are being developed to reduce the threat posed by a terrorist attack involving aerosolized anthrax spores. nevertheless, uncertainty persists concerning the relative benefits of inducing mucosal vs systemic immunity to host survival following inhalational exposure to anthrax spores. this work examines the effect of delivering the licensed human vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed, ava) combined with a cpg oligodeoxynucleotide (odn) adjuvant intraperitoneally or intr ...	2007	17913545
potential use of inhibitors of bacteria spore germination in the prophylactic treatment of anthrax and clostridium difficile-associated disease.	spore germination is the first step in establishing bacillus and clostridium infections. germination is triggered by the binding of small molecules by the resting spore. subsequently, the activated spore secretes dipicolinic acid and calcium, the spore core is rehydrated and spore structures are degraded. inhibition of any of the germination-related events will prevent development to the vegetative stage. inhibition of spore germination has been studied intensively in the prevention of food spoi ...	2007	17914913
quantitative inhibitor fingerprinting of metalloproteases using small molecule microarrays.	current methods to identify interactions on small molecule microarrays (smms) introduce false positives that are difficult to dissect from the "real" binding events without tedious downstream re-evaluation. to specifically elucidate only activity-dependent ligand binding interactions, we have developed a technique that can be universally applied to present smm systems. our method makes use of a dual-color application strategy and is based on the simultaneous application of differentially treated ...	2007	17915867
modeling and detection of respiratory-related outbreak signatures.	time series methods are commonly used to detect disease outbreak signatures (e.g., signals due to influenza outbreaks and anthrax attacks) from varying respiratory-related diagnostic or syndromic data sources. typically this involves two components: (i) using time series methods to model the baseline background distribution (the time series process that is assumed to contain no outbreak signatures), (ii) detecting outbreak signatures using filter-based time series methods.	2007	17919318
a viral nanoparticle with dual function as an anthrax antitoxin and vaccine.	the recent use of bacillus anthracis as a bioweapon has stimulated the search for novel antitoxins and vaccines that act rapidly and with minimal adverse effects. b. anthracis produces an ab-type toxin composed of the receptor-binding moiety protective antigen (pa) and the enzymatic moieties edema factor and lethal factor. pa is a key target for both antitoxin and vaccine development. we used the icosahedral insect virus flock house virus as a platform to display 180 copies of the high affinity, ...	2007	17922572
effects of endogenous d-alanine synthesis and autoinhibition of bacillus anthracis germination on in vitro and in vivo infections.	bacillus anthracis transitions from a dormant spore to a vegetative bacillus through a series of structural and biochemical changes collectively referred to as germination. the timing of germination is important during early steps in infection and may determine if b. anthracis survives or succumbs to responsive macrophages. in the current study experiments determined the contribution of endogenous d-alanine production to the efficiency and timing of b. anthracis spore germination under in vitro ...	2007	17923523
antitumor activities of tem8-fc: an engineered antibody-like molecule targeting tumor endothelial marker 8.	tumor endothelial marker 8 (tem8) was discovered as a cell membrane protein that is predominantly expressed in tumor endothelium and identified as a receptor for anthrax toxin. we developed an antibody-like molecule that consists of the protective antigen (pa)-binding domain of human tem8 linked to the fc portion of human immunoglobulin g1 (tem8-fc). this engineered protein bound to pa in a divalent cation-dependent manner and efficiently protected j774a.1 macrophage-like cells against anthrax t ...	2007	17925540
detection and quantification of anthrax lethal factor in serum by mass spectrometry.	the lethal toxin produced during bacillus anthracis infection is a complex of protective antigen, which localizes the toxin to the cell receptor, and lethal factor (lf), a zinc-dependent endoproteinase whose known targets include five members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mapkk) family of response regulators. we have developed a method for detecting functional lf in serum. anti-lf murine monoclonal antibodies immobilized on magnetic protein g beads were used to capture and conc ...	2007	17929949
new transposon delivery plasmids for insertional mutagenesis in bacillus anthracis.	two new transposon delivery vector systems utilizing mariner and mini-tn10 transposons have been developed for in vivo insertional mutagenesis in bacillus anthracis and other compatible gram-positive species. the utility of both systems was directly demonstrated through the mutagenesis of a widely used b. anthracis strain.	2007	17931726
tentacle probes: differentiation of difficult single-nucleotide polymorphisms and deletions by presence or absence of a signal in real-time pcr.	false-positive results are a common problem in real-time pcr identification of dna sequences that differ from near neighbors by a single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) or deletion. because of a lack of sufficient probe specificity, post-pcr analysis, such as a melting curve, is often required for mutation differentiation.	2007	17932130
interprosurf: a web server for predicting interacting sites on protein surfaces.	a new web server, interprosurf, predicts interacting amino acid residues in proteins that are most likely to interact with other proteins, given the 3d structures of subunits of a protein complex. the prediction method is based on solvent accessible surface area of residues in the isolated subunits, a propensity scale for interface residues and a clustering algorithm to identify surface regions with residues of high interface propensities. here we illustrate the application of interprosurf to de ...	2007	17933856
complement c3d conjugation to anthrax protective antigen promotes a rapid, sustained, and protective antibody response.	b. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax. pathogenesis is primarily mediated through the exotoxins lethal factor and edema factor, which bind protective antigen (pa) to gain entry into the host cell. the current anthrax vaccine (ava, biothrax) consists of aluminum-adsorbed cell-free filtrates of unencapsulated b. anthracis, wherein pa is thought to be the principle target of neutralization. in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the natural adjuvant, c3d, versus alum in eliciting an a ...	2007	17940608
mutant anthrax toxin b moiety (protective antigen) inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth.	bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa), the b subunit of the binary anthrax toxin, binds to the cellular receptors capillary morphogenesis gene 2 protein and tumor endothelial marker 8 with high affinity. both receptors are expressed on endothelial cells during angiogenesis. we sought to determine whether one could inhibit angiogenesis by interfering with the binding of these receptors to their endogenous ligands. here, we show that wild-type pa inhibits both vascular endothelial growth fact ...	2007	17942931
cloning, expression and characterization of a fast self-sufficient p450: cyp102a5 from bacillus cereus.	cyp102s represent a family of natural self-sufficient fusions of cytochrome p450 and cytochrome p450 reductase found in some bacteria. one member of this family, named cyp102a1 or more traditionally p450bm-3, has been widely studied as a model of human p450 cytochromes. remarkable detail of p450 structure and function has been revealed using this highly efficient enzyme. the recent rapid expansion of microbial genome sequences has revealed many relatives of cyp102a1, but to date only two from ba ...	2007	17945181
the bayesian aerosol release detector: an algorithm for detecting and characterizing outbreaks caused by an atmospheric release of bacillus anthracis.	early detection and characterization of outdoor aerosol releases of bacillus anthracis is an important problem. as health departments and other government agencies address this problem with newer methods of surveillance such as environmental surveillance through the biowatch program and enhanced medical surveillance, they increasingly have newer types of surveillance data available. however, existing methods for the statistical analysis of surveillance data do not account for recent meteorologic ...	2007	17948918
discrimination of bacillus anthracis and closely related microorganisms by analysis of 16s and 23s rrna with oligonucleotide microarray.	analysis of 16s rrna sequences is a commonly used method for the identification and discrimination of microorganisms. however, the high similarity of 16s and 23s rrna sequences of bacillus cereus group organisms (up to 99-100%) and repeatedly failed attempts to develop molecular typing systems that would use dna sequences to discriminate between species within this group have resulted in several suggestions to consider b. cereus and b. thuringiensis, or these two species together with b. anthrac ...	2008	17950718
critical role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling pathway in recovery from anthrax lethal toxin-induced cell cycle arrest and mek cleavage in macrophages.	anthrax lethal toxin (letx) is a virulence factor causing immune suppression and toxic shock of bacillus anthracis infected host. it inhibits cytokine production and cell proliferation/differentiation in various immune cells. this study showed that a brief exposure of letx caused a continual mek1 cleavage and prevented tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf) production in response to lipopolysaccharide (lps) in non-proliferating cells such as human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or mouse primary p ...	2007	17951252
a study of the physiology of bacillus anthracis sterne during manufacture of the uk acellular anthrax vaccine.	to analyse the growth of bacillus anthracis during simulations of the uk anthrax vaccine manufacturing process.	2007	17953556
isolation and selection of bacillus spp. as potential biological agents for enhancement of water quality in culture of ornamental fish.	to isolate, select and evaluate bacillus spp. as potential biological agents for enhancement of water quality in culture of ornamental fish.	2007	17953558
rapid generation of an anthrax immunotherapeutic from goats using a novel non-toxic muramyl dipeptide adjuvant.	abstract:	2007	17953756
microwave-accelerated metal-enhanced fluorescence: application to detection of genomic and exosporium anthrax dna in <30 seconds.	we describe the ultra-fast and sensitive detection of the gene encoding the protective antigen of bacillus anthracis the causative agent of anthrax. our approach employs a highly novel platform technology, microwave-accelerated metal-enhanced fluorescence (mamef), which combines the use of metal-enhanced fluorescence to enhance assay sensitivity and focused microwave heating to spatially and kinetically accelerate dna hybridization. genomic and exosporium target dna of bacillus anthracis spores ...	2007	17955147
bacterial endospore inactivation caused by outgassing of vapourous hydrogen peroxide from polymethyl methacrylate (plexiglas).	to investigate the cause and to eliminate the inactivation of bacillus anthracis strain sterne spores settled onto agar and stainless steel surfaces in plastic holders.	2007	17958554
carbohydrate-based experimental therapeutics for cancer, hiv/aids and other diseases.	this review, primarily for general readers, briefly presents experimental approaches to therapeutics of cancer, hiv/aids and various other diseases based on advances in glycobiology and glycochemistry. experimental cancer and hiv/aids vaccines are being developed in attempts to overcome weak immunological responses to carbohydrate-rich surface antigens using carriers, adjuvants and novel carbohydrate antigen constructs. current carbohydrate-based vaccines are used for typhus, pneumonia, meningit ...	2008	17963823
development and implementation of a single-chain fv antibody for specific detection of bacillus anthracis spores.	a single-chain fv (scfv) antibody was developed and applied for efficient and specific detection of bacillus anthracis spores. the antibody was isolated from a phage display library prepared from spleens of mice immunized with a water-soluble extract of the outer membrane of the b. anthracis spore (exosporium). the library (7 x 10(6) pfu) was biopanned against live, native b. anthracis atcc delta14185 spores suspended in solution, resulting in the isolation of a unique soluble scfv antibody. the ...	2008	17965209
anthrax: from reality to exercise.		2007	17968209
coplot: a tool for visualizing multivariate data in medicine.	many critical questions in medicine require the analysis of complex multivariate data, often from large data sets describing numerous variables for numerous subjects. in this paper, we describe coplot, a tool for visualizing multivariate data in medicine. coplot is an adaptation of multidimensional scaling (mds) that addresses several key limitations of mds, namely that mds maps do not allow for visualization of both observations and variables simultaneously and that the axes on an mds map have ...	2008	17972340
matrix metalloproteinase-activated anthrax lethal toxin demonstrates high potency in targeting tumor vasculature.	anthrax lethal toxin (lt), a virulence factor secreted by bacillus anthracis, is selectively toxic to human melanomas with the braf v600e activating mutation because of its proteolytic activities toward the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (meks). to develop lt variants with lower in vivo toxicity and high tumor specificity, and therefore greater potential for clinical use, we generated a mutated lt that requires activation by matrix metalloproteinases (mmps). this engineered toxin was l ...	2008	17974567
exploring the evolution of the bacillus cereus group repeat element bcr1 by comparative genome analysis of closely related strains.	bcr1 is a chromosomal approximately 155 bp repeated element found uniquely and ubiquitously in the bacillus cereus group of gram-positive bacteria; it exhibits several features characteristic of mobile elements, including a variable distribution pattern between strains. here, highly similar bcr1 elements in non-conserved genomic loci are identified in a set of closely related b. cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains near the bacillus anthracis phylogenetic cluster. it is also shown that bcr1 ...	2007	17975097
catalytically inactive anthrax toxin(s) are potential prophylactic agents.	the anthrax exotoxin, which is a key mediator of anthrax related pathogenesis, is composed of two separate toxins formed by pairwise combinations of three proteins that are encoded on the pxo1 plasmid of bacillus anthracis. lethal toxin is composed of protective antigen (pa) combined with lethal factor (lf) while edema toxin is composed of pa and edema factor (ef). the present study found that the catalytic mutants of lf (lfe687a) and ef (efh351a) competitively inhibited lethal toxin and edema t ...	2007	17980467
cell wall carbohydrate compositions of strains from the bacillus cereus group of species correlate with phylogenetic relatedness.	members of the bacillus cereus group contain cell wall carbohydrates that vary in their glycosyl compositions. recent multilocus sequence typing (mlst) refined the relatedness of b. cereus group members by separating them into clades and lineages. based on mlst, we selected several b. anthracis, b. cereus, and b. thuringiensis strains and compared their cell wall carbohydrates. the cell walls of different b. anthracis strains (clade 1/anthracis) were composed of glucose (glc), galactose (gal), n ...	2008	17981984
supercat: a supertree database for combined and integrative multilocus sequence typing analysis of the bacillus cereus group of bacteria (including b. cereus, b. anthracis and b. thuringiensis).	the bacillus cereus group of bacteria is an important group including mammalian and insect pathogens, such as b. anthracis, the anthrax bacterium, b. thuringiensis, used as a biological pesticide and b. cereus, often involved in food poisoning incidents. to characterize the population structure and epidemiology of these bacteria, five separate multilocus sequence typing (mlst) schemes have been developed, which makes results difficult to compare. therefore, we have developed a database that comp ...	2008	17982177
where and how do anthrax toxins exit endosomes to intoxicate host cells?	the role of bacillus anthracis virulence factors in its pathogenesis has been subjected to intense investigation with the aim of finding novel preventive and therapeutic protocols. toxins that are endocytosed and act in the cytosol of host cells have a central role in b. anthracis infection. understanding of anthrax toxin cell entry has increased during the past few years and a composite picture is emerging. nevertheless, unanswered and controversial questions remain, particularly concerning the ...	2007	17983750
cutaneous anthrax in the artibonite valley of haiti: 1992-2002.	more cutaneous anthrax cases were noted at hospital albert schweitzer (has) in the artibonite valley of haiti. we examine the incidence of anthrax in the artibonite between 1992 and 2002, describe the clinical presentation of cutaneous anthrax, and determine risk factors for anthrax. in 1992 has reported 1 case of anthrax for an incidence of 4 cases per million persons/year. in 2002, there were 20 cases of anthrax for an incidence of 72 cases per million persons/year. this is a 17-fold increase ...	2007	17984330
[mission oriented diagnostic real-time pcr].	in out of area military missions soldiers are potentially exposed to bacteria that are endemic in tropical areas and can be used as biological agents. it can be difficult to culture these bacteria due to sample contamination, low number of bacteria or pretreatment with antibiotics. commercial biochemical identification systems are not optimized for these agents which can result in misidentification. immunological assays are often not commercially available or not specific. real-time pcr assays a ...	2007	17987355
emilins interact with anthrax protective antigen and inhibit toxin action in vitro.	the informational spectrum method (ism) is a virtual spectroscopy method for the fast analysis of potential protein-protein relationships. by applying the ism approach to the genebank protein database the vascular proteins emilin1 (elastin microfibril interface located protein), emilin2, mmn1, and mmn2 were identified as additional anthrax pa antigen interacting molecules. this virtual molecular interaction was formally proven by solid phase assays using recombinant proteins. the interaction is ...	2008	17988845
bacterial pore-forming toxins: the (w)hole story?	pore-forming toxins (pfts) are the most common class of bacterial protein toxins and constitute important bacterial virulence factors. the mode of action of pft is starting to be better understood. in contrast, little is known about the cellular response to this threat. recent studies reveal that cells do not just swell and lyse, but are able to sense and react to pore formation, mount a defense, even repair the damaged membrane and thus survive. these responses involve a variety of signal-trans ...	2008	17989920
essential role of an active-site guanine in glms ribozyme catalysis.	the glms ribozyme is a catalytic riboswitch that is activated for endonucleolytic cleavage by the coenzyme glucosamine-6-phosphate. using kinetic assays and x-ray crystallography, we identify an active-site mutation of a conserved guanine that abolishes catalysis without perturbing coenzyme binding. our results provide evidence that coenzyme function requires a specific nucleobase to interact with the nucleophile of the cleavage reaction.	2007	17990888
cgas: a comparative genome annotation system.	recent advances in genome sequencing technology and algorithms have made it possible to determine the sequence of a whole genome quickly in a cost-effective manner. as a result, there are more than 200 completely sequenced genomes. however, annotation of a genome is still a challenging task. one of the most effective methods to annotate a newly sequenced genome is to compare it with well-annotated and closely related genomes using computational tools and databases. comparing genomes requires use ...	2007	17993671
genetic distribution of 295 bacillus cereus group members based on adk-screening in combination with mlst (multilocus sequence typing) used for validating a primer targeting a chromosomal locus in b. anthracis.	the genetic distribution of 295 bacillus cereus group members has been investigated by using a modified multilocus sequence typing method (mlst). by comparing the nucleic acid sequence of the adk gene fragment, isolates of b. cereus group members most related to b. anthracis may be easily identified. the genetic distribution, with focus on the b. anthracis close neighbours, was used to evaluate a new primer set for specific identification of b. anthracis. this primer set, ba5510-1/2, targeted th ...	2007	17997177
assessing the safety of anthrax immunization in us army aircrew members via physical examination.	anthrax in weaponized form is the bioterrorism agent of most concern. questions raised about the safety of the anthrax vaccine can be addressed by comparing immunized and unimmunized people in population-based studies.	2007	18000413
a staphylococcus aureus regulatory system that responds to host heme and modulates virulence.	staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium responsible for tremendous morbidity and mortality, exists as a harmless commensal in approximately 25% of humans. identifying the molecular machinery activated upon infection is central to understanding staphylococcal pathogenesis. we describe the heme sensor system (hssrs) that responds to heme exposure and activates expression of the heme-regulated transporter (hrtab). inactivation of the hss or hrt systems leads to increased virulence in a vertebrate infect ...	2007	18005689
bacterial characterization using protein profiling in a microchip separations platform.	a rapid microanalytical protein-based approach to bacterial characterization is presented. chip gel electrophoresis (cge) coupled with lif detection was used to analyze lysates from different bacterial cell lines to obtain signature profiles of the soluble protein composition. the study includes escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, and bacillus anthracis (delta sterne strain) vegetative cells as well as endospores formed from the latter two species as model organisms to demonstrate the method. a ...	2007	18008300
isolation of the anthrax bacillus from shaving brushes.		1919	18010034
anthrax problem in massachusetts.	federal regulations do not prevent importation of anthrax infected material. this author suggests anthrax surveys in countries of origin of materials, quarantine of all hides, wool and hair from suspected areas, disinfection of these at places of origin and sanitary care here of wastes from hide and wool industrial establishments.	1920	18010353
anthrax prevention.		1923	18010897
anthrax-a continuing and probably increasing hazard of industry.		1924	18011355
anthrax from shaving brushes.		1925	18011522
industrial anthrax.		1926	18011723
anthrax in zoological gardens.		1927	18012164
anthrax as an occupational disease.		1930	18012940
intestinal anthrax.		1936	18014489
epidemiology of anthrax in north dakota.		1940	18015208
report of the committee on industrial anthrax (check anthrax-a warning and a plea) : industrial hygiene section.		1943	18015855