Publications

plasmodium attenuation: connecting the dots between early immune responses and malaria disease severity.	sterile attenuation of plasmodium parasites at the liver-stage either by irradiation or genetic modification, or at the blood-stage by chemoprophylaxis, has been shown to induce immune responses that can protect against subsequent wild-type infection. however, following certain interventions, parasite attenuation can be incomplete or non-sterile. instead parasites are rendered developmentally stunted but still capable of establishing an acute infection. in experiments involving plasmodium berghe ...	2014	25520710
artemisia vulgaris l. ethanolic leaf extract reverses thrombocytopenia/thrombocytosis and averts end-stage disease of experimental severe plasmodium berghei murine malaria.	artemisinin isolated from artemisia annua is the most potent antimalarial against chloroquine resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria. we previously reported that the ethanolic leaf extract of artemisia vulgaris, an invasive weed and the only artemisia species in sri lanka, possess both potent and safe antimalarial activity (in terms of antiparasitic properties) in a p. berghei murine malaria model. we report here a prototype study that investigated antidisease activities of a. vulgaris ethanoli ...	2014	25540960
experimental study of the relationship between plasmodium gametocyte density and infection success in mosquitoes; implications for the evaluation of malaria transmission-reducing interventions.	the evaluation of transmission reducing interventions (tri) to control malaria widely uses membrane feeding assays. in such assays, the intensity of plasmodium infection in the vector might affect the measured efficacy of the candidates to block transmission. gametocyte density in the host blood is a determinant of the infection success in the mosquito, however, uncertain estimates of parasite densities and intrinsic characteristics of the infected blood can induce variability. to reduce this va ...	2015	25541384
chitosan conjugated chloroquine: proficient to protect the induction of liver apoptosis during malaria.	chitosan has impelled continuous motion by its unique physicochemical and biological characteristics. in our study, chitosan-tripolyphosphate (cs-tpp) particles was conjugated with an undervalued antimalarial drug, chloroquine to find out the proficiency against ros mediated caspase activation and apoptosis in liver during plasmodium berghei nk65 infection. the transmission electron microscopic image illustrated the size range of particle was less than 50 nm and the particle showed the blood com ...	2015	25542171
efficacy and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a novel anti-malarial compound (np046) in a mouse model.	even though malaria is a completely preventable and treatable disease, it remains a threat to human life and a burden to the global economy due to the emergence of multiple-drug resistant malaria parasites. according to the world malaria report 2013, in 2012 there were an estimated 207 million malaria cases and 627,000 deaths. thus, the discovery and development of new, effective anti-malarial drugs are required. to achieve this goal, the department of chemistry at the university of the free sta ...	2015	25563929
pivotal and distinct role for plasmodium actin capping protein alpha during blood infection of the malaria parasite.	accurate regulation of microfilament dynamics is central to cell growth, motility and response to environmental stimuli. stabilizing and depolymerizing proteins control the steady-state levels of filamentous (f-) actin. capping protein (cp) binds to free barbed ends, thereby arresting microfilament growth and restraining elongation to remaining free barbed ends. in all cps characterized to date, alpha and beta subunits form the active heterodimer. here, we show in a eukaryotic parasitic cell tha ...	2015	25565321
hemozoin activates the innate immune system and reduces plasmodium berghei infection in anopheles gambiae.	malaria is a worldwide infectious disease caused by plasmodium parasites and transmitted by female anopheles mosquitoes. the malaria vector mosquito anopheles can trigger effective mechanisms to control completion of the plasmodium lifecycle; the mosquito immune response to the parasite involves several pathways which are not yet well characterized. plasmodium metabolite hemozoin has emerged as a potent immunostimulator of mammalian tissues. in this study, we aim to investigate the role of this ...	2015	25573379
lipoxin a4 attenuates endothelial dysfunction during experimental cerebral malaria.	a breakdown of the brain-blood barrier (bbb) due to endothelial dysfunction is a primary feature of cerebral malaria (cm). lipoxins (lx) are specialized pro-resolving mediators that attenuate endothelial dysfunction in different vascular beds. it has already been shown that lxa4 prolonged plasmodium berghei-infected mice survival by a mechanism that depends on inhibiting il-12 production and cd8(+)ifn-γ(+) t cells in brain tissue; however, the effects of this treatment on endothelial dysfunction ...	2015	25576659
plasmogem, a database supporting a community resource for large-scale experimental genetics in malaria parasites.	the plasmodium genetic modification (plasmogem) database (http://plasmogem.sanger.ac.uk) provides access to a resource of modular, versatile and adaptable vectors for genome modification of plasmodium spp. parasites. plasmogem currently consists of >2000 plasmids designed to modify the genome of plasmodium berghei, a malaria parasite of rodents, which can be requested by non-profit research organisations free of charge. plasmogem vectors are designed with long homology arms for efficient genome ...	2015	25593348
cannabidiol increases survival and promotes rescue of cognitive function in a murine model of cerebral malaria.	cerebral malaria (cm) is a severe complication resulting from plasmodium falciparum infection that might cause permanent neurological deficits. cannabidiol (cbd) is a nonpsychotomimetic compound of cannabis sativa with neuroprotective properties. in the present work, we evaluated the effects of cbd in a murine model of cm. female mice were infected with plasmodium berghei anka (pba) and treated with cbd (30mg/kg/day - 3 or 7days i.p.) or vehicle. on 5th day-post-infection (dpi), at the peak of t ...	2015	25595981
splenic cd11c+ cells derived from semi-immune mice protect naïve mice against experimental cerebral malaria.	immunity to malaria requires innate, adaptive immune responses and plasmodium-specific memory cells. previously, mice semi-immune to malaria was developed. three cycles of infection and cure ('three-cure') were required to protect mice against plasmodium berghei (anka strain) infection.	2015	25626734
fitness cost of resistance for lumefantrine and piperaquine-resistant plasmodium berghei in a mouse model.	the evolution of drug-resistant parasites is a major hindrance to malaria control, and thus understanding the behaviour of drug-resistant mutants is of clinical relevance. the study aimed to investigate how resistance against lumefantrine (lu) and piperaquine (pq), anti-malarials used as partner drugs in artemisinin-based combination therapy (act), impacts parasite fitness. this is important since resistance to act, the first-line anti-malarial regimen is increasingly being reported.	2015	25627576
addition of histamine to subcutaneously injected plasmodium berghei sporozoites increases the parasite liver load and could facilitate whole-parasite vaccination.	whole-parasite immunization remains the benchmark in malaria vaccine development. a major bottleneck in the translation of whole-parasite immunization towards routine vaccination is the mode of administration, since high degrees of protection are currently only achieved by intravenous, and not by intradermal or subcutaneous injection of viable parasites. it is known that only a small proportion of subcutaneously administered parasites reach the subsequent liver stage and low parasite liver load ...	2015	25627880
prodrugs of reverse fosmidomycin analogues.	fosmidomycin inhibits ispc (dxr, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase), a key enzyme in nonmevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis that is essential in plasmodium falciparum. the drug has been used successfully to treat malaria patients in clinical studies, thus validating ispc as an antimalarial target. however, improvement of the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics is desirable. here, we show that the conversion of the phosphonate moiety into acyloxymethyl and alkoxycarbonyloxym ...	2015	25633870
irgm3 contributes to immunopathology and is required for differentiation of antigen-specific effector cd8+ t cells in experimental cerebral malaria.	gamma interferon (ifn-γ) drives antiparasite responses and immunopathology during infection with plasmodium species. immunity-related gtpases (irgs) are a class of ifn-γ-dependent proteins that are essential for cell autonomous immunity to numerous intracellular pathogens. however, it is currently unknown whether irgs modulate responses during malaria. we have used the plasmodium berghei anka (pba) model in which mice develop experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) to study the roles of irgm1 and ir ...	2015	25644000
in vitro synergistic effect of fluoroquinolone analogues in combination with artemisinin against plasmodium falciparum; their antiplasmodial action in rodent malaria model.	emergence of drug-resistant parasite strains has surfaced as a major obstacle in attempts to ameliorate malaria. current treatment regimen of malaria relies on the concept of artemisinin-based combination therapy (act).	2015	25652883
antiplasmodial activity of eco-friendly synthesized palladium nanoparticles using eclipta prostrata extract against plasmodium berghei in swiss albino mice.	malaria is an infectious disease caused by the plasmodium parasite that continues to be a health issue for humans. it is one of the most common pathogenic factors of morbidity and mortality. palladium nanoparticles (pd nps) have been used as target antimicrobial compounds, as a catalyst to manufacture pharmaceuticals, degrade harmful environmental pollutants, and as sensors for the detection of various analyses. the aim of this study was to investigate the antiplasmodial activity of synthesized ...	2015	25653029
antimalarial activity of 4-amidinoquinoline and 10-amidinobenzonaphthyridine derivatives.	chloroquine (cq) has been used as first line malaria therapeutic drug for decades. emergence of cq drug-resistant plasmodium falciparum malaria throughout endemic areas of the world has limited its clinical value. mefloquine (mq) has been used as an effective malaria prophylactic drug due to its being long-acting and having a high potency against blood stage p. falciparum (pf). however, serious cns toxicity of mq has compromised its clinical value as a prophylaxis drug. therefore, new and inexpe ...	2015	25654185
il-33-mediated protection against experimental cerebral malaria is linked to induction of type 2 innate lymphoid cells, m2 macrophages and regulatory t cells.	cerebral malaria (cm) is a complex parasitic disease caused by plasmodium sp. failure to establish an appropriate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses is believed to contribute to the development of cerebral pathology. using the blood-stage pba (plasmodium berghei anka) model of infection, we show here that administration of the pro-th2 cytokine, il-33, prevents the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) in c57bl/6 mice and reduces the production of inflammator ...	2015	25659095
host erythrocyte environment influences the localization of exported protein 2, an essential component of the plasmodium translocon.	malaria parasites replicating inside red blood cells (rbcs) export a large subset of proteins into the erythrocyte cytoplasm to facilitate parasite growth and survival. ptex, the parasite-encoded translocon, mediates protein transport across the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (pvm) in plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. proteins exported into the erythrocyte cytoplasm have been localized to membranous structures, such as maurer's clefts, small vesicles, and a tubovesicular network. c ...	2015	25662767
critical role of il-33 receptor st2 in experimental cerebral malaria development.	cerebral malaria, a severe complication of plasmodium falciparum infection, can be modeled in murine plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection. pba-induced experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) is cd8(+) t-cell mediated, and influenced by th 1/th 2 balance. here, we show that il-33 expression is increased in brain undergoing ecm and we address the role of the il-33/st2 pathway in ecm development. st2-deficient mice were resistant to pba-induced neuropathology. they survived >20 days with no ecm neur ...	2015	25682948
montanide, poly i:c and nanoparticle based vaccines promote differential suppressor and effector cell expansion: a study of induction of cd8 t cells to a minimal plasmodium berghei epitope.	the development of practical and flexible vaccines to target liver stage malaria parasites would benefit from an ability to induce high levels of cd8 t cells to minimal peptide epitopes. herein we compare different adjuvant and carrier systems in a murine model for induction of interferon gamma (ifn-γ) producing cd8 t cells to the minimal immuno-dominant peptide epitope from the circumsporozoite protein (csp) of plasmodium berghei, pb9 (syipsaeki, referred to as ki). two pro-inflammatory adjuvan ...	2015	25705207
transcriptional silencing and activation of paternal dna during plasmodium berghei zygotic development and transformation to oocyst.	the malaria parasite develops sexually in the mosquito midgut upon entry with the ingested blood meal before it can invade the midgut epithelium and embark on sporogony. recent data have identified a number of distinct transcriptional programmes operating during this critical phase of the parasite life cycle. we aimed at characterizing the parental contribution to these transcriptional programmes and establish the genetic framework that would guide further studies of plasmodium zygotic developme ...	2015	25728487
a genome-scale vector resource enables high-throughput reverse genetic screening in a malaria parasite.	the genome-wide identification of gene functions in malaria parasites is hampered by a lack of reverse genetic screening methods. we present a large-scale resource of barcoded vectors with long homology arms for effective modification of the plasmodium berghei genome. cotransfecting dozens of vectors into the haploid blood stages creates complex pools of barcoded mutants, whose competitive fitness can be measured during infection of a single mouse using barcode sequencing (barseq). to validate t ...	2015	25732065
amodiaquine-ciprofloxacin: a potential combination therapy against drug resistant malaria.	emergence of malaria parasites resistant to artemisinin necessitates the need for development of new antimalarial therapies. ciprofloxacin (cfx) a second generation quinolone antibiotic possesses some antimalarial activities. we investigated the in vivo antimalarial activities of cfx in combination with amodiaquine in mice infected with chloroquine-resistant plasmodium berghei anka. animals were treated orally with 80 or 160 mg kg-1 body weight of cfx alone given twice daily or in combination wi ...	2015	25736371
an overview of malaria transmission from the perspective of amazon anopheles vectors.	in the americas, areas with a high risk of malaria transmission are mainly located in the amazon forest, which extends across nine countries. one keystone step to understanding the plasmodium life cycle in anopheles species from the amazon region is to obtain experimentally infected mosquito vectors. several attempts to colonise anopheles species have been conducted, but with only short-lived success or no success at all. in this review, we review the literature on malaria transmission from the ...	2015	25742262
synthesis of 3-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanes and their antiprotozoal activities.	several bicyclic compounds, 3-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanes, have been prepared. the new compounds were tested for their activities against one strain of the causative organism of malaria tropica, plasmodium falciparum k1, which is resistant against chloroquine and pyrimethamine. in addition, their cytotoxicity and their activity against the pathogen of the east african form of sleeping sickness, trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, were investigated. structure-activity relationships are discussed conside ...	2015	25746816
oral lipid-based nanoformulation of tafenoquine enhanced bioavailability and blood stage antimalarial efficacy and led to a reduction in human red blood cell loss in mice.	tafenoquine (tq), a new synthetic analog of primaquine, has relatively poor bioavailability and associated toxicity in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd)-deficient individuals. a microemulsion formulation of tq (mtq) with sizes <20 nm improved the solubility of tq and enhanced the oral bioavailability from 55% to 99% in healthy mice (area under the curve 0 to infinity: 11,368±1,232 and 23,842±872 min·μmol/l) for reference tq and mtq, respectively. average parasitemia in plasmodium berghei- ...	2015	25759576
new heterocyclic hybrids of pyrazole and its bioisosteres: design, synthesis and biological evaluation as dual acting antimalarial-antileishmanial agents.	a new series of pyrazole derivatives were synthesized by hybridization with five-membered heterocyclic moieties such as thiazoles, thiazolidinones, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and pyrazolines. the compounds were evaluated for their in vivo antimalarial activity against plasmodium berghei infected mice and the most active derivatives were further examined for their in vitro antimalarial activity against chloroquine resistant (rkl9) strain of plasmodium falciparum. compounds 2c, 2d, 4b, 4c, 4d, 5a, 6c, 8c ...	2015	25768697
pathogenic cd8+ t cells in experimental cerebral malaria.	cerebral malaria (cm) is one the major complications occurring during malaria infection. the mechanisms leading to this syndrome are still not completely understood. although it is clear that parasite sequestration is the key initiation factor, the downstream pathological processes are still highly debated. the experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) model, in which susceptible mice are infected with plasmodium berghei anka, has led to the identification of cd8(+) t cells as the major mediator of ec ...	2015	25772948
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ is required for the development of experimental cerebral malaria.	experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) is characterized by a strong immune response, with leukocyte recruitment, blood-brain barrier breakdown and hemorrhage in the central nervous system. phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ (pi3kγ) is central in signaling diverse cellular functions. using pi3kγ-deficient mice (pi3kγ-/-) and a specific pi3kγ inhibitor, we investigated the relevance of pi3kγ for the outcome and the neuroinflammatory process triggered by plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection. infected ...	2015	25775137
a plasmodium phospholipase is involved in disruption of the liver stage parasitophorous vacuole membrane.	the coordinated exit of intracellular pathogens from host cells is a process critical to the success and spread of an infection. while phospholipases have been shown to play important roles in bacteria host cell egress and virulence, their role in the release of intracellular eukaryotic parasites is largely unknown. we examined a malaria parasite protein with phospholipase activity and found it to be involved in hepatocyte egress. in hepatocytes, plasmodium parasites are surrounded by a parasito ...	2015	25786000
towards genome-wide experimental genetics in the in vivo malaria model parasite plasmodium berghei.	plasmodium berghei was identified as a parasite of thicket rats (grammomys dolichurus) and anopheles dureni mosquitoes in african highland forests. successful adaptation to a range of rodent and mosquito species established p. berghei as a malaria model parasite. the introduction of stable transfection technology, permitted classical reverse genetics strategies and thus systematic functional profiling of the gene repertoire. in the past 10 years following the publication of the p. berghei genome ...	2015	25789828
dendritic cells subsets mediated immune response during plasmodium berghei anka and plasmodium yoelii infection.	the roles of dendritic cells (dcs) in mediating immunity against plasmodium infection have been extensively investigated, but immune response during pathogenesis of malaria is still poorly understood. in the present study, we compared the splenic dcs phenotype and function during p. berghei anka (pba) or p. yoelii (p. yoelii) infection in swiss mice. we observed that pba-infected mice developed more myeloid and mature dcs capable of secreting il-12, while p. yoelii-infected mice had more plasmac ...	2015	25792277
in vivo antimalarial activity and mechanisms of action of 4-nerolidylcatechol derivatives.	4-nerolidylcatechol (1) is an abundant antiplasmodial metabolite that is isolated from piper peltatum roots. o-acylation or o-alkylation of compound 1 provides derivatives exhibiting improved stability and significant in vitro antiplasmodial activity. the aim of this work was to study the in vitro inhibition of hemozoin formation, inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plasmodium falciparum cultures, and in vivo antimalarial activity of several 4-nerolidylcatechol derivatives. 1,2-o,o-diacetyl ...	2015	25801563
the plasmodium class xiv myosin, myob, has a distinct subcellular location in invasive and motile stages of the malaria parasite and an unusual light chain.	myosin b (myob) is one of the two short class xiv myosins encoded in the plasmodium genome. class xiv myosins are characterized by a catalytic "head," a modified "neck," and the absence of a "tail" region. myosin a (myoa), the other class xiv myosin in plasmodium, has been established as a component of the glideosome complex important in motility and cell invasion, but myob is not well characterized. we analyzed the properties of myob using three parasite species as follows: plasmodium falciparu ...	2015	25802338
ectopic expression of a neospora caninum kazal type inhibitor triggers developmental defects in toxoplasma and plasmodium.	regulated proteolysis is known to control a variety of vital processes in apicomplexan parasites including invasion and egress of host cells. serine proteases have been proposed as targets for drug development based upon inhibitor studies that show parasite attenuation and transmission blockage. genetic studies suggest that serine proteases, such as subtilisin and rhomboid proteases, are essential but functional studies have proved challenging as active proteases are difficult to express. protei ...	2015	25803874
in vivo function of ptex88 in malaria parasite sequestration and virulence.	malaria pathology is linked to remodeling of red blood cells by eukaryotic plasmodium parasites. central to host cell refurbishment is the trafficking of parasite-encoded virulence factors through the plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (ptex). much of our understanding of its function is based on experimental work with cultured plasmodium falciparum, yet direct consequences of ptex impairment during an infection remain poorly defined. using the murine malaria model parasite plasmodium be ...	2015	25820521
development of an in vitro assay and demonstration of plasmodium berghei liver-stage inhibition by trap-specific cd8+ t cells.	the development of an efficacious vaccine against the plasmodium parasite remains a top priority. previous research has demonstrated the ability of a prime-boost virally vectored sub-unit vaccination regimen, delivering the liver-stage expressed malaria antigen trap, to produce high levels of antigen-specific t cells. the liver-stage of malaria is the main target of t cell-mediated immunity, yet a major challenge in assessing new t cell inducing vaccines has been the lack of a suitable pre-clini ...	2015	25822951
changes in brain metabolites in experimental cerebral malaria infection with plasmodium berghei anka: a literature review.	in this paper, we have collected the findings of available literature focusing on brain metabolites by spectroscopy in the murine model of cerebral malaria disease. the literature search for experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) and spectroscopy using national institute of health's pubmed database provided us with 9 peer-reviewed publications. these publications have used mice infected with plasmodium berghei (pba) antwerpen-kasapa (anka) strain to mimic the human infection with plasmodium falcipa ...	2014	25823161
mitochondrial atp synthase is dispensable in blood-stage plasmodium berghei rodent malaria but essential in the mosquito phase.	mitochondrial atp synthase is driven by chemiosmotic oxidation of pyruvate derived from glycolysis. blood-stage malaria parasites eschew chemiosmosis, instead relying almost solely on glycolysis for their atp generation, which begs the question of whether mitochondrial atp synthase is necessary during the blood stage of the parasite life cycle. we knocked out the mitochondrial atp synthase β subunit gene in the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, ablating the protein that converts adp t ...	2015	25831536
induction of cd8(+) t cell responses and protective efficacy following microneedle-mediated delivery of a live adenovirus-vectored malaria vaccine.	there is an urgent need for improvements in vaccine delivery technologies. this is particularly pertinent for vaccination programmes within regions of limited resources, such as those required for adequate provision for disposal of used needles. microneedles are micron-sized structures that penetrate the stratum corneum of the skin, creating temporary conduits for the needle-free delivery of drugs or vaccines. here, we aimed to investigate immunity induced by the recombinant simian adenovirus-ve ...	2015	25839104
antiplasmodial activity of aqueous extract of berberis aristata roots against plasmodium berghei-infected balb/c mice.	the rising problem of resistance to present antimalarial drugs stresses the need to look for newer antiplasmodial components with effective modes of action. the roots of berberis aristata dc. (berberidaceae) are used in the traditional medicine for malaria in various parts of india.	2015	25858288
visualization of malaria parasites in the skin using the luciferase transgenic parasite, plasmodium berghei.	we produced a transgenic rodent malaria parasite (plasmodium berghei) that contained the luciferase gene under a promoter region of elongation factor-1α. these transgenic (tg) parasites expressed luciferase in all stages of their life cycle, as previously reported. however, we were the first to succeed in observing sporozoites as a mass in mouse skin following their deposition by the probing of infective mosquitoes. our transgenic parasites may have emitted stronger bioluminescence than previous ...	2014	25859153
in vivo and in vitro characterization of a plasmodium liver stage-specific promoter.	little is known about stage-specific gene regulation in plasmodium parasites, in particular the liver stage of development. we have previously described in the plasmodium berghei rodent model, a liver stage-specific (lisp2) gene promoter region, in vitro. using a dual luminescence system, we now confirm the stage specificity of this promoter region also in vivo. furthermore, by substitution and deletion analyses we have extended our in vitro characterization of important elements within the prom ...	2015	25874388
sex hormones modulate the immune response to plasmodium berghei anka in cba/ca mice.	susceptibility to malaria differs between females and males, and this sexual dimorphism may have important implications for the effects of vaccines and drugs. however, little is known about the mechanisms mediating these sexual differences. because the main differences between sexes are dictated by sex hormones, we studied the effect of gonadal steroids on immune responses to malaria in cba/ca mice. we decreased sex hormones levels by gonadectomy and evaluated the splenic index and the cells inv ...	2015	25876048
the t-cell inhibitory molecule butyrophilin-like 2 is up-regulated in mild plasmodium falciparum infection and is protective during experimental cerebral malaria.	plasmodium falciparum infection can result in severe disease that is associated with elevated inflammation and vital organ dysfunction; however, malaria-endemic residents gain protection from lethal outcomes and manifest only mild symptoms during infection. to characterize host responses associated with this more effective antimalarial response, we characterized whole-blood transcriptional profiles in rwandan adults during a mild malaria episode and compared them with findings from a convalescen ...	2015	25883389
specific depletion of ly6c(hi) inflammatory monocytes prevents immunopathology in experimental cerebral malaria.	plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection of c57bl/6 mice leads to experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) that is commonly associated with serious t cell mediated damage. in other parasitic infection models, inflammatory monocytes have been shown to regulate th1 responses but their role in ecm remains poorly defined, whereas neutrophils are reported to contribute to ecm immune pathology. making use of the recent development of specific monoclonal antibodies (mab), we depleted in vivo ly6c(hi) inflamm ...	2015	25884830
effect of chronic khat (catha edulis, forsk) use on outcome of plasmodium berghei anka infection in swiss albino mice.	the objective of this study was to explore effects of khat (catha edulis) on outcome of rodent malaria infection and its anti-plasmodial activities on plasmodium berghei anka (pba).	2015	25886020
anti-malarial activity and toxicity assessment of himatanthus articulatus, a plant used to treat malaria in the brazilian amazon.	plasmodium falciparum has become resistant to some of the available drugs. several plant species are used for the treatment of malaria, such as himatanthus articulatus in parts of brazil. the present paper reports the phyto-chemistry, the anti-plasmodial and anti-malarial activity, as well as the toxicity of h. articulatus.	2015	25888719
resisting infection by plasmodium berghei increases the sensitivity of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae to ddt.	the evolution of insecticide resistance threatens current malaria control methods, which rely heavily on chemical insecticides. the magnitude of the threat will be determined by the phenotypic expression of resistance in those mosquitoes that can transmit malaria. these differ from the majority of the mosquito population in two main ways; they carry sporozoites (the infectious stage of the plasmodium parasite) and they are relatively old, as they need to survive the development period of the mal ...	2015	25888982
studying the effect of chloroquine on sporozoite-induced protection and immune responses in plasmodium berghei malaria.	sporozoite immunization of animals and humans under a chemo-prophylactic cover of chloroquine (cps-cq) efficiently induces sterile protection against malaria. in humans, cps-cq is strikingly more efficient than immunization with radiation attenuated sporozoites (ras), raising the hypothesis that this might be partially due to cq. chloroquine, an established anti-malarial drug, is also well known for its immune modulating properties including improvement of cross-presentation. the aim of this stu ...	2015	25889324
in vivo antiplasmodial and toxicological effect of maytenus senegalensis traditionally used in the treatment of malaria in tanzania.	in tanzania and elsewhere, medicinal plants, including maytenus senegalensis, are still widely used in the treatment of malaria and other ailments. the aim of the present study was to investigate the in vivo antiplasmodial and toxic effects in mice.	2015	25890324
design, synthesis and biological evaluation of quinazoline derivatives as anti-trypanosomatid and anti-plasmodial agents.	in this paper, the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a set of quinazoline-2,4,6-triamine derivatives (1-9) as trypanocidal, antileishmanial and antiplasmodial agents are explained. the compounds were rationalized basing on docking studies of the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr from trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania major and plasmodium vivax) and pteridin reductase (ptr from t. cruzi and l. major) structures. all compounds were in vitro screened against both bloodstream trypomastigotes of ...	2015	25899334
biogenesis of the crystalloid organelle in plasmodium involves microtubule-dependent vesicle transport and assembly.	malaria parasites possess unique subcellular structures and organelles. one of these is the crystalloid, a multivesicular organelle that forms during the parasite's development in vector mosquitoes. the formation and function of these organelles remain poorly understood. a family of six conserved and modular proteins named lccl-lectin adhesive-like proteins (laps), which have essential roles in sporozoite transmission, localise to the crystalloids. in this study we analyse crystalloid formation ...	2015	25900212
antimalarial properties of saabmal (®): an ethnomedicinal polyherbal formulation for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria infection in the tropics.	malaria is a serious problem in the countries of the developing world. as the malaria parasite has become resistant to most of the antimalaria drugs available currently, there is a need to search for newer drugs. this study reports the pharmaceutical quality and in vivo antimalarial activities of a polyherbal formulation (saabmal ® ) used as malarial remedy in nigeria.	2015	25900958
targeting the cell stress response of plasmodium falciparum to overcome artemisinin resistance.	successful control of falciparum malaria depends greatly on treatment with artemisinin combination therapies. thus, reports that resistance to artemisinins (arts) has emerged, and that the prevalence of this resistance is increasing, are alarming. art resistance has recently been linked to mutations in the k13 propeller protein. we undertook a detailed kinetic analysis of the drug responses of k13 wild-type and mutant isolates of plasmodium falciparum sourced from a region in cambodia (pailin). ...	2015	25901609
disruption of parasite hmgb2 gene attenuates plasmodium berghei anka pathogenicity.	eukaryotic high-mobility-group-box (hmgb) proteins are nuclear factors involved in chromatin remodeling and transcription regulation. when released into the extracellular milieu, hmgb1 acts as a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. we found that the plasmodium genome encodes two genuine hmgb factors, plasmodium hmgb1 and hmgb2, that encompass, like their human counterparts, a proinflammatory domain. given that th ...	2015	25916985
new quinoline derivatives demonstrate a promising antimalarial activity against plasmodium falciparum in vitro and plasmodium berghei in vivo.	malaria continues to be an important public health problem in the world. nowadays, the widespread parasite resistance to many drugs used in antimalarial therapy has made the effective treatment of cases and control of the disease a constant challenge. therefore, the discovery of new molecules with good antimalarial activity and tolerance to human use can be really important in the further treatment of the disease. in this study we have investigated the antiplasmodial activity of 10 synthetic com ...	2015	25920564
low fetal weight is directly caused by sequestration of parasites and indirectly by il-17 and il-10 imbalance in the placenta of pregnant mice with malaria.	the sequestration of infected erythrocytes in the placenta can activate the syncytiotrophoblast to release cytokines that affect the micro-environment and influence the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to fetus. the high level of il-10 has been reported in the intervillous space and could prevent the pathological effects. there is still no data of th17 involvement in the pathogenesis of placental malaria. this study was conducted to reveal the influence of placental il-17 and il-10 levels on fet ...	2015	25925177
l-arginine exacerbates experimental cerebral malaria by enhancing pro-inflammatory responses.	l-arginine (l-arg), the substrate for nitric oxide (no) synthase, has been used to treat malaria to reverse endothelial dysfunction in adults. however, the safety and efficacy of l-arg remains unknown in malaria patients under the age of five, who are at the greatest risk of developing cerebral malaria (cm), a severe malaria complication. here, we tested effects of l-arg treatment on the outcomes of cm using a mouse model. experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) was induced in female c57bl/6 mice in ...	2015	25925198
in vivo antimalarial activity of α-mangostin and the new xanthone δ-mangostin.	based on the previously reported in vitro antiplasmodial activity of several xanthones from garcinia mangostana, two xanthones, α-mangostin and a new compound, δ-mangostin, were isolated from mangosteen husk, and the in vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxic effects were determined. α-mangostin was more active against the resistant plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant (fcr3) strain (ic50 = 0.2 ± 0.01 μm) than δ-mangostin (ic50 = 121.2 ± 1.0 μm). furthermore, the therapeutic response accordi ...	2015	25943035
targeting molecular interactions essential for plasmodium sexual reproduction.	malaria remains one of the most devastating infectious diseases, killing up to a million people every year. whereas much progress has been made in understanding the life cycle of the parasite in the human host and in the mosquito vector, significant gaps of knowledge remain. fertilization of malaria parasites, a process that takes place in the lumen of the mosquito midgut, is poorly understood and the molecular interactions (receptor-ligand) required for plasmodium fertilization remain elusive. ...	2015	25944054
trafficking of the signature protein of intra-erythrocytic plasmodium berghei-induced structures, ibis1, to p. falciparum maurer's clefts.	remodeling of the host red blood cell by plasmodium falciparum is well established and crucial for infection and parasite virulence. host cell modifications are not exclusive to human plasmodium parasites and also occur in hepatocytes and erythrocytes infected with murine plasmodium parasites. the recently described intra-erythrocytic p. berghei-induced structures (ibis) share similarities to p. falciparum maurer's clefts. it is shown here that a potential candidate ibis1 homologue in p. falcipa ...	2015	25956941
effects of 5,8-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid on the antioxidative defense and lipid membranes in plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes.	plasmodium parasites degrade hemoglobin producing reactive oxygen species as toxic byproducts which are detoxified by a series of antioxidant mechanisms. quinoline compounds have demonstrated activity against hemoglobin degradation with 5,8-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid (tqca) representing a recent compound inhibiting this process. thus, this study was undertaken to determine the ability of tqca to modify the oxidative status in plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes. after ...	2015	25956945
in vivo antiplasmodial and toxicological effect of crude ethanol extract of echinops kebericho traditionally used in treatment of malaria in ethiopia.	medicinal plants have contributed significantly to current malaria treatment. emergence of resistance to currently available drugs has necessitated the search for new plant-based anti-malarial agents and several plant-based, pharmacologically active anti-malarial compounds have been isolated. this study was conducted to validate the traditional usage of echinops kebericho for treating malaria in the traditional health care system of ethiopia.	2015	25958112
n-acetyl cysteine and mushroom agaricus sylvaticus supplementation decreased parasitaemia and pulmonary oxidative stress in a mice model of malaria.	malaria infection can cause high oxidative stress, which could lead to the development of severe forms of malaria, such as pulmonary malaria. in recent years, the role of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of the disease has been discussed, as well as the potential benefit of antioxidants supplementation. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of n-acetyl cysteine (nac) or mushroom agaricus sylvaticus supplementation on the pulmonary oxidative changes in an experimental mo ...	2015	25971771
advances in molecular genetic systems in malaria.	robust tools for analysing gene function in plasmodium parasites, which are the causative agents of malaria, are being developed at an accelerating rate. two decades after genetic technologies for use in plasmodium spp. were first described, a range of genetic tools are now available. these include conditional systems that can regulate gene expression at the genome, transcriptional or protein level, as well as more sophisticated tools for gene editing that use piggybac transposases, integrases, ...	2015	25978707
anopheles midgut frep1 mediates plasmodium invasion.	malaria transmission depends on sexual stage plasmodium parasites successfully invading anopheline mosquito midguts following a blood meal. however, the molecular mechanisms of plasmodium invasion of mosquito midguts have not been fully elucidated. previously, we showed that genetic polymorphisms in the fibrinogen-related protein 1 (frep1) gene are significantly associated with plasmodium falciparum infection in anopheles gambiae, and frep1 is important for plasmodium berghei infection of mosqui ...	2015	25991725
the cytoplasmic prolyl-trna synthetase of the malaria parasite is a dual-stage target of febrifugine and its analogs.	the emergence of drug resistance is a major limitation of current antimalarials. the discovery of new druggable targets and pathways including those that are critical for multiple life cycle stages of the malaria parasite is a major goal for developing next-generation antimalarial drugs. using an integrated chemogenomics approach that combined drug resistance selection, whole-genome sequencing, and an orthogonal yeast model, we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic prolyl-trna (transfer rna) syntheta ...	2015	25995223
mesenchymal stromal cell therapy attenuated lung and kidney injury but not brain damage in experimental cerebral malaria.	malaria is the most relevant parasitic disease worldwide, and still accounts for 1 million deaths each year. since current antimalarial drugs are unable to prevent death in severe cases, new therapeutic strategies have been developed. mesenchymal stromal cells (msc) confer host resistance against malaria; however, thus far, no study has evaluated the therapeutic effects of msc therapy on brain and distal organ damage in experimental cerebral malaria.	2015	25998168
plasmodium berghei induced priming in anopheles albimanus independently of bacterial co-infection.	priming in invertebrates is the acquired capacity to better combat a pathogen due to a previous exposure to sub-lethal doses of the same organism. it is proposed to be functionally analogous to immune memory in vertebrates. previous studies with anopheles gambiae mosquitoes provide evidence that the inhibitory response to a second challenge by the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei resulted from a sustained activation of hemocytes by midgut bacteria. these bacteria probably accessed the hemolym ...	2015	26004500
in vivo study on splenomegaly inhibition by genistein in plasmodium berghei-infected mice.	spleen plays an important role in removing old and damaged red blood cells and malaria-infected erythrocytes. when malaria parasites invade the spleen and induce splenomegaly, splenic function tends to be impaired. thus, the inhibition of splenomegaly is strongly required to protect the spleen. in this study, malaria-induced splenomegaly is inhibited by injecting genistein into a plasmodium berghei-infected icr mouse. to explain this phenomenon, the effect of genistein in spleen and liver of mal ...	2015	26004668
phenylhydrazine administration accelerates the development of experimental cerebral malaria.	phenylhydrazine (phz) treatment is generally used to enhance parasitemia in infected mice models. transient reticulocytosis is commonly observed in iron-deficient anemic hosts after treatment with iron supplementation, and is also associated with short-term hemolysis caused by phz treatment. in this study, we investigated the relationship between reticulocytosis and cerebral malaria (cm) in a murine model induced by phz administration before plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection. mortality and ...	2015	26005191
protein phosphorylation during plasmodium berghei gametogenesis.	plasmodium gametogenesis within the mosquito midgut is a complex differentiation process involving signaling mediated by phosphorylation, which modulate metabolic routes and protein synthesis required to complete this development. however, the mechanisms leading to gametogenesis activation are poorly understood. we analyzed protein phosphorylation during plasmodium berghei gametogenesis in vitro in serum-free medium using bidimensional electrophoresis (2-de) combined with immunoblotting (ib) and ...	2015	26008612
implications of glutathione levels in the plasmodium berghei response to chloroquine and artemisinin.	malaria is one of the most devastating parasitic diseases worldwide. plasmodium drug resistance remains a major challenge to malaria control and has led to the re-emergence of the disease. chloroquine (cq) and artemisinin (art) are thought to exert their anti-malarial activity inducing cytotoxicity in the parasite by blocking heme degradation (for cq) and increasing oxidative stress. besides the contribution of the cq resistance transporter (pfcrt) and the multidrug resistant gene (pfmdr), cq re ...	2015	26010448
from mets to malaria: rrx-001, a multi-faceted anticancer agent with activity in cerebral malaria.	the survival of malaria parasites, under substantial haem-induced oxidative stress in the red blood cells (rbcs) is dependent on the pentose phosphate pathway (ppp). the ppp is the only source of nadph in the rbc, essential for the production of reduced glutathione (gsh) and for protection from oxidative stress. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) deficiency, therefore, increases the vulnerability of erythrocytes to oxidative stress. in plasmodium, g6pd is combined with the second enzyme of ...	2015	26017006
study of the antimalarial properties of hydroxyethylamine derivatives using green fluorescent protein transformed plasmodium berghei.	a rapid decrease in parasitaemia remains the major goal for new antimalarial drugs and thus, in vivo models must provide precise results concerning parasitaemia modulation. hydroxyethylamine comprise an important group of alkanolamine compounds that exhibit pharmacological properties as proteases inhibitors that has already been proposed as a new class of antimalarial drugs. herein, it was tested the antimalarial property of new nine different hydroxyethylamine derivatives using the green fluore ...	2015	26018449
evaluation of the ex vivo antimalarial activity of organotin (iv) ethylphenyldithiocarbamate on erythrocytes infected with plasmodium berghei nk 65.	malaria is the most destructive and dangerous parasitic disease. the commonness of this disease is getting worse mainly due to the increasing resistance of plasmodium falciparum against antimalarial drugs. therefore, the search for new antimalarial drug is urgently needed. this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dibutyltin (iv) ethylphenyldithiocarbamate (dbep), diphenyltin (iv) ethylphenyldithiocarbamate (dpep) and triphenyltin (iv) ethylphenyldithiocarbamate (tpep) compounds as a ...	2014	26035957
n-cinnamoylation of antimalarial classics: effects of using acyl groups other than cinnamoyl toward dual-stage antimalarials.	in a follow-up study to our reports of n-cinnamoylated chloroquine and quinacrine analogues as promising dual-stage antimalarial leads with high in vitro potency against both blood-stage plasmodium falciparum and liver-stage plasmodium berghei, we decided to investigate the effect of replacing the cinnamoyl moiety with other acyl groups. thus, a series of n-acylated analogues were synthesized, and their activities against blood- and liver-stage plasmodium spp. were assessed along with their in v ...	2015	26038181
p-selectin is a host receptor for plasmodium msp7 ligands.	plasmodium parasites typically elicit a non-sterile but protective immune response in human host populations, suggesting that the parasites actively modulate normal immunological mechanisms. p-selectin is a cell surface receptor expressed in mammals, that is a known component of the inflammatory response against pathogens and has been previously identified as a host factor that influences malaria-associated pathology both in human patients and rodent infection models.	2015	26045295
salinomycin and other ionophores as a new class of antimalarial drugs with transmission-blocking activity.	the drug target profile proposed by the medicines for malaria venture for a malaria elimination/eradication policy focuses on molecules active on both asexual and sexual stages of plasmodium, thus with both curative and transmission-blocking activities. the aim of the present work was to investigate whether the class of monovalent ionophores, which includes drugs used in veterinary medicine and that were recently proposed as human anticancer agents, meets these requirements. the activity of sali ...	2015	26055362
evaluation of effectiveness of ethanolic extract of artemisia aucheri, individually and in combination with chloroquine, on chloroquine - sensitive strain of plasmodium berghei in sourian mice.	drug resistance in malaria parasites is extending in the world particularly in chemical synthesized drugs such as 4- aminoquinolines and aminoalcoholes. employing herbal extracts is encouraged by who in the malarious areas. in this study, the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of artemisia aucheri individually and in combination with chloroquine, has been considered against chloroquine - sensitive strain of plasmodium berghei.	2013	26056643
synergistic effect of aqueous extract of telfaria occidentalis on the biological activities of artesunate in plasmodium berghei infected mice.	resistance to most antimalarial drugs has encouraged the use of herbal preparations along with prescribed orthodox drugs.	2014	26060466
effect of crude leaf extract of osyris quadripartita on plasmodium berghei in swiss albino mice.	continuous emergence of multi-drug-resistant malaria parasites and their rapid spread across the globe warrant urgent search for new anti-malarial chemotherapeutics. traditional medicinal plants have been the main sources for screening active phytochemicals against malaria. accordingly, this study was aimed at evaluating the anti-malarial activity of osyris quadripartita salzm. ex decne., a plant which is used for traditional malaria treatment by local people in different parts of ethiopia.	2015	26077462
synthesis, β-hematin inhibition studies and antimalarial evaluation of dehydroxy isotebuquine derivatives against plasmodium berghei.	diverse dehydroxy-isotebuquine derivatives were prepared by using a five step synthetic sequence in good yields. all these new 4-aminoquinolines were evaluated as inhibitors of haemozoin formation, where most of them showed a significant inhibition value (% ihf >97). the best inhibitors were tested in vivo as potential antimalarials in mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka chloroquine susceptible strain, three of them (11b, 11d and 11h) displayed an antimalarial activity comparable to that ...	2015	26081761
metabolic signature profiling as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in pediatric plasmodium falciparum malaria.	background. accuracy in malaria diagnosis and staging is vital to reduce mortality and post infectious sequelae. in this study, we present a metabolomics approach to diagnostic staging of malaria infection, specifically plasmodium falciparum infection in children. methods. a group of 421 patients between 6 months and 6 years of age with mild and severe states of malaria with age-matched controls were included in the study, 107, 192, and 122, individuals, respectively. a multivariate design was ...	2015	26110164
parasite-induced er stress response in hepatocytes facilitates plasmodium liver stage infection.	upon infection of a mammalian host, plasmodium parasites first replicate inside hepatocytes, generating thousands of new parasites. although plasmodium intra-hepatic development represents a substantial metabolic challenge to the host hepatocyte, how infected cells respond to and integrate this stress remains poorly understood. here, we present proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, revealing that the endoplasmic reticulum (er)-resident unfolded protein response (upr) is activated in host hepato ...	2015	26113366
antimalarial evaluation of the leaf latex of aloe citrina and its major constituent.	malaria is one of the major obstacles to the socioeconomic development of several developing countries. adequate treatment of the disease is becoming increasingly difficult due to the worsening problems of drug resistance in many parts of the world. therefore, increased efforts in antimalarial drug discovery are urgently needed.	2017	26120228
protective activity of biflavanones from garcinia kola against plasmodium infection.	garcinia kola is a medicinal plant traditionally used for malaria therapy in central africa.	2015	26129936
in vivo antimalarial activity of the crude root and fruit extracts of croton macrostachyus (euphorbiaceae) against plasmodium berghei in mice.	euphorbiaceae (croton macrostachyus h.; bā dòu) is used in ethiopian folklore medicine for the treatment of malaria, gonorrhea, diabetes, wounds, fungal infections, and helminths. no scientific investigations have been performed to substantiate these claims. this study aimed to investigate the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of 80% methanol extract of the fruit and the root of croton macrostachyus h. in a rodent model of malaria. the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei was used to inocula ...	2015	26151030
myeloid expression of the ap-1 transcription factor junb modulates outcomes of type 1 and type 2 parasitic infections.	activation of macrophages is a key step in the initiation of immune responses, but the transcriptional mechanisms governing macrophage activation during infection are not fully understood. it was recently shown that the ap-1 family transcription factor junb positively regulates macrophage activation in response to toll-like receptor agonists that promote classical or m1 polarization, as well as to the cytokine interleukin-4 (il-4), which elicits an alternatively activated or m2 phenotype. howeve ...	2015	26178310
antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of plants used in traditional medicine of iran for the treatment of fever.	malaria is the most serious parasitic disease and one of the oldest recorded diseases in the world. because of the resistance of malaria parasites to current drugs, it is necessary to discover new antiplasmodial drugs. traditional medicine is one of the important sources of new antiplasmodial drugs. in this study, twenty methanolic extracts from different parts of sixteen medicinal plants used in traditional medicine of iran for the treatment of "nobeh fever" and/ or fever were screened for in-v ...	2015	26185511
kix domain specific immunoglobulin a can protect from adverse lung and cerebral pathology induced by plasmodium berghei anka.	plasmodium specific iga has been detected in serum and breast milk among the endemic population but the role it can play in vivo is not clear. in this report, we demonstrate the utility of malaria specific iga, elicited by peptide sequences (referred as mpep3 and mpep4) of region vi of eba-175 (pfrvi). immunization of mice with klh tagged or untagged peptides of mpep3, mpep4 or with pfrvi have resulted in specific iga response that inhibits the in vitro invasion of plasmodium falciparum merozoit ...	2015	26188504
anti-plasmodium falciparum activity of quinoline-sulfonamide hybrids.	fifteen quinoline-sulfonamide hybrids, with a 7-chloroquinoline moiety connected by a linker group to arylsulfonamide moieties with different substituents in the 4-position were synthesized and assayed against plasmodium falciparum. the compounds displayed high schizonticidal blood activity in vitro, with ic50 values ranging from 0.05 to 1.63 μm, in the anti-hpr2 assay against clone w2-chloroquine-resistant; ten of them showed an ic50 (ranging from 0.05 to 0.40 μm) lower than that of chloroquine ...	2015	26190461
long-term live imaging reveals cytosolic immune responses of host hepatocytes against plasmodium infection and parasite escape mechanisms.	plasmodium parasites are transmitted by anopheles mosquitoes to the mammalian host and actively infect hepatocytes after passive transport in the bloodstream to the liver. in their target host hepatocyte, parasites reside within a parasitophorous vacuole (pv). in the present study it was shown that the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (pvm) can be targeted by autophagy marker proteins lc3, ubiquitin, and sqstm1/p62 as well as by lysosomes in a process resembling selective autophagy. the dynamics ...	0	26208778
plasmodium transmission blocking activities of vernonia amygdalina extracts and isolated compounds.	medicinal plants are a validated source for discovery of new leads and standardized herbal medicines. the aim of this study was to assess the activity of vernonia amygdalina leaf extracts and isolated compounds against gametocytes and sporogonic stages of plasmodium berghei and to validate the findings on field isolates of plasmodium falciparum.	2015	26208861
the plasmodium berghei translocon of exported proteins reveals spatiotemporal dynamics of tubular extensions.	the erythrocyte is an extraordinary host cell for intracellular pathogens and requires extensive remodelling to become permissive for infection. malaria parasites modify their host red blood cells through protein export to acquire nutrients and evade immune responses. endogenous fluorescent tagging of three signature proteins of the plasmodium berghei translocon of exported proteins (ptex), heat shock protein 101, exported protein 2 (exp2), and ptex88, revealed motile, tubular extensions of the ...	2015	26219962
global expression profiling reveals shared and distinct transcript signatures in arrested act2(-) and cdpk4(-) plasmodium berghei gametocytes.	gametocytogenesis and gametogenesis in malaria parasites are complex processes of cell differentiation and development likely involving many gene products. gametocytes develop in the blood of the vertebrate host but mature gametocytes are not activated until taken up by the mosquito vector. several distinct mutants have been described that block gametogenesis but the detailed molecular causes for the mutant phenotypes are not understood. to investigate whether a block in gametogenesis also resul ...	2015	26222913
mouse models of uncomplicated and fatal malaria.	mouse models have demonstrated utility in delineating the mechanisms underlying many aspects of malaria immunology and physiology. the most common mouse models of malaria employ the rodent-specific parasite species plasmodium berghei, p. yoelii, and p. chabaudi, which elicit distinct pathologies and immune responses and are used to model different manifestations of human disease. in vitro culture methods are not well developed for rodent plasmodium parasites, which thus require in vivo maintenan ...	2015	26236758