Publications

nasopharyngeal vs. adenoid cultures in children undergoing adenoidectomy: prevalence of bacterial pathogens, their interactions and risk factors.	streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus colonization of the adenoids and nasopharynx in 103 preschool children who underwent adenoidectomy for recurrent upper respiratory tract infections was examined. bacterial interactions and risk factors for bacterial colonization of the nasopharynx and adenoids, separately, were analysed statistically. the prevalence of simultaneous isolation from both anatomical sites was 45·6% for s. pneumoniae, 29 ...	2015	25703401
colistin for lung infection: an update.	increasing incidence of resistance of gram-negative bacteria against even newer antibiotic including carbapenem has generated interest in the old antibiotic colistin, which are being used as salvage therapy in the treatment of multidrug resistant infection. colistin has excellent bactericidal activity against most gram-negative bacilli. it has shown persist level in the liver, kidney, heart, and muscle; while it is poorly distributed to the bones, cerebrospinal fluid, lung parenchyma, and pleura ...	2015	25705428
the bacterial interactions in the nasopharynx of children receiving adenoidectomy.	staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, and haemophilus influenzae are the common pathogens that colonize in the nasopharynx of children. polymicrobial interactions are thought to play an important role in different sites throughout the human body. however, there are currently very few studies that investigate the interactions between s. aureus, s. pneumoniae, and h. influenzae in the nasopharynx. we retrospectively analyzed the adenoid tissue culture from 269 children who received aden ...	2015	25705586
vaccines for patients with copd.	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow limitation. this disease is currently the fourth higher cause of death in the world, and it is predicted to be the third by the year 2020. patients with copd are frequently exposed to human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial and influenza virus, as well as to haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis. these infectious agents are responsible for exac ...	2015	25706527
bacterial-resistance among outpatients of county hospitals in china: significant geographic distinctions and minor differences between central cities.	the purpose of this study was to survey antibacterial resistance in outpatients of chinese county hospitals. a total of 31 county hospitals were selected and samples continuously collected from august 2010 to august 2011. drug sensitivity testing was conducted in a central laboratory. a total of 2946 unique isolates were collected, including 634 strains of escherichia coli, 606 klebsiella pneumoniae, 476 staphylococcus aureus, 308 streptococcus pneumoniae, and 160 haemophilus influenzae. extende ...	2015	25708671
influence of pseudomonas aeruginosa on exacerbation in patients with bronchiectasis.	a majority of the studies done on the western population have shown that pseudomonas aeruginosa causes many severe infections in patients with bronchiectasis as compared to other pathogens. there is scarcity of similar data from the asian population.	2015	25722615
the extended clinical phenotype of 64 patients with dedicator of cytokinesis 8 deficiency.	mutations in dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (dock8) cause a combined immunodeficiency (cid) also classified as autosomal recessive (ar) hyper-ige syndrome (hies). recognizing patients with cid/hies is of clinical importance because of the difference in prognosis and management.	2015	25724123
detection of chlamydophila pneumoniae and typical bacteria in patients with chronic cough.	the aim of research was to analyze the results of microbiological tests for typical and atypical bacteria in patients with symptoms of chronic cough. a total of 214 outpatients aged from 2 to 94 years (110 women, 64 men, and 40 children) with chronic cough were studied. four hundred twenty eight throat swabs were examined for atypical bacteria antigen (chlamydophila pneumoniae) (n=214) and typical pathogens (n=214). chl. pneumoniae detection was performed using indirect immunofluorescence test. ...	2015	25724797
moonlighting o-acetylserine sulfhydrylase: new functions for an old protein.	o-acetylserine sulfhydrylase a (cysk) is the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the final reaction of cysteine biosynthesis in bacteria. cysk was initially identified in a complex with serine acetyltransferase (cyse), which catalyzes the penultimate reaction in the synthetic pathway. this "cysteine synthase" complex is stabilized by insertion of the cyse c-terminus into the active-site of cysk. remarkably, the cysk/cyse binding interaction is conserved in most bacterial and p ...	2015	25731080
nonencapsulated streptococcus pneumoniae cause acute otitis media in the chinchilla that is enhanced by pneumococcal surface protein k.	use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has led to serotype replacement of carriage and acute otitis media (aom) pneumococcal isolates. increases in nonencapsulated streptococcus pneumoniae (nesp) isolates have also occurred, and there are increasing reports of nesp-associated disease. disease prevalence and virulence factors of nesp isolates have not been studied.	2014	25734113
bacterial adaptation during chronic respiratory infections.	chronic lung infections are associated with increased morbidity and mortality for individuals with underlying respiratory conditions such as cystic fibrosis (cf) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). the process of chronic colonisation allows pathogens to adapt over time to cope with changing selection pressures, co-infecting species and antimicrobial therapies. these adaptations can occur due to environmental pressures in the lung such as inflammatory responses, hypoxia, nutrient de ...	2015	25738646
changing trends of acute otitis media bacteriology in central israel in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines era.	the widespread use of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) has changed acute otitis media (aom) bacteriology. only scattered data with regard to this effect of pcv13 have been published so far.	2015	25741972
bacterial immune evasion through manipulation of host inhibitory immune signaling.		2015	25742647
bactericidal, opsonophagocytic and anti-adhesive effectiveness of cross-reactive antibodies against moraxella catarrhalis.	moraxella catarrhalis is a human-restricted significant respiratory tract pathogen. the bacteria accounts for 15-20% of cases of otitis media in children and is an important causative agent of infectious exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. the acquisition of new m. catarrhalis strains plays a central role in the pathogenesis of both mentioned disorders. the antibody-dependent immune response to this pathogen is critical for its effective elimination. thus, the knowl ...	2015	25743473
acute otorrhea in children with tympanostomy tubes: prevalence of bacteria and viruses in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era.	acute tympanostomy-tube otorrhea is a common sequela in children with tympanostomy tubes. acute tympanostomy-tube otorrhea is generally a symptom of an acute middle ear infection, whereby middle ear fluid drains through the tube. the widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (pcv) has changed the bacterial prevalence in the upper respiratory tract of children, but its impact on bacterial and viral pathogens causing acute tympanostomy-tube otorrhea is yet unknown.	2015	25764097
amoxicillin concentrations in relation to beta-lactamase activity in sputum during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are often treated with antibiotics. theoretically, to be maximally effective, the antibiotic concentration at sites of infection should exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration at which 90% of the growth of potential pathogens is inhibited (mic90). a previous study showed that most hospitalized copd patients had sputum amoxicillin concentrations <lmic90 when treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. those with adequate sputum ...	2015	25767383
development and laboratory evaluation of a real-time pcr assay for detecting viruses and bacteria of relevance for community-acquired pneumonia.	community-acquired pneumonia may present with similar clinical symptoms, regardless of viral or bacterial cause. diagnostic assays are needed to rapidly discriminate between causes, because this will guide decisions on appropriate treatment. therefore, a quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay with duplex reactions targeting eight bacteria and six viruses was developed. technical performance was examined with linear plasmids. upper and lower respiratory tract specimens were used to compare the q ...	2015	25772704
[four bacterial studies on children with chronic otitis media with effusion].	to research the prevalences of four kinds of bacteria including alloiococcus otitidis, streptococcus pneumonia, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in children with chronic otitis media with effusion (som) of the middle ear effusion, and the reproduction of the nasopharynx, so as to explore their meaning for the children with som.	2014	25775744
pneumonia in the neutropenic cancer patient.	pneumonia is the leading cause of death among neutropenic cancer patients, particularly those with acute leukaemia. even with empiric therapy, case fatality rates of neutropenic pneumonias remain unacceptably high. however, recent advances in the management of neutropenic pneumonia offer hope for improved outcomes in the cancer setting. this review summarizes recent literature regarding the clinical presentation, microbiologic trends, diagnostic advances and therapeutic recommendations for cance ...	2015	25784246
ralstonia solanacearum uses inorganic nitrogen metabolism for virulence, atp production, and detoxification in the oxygen-limited host xylem environment.	genomic data predict that, in addition to oxygen, the bacterial plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum can use nitrate (no3(-)), nitrite (no2(-)), nitric oxide (no), and nitrous oxide (n2o) as terminal electron acceptors (teas). genes encoding inorganic nitrogen reduction were highly expressed during tomato bacterial wilt disease, when the pathogen grows in xylem vessels. direct measurements found that tomato xylem fluid was low in oxygen, especially in plants infected by r. solanacearum. xylem f ...	2015	25784703
vaccines for nontypeable haemophilus influenzae: the future is now.	infections due to nontypeable haemophilus influenzae result in enormous global morbidity in two clinical settings: otitis media in children and respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). recurrent otitis media affects up to 20% of children and results in hearing loss, delays in speech and language development and, in developing countries, chronic suppurative otitis media. infections in people with copd result in clinic and emergency room visits, hos ...	2015	25787137
lantibiotic resistance.	the dramatic rise in the incidence of antibiotic resistance demands that new therapeutic options will have to be developed. one potentially interesting class of antimicrobials are the modified bacteriocins termed lantibiotics, which are bacterially produced, posttranslationally modified, lanthionine/methyllanthionine-containing peptides. it is interesting that low levels of resistance have been reported for lantibiotics compared with commercial antibiotics. given that there are very few examples ...	2015	25787977
[resistance surveillance of major pathogens for adult community-acquired respiratory tract infections in china: a multicenter study 2012].	to investigate antimicrobial resistance among pathogens responsible for adult community-acquired respiratory tract infections from 11 hospitals of china.	2015	25791651
patterns of structural and sequence variation within isotype lineages of the neisseria meningitidis transferrin receptor system.	neisseria meningitidis inhabits the human upper respiratory tract and is an important cause of sepsis and meningitis. a surface receptor comprised of transferrin-binding proteins a and b (tbpa and tbpb), is responsible for acquiring iron from host transferrin. sequence and immunological diversity divides tbpbs into two distinct lineages; isotype i and isotype ii. two representative isotype i and ii strains, b16b6 and m982, differ in their dependence on tbpb for in vitro growth on exogenous trans ...	2015	25800619
neonatal streptococcus pneumoniae infection may aggravate adulthood allergic airways disease in association with il-17a.	epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that some bacteria colonization or infections in early-life increased the risk for subsequent asthma development. however, little is known about the mechanisms by which early-life bacterial infection increases this risk. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neonatal streptococcus pneumoniae infection on the development of adulthood asthma, and to explore the possible mechanism. a non-lethal s. pneumoniae lung infection was established by ...	2015	25816135
nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens conducted by the surveillance committee of japanese society of chemotherapy, the japanese association for infectious diseases, and the japanese society for clinical microbiology in 2010: general view of the pathogens' antibacterial susceptibility.	the nationwide surveillance on antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens from patients in japan, was conducted by japanese society of chemotherapy, japanese association for infectious diseases and japanese society for clinical microbiology in 2010. the isolates were collected from clinical specimens obtained from well-diagnosed adult patients with respiratory tract infections during the period from january and april 2010 by three societies. antimicrobial susceptibility test ...	2015	25817352
the burden and etiology of community-onset pneumonia in the aging japanese population: a multicenter prospective study.	the increasing burden of pneumonia in adults is an emerging health issue in the era of global population aging. this study was conducted to elucidate the burden of community-onset pneumonia (cop) and its etiologic fractions in japan, the world's most aged society.	2015	25822890
identification and therapeutic potential of a vitronectin binding region of meningococcal msf.	the human pathogen neisseria meningitides (nm) attains serum resistance via a number of mechanisms, one of which involves binding to the host complement regulator protein vitronectin. we have shown previously that the meningococcal surface fibril (msf), a trimeric autotransporter, binds to the activated form of vitronectin (avn) to increase nm survival in human serum. in this study, we aimed to identify the avn-binding region of msf to assess its potential as an antigen which can elicit antibodi ...	2015	25826209
impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pediatric tympanostomy tube insertion in partial immunized population.	to investigate the impact of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on tube insertions in a partial immunized pediatric population.	2015	25839052
outer membrane vesicles - offensive weapons or good samaritans?	outer membrane vesicles (omvs) from gram-negative bacteria were first considered as artifacts and were followed with disbelief and bad reputation. later, their existence was accepted and they became characterized as bacterial bombs, virulence bullets, and even decoys. today, we know that omvs also can be involved in cell-cell signaling/communication and be mediators of immune regulation and cause disease protection. furthermore, omvs represent a distinct bacterial secretion pathway selecting and ...	2015	25840612
the changing face of asthma and its relation with microbes.	during the past 50 years, the prevalence of asthma has increased and this has coincided with our changing relation with microorganisms. asthma is a complex disease associated with local tissue inflammation of the airway that is determined by environmental, immunological, and host genetic factors. in a subgroup of sufferers, respiratory infections are associated with the development of chronic disease and more frequent inflammatory exacerbations. recent studies suggest that these infections are p ...	2015	25840766
specificity of the moda11, moda12 and modd1 epigenetic regulator n(6)-adenine dna methyltransferases of neisseria meningitidis.	phase variation (random on/off switching) of gene expression is a common feature of host-adapted pathogenic bacteria. phase variably expressed n(6)-adenine dna methyltransferases (mod) alter global methylation patterns resulting in changes in gene expression. these systems constitute phase variable regulons called phasevarions. neisseria meningitidis phasevarions regulate genes including virulence factors and vaccine candidates, and alter phenotypes including antibiotic resistance. the target si ...	2015	25845594
systemic cytokine signaling via il-17 in smokers with obstructive pulmonary disease: a link to bacterial colonization?	we examined whether systemic cytokine signaling via interleukin (il)-17 and growth-related oncogene-α (gro-α) is impaired in smokers with obstructive pulmonary disease including chronic bronchitis (opd-cb). we also examined how this systemic cytokine signaling relates to bacterial colonization in the airways of the smokers with opd-cb. currently smoking opd-cb patients (n=60, corresponding to global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease [gold] stage i-iv) underwent recurrent blood and ...	2015	25848245
procalcitonin levels in gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal bloodstream infections.	procalcitonin (pct) can discriminate bacterial from viral systemic infections and true bacteremia from contaminated blood cultures. the aim of this study was to evaluate pct diagnostic accuracy in discriminating gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal bloodstream infections. a total of 1,949 samples from patients with suspected bloodstream infections were included in the study. median pct value in gram-negative (13.8 ng/ml, interquartile range (iqr) 3.4-44.1) bacteremias was significantly highe ...	2015	25852221
impact of the cftr-potentiator ivacaftor on airway microbiota in cystic fibrosis patients carrying a g551d mutation.	airway microbiota composition has been clearly correlated with many pulmonary diseases, and notably with cystic fibrosis (cf), an autosomal genetic disorder caused by mutation in the cf transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr). recently, a new molecule, ivacaftor, has been shown to re-establish the functionality of the g551d-mutated cftr, allowing significant improvement in lung function.	2015	25853698
clinical manifestation of macrolide antibiotic toxicity in ckd and dialysis patients.	macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin are commonly prescribed for upper respiratory infection, and their use has recently been further linked to immunomodulatory effects. with the widespread and expanded use of macrolides, special attention should be paid to their potential adverse effects. we reported two cases of end-stage renal disease (esrd) patients who developed hallucinations such as vivid images of worms after taking clarithromycin. similar to previous case ...	2014	25859365
identification of alloiococcus otitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae in children with otitis media with effusion.	based on many studies, otitis media with effusion (ome) is one of the major causes of childhood hearing loss, social malformation and medical costs. the pathogenesis still remains unclear, though it is known that this complication is closely related to bacterial infections. alloiococcus otitidis, haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis are the most common bacterial pathogens isolated from middle ear effusions (mees).	2015	25861433
the infant nasopharyngeal microbiome impacts severity of lower respiratory infection and risk of asthma development.	the nasopharynx (np) is a reservoir for microbes associated with acute respiratory infections (aris). lung inflammation resulting from aris during infancy is linked to asthma development. we examined the np microbiome during the critical first year of life in a prospective cohort of 234 children, capturing both the viral and bacterial communities and documenting all incidents of aris. most infants were initially colonized with staphylococcus or corynebacterium before stable colonization with all ...	2015	25865368
abstracts from the 38th annual meeting of the society of general internal medicine.		2015	25869016
bacteriological assessment of healthcare-associated pneumonia using a clone library analysis.	the causative pathogens of healthcare-associated pneumonia (hcap) remain controversial, and the use of conventional cultivation of sputum samples is occasionally inappropriate due to the potential for oral bacterial contamination. it is also sometimes difficult to determine whether methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is a true causative pathogen of hcap.	2015	25874715
molecular assay for detection of genetic markers associated with decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins in neisseria gonorrhoeae.	the incidence of antimicrobial-resistant neisseria gonorrhoeae continues to rise in canada; however, antimicrobial resistance data are lacking for approximately 70% of gonorrhea infections that are diagnosed directly from clinical specimens by nucleic acid amplification tests (naats). we developed a molecular assay for surveillance use to detect mutations in genes associated with decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins that can be applied to both culture isolates and clinical samples. real-ti ...	2015	25878350
riems: a software pipeline for sensitive and comprehensive taxonomic classification of reads from metagenomics datasets.	fuelled by the advent and subsequent development of next generation sequencing technologies, metagenomics became a powerful tool for the analysis of microbial communities both scientifically and diagnostically. the biggest challenge is the extraction of relevant information from the huge sequence datasets generated for metagenomics studies. although a plethora of tools are available, data analysis is still a bottleneck.	2015	25886935
cathelicidin antimicrobial protein, vitamin d, and risk of death in critically ill patients.	decreased production of cathelicidin antimicrobial protein-18 (hcap18) has been proposed to be a key mechanism linking decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin d (25d) levels with adverse outcomes among critically ill patients. however, few studies in humans have directly assessed plasma hcap18 levels, and no study has evaluated the association between hcap18 levels and adverse outcomes among critically ill patients.	2015	25887571
etiology of community-acquired pneumonia and diagnostic yields of microbiological methods: a 3-year prospective study in norway.	despite recent advances in microbiological techniques, the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is still not well described. we applied polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and conventional methods to describe etiology of cap in hospitalized adults and evaluated their respective diagnostic yields.	2015	25887603
identification of viral and bacterial pathogens from hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory illness in lusaka, zambia, 2011-2012: a cross-sectional study.	morbidity and mortality from respiratory infections are higher in resource-limited countries than developed countries, but limited studies have been conducted in resource-limited settings to examine pathogens from patients with acute respiratory infections. influenza surveillance has been conducted in zambia since 2008; however, only 4.3% of patients enrolled in 2011-2012 were positive for influenza. therefore, we examined non-influenza respiratory pathogens in children with severe acute respira ...	2015	25888024
effects of long-term use of macrolides in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.	the purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical benefits and safety of the long-term use of macrolides in patients with non-cystic fibrosis (non-cf) bronchiectasis.	2015	25888483
isolation and characterization of a native avirulent strain of streptococcus suis serotype 2: a perspective for vaccine development.	streptococcus suis, an emerging infectious pathogen, is the cause of two large-scale outbreaks of human streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in china, and has attracted much attention from the scientific community. the genetic basis of its pathogenesis remains enigmatic, and no effective prevention measures have been established. to better understand the virulence differentiation of s. suis and develop a promising vaccine, we isolated and sequenced a native avirulent s. suis strain (05has68). anim ...	2015	25891917
antagonism of mir-328 increases the antimicrobial function of macrophages and neutrophils and rapid clearance of non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) from infected lung.	pathogenic bacterial infections of the lung are life threatening and underpin chronic lung diseases. current treatments are often ineffective potentially due to increasing antibiotic resistance and impairment of innate immunity by disease processes and steroid therapy. manipulation mirna directly regulating anti-microbial machinery of the innate immune system may boost host defence responses. here we demonstrate that mir-328 is a key element of the host response to pulmonary infection with non-t ...	2015	25894560
detection of antibody responses against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis proteins in children with community-acquired pneumonia: effects of combining pneumococcal antigens, pre-existing antibody levels, sampling interval, age, and duration of illness.	we evaluated the effects of combining different numbers of pneumococcal antigens, pre-existing antibody levels, sampling interval, age, and duration of illness on the detection of igg responses against eight streptococcus pneumoniae proteins, three haemophilus influenzae proteins, and five moraxella catarrhalis proteins in 690 children aged <5 years with pneumonia. serological tests were performed on acute and convalescent serum samples with a multiplexed bead-based immunoassay. the median sampl ...	2015	25894988
ceftaroline in the management of complicated skin and soft tissue infections and community acquired pneumonia.	ceftaroline is a new parenteral cephalosporin approved by the european medicines agency (ema) and the us food and drug administration (fda) for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections (csstis) including those due to methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), and community-acquired pneumonia (cap). ceftaroline has broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and exerts its bactericidal effects by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (pbp ...	2015	25897241
association between respiratory infections in early life and later asthma is independent of virus type.	lower respiratory tract infections in the first years of life are associated with later asthma, and this observation has led to a focus on the potential causal role of specific respiratory viruses, such as rhinoviruses and respiratory syncytial virus, in asthma development. however, many respiratory viruses and bacteria trigger similar respiratory symptoms and it is possible that the important risk factors for asthma are the underlying susceptibility to infection and the exaggerated reaction to ...	2015	25910716
recurrent, protracted and persistent lower respiratory tract infection: a neglected clinical entity.	community-acquired pneumonia is a potentially life-threatening disease affecting children worldwide. recurrent pneumonia episodes can lead to the development of chronic respiratory morbidity. chronic wet cough, a common pediatric complaint, is defined as a wet cough indicating excessive airway mucus that lasts for a minimum of 4 weeks. most children with a chronic wet cough do not suffer from underlying debilitating pulmonary disorders. rather, chronic wet cough is generally associated with neut ...	2015	25917807
time for a change: addressing r&d and commercialization challenges for antibacterials.	the antibacterial therapeutic area has been described as the perfect storm. resistance is increasing to the point that our hospitals encounter patients infected with untreatable pathogens, the overall industry pipeline is described as dry and most multinational pharmaceutical companies have withdrawn from the area. major contributing factors to the declining antibacterial industry pipeline include scientific challenges, clinical/regulatory hurdles and low return on investment. this paper examine ...	2015	25918443
high-level macrolide-resistant moraxella catarrhalis and development of an allele-specific pcr assay for detection of 23s rrna gene a2330t mutation: a three-year study at a chinese tertiary hospital.	previous studies indicate that macrolide resistance in moraxella catarrhalis isolates is less common in adults than in children. however, few studies have investigated m. catarrhalis macrolide resistance mechanisms in adult patients. in this study, 124 m. catarrhalis isolates were collected from adult patients in a chinese tertiary hospital, between 2010 and 2013, and investigated for antimicrobial resistance. we found that only seven isolates were macrolide resistant and all exhibited high-leve ...	2015	25923017
bacterial and respiratory viral interactions in the etiology of acute otitis media in hiv-infected and hiv-uninfected south african children.	bacteria and respiratory viruses are implicated in the pathogenesis of acute otitis media (aom); however, data from low-middle income countries are sparse. we investigated the etiology of aom in hiv-infected (hiv+), hiv-uninfected (hiv-) and hiv-exposed clinically asymptomatic for hiv-infection (heu) south african children.	2015	25923426
collagen vi is upregulated in copd and serves both as an adhesive target and a bactericidal barrier for moraxella catarrhalis.	moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative human mucosal commensal and pathogen. it is a common cause of exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). during the process of infection, host colonization correlates with recognition of host molecular patterns. importantly, in copd patients with compromised epithelial integrity the underlying extracellular matrix is exposed and provides potential adhesive targets. collagen vi is a ubiquitous fibrillar component in the airway mucosa and ...	2015	25925694
procalcitonin and c-reactive protein cannot differentiate bacterial or viral infection in copd exacerbation requiring emergency department visits.	viral and bacterial infections are the most common causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) exacerbations. whether serum inflammatory markers can differentiate bacterial from virus infection in patients with copd exacerbation requiring emergency department (ed) visits remains controversial.	2015	25926728
prevalence and molecular analysis of macrolide-resistant moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates in japan, following emergence of the highly macrolide-resistant strain nsh1 in 2011.	although moraxella catarrhalis is known to be susceptible to macrolides, highly macrolide-resistant m. catarrhalis isolates have recently been reported in japan and china. in this study, we investigated the prevalence of macrolide-resistant m. catarrhalis isolates in tokyo and chiba, japan, and studied the mechanisms underlying their resistance. specifically, we determined the susceptibility of 593 clinical isolates (collected between december 2011 and may 2014) to erythromycin, using the disk d ...	2015	25934551
topical treatment with fresh human milk versus emollient on atopic eczema spots in young children: a small, randomized, split body, controlled, blinded pilot study.	public health nurses report on effects of fresh human milk as treatment for conjunctivitis, rhinitis and atopic eczema (ae), the latter being highly prevalent in early childhood. emollients and topical corticosteroids are first line treatment of ae. as many caregivers have steroid phobia, alternative treatment options for mild ae are of interest. the aim of this small pilot study was to assess the potential effects and risks of applying fresh human milk locally on eczema spots in children with a ...	2015	25935520
long-term survival of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis as isolates and in nasopharyngeal specimens in frozen stgg storage medium.	we evaluated survival in who-recommended stgg storage medium of bacteria causing respiratory-tract infection. streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis survived as single and mixed isolates stored at -70°c for 12.5 years, but haemophilus influenzae less than 4 years. all the bacteria survived in the nasopharyngeal specimens at -70°c for 11 years.	2015	25937246
white tide.		2008	25949289
white tide.		2008	25949289
profile of tedizolid phosphate and its potential in the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.	tedizolid phosphate is the first once-daily oxazolidinone approved by the united states food and drug administration for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (absssi). it is more potent in vitro than linezolid against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and other gram-positive pathogens causing absssi, even retaining activity against some linezolid-resistant strains. tedizolid is approximately 90% protein bound, leading to lower free-drug concentrati ...	2015	25960671
factors affecting staphylococcus aureus colonization of the nasopharynx in the first 6 months of life.	staphylococcal aureus (sa) colonization in early infancy is common, but the pattern and factors affecting its acquisition and persistence in the first few months of life are not well studied. the aim is to study the rate of sa nasopharyngeal (np) colonization at monthly intervals in the first 6 months of life and its association with environmental and host factors and other pathogenic np bacteria.	2015	25961891
reported rates of diarrhea following oral penicillin therapy in pediatric clinical trials.	antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) is a well-recognized adverse reaction to oral penicillins. this review analyzed the literature to determine the incidence of aad following amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, and penicillin v oral therapy in pediatric clinical trials.	2015	25964726
oropharyngeal colonization with neisseria lactamica, other nonpathogenic neisseria species and moraxella catarrhalis among young healthy children in ahvaz, iran.	neisseria lactamica as one of the main commensal in oropharynx during the childhood is related to the induction of a natural immunity against meningococcal meningitis. also moraxella catarrhalis in oropharynx of children is a predisposing factor for otitis media infection.	2015	25964847
evaluation of unbiased next-generation sequencing of rna (rna-seq) as a diagnostic method in influenza virus-positive respiratory samples.	unbiased nontargeted metagenomic rna sequencing (umers) has the advantage to detect known as well as unknown pathogens and, thus, can significantly improve the detection of viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal sequences in public health settings. in particular, conventional diagnostic methods successfully identify the putative pathogenic agent in only 30% to 40% of respiratory specimens from patients with acute respiratory illness. here, we applied umers to 24 diagnostic respiratory specimens ...	2015	25972420
pathogenic bacterial nasopharyngeal colonization and its impact on respiratory diseases in the first year of life: the patch birth cohort study.	for acute respiratory diseases caused by bacteria, colonization in the respiratory tracts is often the first sign, although nasopharynx is the major source of secretions containing pathogens. to understand the pathogenesis of respiratory tract diseases, it is important to analyze the establishment of nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization.	2015	25973941
microbiota in allergy and asthma and the emerging relationship with the gut microbiome.	asthma and atopy, classically associated with hyper-activation of the t helper 2 (th2) arm of adaptive immunity, are among the most common chronic illnesses worldwide. emerging evidence relates atopy and asthma to the composition and function of the human microbiome, the collection of microbes that reside in and on and interact with the human body. the ability to interrogate microbial ecology of the human host is due in large part to recent technological developments that permit identification o ...	2015	25974301
biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions.	in the past decade, extracellular vesicles (evs) have been recognized as potent vehicles of intercellular communication, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. this is due to their capacity to transfer proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, thereby influencing various physiological and pathological functions of both recipient and parent cells. while intensive investigation has targeted the role of evs in different pathological processes, for example, in cancer and autoimmune diseases, the ev-mediated ...	2015	25979354
[susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibacterial agents (2007)].	from october 2007 to september 2008, we collected the specimen from 362 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 14 institutions in japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and patients' characteristics. of 413 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in infection, 412 strains were examined. the isolated bacteria were: staphylococcus aureus 65, streptococcus pneumoniae 90, ...	2015	25980050
[susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibacterial agents (2008)].	from october 2008 to september 2009, we collected the specimen from 374 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 15 institutions in japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and patients' characteristics. of 423 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in infection, 421 strains were examined. the isolated bacteria were: staphylococcus aureus 78, streptococcus pneumoniae 78, ...	2015	25980051
[susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibacterial agents (2009)].	from october 2009 to september 2010, we collected the specimen from 432 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 16 institutions in japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and patients' characteristics. all of 479 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in infection, were examined. the isolated bacteria were: staphylococcus aureus 90, streptococcus pneumoniae 74, haemophi ...	2015	25980052
development of two real-time multiplex pcr assays for the detection and quantification of eight key bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections.	the frequent lack of a positive and timely microbiological diagnosis in patients with lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) is an important obstacle to antimicrobial stewardship. patients are typically prescribed broad-spectrum empirical antibiotics while microbiology results are awaited, but, because these are often slow, negative, or inconclusive, de-escalation to narrow-spectrum agents rarely occurs in clinical practice. the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate two multiplex real- ...	2015	25980353
reinforcing lipid a acylation on the cell surface of acinetobacter baumannii promotes cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance and desiccation survival.	acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging gram-negative pathogen found in hospitals and intensive care units. in order to persist in hospital environments, a. baumannii withstands desiccative conditions and can rapidly develop multidrug resistance to conventional antibiotics. cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps) have served as therapeutic alternatives because they target the conserved lipid a component of the gram-negative outer membrane to lyse the bacterial cell. however, many gram-negative pa ...	2015	25991684
cough: neurophysiology, methods of research, pharmacological therapy and phonoaudiology.	the cough is the more common respiratory symptom in children and adults.	2012	25991944
the autotransporter bpab contributes to the virulence of burkholderia mallei in an aerosol model of infection.	burkholderia mallei is a highly pathogenic bacterium that causes the zoonosis glanders. previous studies indicated that the genome of the organism contains eight genes specifying autotransporter proteins, which are important virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria. in the present study, we report the characterization of one of these autotransporters, bpab. database searches identified the bpab gene in ten b. mallei isolates and the predicted proteins were 99-100% identical. comparative seque ...	2015	25993100
aminomethyl spectinomycins as therapeutics for drug-resistant respiratory tract and sexually transmitted bacterial infections.	the antibiotic spectinomycin is a potent inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis with a unique mechanism of action and an excellent safety index, but it lacks antibacterial activity against most clinically important pathogens. a series of n-benzyl-substituted 3'-(r)-3'-aminomethyl-3'-hydroxy spectinomycins was developed on the basis of a computational analysis of the aminomethyl spectinomycin binding site and structure-guided synthesis. these compounds had ribosomal inhibition values comparable ...	2015	25995221
haemophilus influenzae responds to glucocorticoids used in asthma therapy by modulation of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance.	glucocorticosteroids are used as a main treatment to reduce airway inflammation in people with asthma who suffer from neutrophilic airway inflammation, a condition frequently associated with haemophilus influenzae colonization. here we show that glucocorticosteroids have a direct influence on the behavior of h. influenzae that may account for associated difficulties with therapy. using a mouse model of infection, we show that corticosteroid treatment promotes h. influenzae persistence. transcrip ...	2015	25995336
discrepancy in maldi-tof ms identification of uncommon gram-negative bacteria from lower respiratory secretions in patients with cystic fibrosis.	early identification of microbial organisms from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) is important to guide therapeutic decisions. the objective was to compare the accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) relative to the conventional phenotypic method in identifying common bacterial isolates, including nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria, in a cohort of patients with cf.	2015	25995646
pidotimod: the state of art.	despite the use of antibiotics and vaccines, the frequency of respiratory tract infections is still high and these infections interest a wide range of patients, from children to aged people, including in particular these extreme categories because of the deficiency of their immune system, due to immaturity in the former case and to "immunosenescence" in the latter. for that reason immunostimulant drugs are getting more important to prevent and to attenuate infections. pidotimod (3-l-pyroglutamyl ...	2015	25999796
nationwide surveillance of 6 otorhinolaryngological infectious diseases and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in the isolated pathogens in japan.	the japanese three academic societies joint antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance committee has conducted a nationwide surveillance on antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and rates of isolation in 6 otolaryngological diseases. the surveillance program was conducted in the otorhinolaryngological departments of 29 universities, and their 26 affiliated hospitals. patients suffering from acute otitis media, chronic otitis media, acute nasal sinusitis, chronic nasal sinusitis, acute tonsillitis ...	2015	26004175
patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronically colonized with haemophilus influenzae during stable disease phase have increased airway inflammation.	some patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) show increased airway inflammation and bacterial colonization during stable phase. the aim of this study was to follow copd patients and investigate chronic colonization with pathogenic bacteria during stable disease phase, and relate these findings to clinical parameters, inflammatory pattern, lung function, and exacerbations.	2015	26005341
validation of sensititre dry-form broth microdilution panels for susceptibility testing of ceftazidime-avibactam, a broad-spectrum-β-lactamase inhibitor combination.	ceftazidime-avibactam is a broad-spectrum-β-lactamase inhibitor combination in late-stage clinical development for the treatment of serious infections. in preparation for clinical microbiology laboratory use, a validation experiment was initiated to evaluate a commercial broth microdilution product (sensititre dried mic susceptibility system) compared to reference panels using 525 recent clinical isolates. among 11 pathogen groups, all had sensititre mic/reference mic ratios predominantly at 1 ( ...	2015	26014937
interferon at the crossroads of allergy and viral infections.	ifn-α/β was first described as a potent inhibitor of viral replication, but it is now appreciated that ifn signaling plays a pleiotropic role in regulating peripheral t cell functions. recently, ifn-α/β was shown to block human th2 development by suppressing the transcription factor gata3. this effect is consistent with the role for ifn-α/β in suppressing allergic inflammatory processes by blocking granulocyte activation and il-4-mediated b cell isotype switching to ige. with the consideration o ...	2015	26026068
host antimicrobial peptides in bacterial homeostasis and pathogenesis of disease.	innate immune responses function as a first line of host defense against the development of bacterial infection, and in some cases to preserve the sterility of privileged sites in the human host. bacteria that enter these sites must counter host responses for colonization. from the host's perspective, the innate immune system works expeditiously to minimize the bacterial threat before colonization and subsequent dysbiosis. the multifactorial nature of disease further challenges predictions of ho ...	2014	26029470
severe respiratory failure due to co-infection with human metapneumovirus and streptococcus pneumoniae.	a 64-year-old male patient was admitted with respiratory failure, although chest x-rays revealed only mild bronchiolitis. streptococcus pneumoniae, which usually presents as massive lobular pneumonia, was isolated from sputum, however, pan-pathogen screening using a next-generation sequencer also detected human metapneumovirus genome fragments.	2014	26029528
volatile organic compounds generated by cultures of bacteria and viruses associated with respiratory infections.	respiratory infections (ri) can be viral or bacterial in origin. in either case, the invasion of the pathogen results in production and release of various volatile organic compounds (vocs). the present study examines the vocs released from cultures of five viruses (influenza a, influenza b, adenovirus, respiratory syncitial virus and parainfluenza 1 virus), three bacteria (moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae and legionella pneumophila) and mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated colonies. our r ...	2015	26033043
persisters, persistent infections and the yin-yang model.	persisters are a small fraction of quiescent bacterial cells that survive lethal antibiotics or stresses but can regrow under appropriate conditions. persisters underlie persistent and latent infections and post-treatment relapse, posing significant challenges for the treatment of many bacterial infections. the current definition of persisters has drawbacks, and a yin-yang model is proposed to describe the heterogeneous nature of persisters that have to be defined in highly specific conditions. ...	2014	26038493
molecular basis of host specificity in human pathogenic bacteria.	pathogenic bacteria display various levels of host specificity or tropism. while many bacteria can infect a wide range of hosts, certain bacteria have strict host selectivity for humans as obligate human pathogens. understanding the genetic and molecular basis of host specificity in pathogenic bacteria is important for understanding pathogenic mechanisms, developing better animal models and designing new strategies and therapeutics for the control of microbial diseases. the molecular mechanisms ...	2014	26038515
otopathogens detected in middle ear fluid obtained during tympanostomy tube insertion: contrasting purulent and non-purulent effusions.	otitis media is a prominent disease among children. previous literature indicates that otitis media is a polymicrobial disease, with haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, alloiococcus otitidis and moraxella catarrhalis being the most commonly associated bacterial pathogens. recent literature suggests that introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines has had an effect on the etiology of otitis media. using a multiplex pcr procedure, we sought to investigate the presence of the afor ...	2015	26039250
a fusion protein derived from moraxella catarrhalis and neisseria meningitidis aimed for immune modulation of human b cells.	moraxella igd-binding protein (mid) is a well characterized trimeric autotransporter that specifically targets the igd of b cells. we fused the membrane anchor of the meningococcal autotransporter nhha with the igd-binding region of mid (aa 962-1200) to create a chimeric protein designated as nid. the aim was to use this specific targeting to provide a better vaccine candidate against meningococci, in particular serogroup b by enhancing the immunogenicity of nhha. nid was thereafter recombinantl ...	2015	26042357
a comparison of cefditoren pivoxil 8-12 mg/kg/day and cefditoren pivoxil 16-20 mg/kg/day in treatment of children with acute presumed bacterial rhinosinusitis: a prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded, parallel-group study.	cefditoren pivoxil (cdt) has been used in the treatment of rhinosinusitis. however, little is known about the efficacy of this drug at low and high doses. this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of low dose (8-12 mg/kg/day) and high dose (16-20 mg/kg/day) cdt in the treatment of children with uncomplicated acute rhinosinusitis (ars).	2015	26045911
moraxella catarrhalis induces an immune response in the murine lung that is independent of human ceacam5 expression and long-term smoke exposure.	in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), moraxella catarrhalis infection of the lower airways is associated with chronic colonization and inflammation during stable disease and acute exacerbations. chronic smoke exposure induces chronic inflammation and impairs mucociliary clearance, thus contributing to bacterial colonization of the lower airways in copd patients. the human-specific carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (ceacam) 5, expressed in human airw ...	2015	26047639
seasonal variation of respiratory pathogen colonization in asymptomatic health care professionals: a single-center, cross-sectional, 2-season observational study.	the purpose of this study was to determine the seasonal variance of potentially pathogenic bacterial and viral organisms in nasopharyngeal specimens obtained from asymptomatic health care professionals (hcps) during the 2014 winter and summer months.	2015	26052103
the in vitro antimicrobial activity of cymbopogon essential oil (lemon grass) and its interaction with silver ions.	it is well known that cymbopogon (lemon grass) essential oil exhibits antimicrobial activity while the efficacy of silver ions as a disinfectant is equally well reported.	2015	26055131
impact of bacterial coinfection on clinical outcomes in pneumococcal pneumonia.	the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of bacterial coinfection on patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. we retrospectively analyzed the incidence, clinical features, microbial distributions, and outcomes of patients with bacterial coinfection in a cohort of 433 hospitalized patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. eighty-five patients (19.6 %) were diagnosed with bacterial coinfection; the most frequent pathogens were haemophilus influenzae (25 patients, 33.3 %), methicillin-suscep ...	2015	26059041
high pulmonary levels of il-6 and il-1β in children with chronic suppurative lung disease are associated with low systemic ifn-γ production in response to non-typeable haemophilus influenzae.	non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is commonly associated with chronic suppurative lung disease in children. we have previously shown that children with chronic suppurative lung disease have a reduced capacity to produce ifn-γ in response to nthi compared with healthy control children. the aim of this study was to determine if deficient nthi-specific ifn-γ production is associated with heightened systemic or airway inflammation. we measured a panel of cytokines (ifn-γ, il-1β, il-6, il-8, ...	2015	26066058
reversing resistance: the next generation antibacterials.	irrational antibiotic usage has led to vast spread resistance to available antibiotics, but we refuse to slide back to "preantibiotic era." the threat is serious with the "enterococcus, staphylococcous, klebsiella, acinetobacter, pseudomonas and enterobacter" organisms causing nosocomial infections that are difficult to treat because of the production of extended spectrum β-lactamases, carbapenamases and metallo-β-lactamases. facing us is a situation where soon multidrug resistance would have sp ...	2015	26069360
aspergillus arthritis and organ transplantation.	we report a case of a kidney and pancreas transplanted patient, hospitalized for septic hip arthritis. the whole diagnostic work-up including synovial and bone biopsies remained negative. after inefficient empirical anti-bacterial antibiotic treatment, femoral head resection was performed and tissue analysis revealed aspergillus fumigatus hyphae. treatment with voriconazole along with hip replacement led to complete recovery. however, drug interaction between immunosuppressive and anti-fungal dr ...	2012	26069774