Publications

[rl-rvg inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of lung cancer cells in vitro].	to infect lung adenocarcinoma a549 cells with recombinant lasota strain newcastle disease virus (ndv) vaccine expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rl-rvg), and explore the effect of rl-rvg on proliferation and apoptosis of lung cancer cells.	2014	24796735
safety and immunogenicity of ontario rabies vaccine bait (onrab) in the first us field trial in raccoons (procyon lotor).	in 2011, we conducted a field trial in rural west virginia, usa to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a live, recombinant human adenovirus (adrg1.3) rabies virus glycoprotein vaccine (ontario rabies vaccine bait; onrab) in wild raccoons (procyon lotor) and striped skunks (mephitis mephitis). we selected onrab for evaluation because of its effectiveness in raccoon rabies management in ontario and quebec, canada, and significantly higher antibody prevalence rates in raccoons compared with a ...	2014	24807178
reemergence of rabies in the southern han river region, korea.	recently, 11 cases of animal rabies were reported in the southern region (suwon and hwaseong cities) of gyeonggi province, south korea. the cases were temporally separated into two cases in dogs (canis lupus familiaris) in spring 2012 and nine cases in domestic animals and wildlife in winter 2012-13. all carcasses were submitted for histopathologic examination and viral antigen identification. sequences of the glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, and glycoprotein-large polymerase protein intergenic nonc ...	2014	24807360
oral vaccination and protection of striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) against rabies using onrab®.	skunks are one of the most important rabies vector species in north america due to their wide geographic distribution, high susceptibility to the rabies virus, and tendency to inhabit areas around human dwellings and domestic animals. oral vaccination is a cost-effective, socially acceptable technique often used to control rabies in terrestrial wildlife; however, control of rabies in skunks has proven especially challenging due to the lack of a vaccine effective by the oral route in this species ...	2014	24814554
community survey of rabies knowledge and exposure to bats in homes - sumter county, south carolina, usa.	subsequent to a human rabies death in sumter county, south carolina, we assessed the frequency of exposures to bats in homes and citizens' rabies knowledge. a self-administered survey was mailed to 6033 randomly selected sumter county addresses. the survey inquired about household exposures to bats and respondents' rabies knowledge. surveys were returned by mail for descriptive analysis. of 597 respondents, 3.5% (21/597) reported having bats living in (2.8% or 17/597) or entering their homes (2. ...	2015	24815566
a rapid one-step immunochromatographic test strip for rabies detection using canine serum samples.	we developed an immunochromatographic test strip using colloidal gold-coated staphylococcal protein a (spa) for the detection of rabies antibody in canine serum samples. the recombinantly expressed rabies virus phosphoprotein (rv-p) and the anti-staphylococcal protein a (anti-spa) polyclonal antibody were coated on the test (t) and control (c) lines on a nitrocellulose membrane, respectively. this layout is designed such that the polyclonal antibody in canine serum is captured by the colloidal g ...	2014	24820246
a two-step lyssavirus real-time polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers with superior sensitivity to the fluorescent antigen test.	a generic two-step lyssavirus real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr), based on a nested pcr strategy, was validated for the detection of different lyssavirus species. primers with 17 to 30% of degenerate bases were used in both consecutive steps. the assay could accurately detect rabv, lbv, mokv, duvv, eblv-1, eblv-2, and ablv. in silico sequence alignment showed a functional match with the remaining lyssavirus species. the diagnostic specificity was 100% and the sen ...	2014	24822188
raccoonpoxvirus safety in immunocompromised and pregnant mouse models.	numerous poxviruses infect humans and animal hosts, and a poxvirus vaccine with an improved safety profile is needed as the current vaccinia virus vaccine is contraindicated in individuals that have a history of eczema or heart disease, or are immunocompromised or pregnant. in addition, poxviruses make excellent vaccine vectors for other infectious diseases and cancer. raccoonpoxvirus is a naturally occurring attenuated north american poxvirus, and thus it is of interest as a vaccine vector plat ...	2014	24837508
monosynaptic premotor circuit tracing reveals neural substrates for oro-motor coordination.	feeding behaviors require intricately coordinated activation among the muscles of the jaw, tongue, and face, but the neural anatomical substrates underlying such coordination remain unclear. in this study, we investigate whether the premotor circuitry of jaw and tongue motoneurons contain elements for coordination. using a modified monosynaptic rabies virus-based transsynaptic tracing strategy, we systematically mapped premotor neurons for the jaw-closing masseter muscle and the tongue-protrudin ...	2014	24843003
epidemiological characteristics of human and animal rabies in azerbaijan.	the caucasus is a region of geopolitical importance, in the gateway between europe and asia. this geographical location makes the region equally important in the epidemiology and control of transboundary infectious diseases such as rabies. azerbaijan is the largest country in the caucasus, and although rabies is notifiable and considered endemic, there is little information on the burden of human and animal rabies. here, we describe a cross-disciplinary international collaboration aimed at impro ...	2015	24845953
rabies in europe: what are the risks?	rabies remains a serious endemic disease in animal populations in many european countries. oral vaccination by use of rabies vaccine baits has proved to be durably efficient for controlling and eliminating terrestrial rabies. however, the recurrence of rabies in some countries highlights the fragility of rabies-free country status and the need for continuous surveillance. in eastern and southern countries, the rabies control programmes for foxes should be accompanied by stray dog management meas ...	2014	24847903
the analysis of vh and vl genes repertoires of fab library built from peripheral b cells of human rabies virus vaccinated donors.	a human combinatorial fab antibody library was generated from immune repertoire based on peripheral b cells of ten rabies virus vaccinated donors. the analysis of random fab fragments from the unselected library presented some bias of v gene usage towards ighv-genes and iglv-gen families. the screening of the fab library on rabies virus allowed specific human fab antibody fragments characterized for their gene encoding sequences, binding and specificities to rv. genetic analysis of selected fabs ...	2014	24862931
the adaptation of a ctn-1 rabies virus strain to high-titered growth in chick embryo cells for vaccine development.	rabies virus is the causative agent of rabies, a central nervous system disease that is almost invariably fatal. currently vaccination is the most effective strategy for preventing rabies, and vaccines are most commonly produced from cultured cells. although the vaccine strains employed in china include ctn, ag, pm and pv, there are no reports of strains that are adapted to primary chick embryo cells for use in human rabies prevention in china.	2014	24885666
how do we walk and chew gum at the same time?	a genetic approach has been used to map the neural circuits that control and coordinate the tongue and jaw muscles.	2014	24894467
genetically targeted binary labeling of retinal neurons.	a major stumbling block to understanding neural circuits is the extreme anatomical and functional diversity of interneurons. subsets of interneurons can be targeted for manipulation using cre mouse lines, but cre expression is rarely confined to a single interneuron type. it is essential to have a strategy that further restricts labeling in cre driver lines. we now describe an approach that combines cre driver mice, recombinant adeno-associated virus, and rabies virus to produce sparse but binar ...	2014	24899708
rabies and rabies virus in wildlife in mainland china, 1990-2013.	the number of wildlife rabies and wildlife-associated human and livestock rabies cases has increased in recent years, particularly in the southeast and northeast regions of mainland china. to better understand wildlife rabies and its role in human and livestock rabies, we reviewed what is known about wildlife rabies from the 1990s to 2013 in mainland china. in addition, the genetic diversity and phylogeny of available wildlife-originated rabies viruses (rabvs) were analyzed. several wildlife spe ...	2014	24911887
public health ethics and more-than-human solidarity.	this article contributes to the literature on one health and public health ethics by expanding the principle of solidarity. we conceptualise solidarity to encompass not only practices intended to assist other people, but also practices intended to assist non-human others, including animals, plants, or places. to illustrate how manifestations of humanist and more-than-human solidarity may selectively complement one another, or collide, recent responses to hendra virus in australia and rabies viru ...	2015	24919648
a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the quantitation of rabies virus nucleoprotein in the rabies vaccine.	sensitive, precise and rapid detection tests are needed in the quality control of rabies vaccine for rabies virus nucleoprotein. previous studies for quantitation of rabies virus nucleoprotein focused on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). a novel immunoassay for rapid determination of rabies virus nucleoprotein in rabies vaccine was first established by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (trfia). based on a sandwich-type immunoassay format, analytes in samples were captured by one monoclona ...	2014	24928690
a comparison of the tolerability of two dilution volumes (0.5 ml and 1.0 ml) of a purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine administered intramuscularly to healthy adult volunteers: a randomized, intraindividual, assessor-blind study.	the current recommendation of the manufacturer for administering purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) is to reconstitute the contents with 1.0 ml of water for injection (wfi). however, it has been debated whether a lower volume of wfi (0.5 ml) is likely to cause less pain.	2004	24936103
complete genome sequence of a rabies virus isolated from a human in central african republic.	to validate the feasibility of using next-generation sequencing in an african context, the complete genome of a rabies virus isolated from a human patient was obtained by high-throughput sequencing after virus isolation in mice and random unbiased amplification. phylogenetic analysis suggested that this virus belongs to the africa ii clade.	2014	24948767
assessment of packed bed bioreactor systems in the production of viral vaccines.	vaccination is believed to be the most effective method for the prevention of infectious diseases. thus it is imperative to develop cost effective and scalable process for the production of vaccines so as to make them affordable for mass use. in this study, performance of a novel disposable icellis fixed bed bioreactor system was investigated for the production of some viral vaccines like rabies, hepatitis-a and chikungunya vaccines in comparison to conventional systems like the commercially ava ...	2014	24949260
alterations in microrna expression profile in rabies virus-infected mouse neurons.	rabies virus (rabv) is known to cause a fatal infection in many mammalian species, yet its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. this study was performed to analyze the microrna (mirna) expression profiles in rabv-infected primary neurons of mice. a total of 53 mirnas were found to be differentially expressed in rabv-infected samples compared with mock samples in a time-dependent manner. among them, the expression of ten mirnas was validated by real-time rt-pcr. potential target genes of diffe ...	2014	24957716
a recombinant rabies vaccine expressing the trimeric form of the glycoprotein confers enhanced immunogenicity and protection in outbred mice.	rabies is a disease characterized by an invariably lethal encephalitis of viral origin that can be controlled by preventive vaccination programs of wildlife, domestic animals and humans in areas with a high risk of exposure. currently available vaccines are expensive, cumbersome to produce and require intensive immunization and booster schemes to induce and maintain protective immunity. in the present study, we describe the development of candidate recombinant subunit rabies vaccines based on th ...	2014	24962755
interferon-induced protein ifit2 protects mice from infection of the peripheral nervous system by vesicular stomatitis virus.	the interferon system provides the first line of host defense against virus infection. mouse pathogenesis studies have revealed the importance of specific interferon-induced proteins in providing protection against specific viruses. we have previously reported that one such protein, ifit2, protects neurons of the central nervous system from intranasal infection by the neurotropic rhabdovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv). here, we demonstrate that ifit2 protects the peripheral nervous system ...	2014	24991014
comparison of antibody response to a non-adjuvanted, live canarypox-vectored recombinant rabies vaccine and a killed, adjuvanted rabies vaccine in eld's deer (rucervus eldi thamin).	captive eld's deer (rucervus eldi thamin) were evaluated for the presence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies using a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition after vaccination with either a live canarypox-vectored recombinant rabies vaccine or a killed monovalent rabies vaccine. twelve deer were vaccinated with 1.0 ml of killed, adjuvanted, monovalent rabies vaccine at 5-33 mo of age then annually thereafter, and 14 deer were vaccinated with 1.0 ml nonadjuvanted, live canarypox-vectored rabies va ...	2014	25000692
control of canine rabies in developing countries: key features and animal welfare implications.	over 90% of human deaths from rabies worldwide are caused by dog bites. mass vaccination, along with the effective control of dog populations, has been used successfully in industrialised countries to control this disease. a lower success rate in developing countries is due to a number of factors, including vaccination campaigns that do not cover a sufficient number of animals or reach all communities, and a wide biodiversity that increases the number of reservoirs of the rabies virus. education ...	2014	25000804
a single immunization with recombinant rabies virus (erag3g) confers complete protection against rabies in mice.	new alternative bait rabies vaccines applicable to pet dogs and wild animals are needed to eradicate rabies in korea. in this study, recombinant rabies virus, erag3g strain was constructed using reverse genetic system and the safety, efficacy and immunogenicity of the erag3g strain was evaluated in mice and dogs.	2014	25003091
immunogenicity and efficacy of a plasmid dna rabies vaccine incorporating myd88 as a genetic adjuvant.	myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88), a ubiquitous toll-like receptor adaptor molecule, has been reported to play important roles in b cell responses to infections and vaccination. the present study evaluated the effects of genetic adjuvanting with myd88 on the immune responses to a plasmid dna rabies vaccine.	2014	25003094
characterization of long descending premotor propriospinal neurons in the spinal cord.	the motor function of the spinal cord requires the computation of the local neuronal circuits within the same segments as well as the long-range coordination of different spinal levels. implicated players in this process are the propriospinal neurons (ppns) that project their axons across different levels of the spinal cord. however, their cellular, molecular, and functional properties remain unknown. here we use a recombinant rabies virus-based method to label a specific type of long-projecting ...	2014	25009272
effects of carcase decomposition on rabies virus infectivity and detection.	carcases received for rabies diagnosis are occasionally decomposed due to delays in finding, submitting or storing them. positive diagnostic results from such samples are reliable but negative results may be invalid. previous studies assessed the effect of decomposition on rabies detection using excised brains. to better reflect decomposition in the field, intact infected mouse carcases were stored at three temperatures for up to 70 days. the brains were then removed and tested using routine rab ...	2014	25010791
transient expression of rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) in drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) cells.	the transient transfection process has been developed to allow rapid production of recombinant proteins. in this paper, we describe the transient expression of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) in drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) cells. different cell transfection reagents were evaluated, together with the effects of different cell cultivation procedures on rvgp expression. yields of rvgp in the range 50-90ng/10(7) cells were obtained in multi-well plate transfection experimen ...	2014	25011097
rabies.		2014	25015507
rabies in rodents and lagomorphs in the united states, 1995-2010.	to assess the epidemiology of rabies in rodents and lagomorphs and provide information that will enable public health officials to make recommendations regarding postexposure prophylaxis for humans after contact with these animals.	2014	25029313
neurogenic cardiomyopathy in rabbits with experimentally induced rabies.	cardiomyopathies have been rarely described in rabbits. here we report myocardial necrosis of the ventricular wall in rabbits with experimentally induced rabies. myocardial lesions were found only in rabbits with brain lesions, and the severity of the cardiac lesions was proportional to that of the brain lesions. neither the frequency nor the cumulative dose of anesthesia was related to the incidence or the severity of the myocardial lesions. the myocardial lesions were characterized by degenera ...	2015	25047229
the role of viral evolution in rabies host shifts and emergence.	despite its ability to infect all mammals, rabies virus persists in numerous species-specific cycles that rarely sustain transmission in alternative species. the determinants of these species-associations and the adaptive significance of genetic divergence between host-associated viruses are poorly understood. one explanation is that epidemiological separation between reservoirs causes neutral genetic differentiation. indeed, recent studies attributed host shifts to ecological factors and select ...	2014	25064563
evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic rabies field surveillance test on samples collected from military operations in africa, europe, and the middle east.	the anigen rapid rabies antigen test kit (bionote, inc, hwaseong, korea) was evaluated using 80 clinical samples collected by us military veterinary units. samples for the study were obtained from brain specimens of domestic and wildlife animals that were submitted to the us army public health command's veterinary laboratory europe in landstuhl, germany, for rabies testing with the direct fluorescent antibody test. the rapid immunodiagnostic test was able to detect rabies virus antigen in clinic ...	2014	25074599
hematologic profile of hematophagous desmodus rotundus bats before and after experimental infection with rabies virus.	hematophagous desmodus rotundus bats play an important role in the rabies lifecycle. this study describes the hematological profile of these bats before and after experimental infection with rabies virus.	2014	25075489
serosurvey for selected pathogens in free-ranging american black bears (ursus americanus) in maryland, usa.	american black bears (ursus americanus) in maryland, usa, live in forested areas in close proximity to humans and their domestic pets. from 1999 to 2011, we collected 84 serum samples from 63 black bears (18 males; 45 females) in five maryland counties and tested them for exposure to infectious, including zoonotic, pathogens. a large portion of the bears had antibody to canine distemper virus and toxoplasma gondii, many at high titers. prevalences of antibodies to zoonotic agents such as rabies ...	2014	25075540
rabies virus isolates of india - simultaneous existence of two distinct evolutionary lineages.	rabies is a fatal viral disease of serious public health implication. the disease is enzootic in india. in the present study, thirty six rabies virus isolates were obtained from terrestrial mammals of india during 2002-2012. ecto-domain coding region of the glycoprotein gene from all the isolates were sequenced and the phylogenetic analysis was performed in relation to the global rabies and rabies related virus isolates. the indian isolates grouped into two distinctly separate lineages with majo ...	2014	25077994
bat rabies in guatemala.	rabies in bats is considered enzootic throughout the new world, but few comparative data are available for most countries in the region. as part of a larger pathogen detection program, enhanced bat rabies surveillance was conducted in guatemala, between 2009 and 2011. a total of 672 bats of 31 species were sampled and tested for rabies. the prevalence of rabies virus (rabv) detection among all collected bats was low (0.3%). viral antigens were detected and infectious virus was isolated from the ...	2014	25080103
[rhinoorbitocerebral zygomycosis caused by rhizopus microsporus in a roe deer (capreolus capreolus)].	an one-year-old male roe deer (capreolus capreolus) with abnormal behaviour was shot in order to exclude rabies virus infection. the 12.8 kg weighing animal was emaciated and revealed an asymmetric head with protruding left eye and expositional keratitis. there was a grey whitish soft mass within the caudal nasal cavity, which had infiltrated the frontal cerebrum through the cribriform plate and the retrobulbar tissue through the orbita. histologically, the mass consisted of a chronic granulomat ...	2014	25080823
the chaperonin cctα is required for efficient transcription and replication of rabies virus.	negri bodies (nbs) are formed in the cytoplasm of rabies virus (rabv)-infected cells and are accompanied by a number of host factors to nbs, in which replication and transcription occur. here, it was found that chaperonin containing tcp-1 subunit alpha (cctα) relocalizes to nbs in rabv-infected cells, and that cotransfection of nucleo- and phospho-proteins of rabv is sufficient to recruit cctα to the nbs' structure. inhibition of cctα expression by specific short hairpin rna knockdown inhibited ...	2014	25082455
animal bite and rabies postexposure prophylaxis reporting--united states, 2013.	rabies virus causes a fatal encephalitis and is typically acquired through the bite of an infected mammal. rabies is preventable through administration of rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep), but this must be balanced with the need to avoid unnecessary pep use. though not nationally notifiable, some state health departments (shds) have made animal bites and use of pep reportable within their jurisdictions.	2016	25084537
cartography of serotonergic circuits.	serotonin is an essential neuromodulator, but the precise circuit connectivity that regulates serotonergic neurons has not been well defined. using rabies virus tracing strategies weissbourd et al. (2014) and pollak dorocic et al. (2014) in this issue of neuron and ogawa et al. (2014) in cell reports provide a comprehensive map of the inputs to serotonergic neurons, highlighting the complexity and diversity of potential upstream cellular regulators.	2014	25102556
twenty year experience of the oral rabies vaccine sag2 in wildlife: a global review.	the sag2 vaccine (rabigen® sag2) is a modified live attenuated rabies virus vaccine, selected from the sad bern strain in a two-step process of amino acid mutation using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. the strain is genetically stable and does not spread in vivo or induce a persistent infection. its absence of residual pathogenicity was extensively demonstrated in multiple target and non target species (such as wild carnivores and rodent species), including non-human primates. the efficacy o ...	2014	25106552
enhancement of blood-brain barrier permeability is required for intravenously administered virus neutralizing antibodies to clear an established rabies virus infection from the brain and prevent the development of rabies in mice.	rabies virus (rabv) is a neurotropic virus that causes fatal disease in humans and animals. currently there is no cure for rabies once clinical signs appear. it is believed that once rabv enters the central nervous system (cns), virus neutralizing antibodies (vnas) in the periphery cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and into the cns. furthermore, it has been hypothesized that vnas produced in the cns by invading b cells, rather than those produced in the periphery and then transpo ...	2014	25108172
removing residual dna from vero-cell culture-derived human rabies vaccine by using nuclease.	the clearance of host cell dna is a critical indicator for vero-cell culture-derived rabies vaccine. in this study, we evaluated the clearance of dna in vero-cell culture-derived rabies vaccine by purification process utilizing ultrafiltration, nuclease digestion, and gel filtration chromatography. the results showed that the bioprocess of using nuclease decreased residual dna. dot-blot hybridization analysis showed that the residual host cell dna was <100 pg/ml in the final product. the residua ...	2014	25108516
organization of monosynaptic inputs to the serotonin and dopamine neuromodulatory systems.	serotonin and dopamine are major neuromodulators. here, we used a modified rabies virus to identify monosynaptic inputs to serotonin neurons in the dorsal and median raphe (dr and mr). we found that inputs to dr and mr serotonin neurons are spatially shifted in the forebrain, and mr serotonin neurons receive inputs from more medial structures. then, we compared these data with inputs to dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (vta) and substantia nigra pars compacta (snc). we found that d ...	2014	25108805
diagnosis and molecular typing of rabies virus in samples stored in inadequate conditions.	the exposure of nervous tissue samples to high temperatures affects the sensitivity of rabies virus diagnostic tests, causing degradation of the viral structure. this study evaluated reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the diagnosis and molecular characterization of brain tissue samples in an advanced state of decomposition and poorly conserved viral isolates by comparing it with routine diagnostic tests.	2014	25116668
[study on the b cell linear epitopes of rabies virus cvs-11 nucleoprotein].	to study the b cell linear epitopes of rabies virus cvs-11 nucleoprotein, peptides were synthesized according to the amino acid sequences of b cell linear epitopes. linear epitopes predicted by bioinformatics analysis were evaluated with immunological techniques. indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that titers of antibodies to peptides (355-369 and 385-400 residues of rabies virus cvs-11 nucleoprotein) were above 1:12 800 in mouse sera. the antibodies recognized denatured rabies vi ...	2014	25118379
serologic survey for cross-species pathogens in urban coyotes (canis latrans), colorado, usa.	abstract as coyotes (canis latrans) adapt to living in urban environments, the opportunity for cross-species transmission of pathogens may increase. we investigated the prevalence of antibodies to pathogens that are either zoonotic or affect multiple animal species in urban coyotes in the denver metropolitan area, colorado, usa, in 2012. we assayed for antibodies to canine parvovirus-2, canine distemper virus, rabies virus, toxoplasma gondii, yersinia pestis, and serotypes of leptospira interrog ...	2014	25121408
rabies in the insectivorous pallas's mastiff bat (molossus molossus) in northeastern brazil.	we describe the pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in five cases of rabies in the insectivorous pallas's mastiff bat (molossus molossus) in the city of patos, state of paraíba, northeastern brazil. all cases were found during the day, in different neighborhoods, prostrate and unable to fly. no significant lesions were observed at necropsy or on histologic examination. the brains of the five bats showed strong immunohistochemical labeling for rabies virus in the form of large corpuscles ...	2014	25121411
european bats as carriers of viruses with zoonotic potential.	bats are being increasingly recognized as reservoir hosts of highly pathogenic and zoonotic emerging viruses (marburg virus, nipah virus, hendra virus, rabies virus, and coronaviruses). while numerous studies have focused on the mentioned highly human-pathogenic bat viruses in tropical regions, little is known on similar human-pathogenic viruses that may be present in european bats. although novel viruses are being detected, their zoonotic potential remains unclear unless further studies are con ...	2014	25123684
[hematophagous bats as reservoirs of rabies].	rabies continues to be a challenge for public health authorities and a constraint to the livestock industry in latin america. wild and domestic canines and vampire bats are the main transmitter species and reservoirs of the disease. currently, variations observed in the epidemiological profile of rabies, where the species of hematophagous bat desmodus rotundus constitutes the main transmitting species. over the years, knowledge has accumulated about the ecology, biology and behavior of this spec ...	2014	25123871
[emergency reserve of life-saving anti-infective drugs].	problems with importing non-registered medicines for treating rare life-threatening infectious diseases led to establishment of the emergency anti-infective drug reserve (eaidr) for the czech republic.	2014	25135139
characterization of the biological properties and complete genome sequence analysis of a cattle-derived rabies virus isolate from the guangxi province of southern china.	in this study, a street rabies virus isolate, gxhxn, was obtained from the brain of one rabid cattle in guangxi province of southern china. to characterize the biological properties of gxhxn, we first evaluated its pathogenicity using 4-week-old adult mice. gxhxn was highly pathogenic with a short incubation period and course of disease. its ld50 of 10(-6.86)/ml is significantly higher than the ld50 of 10(-5.19)/ml of gxn119, a dog-derived rabies virus isolate. it also displayed a higher neurotr ...	2014	25142164
molecular epidemiology of reemergent rabies in yunnan province, southwestern china.	yunnan province in china borders 3 countries (vietnam, laos, and myanmar) in southeast asia. in the 1980s, a large-scale rabies epidemic occurred in this province, which subsided by the late 1990s. however, 3 human cases of rabies in 2000 indicated reemergence of the disease in 1 county. in 2012, rabies was detected in 77 counties; 663 persons died of rabies during this new epidemic. fifty two rabies virus strains obtained during 2008-2012 were identified and analyzed phylogenetically by sequenc ...	2014	25144604
encephalitis caused by pathogens transmitted through organ transplants, united states, 2002-2013.	the cause of encephalitis among solid organ transplant recipients may be multifactorial; the disease can result from infectious or noninfectious etiologies. during 2002-2013, the us centers for disease control and prevention investigated several encephalitis clusters among transplant recipients. cases were caused by infections from transplant-transmitted pathogens: west nile virus, rabies virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and balamuthia mandrillaris amebae. in many of the clusters, iden ...	0	25148201
viral aetiology of central nervous system infections in adults admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in southern vietnam over 12 years.	central nervous system (cns) infections are important diseases in both children and adults worldwide. the spectrum of infections is broad, encompassing bacterial/aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. viruses are regarded as the most common causes of encephalitis and aseptic meningitis. better understanding of the viral causes of the diseases is of public health importance, in order to better inform immunization policy, and may influence clinical management.	2014	25165820
rabies virus hijacks and accelerates the p75ntr retrograde axonal transport machinery.	rabies virus (rabv) is a neurotropic virus that depends on long distance axonal transport in order to reach the central nervous system (cns). the strategy rabv uses to hijack the cellular transport machinery is still not clear. it is thought that rabv interacts with membrane receptors in order to internalize and exploit the endosomal trafficking pathway, yet this has never been demonstrated directly. the p75 nerve growth factor (ngf) receptor (p75ntr) binds rabv glycoprotein (rabv-g) with high a ...	2014	25165859
assessment of rabies exposure risk in a group of u.s. air force basic trainees - texas, january 2014.	in january 2014, members of the joint base san antonio (jbsa)-lackland, texas, preventive medicine and public health teams evaluated a u.s. air force basic training squadron for potential exposure in sleeping bays to rabies virus carried by mexican free-tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis). exposure to bats while asleep or otherwise unaware is an important risk factor for rabies in the united states. over the past several decades, most indigenous human rabies infections in the united states have ...	2014	25166925
assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of dog owners to canine rabies in wukari metropolis, taraba state, nigeria.	canine rabies is endemic and occurs throughout the year in all parts of nigeria. a descriptive cross sectional study was designed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of dog owners towards rabies, to check for the presence of rabies antigens in brain tissue of dogs slaughtered for human consumption and to assess rabies vaccination coverage of dogs in wukari. structured questionnaires were prepared and administered to 200 dog owners by face to face interview. the questionnaire sought inform ...	2014	25168987
the stimulus selectivity and connectivity of layer six principal cells reveals cortical microcircuits underlying visual processing.	sensory computations performed in the neocortex involve layer six (l6) cortico-cortical (cc) and cortico-thalamic (ct) signaling pathways. developing an understanding of the physiological role of these circuits requires dissection of the functional specificity and connectivity of the underlying individual projection neurons. by combining whole-cell recording from identified l6 principal cells in the mouse primary visual cortex (v1) with modified rabies virus-based input mapping, we have determin ...	2014	25175879
met-ccl5 represents an immunotherapy strategy to ameliorate rabies virus infection.	infection of rabies virus (rabv) causes central nervous system (cns) dysfunction and results in high mortality in human and animals. however, it is still unclear whether and how cns inflammation and immune response contribute to rabv infection.	2014	25182681
production and characterization of a fusion peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg29).	gene therapy targeting the brain holds great promise in curing nervous system degenerative diseases in clinical applications. with this in mind, in a previous study a 29 amino-acid peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg29) with a nonamer stretch of arginine residues (rvg29-9r) at its carboxy-terminus was exploited as a ligand for brain-targeting gene delivery. importantly, the report demonstrated that the rvg29-9r vector was able to cross the blood-brain barrier. rvg29-9r is cur ...	2014	25218147
human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis and animal rabies in ontario, canada, 2001-2012.	in ontario, canada, the implementation of an annual rabies control programme in wildlife that began in 1989 resulted in a marked, steady decrease in the number of animal rabies cases. the number of animal rabies cases decreased from 1870 in 1989 to 183 in 2000 (nunan et al., 2002 emerg infect dis 8, 214). in our study period, the number of animal rabies cases continued to decrease from 210 in 2001 to 28 in 2012. the marked decrease in animal rabies cases since 1989 has resulted in a decrease in ...	2015	25244148
dogs entering the united states from rabies-endemic countries, 2011-2012.	international dog imports pose a risk because of the potential movement of disease agents, including the canine rabies virus variant which has been eliminated from the united states since 2007. us regulations require a rabies vaccination certificate for dogs arriving from rabies-endemic countries, but permit the importation of dogs that have not been adequately immunized against rabies, provided that the dogs are confined under conditions that restrict their contact with humans and other animals ...	2015	25244531
paralytic rabies following cat scratch and intra-dermal anti-rabies vaccination.	only few reports of failure of intradermal postexposure prophylaxis for rabies following cat scratch exist in the published literature. we are reporting such a case in a 15-year-old girl. the child had category iii cat scratch on her face. she presented with progressive paralysis, finally developing quadriplegia and respiratory paralysis. typical hydrophobia and aerophobia were absent. she received intra-dermal anti-rabies cell culture vaccine. she did not receive anti-rabies immunoglobulin. the ...	2014	25250074
rabies vaccination in a pediatric patient with acute myeloid leukemia during the course of chemotherapy: a case report.	rabies is a fatal neurological infection caused by rabies virus. the deadly rabies virus could enter into human body via the wound that has caused by mammal bite. since rabies is a fatal disease without existing effective treatment, the best way is prevention. the widely examined preventive method for rabies is the use of post exposure rabies vaccination. in this specific case report, the author has presented an interesting case report of post exposure rabies vaccination in a pediatric patient w ...	2014	25250158
comparison of biotinylated monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in an evaluation of a direct rapid immunohistochemical test for the routine diagnosis of rabies in southern africa.	the major etiological agent of rabies, rabies virus (rabv), accounts for tens of thousands of human deaths per annum. the majority of these deaths are associated with rabies cycles in dogs in resource-limited countries of africa and asia. although routine rabies diagnosis plays an integral role in disease surveillance and management, the application of the currently recommended direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) test in countries on the african and asian continents remains quite limited. a novel ...	2014	25254652
clinical features and pathobiology of ebolavirus infection.	there has clearly been a deluge of international press coverage of the recent outbreak of ebolavirus in africa and is partly related to the "fear factor" that comes across when one is confronted with the fact that once infected, not only is the speed of death in a majority of cases rapid but also the images of the cause of death such as bleeding from various orifices gruesome and frightening. the fact that it leads to infection and death of health care providers (10% during the current epidemic) ...	2014	25260583
targeting dna vaccines to myeloid cells using a small peptide.	targeting dna vaccines to dendritic cells (dcs) greatly enhances immunity. although several approaches have been used to target protein ags to dcs, currently there is no method that targets dna vaccines directly to dcs. here, we show that a small peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein fused to protamine residues (rvg-p) can target dna to myeloid cells, including dcs, which results in enhanced humoral and t-cell responses. dcs targeted with a dna vaccine encoding the immunodominant va ...	2014	25270431
anterograde glycoprotein-dependent transport of newly generated rabies virus in dorsal root ganglion neurons.	rabies virus (rabv) spread is widely accepted to occur only by retrograde axonal transport. however, examples of anterograde rabv spread in peripheral neurons such as dorsal root ganglion (drg) neurons indicated a possible bidirectional transport by an uncharacterized mechanism. here, we analyzed the axonal transport of fluorescence-labeled rabv in drg neurons by live-cell microscopy. both entry-related retrograde transport of rabv after infection at axon endings and postreplicative transport of ...	2014	25275124
re-emergence of rabies in the guangxi province of southern china.	human rabies cases in the guangxi province of china decreased from 839 in 1982 to 24 in 1995, but subsequently underwent a sharp increase, and has since maintained a high level.	2014	25275567
sequencing and molecular characterization of ctncec25, a china fixed rabies virus vaccine strain ctn-1 adapted to primary chicken embryo cells.	rabies virus is the main etiologic agent of the widespread neurological disease rabies. recently, the china rabies virus vaccine strain ctn-1 adapted to chicken embryo cells, which has been designated as ctncec25, was obtained and demonstrated to have high immunogenicity. however, the full genome sequence of ctncec25 and its phylogenetic relationship with other rabies virus street and vaccine strains have not been characterized.	2014	25287886
recommendations on vaccination for asian small animal practitioners: a report of the wsava vaccination guidelines group.	in 2012 and 2013, the world small animal veterinary association (wsava) vaccination guidelines group (vgg) undertook fact-finding visits to several asian countries, with a view to developing advice for small companion animal practitioners in asia related to the administration of vaccines to dogs and cats. the vgg met with numerous first opinion practitioners, small animal association leaders, academic veterinarians, government regulators and industry representatives and gathered further informat ...	2015	25291304
[sequencing and analysis of n gene of street rabies virus isolated from different hosts in zhejiang province].	to elucidate the characteristics of genetic variability and its relationship with prevalence, through sequencing and analysis of n gene among street rabies virus isolated from different hosts (homo sapiens, ferret badger, dog) in zhejiang province.	2014	25294078
the olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system.	the olfactory nerve consists mainly of olfactory receptor neurons and directly connects the nasal cavity with the central nervous system (cns). each olfactory receptor neuron projects a dendrite into the nasal cavity on the apical side, and on the basal side extends its axon through the cribriform plate into the olfactory bulb of the brain. viruses that can use the olfactory nerve as a shortcut into the cns include influenza a virus, herpesviruses, poliovirus, paramyxoviruses, vesicular stomatit ...	2015	25294743
establishment of myotis myotis cell lines--model for investigation of host-pathogen interaction in a natural host for emerging viruses.	bats are found to be the natural reservoirs for many emerging viruses. in most cases, severe clinical signs caused by such virus infections are normally not seen in bats. this indicates differences in the virus-host interactions and underlines the necessity to develop natural host related models to study these phenomena. due to the strict protection of european bat species, immortalized cell lines are the only alternative to investigate the innate anti-virus immune mechanisms. here, we report ab ...	2014	25295526
right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the united states.	in the continental us, four terrestrial mammalian species are reservoirs for seven antigenic rabies virus variants. cross species transmission (cst) occurs when a rabies virus variant causes disease in non-reservoir species.	2014	25295750
human rabies deaths in africa: breaking the cycle of indifference.	the current outbreak of ebola virus disease has mobilized the international community against this deadly disease. however, rabies, another deadly disease, is greatly affecting the african continent, with an estimated 25 000 deaths every year. and yet, the disease can be prevented by a vaccine, if necessary with immunoglobulin, even when administered after exposure to the rabies virus. rabies victims die because of neglect and ignorance, because they are not aware of these life-saving biological ...	2015	25303941
recombinant rabies virus expressing ifnα1 enhanced immune responses resulting in its attenuation and stronger immunogenicity.	several studies have shown that type 1 interferons (ifns) exert multiple biological effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses. here, we investigated the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant rabies virus (rabv) expressing canine interferon α1 (rhep-caifnα1). it was shown that kun ming (km) mice that received a single intramuscular immunization with rhep-caifnα1 had an earlier increase and a higher level of virus-neutralizing antibody titers compared with immunization of the ...	2014	25310498
developmental sculpting of intracortical circuits by mhc class i h2-db and h2-kb.	synapse pruning is an activity-regulated process needed for proper circuit sculpting in the developing brain. major histocompatibility class i (mhci) molecules are regulated by activity, but little is known about their role in the development of connectivity in cortex. here we show that protein for 2 mhci molecules h2-kb and h2-db is associated with synapses in the visual cortex. pyramidal neurons in mice lacking h2-kb and h2-db (kbdb ko) have more extensive cortical connectivity than normal. mo ...	2016	25316337
climate change and infectious diseases in the arctic: establishment of a circumpolar working group.	the arctic, even more so than other parts of the world, has warmed substantially over the past few decades. temperature and humidity influence the rate of development, survival and reproduction of pathogens and thus the incidence and prevalence of many infectious diseases. higher temperatures may also allow infected host species to survive winters in larger numbers, increase the population size and expand their habitat range. the impact of these changes on human disease in the arctic has not bee ...	2014	25317383
rhabdovirus-based vaccine platforms against henipaviruses.	the emerging zoonotic pathogens hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are in the genus henipavirus in the family paramyxoviridae. hev and niv infections can be highly fatal to humans and livestock. the goal of this study was to develop candidate vaccines against henipaviruses utilizing two well-established rhabdoviral vaccine vector platforms, recombinant rabies virus (rabv) and recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), expressing either the codon-optimized or the wild-type (wt) hev glyco ...	2015	25320306
expression of interferon gamma by a recombinant rabies virus strongly attenuates the pathogenicity of the virus via induction of type i interferon.	previous animal model experiments have shown a correlation between interferon gamma (ifn-γ) expression and both survival from infection with attenuated rabies virus (rabv) and reduction of neurological sequelae. therefore, we hypothesized that rapid production of murine ifn-γ by the rabies virus itself would induce a more robust antiviral response than would occur naturally in mice. to test this hypothesis, we used reverse engineering to clone the mouse ifn-γ gene into a pathogenic rabies virus ...	2015	25320312
apoptotic induction of lung adenocarcinoma a549 cells infected by recombinant rvg newcastle disease virus (rl-rvg) in vitro.	newcastle disease virus (ndv) is a member of the genus avulavirus in the paramyxoviridae family and its antitumor properties depend on its ability to kill malignant cells while not affecting normal cells. the present study investigated a recombinant avirulent ndv lasota strain (wild-type ndv strain) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rl-rvg), examined its oncolytic effect on the lung adenocarcinoma a549 cell line and evaluated its potential to serve as a vaccine against lung cancer. a549 ...	2015	25322856
profile of dog bite victims in jos plateau state, nigeria: a review of dog bite records (2006-2008).	dogs are the major reservoir of rabies virus in nigeria; transmission to humans is via a bite by rabid dog. between 2006 and 2008 national veterinary research institute (nvri) rabies laboratory reported increased numbers of rabies in dogs and human dog bites. the objective of the study was to use veterinary and health records to develop a profile of bite victims and recommend appropriate public health actions.	2014	25328631
the phylogeography of rabies in grenada, west indies, and implications for control.	in grenada, west indies, rabies is endemic, and is thought to be maintained in a wildlife host, the small indian mongoose (herpestes auropunctatus) with occasional spillover into other hosts. therefore, the present study was undertaken to improve understanding of rabies epidemiology in grenada and to inform rabies control policy. mongooses were trapped island-wide between april 2011 and march 2013 and examined for the presence of rabies virus (rabv) antigen using the direct fluorescent antibody ...	2014	25330178
[significance of modern methods for laboratory detection of rabies agents and identification of the zoonose immunological survey].	analytical review of modern methods of the laboratory detection of rabies and findings of our research indicate high sensitivity and specificity of methods for rapid identification of rabies agents, such as elisa, reverse-transcriptase pcr for identification of the rabies virus genome, and rabies virus isolation in rat gasserian ganglion neurinoma, as well as their potential to be included into the state quality standard for early detection of rabies in animals to reduce the infection risk among ...	2016	25335412
bufotenine is able to block rabies virus infection in bhk-21 cells.	rabies is a fatal zoonotic neglected disease that occurs in more than 150 countries, and kills more than 55.000 people every year. it is caused by an enveloped single stranded rna virus that affects the central nervous system, through an infection initiated by the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, according to many authors. alkaloids, such as acetylcholine, are widespread molecules in nature. they are present in numerous biological fluids, including the skin secretion of many amphibians ...	2014	25337122
expression of neuronal cxcl10 induced by rabies virus infection initiates infiltration of inflammatory cells, production of chemokines and cytokines, and enhancement of blood-brain barrier permeability.	it has been shown that enhancement of blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeability is modulated by the expression of chemokines/cytokines and reduction of tight junction (tj) proteins in the brains of mice infected with rabies virus (rabv). since cxcl10 was found to be the most highly expressed chemokine, its temporal and spatial expression were determined in the present study. the expression of the chemokine cxcl10 was initially detected in neurons as early as 3 days postinfection (p.i.) in the brain ...	2014	25339777
comparative analysis of the pathogenic mechanisms of street rabies virus strains with different virulence levels.	to characterize two strains of street rabies virus (rabv) isolated from the brain tissue of cattle from inner mongolia. differences in the histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the brain tissue of infected mice were determined to reveal variation in the pathogenesis of infection between street rabies virus strains.	2014	25341810
protective effect of different anti-rabies virus vhh constructs against rabies disease in mice.	rabies virus causes lethal brain infection in about 61000 people per year. each year, tens of thousands of people receive anti-rabies prophylaxis with plasma-derived immunoglobulins and vaccine soon after exposure. anti-rabies immunoglobulins are however expensive and have limited availability. vhh are the smallest antigen-binding functional fragments of camelid heavy chain antibodies, also called nanobodies. the therapeutic potential of anti-rabies vhh was examined in a mouse model using intran ...	2014	25347556
rabies vaccines: where do we stand, where are we heading?	rabies being the most lethal zoonotic, vaccine-preventable viral disease with worldwide distribution of reservoir wild animals presents unique challenges for its diagnosis, management and control. although vaccines available are highly effective, which had played the key role in controlling rabies in north america, western europe and in a number of asian and latin american countries, the requirement of multiple doses along with boosters, associated cost to reduce the incidence in wild animals an ...	2015	25348036
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2013.	during 2013, 53 reporting jurisdictions reported 5,865 rabid animals and 3 human rabies cases to the cdc, representing a 4.8% decrease from the 6,162 rabid animals and 1 human case reported in 2012. ninety-two percent of reported rabid animals were wildlife. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 1,898 raccoons (32.4%), 1,598 bats (27.2%), 1,447 skunks (24.7%), 344 foxes (5.9%), 247 cats (4.2%), 86 cattle (1.5%), and 89 dogs (1.5%). one human case was reported from ma ...	0	25356711
culturing drosophila melanogaster (s2) in a chemostat.	insect cells are used for the expression of complex proteins in products such as vaccines and biopharmaceuticals. physiology of a drosophila melanogaster (lineage s2), transfected to stably express rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp), was studied in batch culture and in a chemostat with serum-free medium. in batch mode, the system reached 3 × 10(7) cells ml(-1) with specific growth rate of 1.5 d(-1) with rvgp at 2.50 µg l(-1). when operated continuously, three well-defined steady states were achiev ...	2015	25367803
antigen detection, rabies virus isolation, and q-pcr in the quantification of viral load in a natural infection of the north american beaver (castor canadensis).	all mammals are believed susceptible to rabies virus infection, yet transmission from nonreservoir hosts to humans is uncommon. however, interactions between nonreservoir hosts and humans occur frequently and risk of exposure increases where rabies is enzootic. we describe rabies and apparent pantropism of rabies virus in a beaver (castor canadensis).	2015	25380356
rabies in poland in 2012.	evaluation of the epidemiological situation of rabies in poland in 2012.	2014	25391011
virology, immunology and pathology of human rabies during treatment.	rabies is an acute fatal encephalitis caused by all members of the lyssavirus genus. the first human rabies survivor without benefit of prior vaccination was reported from milwaukee in 2005. we report a second unvaccinated patient who showed early recovery from rabies and then died accidentally during convalescence, providing an unparalleled opportunity to examine the histopathology as well as immune and virological correlates of early recovery from human rabies.	2015	25405805