Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| humoral and cellular immune response of balb/c mice to repeated infestations with ixodes ricinus nymphs. | the capacity of female balb/c mice to mount an immune response and effective resistance to repeated infestations with i. ricinus nymphs was studied. an anamnestic antibody response and transient in vitro responsiveness of spleen lymphocytes to tick antigens were demonstrated in repeatedly infested mice. on the other hand, the response to concanavalin a--a t-cell mitogen, was suppressed at the same time. in the presented experiment, balb/c mice did not manifest tick resistance after three success ... | 1994 | 8021100 |
| [parasitic arthropods from some species of wild mammals from middle pomerania]. | a total of 109 mammals belonging to 3 wild species: cervus elaphus, capreolus capreolus and sus scrofa were examined post mortem after delivery by hunters to the warehouses of the "jägerprodukt" company in sławno and osowo, and of the "las" company in sławsko (middle pomerania, poland). three species of ectoparasites were collected: ixodes ricinus, lipoptena cervi and haematopinus apri. the highest frequency and the highest index of infestation with ectoparasites were observed in cause of c. ela ... | 1994 | 8023500 |
| [occurrence of microfilariae dipetalonema rugosicauda (bohm and supperer, 1953) in deer and selected hunting grounds]. | examinations were carried out in białowieska forest, borecka forest, lower silesian forest, woods in olsztyn district, słowiński national park, and in experimental hunting areas of the forest research institute in iława and of the warsaw agricultural university in rogów. samples of the skin from the ear and nose were taken from 136 shot roe deers. skin samples were cut into 1-2 mm pieces, incubated in a physiological solution in 25 degrees c for 24 hours and examined for the presence of microfil ... | 1994 | 8023512 |
| antigens and glycoproteins of larvae, nymphs and adults of the tick ixodes ricinus. | protein components of homogenates of unfed larvae and nymphs of ixodes ricinus (l.), and of ovary, haemolymph, malpighian tubules, rectal ampulla, fat body, integument, salivary glands and midgut of partially fed adult females were studied for their antigenicity and carbohydrate moieties using immunoblotting and lectin affinity blotting (lab) techniques. comparing the individual anti-larval, anti-nymphal and anti-adult immune sera for their capacity to recognize the specific and trans-stadially ... | 1994 | 8025322 |
| problems of isolating borrelia burgdorferi from ticks collected in united kingdom foci of lyme disease. | many isolates of borrelia burgdorferi have been obtained from ticks and vertebrate tissues collected in north america and continental europe but only one established culture of united kingdom borrelia burgdorferi has been recorded. in this paper we report the isolation of b. burgdorferi from one of 108 tick pools representing 733 ticks and eight-four tissue samples from twenty-six rodents collected in the u.k, and the subsequent failure to establish the isolate (from ticks collected in fordingbr ... | 1994 | 8025327 |
| immunization of mice by recombinant ospa preparations and protection against borrelia burgdorferi infection induced by ixodes ricinus tick bites. | the wide distribution of borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochete causing lyme borreliosis, represents a human health hazard in many areas of the world. vaccination has been proposed as an effective prevention strategy. vaccination experiments were conducted with preparations of recombinant outer surface protein a (ospa) derived from borrelia burgdorferi strain zs7. mice received three doses (1 microgram each) of the antigens adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. a strong immune response to the vaccine an ... | 1994 | 8034340 |
| lyme borreliosis in lithuania. | the first cases of lyme borreliosis in lithuania were diagnosed in 1987, since when the number of reported cases has varied between 50 and 300 per year. in 1988, 354 cases were found through active surveillance. during 1988-91, 3,820 ixodes ricinus ticks were collected in lithuania; 11% of adult and 1% of nymphal ticks were infected with borrelia as determined by dark-field microscopy. infected ticks were found in 27/31 (87%) of the regions investigated. two isolates of borrelia were obtained by ... | 1994 | 8036470 |
| epidemiological studies of lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis. | the hard tick ixodes ricinus, vector of borrelia burgdorferi and tbe virus (tbev), is most abundant in the southern and central parts of sweden. about 2000 cases of lyme borreliosis (lb) and 50-80 cases of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) are estimated to occur in sweden annually. five populations, including 903 individuals living in five different areas close to stockholm where lb and tbe are endemic, were studied with regard to the clinical manifestations and antibody prevalence of lb and tbe. th ... | 1994 | 8047853 |
| characterization of borrelia burgdorferi isolated from different organs of ixodes ricinus ticks collected in nature. | borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from 22 out of 133 adult ixodes ricinus ticks collected from vegetation at two sites in switzerland. from 17 ticks, spirochetes could be isolated from more than one organ. when the different isolates obtained from one tick were compared by sds-page analysis, differences in the protein profiles were observed in 8 cases. the isolates were further compared by immunological methods using mono- and polyclonal antibodies. differences were observed in the proteins of 3 ... | 1994 | 8061407 |
| transmission of the agent of lyme disease on a subtropical island. | to determine whether the agent of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) perpetuates on a subtropical island, we recorded prevalence of spirochetal infection in ixodes ricinus ticks collected on madeira island and identified local reservoir hosts of both pathogen and vector tick. spirochetes infect at least 1.3% of the nymphal ticks collected in a particular site. subadult ticks frequently parasitized norway as well as black rats on the island, and lyme disease spirochetes were found in these hosts ... | 1994 | 8066380 |
| [the occurrence of babesia divergens in the freiburg i. br. district and piroplasmosis prevention trials in cattle]. | the occurrence of babesia divergens in the freiburg i. br. district is reported. by interviewing farmers and by serological investigations, three valleys where located in which bovine piroplasmosis occurs since many years. main objective of this study was to strategically control the vector ticks, ixodes ricinus with the synthetic pyrethroid flumethrin, in order to prevent clinical piroplasmosis after turnout to pastures in spring, without interfering with protective immunity against babesia div ... | 1994 | 8067991 |
| confirmation that rickettsia helvetica sp. nov. is a distinct species of the spotted fever group of rickettsiae. | we propose the name rickettsia helvetica sp. nov. for a rickettsial serotype of unknown pathogenicity isolated in 1979 in switzerland from ixodes ricinus ticks and designated the swiss agent. the growth characteristics and the results of microimmunofluorescence serologic typing, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western blotting (immunoblotting) with specific mice sera, and a polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis confirme ... | 1993 | 8102245 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus activity in styria, austria. | from 3,404 ixodes ricinus ticks collected in 12 localities of styria, austria in 1990, 15 tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus isolates were recovered. minimal field infection rate reached 4.4 virus containing ticks out of 1,000 collected ticks. five isolates of tbe virus were obtained from target organs of apodemus flavicollis trapped in locality wagnitz. in a serosurvey based on virus neutralizing antibodies high prevalence of tbe virus was demonstrated in a. flavicollis (47.9%) and clethrionom ... | 1993 | 8105665 |
| lyme disease: a growing threat to urban populations. | lyme disease or lyme borreliosis, which is caused by three groups of the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted in north america, europe, and asia by ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. the primary areas around the world that are now affected by lyme disease are near the terminal moraine of the glaciers 15,000 years ago. the emergence of lyme disease in the united states in this century is thought to have occurred because of ecological conditions favorable for deer. from 1982 through 1 ... | 1994 | 8146126 |
| [incidence of borrelia burgdorferi in scale ticks ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in the brandenburg district]. | 1994 | 8147027 | |
| [an analysis of form variability by the methods of "geometrical morphometry": the demonstration of its potentials exemplified by the gnathosoma of ticks (acari: ixodes) and by the molar of voles (mammalia: alticola)]. | new applied computer programs grf, tpsrw, tpsline realize an idea of geometrical morphometrics and make it possible to study shape variation. some results of their application are considered. gnathosoma shape transformations among age and sex phases in tick, ixodes ricinus, and third upper molar shape transformations among subspecies of vole, alticola argentatus, are study cases. in tick, gnathosoma shape changes most significantly in males than in females, and age variation in total has twice h ... | 1994 | 8160487 |
| seasonal distribution of borreliae in ixodes ricinus ticks. | ixodes ricinus ticks were collected by flagging vegetation of a mixed oak forest in south moravia (czech republic) at regular two-month intervals from march 1991 to march 1992 and examined for borreliae by darkfield microscopy. mean annual proportions of infected ticks were 17.2% (15.4% to 21.2% monthly) in females (f), 18.6% (11.8% to 25.9%) in males (m), and 16.3% (12.4% to 20.9%) in nymphs (n); the differences among monthly values were insignificant. however, monthly proportions of intensivel ... | 1994 | 8167438 |
| [variations in the occurrence of borrelia in the tick, ixodes ricinus (l.) in the olomouc district]. | examinations of 1,998 ticks ixodes ricinus in the district of olomouc revealed 182 cases of borrelia, i.e. in 9.1% ticks. prevalence in males is 10.7%, in females 12.8% and in nymphs 7.0%. a certain coincidence was observed between mosquito incidence, in particular during the first half of the year, and borrelia prevalence in ticks in the course of the following year, with prevalence variations manifested in tick imagos only. a hypothesis is formulated that mosquitos feeding on larger animals, w ... | 1994 | 8168165 |
| change in phenotype of tick-borne encephalitis virus following passage in ixodes ricinus ticks and associated amino acid substitution in the envelope protein. | serial passage of an uncloned tick-borne encephalitis virus (strain 4387 isolated from the liver and lungs of a bank vole) in ixodes ricinus ticks, was accompanied by gradual reduction in virulence of the virus, as indicated by transmission of virus by infected ticks feeding on laboratory mice. after the 7th serial passage in ticks (strain 4387/7), 95% of mice survived the bite of infected ticks. the surviving infected mice showed either no or only low viraemia although virus could be isolated f ... | 1994 | 8191785 |
| ifn-gamma il-2, and il-4 mrna expression in the skin and draining lymph nodes of balb/c mice repeatedly infested with nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. | the skin and draining lymph nodes of balb/c mice were examined for ifn-gamma, il-2, and il-4 mrna expression by in situ hybridization in three successive infestations with nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. ifn-gamma and il-2 mrna positive cells were readily detected in lymph node sections during primary antigenic stimulation (72 hr post-tick attachment), whereas hybridization with il-4 probe yielded no or only a faint positive signal. no changes in the cytokine pattern were observed in lymph node se ... | 1994 | 8200040 |
| late lyme borreliosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical features. | lyme borreliosis is endemic in the aland islands. exposure of the inhabitants to bites of the tick ixodes ricinus is heavy. the purpose of this study was to describe symptoms and signs of patients with late lyme borreliosis in this area, and to correlate the findings with the epidemiological setting. the first 100 consecutive patients with late lyme borreliosis found in the region since 1984 are included in this study. neurological, articular and muscular symptoms and signs dominate. general scr ... | 1993 | 8217100 |
| [faunistic-ecological studies of ixodes ricinus in the urban area of leipzig]. | the urban-ecological rule of decrease of the population size from the environs to the town centre is established also for ixodes ricinus. the manifold impairments are shown which urban influences have on the cycle of the parasite, especially in the transitional zone between the forest area and the totally sealed ground. the presentation of an urban gradient is tried for the first time. there is potential danger of infection with borrelia burgdorferi deep into the conurbation. | 1993 | 8220577 |
| investigation of the validity of species status of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) using rdna. | the two internal transcribed spacers (its1 and its2) of rdna of three members of the ixodes ricinus "complex" (acari: ixodidae) were sequenced. sequence variation was assessed for the north american species i. scapularis, i. dammini, and i. pacificus at three levels: within individual/population, between individuals of different geographic origin within a species, and between species. both spacers are highly variable, particularly with regard to small deletions and additions which may arise via ... | 1993 | 8234280 |
| the ixodes ricinus tick as a vector of borrelia burgdorferi in slovenia. | in many parts of slovenia, the vegetation, climate and animals form an ideal natural environment for the persistence of different tick species. in this study, ixodes ricinus ticks, the prevalent tick species in our country, are identified as the vectors of borrelia burgdorferi in slovenia. ticks were collected by flagging between may and october 1990. all the ticks collected from different parts of slovenia were i. ricinus and each one was examined individually. the ticks were tested to determin ... | 1993 | 8243594 |
| isolation of a rickettsial organism (eperythrozoon) from mice during virological testing of ixodid ticks. | a strain of eperythrozoon (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) was isolated from suckling spf mice (sm) inoculated with a homogenate of nymphal ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks. the strain, passaged in the sm brain, was partially filterable through a 220-nm millipore membrane, moderately sensitive to diethylether, and pathogenic for sm while no symptoms were observed in inoculated adult mice or male guinea pigs. a conspicuous cytopathic effect was produced in ps and spev (embryo pig kidney) stable cell lin ... | 1993 | 8244209 |
| seasonal prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus in different vegetation types in sweden. | the aim of this investigation was to estimate the seasonal risk of contracting human lyme disease in different vegetation types in southern sweden. host-seeking ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) were collected with standardized methods during may-september 1988 and march-october 1989 at 10 different sampling sites. tick abundance was greatest during may-june and august-september. prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi infection of the ticks was assessed by phase-contrast microscopy complemented ... | 1993 | 8248744 |
| [epidemiologic study of lyme disease in asturias]. | the aim of this study was to confirm the sierra del sueve (asturias) as an endemic area for lyme's disease and determine the seroprevalence of this disease in inhabitants of this and other zones of asturias. | 1993 | 8260513 |
| [use of repellents for protection against vectors of lyme borreliosis]. | preparations with repellent effects in the form of lotion and ointment are formulated. the active substance is deet (n,n-diethyl-toluamide) and the base constitutes of isopropanil and polyethylene glycol 300 and 1500. the physico-chemical examinations (deet identification, examination of density, refraction index and deet contents) have been previously performed. by these investigations the deet structure was conformed, relative density was determined (1,0014) and also the refraction index (1,52 ... | 1993 | 8262394 |
| [epidemiology of lyme borreliosis]. | our prospective study covered 1093 patients with epidemiological features and demonstrable clinical manifestations of lyme borreliosis from 1987 to 1992. basic criteria for the inclusion of our patients in the study were: tick bite, erythema migrans and antibodies to b. burgdorferi in each patient's serum. various clinical manifestations were found un 1034 (94.6%) patients out of whom 829 (80.2%) had a history of tick bite, 901 (87.1%) had erythema migrans and 217 (21.0%) had serologic confirmat ... | 1993 | 8262395 |
| [cutaneous manifestations of lyme disease and results of our study]. | an investigation of 395 patients with tick bites or suspected tick bites has been conducted. patients were from 14 months to 86 years old. erythema migrans was found in 83 (21.01%), lympocytoma in 2 (0.5%) and scleroderma lesions in 2 (0.5%) patients. there were 12 asymptomatic seropositive patients. the presence of borrelia burgdorferi in two ixodes ricinus ticks was investigated and demonstrated. | 1993 | 8262400 |
| [analysis of skin changes in outpatients bitten by a tick during a 1-year period]. | ninety-two patients with tick bites (ixodes ricinus) visited outpatient clinic for dermatovenerology of military medical academy during a period od one year. tick bites were generally localized on lower extremities and were seasonal in character. most patients were 50-59 years old. typical early skin manifestations in the form of erythema migrans were diagnosed in 19.56%, and atypical forms of erythema in 8.69%. late manifestations of illness were found on only two patients. | 1993 | 8262405 |
| [ecology of borrelia burgdorferi]. | much still remains to be understood about ecology of borrelia burgdorferi which is transmitted by a number of ticks belonging primarily to the ixodes complex, known to feed on different animal hosts and humans. this article pretends to be a review of previous knowledge of borrelia burgdorferi ecology. special emphasis is placed on the preliminary results of an investigation conducted in yugoslavia on the risk of developing lyme borreliosis after a tick bite (ixodes ricinus). lyme borreliosis was ... | 1993 | 8262424 |
| [vectors of borrelia burgdorferi]. | during the period 1990-1992-5,915 ticks were collected and identified in the area of belgrade. identification has shown that 99.8% were ixodes ricinus and 0.2% dermacentor marginatus. infection with borrelia burgdorferi was found in 27.0% to 31.7%. females were more often infected than males and nymphs more often than larvae. tick infection was at lowest degree in parks, little bit higher in woods and highest in mixed park-wood areas. out of 28 locations, six can not be defined as foci of lyme b ... | 1993 | 8262425 |
| [exposure to ixodes ricinus bites among soldiers]. | results of an investigation on the exposure to tick bites among soldiers in 6 permanent army structures on the territory of belgrade are shown. four army structures were found to be active foci of lyme borreliosis. infection rates among ixodes ticks were from 10% in urban structures to 42.1% in rural structures. exposure of soldiers to tick bites was the largest in rural army structures--3.40%, while in urban army structures it was 0.14%. among 38 tick bitten army members, 1 developed clinical m ... | 1993 | 8262429 |
| [distribution of ixodes ricinus ticks in yugoslavia]. | in this paper the authors present distribution of tick ixodes ricinus in both republics of yugoslavia--serbia and montenegro. the ticks were collected from domestic animals and humans sporadically. the determination showed following species: ixodes ricinus, i. persulcatus, i. hexagonus, dermacentor marginatus, d. pictus, rhipicephalus bursa, r. sanguineus, haemaphysalis punctata, h. inermis, h. sulcata, h. leporis-palustriis, h. concinna, boophilus (margaporus) calcaratus, hyalomma savignyi, h. ... | 1993 | 8262430 |
| [ticks in the region of belgrade]. | the paper gives a brief introduction concerning the role of ticks in transmission of numerous diseases to both animals and humans. methods of work, research goals and finally, results of tick findings on animals and people in belgrade area are presented. occasional findings of those arthropodes in various urban areas have also been described. the collected ticks belong to the species ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus sanguineus. the authors conclude that ecologic research of ticks should be conti ... | 1993 | 8262431 |
| [the first isolation of borrelia burgdorferi in apodemus flavicollis in yugoslavia]. | small rodent species, as well as their ectoparasitic fauna, and the presence of borrelia burgdorferi in their blood and internal organs (liver and spleen) was investigated, at two locations (kosutnjak, lipovicka suma) in belgrade. animals were caught between september 15-17, 1992. on location kosutnjak two apodemus flavicollis were trapped and borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from the spleen of one of them. on location lipovicka suma 13 rodents were trapped as follows: 10 apodemus flavicollis, ... | 1993 | 8262432 |
| detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus rna in ticks (ixodes ricinus) by the polymerase chain reaction. | a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) rna in ticks was developed. two pairs of primers for nested pcr were selected from the 5'-ncr and the 5'-terminus of the c protein coding region, which are highly conserved among the tbev isolates sequenced so far. the sensitivity of the nested pcr was tested by dilution experiments of a tbev positive brain suspension. the specificity of the pcr products was confirmed by southern blotting. in a pilot study, 60 ... | 1993 | 8270651 |
| [tick bite and lyme borreliosis. an epidemiologic study in the erlangen area]. | lyme borreliosis is transmitted by tick bites. approximately every fifth local tick (ixodes ricinus) is infected. transmission, therefore does not occur with every bite, and disease doesn't always follow infection. the goal of the study was to investigate the risks of infection and disease after tick bites in the area of erlangen/germany. | 1993 | 8283994 |
| the prevalence of small terrestrial mammals infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus and leptospirae in the foothills of the southern bavarian forest, germany. | in the district of grafenau/freyung (bavaria, germany), 266 specimens of small terrestrial mammals of 8 species were captured using live traps. from these mammals, apodemus flavicollis (42.1%) and clethrionomys glareolus (39.5%) were prevalent. all animals were tested for neutralizing antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus and agglutinating antibodies to leptospirae. seropositivity against tbe virus was 14.0% and against leptospirae 7.9%, respectively. seropositivity to leptospirae ap ... | 1993 | 8298661 |
| [long-term study of natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the district of olomouc]. | the incidence of natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the olomouc district has been characterized as general. this finding is based on analyses of results of earlier reports and results of serological blood tests of 397 small mammals from localities where probably transmission of the infection to humans occurred. the incidence almost corresponds to the incidence of the tick ixodes ricinus. it has a long-lasting and also cumulative character; the number of reported cases from the main focal ... | 1993 | 8306399 |
| [the ecology index, an epidemiologic marker of foci of lyme borreliosis]. | the ecological index (ei) as defined by schulze et al. was determined in three localities of western slovakia (malacky, podunajské biskupice, olichov) using the following criteria: suitability of the habitats for the occurrence of ixodes ricinus ticks and their number, accessibility of habitat for men (i. phase); furthermore the abundance and infection rate of ticks (ii. phase). a scoring procedure (point values of 1-5 for each parameter) was used to evaluate the ei of three localities studied. ... | 1993 | 8306400 |
| absence of acquired resistance to nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks in balb/c mice developing cutaneous reactions. | balb/c mice underwent 3 successive infestations with 15 ixodes ricinus nymphs. no resistance was acquired as assessed by evaluating tick attachment, duration of blood meal, weights of engorged nymphs, and molting success. however, the hosts developed cutaneous immediate- and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions when reinfested. histological examination of tick attachment sites showed that inflammatory cells consisting of neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and monocyt ... | 1994 | 8308662 |
| ixodes ricinus immatures on birds in a focus of lyme borreliosis. | the infestation of birds by immature ixodes ricinus was studied during 6 months in a swiss woodland, where lyme borreliosis is endemic. thirteen passerine species were found to be parasitized by i. ricinus subadults and specially turdus merula, t. philomelos and erithacus rubecula. overall, 300 larvae and 162 nymphs were collected on 95 avian hosts. prevalence of infestation of nymphs on birds was higher in spring; larvae peaked in summer. the infection of birds by borrelia burgdorferi was also ... | 1993 | 8314179 |
| borrelia burgdorferi in a focus of lyme borreliosis: epizootiologic contribution of small mammals. | the contribution of woodmice (apodemus sylvaticus), yellow-necked mice (apodemus flavicollis) and bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) was compared in a focus of lyme borreliosis in switzerland during a 7 months' study. all three species of mice and one species of shrews (sorex araneus) were shown parasitized by infected ixodes ricinus immatures. about 14% of larvae and 50% of nymphs collected on small mammals were infected with b. burgdorferi. spirochetes were isolated from blood of 3 woodmice ... | 1993 | 8325567 |
| [transstadial transmission of francisella tularensis in the tick, ixodes ricinus, infected during the larval stage]. | based on previous studies which proved the decisive importance of the degree of bacteraemia of experimentally infected white mice for the degree of infection of ticks ixodes ricinus the authors confirmed the possibility of transstadial transmission of francisella tularensis from larvae via nymphs to imagos by the detection of germs in the ticks and by experiments attempting their transmission to white mice. this applied to imagos even one year after the infection of larvae. transmission was reco ... | 1993 | 8348625 |
| removal of attached nymphs and adults of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae). | chemical and mechanical methods of removing ixodes ricinus (l.) attached to the skin of pigs and sheep were tested experimentally. three frequently advocated chemical treatments (gasoline, fingernail polish, and methylated spirit) failed to induce self-detachment of the ticks within 30 min. also, the success of the subsequent mechanical removal was not influenced by chemical treatment. two methods of mechanical removal of the ticks also were compared: (1) pulling straight out with a blunt forcep ... | 1993 | 8360898 |
| seasonal variation in the capacity of the bank vole to infect larval ticks (acari: ixodidae) with the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi. | seasonal variation in the capacity of bank voles, clethrionomys glareolus (schreber), to infect larval ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks with borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner was examined from may through october 1991 at bogesund, near stockholm in south-central sweden. although larval infestations of bank voles were greatest in june and july, nearly 70% of all larval ticks infected with spirochetes by bank voles at this site became infected during august and september. ... | 1993 | 8360909 |
| comparison of western blot and microimmunofluorescence as tools for lyme disease seroepidemiology. | sera from a population of 212 farmers of the puy de dôme (midlands of france) who are in close contact with ixodes ricinus, the vector of lyme disease in europe, and sera from 100 urban blood donors from the nearly city of clermont ferrand were examined by microimmunofluorescence (mif) for antibodies reacting with borrelia burgdorferi. the results showed a higher seroprevalence of igg > 1/100 in farmers (25%) than in blood donors (10%). using western blot with antibody at a 1/200 dilution, and r ... | 1993 | 8405312 |
| the major histocompatibility complex-restricted response of recombinant inbred strains of mice to natural tick transmission of borrelia burgdorferi. | the causative agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. in this study, we report the antibody response of recombinant inbred strains of mice of the h-2, b, d, and k haplotypes, infected with b. burgdorferi as a result of exposure to infected i. dammini. the patterns of antibody response assayed by western blot analysis indicate significant major histocompatibility complex (mhc) restriction to bacterial antigens within the first 2 mo of in ... | 1993 | 8418212 |
| maintenance by hares of european borrelia burgdorferi in ecosystems without rodents. | during may-october 1991 shrews (sorex spp.), small rodents (apodemus spp., clethrionomys glareolus [schreber]), and hares (lepus spp.) were sampled near stockholm, sweden. nymphal ixodes ricinus (l.) derived from blood-engorged larvae collected from these mammals were investigated by phase-contrast microscopy and immunofluorescence assay (ifa) using the monoclonal antibody h6831 directed against the ospb protein of borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner. three rodent s ... | 1993 | 8433337 |
| efficient transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus between cofeeding ticks. | most of the data on oral infections of ticks with tick-borne encephalitis virus have been derived from experiments using animals infected by syringe inoculation. to mimic the natural conditions of virus transmission, tick-borne encephalitis virus-infected ixodes ricinus (linnaeus) or rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann adults (donors) were cofed with uninfected nymphs (recipients) of either tick species on uninfected guinea pigs. two tick-retaining cells were attached to each guinea pig: cell 1 ... | 1993 | 8433342 |
| a serological survey and review of clinical lyme borreliosis in spain. | a serosurvey for lyme disease was conducted by the national reference center for microbiology in spain. all serum specimens received from patients with erythema migrans (em), arthritis, and cardiac and neurological disorders were tested for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi. sera from 499 patients were tested. of these patients, 310 had neurological disease, 101 had carditis, 79 had arthropathies, and 9 had em; for 35 patients, a diagnosis of lyme disease was confirmed. of these 35, 68% had neu ... | 1993 | 8443316 |
| mode of inoculation of the lyme disease agent borrelia burgdorferi influences infection and immune responses in inbred strains of mice. | mice were infected with borrelia burgdorferi by infection via ixodes ricinus and experimental inoculation to determine whether transmission rates of spirochetes and antibody responses are influenced. mice infected by the natural route were substantially more infective for ticks; two- to sixfold more tick larvae were positive for b. burgdorferi than those fed on experimentally inoculated mice. in natural infection, spirochetemia may be greater or spirochetes may be more accessible for transmissio ... | 1993 | 8450262 |
| advances in investigations of lyme borreliosis in the territory of the former ussr. | whereas late manifestations of lyme borreliosis were described in russia more than 100 years ago, early manifestations were described as different disease entities such as tick-borne erythema, etc. in 1985 lyme borreliosis was first verified serologically and the agent was first identified in 1986. by the beginning of 1992 lyme borreliosis was serologically confirmed in patients from the baltics to the far east. their geographical patterns in russia are closely related to areas of the hard ticks ... | 1993 | 8472805 |
| changes in immunity to ixodes ricinus by rabbits infested at different levels. | two groups of rabbits were infested twice with different numbers of ixodes ricinus adults: one group (high infestation) with twenty-five females and twenty-five males and the other group (low infestation) with five pairs. a third infestation was performed in both groups with fifteen adult pairs. tick biology was monitored for resistance effects. at the second infestation, the feeding and the egg production were more perturbed in ticks fed on high infestation rabbits. the embryogenesis was only a ... | 1993 | 8481536 |
| enhancement of tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission by tick salivary gland extracts. | to investigate the role of ticks in tbe virus transmission, salivary gland extract (sge) was derived from partially fed female ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. guinea-pigs were infested with uninfected r. appendiculatus nymphs and inoculated with a mixture of tbe virus and sge or with virus alone. the number of ticks which on average acquired virus from feeding on animals inoculated with tbe virus and sge from partially fed ticks was 4-fold greater ... | 1993 | 8481537 |
| [relation between the level of infection in ixodes ricinus with francisella tularensis and the level of bacteremia in the host]. | the dynamics of bacteremia on white mice subcutaneously infected with an inoculum of 100 and 10 cells of f. tularensis (strain 273) was compared in two parallel experiments. the rise of bacteremia was relatively uniform, about 3 logarithms a day in both groups of animals, so that it reached values of 10(9)-10(10) cells per 1 ml of blood ante finem. larvae of ixodes ricinus were fed on white mice in different stages of bacteremia, so that groups of ticks with different degrees of infection were o ... | 1993 | 8485771 |
| diversionary role of hoofed game in the transmission of lyme disease spirochetes. | to determine whether the presence of ungulates may inhibit transmission of the agent of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) while promoting the abundance of its european vector tick (ixodes ricinus), we compared the feeding density of subadult ticks on roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and wild sheep (ovis ammon) near berlin and in brandenburg state, germany. the prevalence of spirochetal infection in these ticks was compared with that in ticks s ... | 1993 | 8517488 |
| studies of the prevalence of coxiella burnetii, the agent of q fever, in the foothills of the southern bavarian forest, germany. | in studies carried out in 1991 in the foothills of the southern part of the bavarian forest, in the district of freyung/grafenau, ticks and small mammals were collected and examined for the presence of coxiella (c.) burnetii and sera of small mammals and cattle investigated for antibodies against this rickettsia. a total of 1716 imagines and nymphs of ixodes ricinus were collected by flagging and 892 larvae and nymphs of the same tick species removed from small mammals. in addition to 1095 serum ... | 1993 | 8518509 |
| spleen accessory cell antigen processing and in vitro induction of specific lymphocyte proliferation in balb/c mice infested with nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. | 1995 | 8526053 | |
| prevalence of lyme borrelia in ticks in bratislava, slovak republic. | a total of 2857 unfed ixodes ricinus adult ticks were collected in 2-3 week intervals in 1991 in bratislava to survey their prevalence with spirochaetes. five hundred twenty eight, i.e. 17.8% harboured borreliae as detected by dark field microscopy. the infection rates of examined ticks varied from 15.3 to 21.8% in females and from 14.5 to 16.9% in males. the infestation of ticks was related to the season of their collection, the highest being in summer months. at this time the highest number of ... | 1995 | 8535370 |
| occurrence of different genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodid ticks of valais, switzerland. | a total of 825 adult ticks (727 ixodes ricinus, 72 dermacentor marginatus and 26 haemaphysalis punctata) was collected from vegetation in valais (switzerland) in 1987 to 1992. they were examined for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis. b. burgdorferi sensu lato was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay, dark field microscopy and/or culture in 221 out of 727 i. ricinus (30.4%) and none in the other two species. from these 221 infected t ... | 1995 | 8549716 |
| prevalence of ticks infected with francisella tularensis in natural foci of tularemia in western slovakia. | the prevalence of ticks infected with f. tularensis was followed during a systematic surveillance in endemic area of tularemia in western slovakia over the years 1984-93. ticks were collected from vegetation in localities of podunajské biskupice, in the vicinity of the capital of slovakia, bratislava, near the river danube. in total 6033 ticks, mostly adults of dermacentor reticulatus and ixodes ricinus (4994 and 1004, respectively) and 35 nymphs of haemaphysalis concinna, were examined for the ... | 1995 | 8549717 |
| infestation of rodents with larval ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) is an important factor in the transmission cycle of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in german woodlands. | the ecology of borrelia burgdorferi johnson et al. s.l. was investigated from 1987 to 1993 in a preserved woodland in western germany near bonn. in selected biotopes, host-seeking ixodes ricinus l. were regularly collected by blanket dragging in 1987, 1988, and 1989 and screened for infection with b. burgdorferi. rodents were trapped monthly between april and october in 1988, 1990, 1991, and in the winter of 1992-1993, examined for antibodies to b. burgdorferi s.l., and inspected for feeding tic ... | 1995 | 8551503 |
| present state of research on ticks (ixodoidea) in the czech republic. | tick research in the czech republic started developing rapidly after world war ii and was directed to the faunistics and taxonomy, biology, ecology and behaviour, physiology and genetics, disease transmission, host-parasite relationships and control. altogether 15 tick species were reported from the territory of the czech republic. most studies in biology, ecology and virus transmission were dedicated to ixodes ricinus, but biology and ecology of dermacentor reticulatus, i. laguri and i. hexagon ... | 1995 | 8553657 |
| ecology of ixodes ricinus immatures on apodemus agrarius (muridae) in the lowland ecosystems conditions. | ecology of ixodes ricinus collected on black-striped field mouse (apodemus agrarius) was studied in the lowland ecosystems. during the study period (1986-1991), 1483 specimens of a. agrarius were examined in southern slovakia and 1319 larvae and nymphs were collected from hosts. the seasonal pattern--bimodal (peak in spring and autumn)--was distinct for larvae. both prevalence and abundance of tick infestation of a. agrarius by nymphs were low. prevailing material of nymphs was collected from ma ... | 1995 | 8553662 |
| reduced fecundity and egg viability in the pasture tick (ixodes ricinus) exposed to closantel. | 1995 | 8560705 | |
| densities of ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) on moorland vegetation communities in the uk. | unfed (questing) ixodes ricinus ticks were collected by blanket dragging on a monthly basis from heather-dominated, vaccinium-dominated and bracken-dominated vegetation communities from two different biogeographical regions of the uk (the quantock hills in somerset, south west england and the north york moors, north east england) throughout the spring and summer months of 1991 and 1992. eighteen sites were monitored across the two regions and a total of 1920 blanket drags were carried out. vacci ... | 1995 | 8575270 |
| nucleotide sequence of the protein e gene of the tick-borne encephalitis virus strain 595 isolated in slovakia. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus, strain 595 was isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks in southern slovakia. a part of the protein e gene was sequenced and compared with the prototype strain neudorfl. seventeen silent mutations and two amino acid changes (ile-->val, residue 167; asn-->thr, residue 366) were found. the nucleotide homology in the sequenced part of protein e gene of the strain 595 and the prototype strain neudorfl is 98.6%. these findings indicate that the strain 595 is closely rel ... | 1995 | 8578999 |
| simultaneous detection and genotyping of three genomic groups of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in dutch ixodes ricinus ticks by characterization of the amplified intergenic spacer region between 5s and 23s rrna genes. | we developed a rapid and reliable method for the identification borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species in ticks. we used the dna sequence polymorphism of the spacer region between 5s and 23s rrna genes, which has been shown to be able to discriminate between eight genomic groups of b. burgdorferi sensu lato (d. postic, m. assous, p. a. d. grimont, and g. baranton, int. j. syst. bacteriol. 44:743-752, 1994). spacer dna was amplified by pcr and was then hybridized to five membrane-bound oligonucl ... | 1995 | 8586679 |
| is the small mammal (clethrionomys glareolus) or the tick vector (ixodes ricinus) the primary overwintering reservoir for the lyme borreliosis spirochete in sweden? | we determined the capacity of bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) to infect feeding ixodes ricinus ticks with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (infectivity), during june to october 1991 and june to september 1992 in south-central sweden. in both years, the infectivity of older voles to ticks was higher in august to september (48% to 59%) than in june to july (20% to 32%). we propose that the infectivity of bank vole populations in sweden decreases during winter and spring due to death of highly ... | 1995 | 8592387 |
| persistence and transmission of tick-borne viruses: ixodes ricinus and louping-ill virus in red grouse populations. | the population dynamics of tick-borne disease agents and in particular the mechanisms which influence their persistence are examined with reference to the flavivirus that causes louping-ill in red grouse and sheep. pockets of infection cause heavy mortality and the infection probably persists as a consequence of immigration of susceptible hosts. seroprevalence is positively associated with temporal variations in vectors per host, although variation between areas is associated with the abundance ... | 1995 | 8632924 |
| importance of localized skin infection in tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission. | arboviruses are transmitted to vertebrates by the "bite" of infected arthropods. events at the site of virus deposition are largely unknown despite increasing evidence that blood-sucking arthropods immunomodulate their skin site of feeding. this question is particularly relevant for ixodid ticks that feed for several days. to examine events under conditions mimicking tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus transmission in nature (i.e., infected and uninfected ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on the same ... | 1996 | 8638401 |
| infection rate of ixodes ricinus ticks with borrelia afzelii, borrelia garinii, and borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in slovenia. | in spring 1993, ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from six regions of slovenia to determine their overall rate of infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and to assess the frequency of individual species in these tick populations. ticks were dissected and midgut tissue inoculated into modified barbour-stoenner-kelly (bsk ii) medium. borrelia isolates were differentiated into separate species using species-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers and by large restriction fragment ... | 1995 | 8654451 |
| [lyme disease--neuroborreliosis]. | lyme disease is an infective disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus. the disease usually has three stages whereas the last, because of domination of neurologic symptomatology is called "neuroborreliosis". this is a case report of a female patient with neuroborreliosis in whom, due to lack of symptoms and signs which characterize the first stage of lyme disease as well as lack of evidence about the tick, nobody assumed such an etiology. lyme disease was ... | 1995 | 8657067 |
| lyme borreliosis spirochetes in ixodes ricinus (acari:ixodidae) and the varying hare on isolated islands in the baltic, sea. | we investigated isolated ecosystems to determine if lyme borreliosis is maintained in the absence of reservoir-competent small mammals. human cases of lyme disease have been reported on the isolated islands of gotska sandön and stora karlsö in the baltic sea. the varying hare, lepus timidus, is the only terrestrial vertebrate species capable of serving as a host for all stages of ixodes ricinus (l.) on these islands. in august, mean larval infestation on 5 hares from each island was 548 with a m ... | 1996 | 8667378 |
| bionomical and ecological characteristic of ticks (acari:ixodida) of significant medical importance on the territory of poland. | among polish ticks species the most common in our country ixodes ricinus has the biggest medical importance. argasidae: argas reflexus, a. polonicus and ixodidae: ixodes trianguliceps, i. hexagonus and dermacentor reticulatus have significant medical meaning. argasidae are nests and burrows dwelling species having multi-host development cycle, they are mainly synanthropic and semisynanthropic, nocturnal active, with the peak seasonal activity in the middle of summer, dwelling semihumid or dry ha ... | 1996 | 8673794 |
| prevalence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in european bison (bison bonasus) from białowieza primeval forest. | to estimate the prevalence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in european bison from białowieza primeval forest, a total of 79 serum samples were collected from april 1989 until december 1994. specific antibodies to b. burgdorferi antigen were assayed using inhibition elisa. borrelia antibodies were possibly present in 16.4% of examined bisons (inhibition between 20 and 30%). however, higher level of antibodies, over 30% of inhibition, was found only in two animals: no. 382 and no. 273 (2.5% ... | 1996 | 8673795 |
| human babesial infections in europe. | the tick transmission of babesia from infected animals to human has been clearly demonstrated. including the first case described by skaraballo in 1957 in yugoslavia, 22 cases of human babesiosis have been reported in europe. b. divergens, which is the most common pathogen for cattle, was involved in 17/22 cases. france, british isles and ireland accounted for more than half of the cases, occurring especially between may and october, the period of maximal activity of ixodes ricinus, considered a ... | 1996 | 8673796 |
| unknown species of rickettsiae isolated from ixodes ricinus tick in wałcz. | ticks ixodes ricinus have been harvested in park down-town wałcz in june 1994. presence of borrelia burgdorferi and rickettsiae has been tested with pcr. b. burgdorferi and coxiella burnetii have not been detected in any tick whereas characteristic for other rickettsiae dna fragment of gene encoding citrate-synthase has been found. bacterial strain has been cultured from the tick. biochemical properties of isolated strain has strongly suggested that these bacteria belong to genus bartonella (roc ... | 1996 | 8673798 |
| nymphal sexual dimorphism in the sheep tick ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae). | unfed nymphs of ixodes ricinus (l.) can be divided into two morphological groups according to the length of idiosoma, scutum, hypostome and palpal segment iii, and the number of dorsal alloscutal setae. specimens of greater body dimensions and more numerous dorsal alloscutal setae moulted predominantly into females. the frequency of different nymphal length categories in field-collected ticks followed a normal distribution. the length of unfed nymphs correlates well with the length (r = 0.7248 + ... | 1996 | 8682412 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in ixodes ricinus in sweden. | between 1988-1991, a total of 3,141 ixodes ricinus ticks, 2,740 adults and 401 nymphs, was collected from different localities in 23 of the 25 provinces of sweden. the ticks were identified, dissected and examined for the presence of borrelia spirochetes. indirect immunofluorescence was performed, using an antiserum obtained from rabbits, immunized with sonicated, whole borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes isolated from swedish ixodes ricinus ticks. borrelia-positive i. ricinus were found in all 23 ... | 1995 | 8685640 |
| immunosuppression and cytokine production in mice infested with ixodes ricinus ticks: a possible role of laminin and interleukin-10 on the in vitro responsiveness of lymphocytes to mitogens. | t cells from balb/c mice infested 9 days before with ixodes ricinus nymphs had a suppressed response to in vitro concanavalin a (con a) stimulation compared to cells from uninfested mice. when laminin (the main component of the extracellular matrix) was used as a coating agent, the con a response of naive mice was characterized by a decrease in cell proliferation, whereas there was no significant effect on the mitogen response of cells from infested mice. in contrast, an increased response to li ... | 1996 | 8698388 |
| characteristics of lyme disease spirochetes in archived european ticks. | to determine whether the characteristics of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi) in europe may have changed during the past century, dna was amplified from archived ixodes ricinus ticks. tick dna could be amplified, even when ticks had been stored under museum conditions for nearly a century. spirochetal dna was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 6 ticks preserved for as long as a century; the oldest was collected in 1884. borrelia garinii, which predominates in modern ticks ... | 1996 | 8699081 |
| seasonal variations in density of questing ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) nymphs and prevalence of infection with b. burgdorferi s.l. in south central sweden. | seasonal variations in the density of questing ixodes ricinus (l.) nymphs and their prevalence of infection with borrelia burgdorferi s.l. johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner were studied during 1991-1993 at a locality in southcentral sweden. the seasonal pattern of the density of questing i. ricinus nymphs was variable; there was a bimodal pattern with peaks of similar magnitude in 1991, a bimodal pattern with a small spring peak and a greater autumn peak in 1992, and a unimodal patter ... | 1996 | 8699453 |
| infection of ixodes ricinus (acari:ixodidae) by borrelia burgdorferi in ile de france. | free-living nymphs and adults from rambouillet and fontainebleau, 2 major forests of ile de france, were collected to determine the infection rates of ixodes ricinus l. by borrelia burgdorferi (johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner). field-collected i. ricinus nymphs and adults were screened for the presence of b. burgdorferi using direct fluorescent antibody assay. the infection rates of nymph, male and female were 12.4% (314), 2.8% (35), and 2.9% (34). no difference in infection rates o ... | 1996 | 8699470 |
| identification of four genomic groups of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in a lyme borreliosis endemic region of northern croatia. | we investigated the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in a lyme borreliosis (lb) endemic region of northern croatia. ticks (n = 124) were collected at five locations and analysed by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a dna fragment from the internal transcribed spacer (its2) of i. ricinus was detected in all tick lysates, indicating that pcr inhibitors were not present. borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna was detected in 56 out of 124 ticks (45%). fo ... | 1996 | 8746131 |
| seasonal incidence of ixodes ricinus ticks (acari:ixodidae) on rodents in western france. | data collected from a longitudinal survey carried out over 2 years on four farms in western france were used to assess the incidence and infestation of ixodes ricinus on rodents. once a month, on each farm, 25 sherman live traps were set in hedges bordering selected pastures. a total of 799 micromammals were examined, including apodemus sylvaticus, clethrionomys glareolus, microtus agrestis, microtus arvalis, and crocidura spp. larvae and nymphs of i. ricinus were found. small numbers of ixodes ... | 1996 | 8771769 |
| detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by pcr in questing ixodes ricinus larvae from the dutch north sea island of ameland. | in may 1995, 61 ixodes ricinus larvae were collected from vegetation on the dutch north sea island of ameland. fifty-seven lysates (94%) were analysed for the presence of borrelia dna by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), which amplified the intergenic spacer region between the 5s and 23s rrna genes. three samples (5%) were positive and hybridization of the pcr product to genomic group-specific probes revealed that two larvae were infected with borrelia afzelii and group vs116, respectively an ... | 1996 | 8771771 |
| molecular characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from slovenia revealing significant differences between tick and human isolates. | one hundred twenty-nine slovenian isolates of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato derived from patients (69 strains) or ixodes ricinus ticks (60 strains) were characterized. all of the strains were first- or second-passage isolates obtained in 1992 and 1993 from the same endemic region. the techniques used for the molecular analysis of strains included species-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoretic separation of undigested and mlui-digested genomic dna. ... | 1996 | 8781883 |
| molecular polymorphism of the lyme disease agent borrelia garinii in northern europe is influenced by a novel enzootic borrelia focus in the north atlantic. | lyme disease borrelia species are distributed in temperate areas of north america and eurasia. to elucidate the distribution of borreliae in subarctic regions, strains isolated from ixodes ricinus and ixodes uriae ticks found on islands in the northern atlantic and baltic sea were molecularly characterized. all isolates were verified as borrelia garinii by 16s rrna gene analysis and immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies specific for the outer surface proteins a and c. three ribotypes (rts) o ... | 1996 | 8789017 |
| vector-borne viral diseases in sweden--a short review. | ockelbo disease, caused by a sindbis-related virus transmitted to man by mosquitoes, was first described in the central part of sweden in the 1960s as clusters of patients with fever, arthralgia and rash. an average annual rate of 30 cases was recorded in the 1980s but no cases have been diagnosed during the last few years. nephropathia epidemica (ne) characterized by fever, abdominal pain and renal dysfunction has been known to cause considerable morbidity in sweden during the last 60 years but ... | 1996 | 8800805 |
| ultrastructural localization of a sialic acid-specific hemolymph lectin in the hemocytes and other tissues of the hard tick ixodes ricinus (acari; chelicerata). | lectins have been suggested to function as pattern-recognition molecules in invertebrate immune mechanisms. a lectin from the hemolymph of the tick ixodes ricinus with main specificity for sialic acid was characterized and antibodies directed against this lectin were prepared. in this study, these antibodies were used to localize the lectin in the tissues of i. ricinus. immunoreactivity with poly- and monoclonal antibodies was detected in the granules of both types of granular hemocytes, at the ... | 1996 | 8801552 |
| tick factors and in vitro cultivation influence the protein profile, antigenicity and pathogenicity of a cloned borrelia garinii isolate from ixodes ricinus hemolymph. | a borrelia garinii isolate (ne11h) was obtained from the hemolymph of infed ixodes ricinus. ne11h expressed four major proteins of 33 kda, 32 kda, 23 kda and 22 kda. during in vitro culture, ne11h successively lost the expression of the 22 kda and 23 kda proteins and the ne11h variant (ne11hp15) was not recognized by an immune serum specific for the ospc protein (anti-ospc is). however, when reintroduced into tick midguts, ne11hp15 spirochetes present in the midgut again reacted with anti-ospc i ... | 1996 | 8811366 |
| characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains isolated from ixodes ricinus in mecklenburg-vorpommern, germany. | epidemiological studies in mecklenburg-vorpommern have shown a high prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks. a total of 17 b. burgdorferi sensu lato strains were isolated from ticks and investigated by western blots (immunoblot) with eight monoclonal anti-bodies against different epitopes of the outer surface protein a (ospa). except for one, all strains could be classified using this system. the majority of strains belonged to the b. garinii-associated ospa serotypes 3, 5 and 6. three ... | 1996 | 8811650 |
| mitotic activity of the hemocytes in the tick ixodes ricinus (acari; ixodidae). | the blood cells, or hemocytes, of ixodes ricinus have been shown to recognize, attack, and phagocytose microorganisms invading the body cavity, or hemocoel, of this tick. regulated proliferation and differentiation of hemocytes, also referred to as immunocytes, is basic to an effective immune response to invading microorganisms. therefore, this study dealt with hemopoiesis in i. ricinus, the vector tick of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. histological evidence for the presence o ... | 1996 | 8832731 |
| borreliae in immature ixodes ricinus (acari:ixodidae) ticks parasitizing birds in the czech republic. | of 411 forest birds of 33 species examined near valtice, czech republic, 29% were infested with ixodes ricinus (l.); 2.2% were parasitized by haemaphysalis concinna koch. borreliae were detected in 5.1 and 11.7% of larval and nymphal i. ricinus, respectively. none of the 13 h. concinna tested was infected. in total, 3.2% of the birds examined were parasitized by i. ricinus immatures infected by borreliae. borreliae-containing ticks parasitized european robin, erithacus rubecula (l.); eurasian bl ... | 1996 | 8840682 |
| relationship between ixodes ricinus density and prevalence of infection with borrelia-like spirochetes and density of infected ticks. | during 1994-1995 we examined the density of questing ixodes ricinus (l.) nymphs and their prevalence of infection with borrelia-like spirochetes at 43 localities in south-central sweden with median nymphal densities ranging from 0.1 to > 50/100 m2. the general pattern was that the infection prevalence in nymphs increased with nymphal density at < 10 nymphs per 100 m2, peaked (20-30%) at 10-20 nymphs per 100 m2, and decreased at higher nymphal densities. a low infection prevalence (7-10%) in nymp ... | 1996 | 8840687 |
| cytokine production by lymph node cells from mice infested with ixodes ricinus ticks and the effect of tick salivary gland extracts on il-2 production. | in balb/c mice repeatedly infested with nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks, lymphocytes from axillary and brachial lymph nodes which drain the tick attachment site produced significant levels of il-2, tnf-alpha and gm-csf when stimulated in vitro with con a or anti-cd3 antibodies. cytokine production by cells from lymph nodes of the opposite flank was equivalent to that of cells from uninfested mice. nine days after the first infestation and il-2, gm-csf were produced primarily by the cd4+ t cells, wh ... | 1996 | 8845033 |