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modern hunting behavior in the early middle paleolithic: faunal remains from misliya cave, mount carmel, israel.understanding the behavioral adaptations and subsistence strategies of middle paleolithic humans is critical in the debate over the evolution and manifestations of modern human behavior. the study of faunal remains plays a central role in this context. until now, the majority of levantine archaeofaunal evidence was derived from late middle paleolithic sites. the discovery of faunal remains from misliya cave, mount carmel, israel (>200 ka), allowed for detailed taphonomic and zooarchaeological an ...200717669471
prevalence of coxiella burnetti infection in wild and farmed ungulates.the aim of this study was to evaluate by serology and pcr analyses the prevalence of coxiella burnetti infection in ungulates in spain. sera were collected from red deer (cervus elaphus; n=116), roe deer (capreolus capreolus; n=39), fallow deer (dama dama; n=13) and cattle (n=79). sera were tested for anti-c. burnetii antibody detection by means of an immunofluorescence antibody assay (ifa) and c. burnetii dna was amplified by pcr in samples from ungulates that had antibodies to phase ii antigen ...200817669603
systematic butchering of fallow deer (dama) at the early middle pleistocene acheulian site of gesher benot ya'aqov (israel).three assemblages of fallow deer (dama sp.) bones excavated from the early middle pleistocene (oxygen isotope stage 18) layers of the acheulian site of gesher benot ya'aqov, israel, furnish evidence of systematic and repeated exploitation of complete carcasses by hominins. the excellent state of preservation of the bones and the presence of only minimal signs of carnivore involvement permit an investigation of the role of hominins as the primary agents responsible for the damage to these bones. ...200817868780
"a new lachrymal gland with an excretory duct in red and fallow deer" by johann jacob harder (1694): english translation and historical perspective.the harderian gland is an enigmatic orbital gland that has been described for many tetrapods, although a consistent definition of this structure has remained elusive. in particular, an unambiguous distinction between the harderian gland and the nictitans gland, which may both occur in the anterior aspect of the orbit of mammals, remains problematic. these glands were first distinguished in 1694 by johann jacob harder, a swiss physician and anatomist. to facilitate a renewed examination of the an ...200717910396
one gland, two lobes: organogenesis of the "harderian" and "nictitans" glands of the chinese muntjac (muntiacus reevesi) and fallow deer (dama dama).the nictitans and harderian glands are enigmatic glands situated in the anterior aspect of the orbit. traditionally, the nictitans and harderian glands of mammals have been considered to be two fundamentally distinct glands. however, a consistent, unambiguous distinction between these two glands has remained elusive due to conflicting anatomical and histochemical definitions. the harderian gland was originally described, and first distinguished from the nictitans gland, in adult deer. we examine ...200717910397
a nose that roars: anatomical specializations and behavioural features of rutting male saiga.the involvement of the unique saiga nose in vocal production has been neglected so far. rutting male saigas produce loud nasal roars. prior to roaring, they tense and extend their noses in a highly stereotypic manner. this change of nose configuration includes dorsal folding and convex curving of the nasal vestibulum and is maintained until the roar ends. red and fallow deer males that orally roar achieve a temporary increase of vocal tract length (vtl) by larynx retraction. saiga males attain a ...200717971116
prevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild ruminants from the countryside or captivity in the czech republic.in the czech republic, sera from 720 wild ruminants were examined for antibodies to neospora caninum by screening competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat); the same sera were also examined for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by ifat. neospora caninum antibodies were found in 14% (11 positive/79 tested) roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 14% (2/14) sika deer (cervus nippon), 6% (24/ 377) red deer (cervus elaphus), 1% (2/143) ...200718163361
blood culture and stimulation conditions for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cervids by the cervigam assay.mitogen- and antigen-induced interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) responses of peripheral blood leucocytes from cervids were evaluated by a commercial whole-blood assay. the assay was applied to mycobacterium bovis-infected white-tailed deer and reindeer, m bovis bcg-vaccinated white-tailed deer and elk, and unvaccinated, uninfected white-tailed deer, fallow deer, elk and reindeer. the responses of the m bovis-infected white-tailed deer to pokeweed mitogen (pwm) varied with time and between individuals. ...200818281626
preliminary observations on the experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) from elk and white-tailed deer to fallow deer.to determine the transmissibility of chronic wasting disease (cwd) to fallow deer (dama dama) and to provide information about clinical course, lesions and suitability of currently used diagnostic procedures for detection of cwd in this species, 13 fawns were inoculated intracerebrally with cwd brain suspension from elk (n=6) or white-tailed deer (n=7). three other fawns were kept as uninfected controls. three cwd-inoculated deer were killed 7.6 months post-inoculation (mpi). none had abnormal p ...200818336829
detection and characterisation of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli other than escherichia coli o157:h7 in wild ruminants.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) are an important group of emerging pathogens, with ruminants recognised as their main natural reservoir. the aim of this work was to establish the prevalence of non-o157 stec in free-ranging wild ruminants in the extremadura region of spain and to characterise them phenogenotypically. faecal samples were collected from 243 wild ruminants, including cervus elaphus, capreolus capreolus, dama dama and ovis musimon and were examined for stec using both p ...200918337133
histopathological classification of lesions observed in natural cases of paratuberculosis in free-ranging fallow deer (dama dama).ninety-five adult fallow deer, legally hunted in the regional hunting reserve of el sueve (northern spain), were subjected to a post-mortem examination for paratuberculosis, samples being taken from the proximal and distal jejunum, proximal and distal ileum, ileocaecal valve and associated lymph nodes. the lesions were divided into four categories. focal lesions (n=19 cases) consisted of small granulomas, mainly in the jejunal and ileal lymph nodes. multifocal lesions (n=4) consisted of well-dem ...200818342877
intolerance amongst deer species at feeding: roe deer are uneasy banqueters.the function of inter-specific interactions in large herbivore assemblies is under debate. we have studied inter-specific interactions between roe and fallow deer on pastures, to assess whether competition between these cervidae occurs through behavioural interference. roe were displaced by fallow deer (i.e. the former moved away from the latter at a distance of >50 m) in 83% of cases (n=127). ninety-four percentage (n=83) of displacement events occurred while roe deer were feeding; in 50% of th ...200818395364
localization and characterization of stro-1 cells in the deer pedicle and regenerating antler.the annual regeneration of deer antlers is a unique developmental event in mammals, which as a rule possess only a very limited capacity to regenerate lost appendages. studying antler regeneration can therefore provide a deeper insight into the mechanisms that prevent limb regeneration in humans and other mammals, and, with regard to medical treatments, may possibly even show ways how to overcome these limitations. traditionally, antler regeneration has been characterized as a process involving ...200818446198
variability of endonucleolytic activity indicates high genetic diversity within the natural population ofselenomonas ruminantium.the population of bacteria ofselenomonas ruminantium species in the rumen of fallow-deer was analyzed using endonucleolytic activity assay and plasmid profiles. this analysis indicated a high diversity within the population ofs. ruminantium. at least 12 different restriction profiles, indicating the presence of the different specificity nucleases, have been observed. site-specific endonucleases were detected in 17 out of 45 strains tested. in other strains a various level of nonspecific activity ...199718454331
wild ungulates as babesia hosts in northern and central italy.babesia and theileria species were investigated in wild ungulates of northern and central italy. of 355 blood samples examined, 108 (30.4%) were positive to molecular diagnostics (polymerase chain reaction [pcr] with specific primers and sequencing). the sequence analysis showed that the roe deer is a susceptible host for several piroplasms belonging both to babesia (31%) and theileria (14.2%) species, whereas fallow deer and wild boar harbor only theileria species (49% and 2.6%, respectively). ...200818454592
density dependence of developmental instability in a dimorphic ungulate.the use of fluctuating asymmetry (fa) for biomonitoring environmental stress is limited by the lack of work on how fa in particular traits responds to specific stresses. here, by manipulating the number of individuals in an enclosed fallow deer (dama dama) population, we describe, for the first time, clear density dependence in the fa of juvenile jaw morphology. the impact of high population density on fa was strong for both sexes, supporting the use of fa for indexing environmental stress. in a ...200818559310
bovine tuberculosis in doñana biosphere reserve: the role of wild ungulates as disease reservoirs in the last iberian lynx strongholds.doñana national park (dnp) in southern spain is a unesco biosphere reserve where commercial hunting and wildlife artificial feeding do not take place and traditional cattle husbandry still exists. herein, we hypothesized that mycobacterium bovis infection prevalence in wild ungulates will depend on host ecology and that variation in prevalence will reflect variation in the interaction between hosts and environmental risk factors. cattle btb reactor rates increased in dnp despite compulsory testi ...200818648665
intrinsic ruminal innervation in ruminants of different feeding types.according to their feeding habits, ruminants can be classified as grazers, concentrate selectors and those of intermediate type. the different feeding types are reflected in distinct anatomical properties of the forestomachs. the present study was designed to investigate whether the intrinsic innervation patterns of the rumen (the main part of the forestomach) differ between intermediate types and grazers. myenteric plexus preparations from the rumen of goats (intermediate type), fallow deer (in ...200818657258
low frequency groans indicate larger and more dominant fallow deer (dama dama) males.models of honest advertisement predict that sexually selected calls should signal male quality. in most vertebrates, high quality males have larger body sizes that determine higher social status and in turn higher reproductive success. previous research has emphasised the importance of vocal tract resonances or formant frequencies of calls as cues to body size in mammals. however, the role of the acoustic features of vocalisations as cues to other quality-related phenotypic characteristics of ca ...200818769619
glycocomposition of the apocrine interdigital gland secretions in the fallow deer (dama dama).the secretions of the tubular interdigital glands were investigated by conventional (periodic-acid schiff, alcian-blue at different ph, low iron diamine and high iron diamine) and lectin (con-a, uea-i, lta, wga, gsa-ii, gsa-ib4, sba, pna, eca, dba, mal-ii and sna) histochemical methods in adult males and females of different age of fallow deer during the breeding season. sialidase digestion and deacetylation pre-treatment were also employed in conjunction with lectin histochemistry. the glandula ...200918809187
seroprevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in domestic and wild animals from central italy.from january 2004 to july 2007, 2455 sera were collected from domestic and wild animals living in central italy and tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum. considering sera with 1:40 antibody titers as positive, 336 (13.68%) animals scored positive. the percentages of seropositivity were: 46.26% (31/67) in fallow deer, 46.15% (24/52) in red deer, 16.89% (134/793) in horses, 16.78% (23/137) in cattle, 12.74% (13/102) in sheep, 8.76% (108 ...200818843892
seroprevalence of antibodies against bluetongue virus in animals imported to poland from eu countries.the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of btv-specific antibodies in animals imported to poland from eu countries after 15 june 2006. from 1 january 2007 to 22 january 2008, a total of 10719 samples of sera collected from cattle, goats and fallow deer were tested. sera were screened using the highly sensitive and specific c-elisa test and positive results were confirmed by the agid assay. out of 10719 sera, 30 (0.28% of the total number of samples) were found to be positive in ...200818942541
high prevalence of antibodies against chlamydiaceae and chlamydophila abortus in wild ungulates using two "in house" blocking-elisa tests.few data are available on the prevalence and relevance of chlamydiae in wild mammals, and even fewer studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of chlamydophila abortus in wildlife hosts, most probably due to the absence of suitable species-specific serological assays for testing sera from wild animals. in light of this, we have developed two in-house blocking-elisa tests for detection of antibodies against chlamydiaceae and c. abortus in wild ungulates, and analyzed the relationshi ...200919010612
leptospiral antibodies in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus), fallow deer (dama dama) and european wild boar (sus scrofa) in asturias, northern spain.serum samples collected from iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus; n=472), fallow deer (dama dama; n=293) and european wild boar (sus scrofa; n=174) in asturias, northern spain, from 1999 to 2005 were examined for antibodies against a reference panel of 14 leptospira spp. serovars. positive antibody titres at a microscopic agglutination test cut-off of 1:80 were detected against serovars pomona (1.6%, 5.8%, 5.2%), bratislava (1.1%, 0.7%, 4.7%), grippotyphosa (0.7%, 2.4%, 1.7%), muenchen ( ...201019019711
development of feeding selectivity and consistency in food choice over 5 years in fallow deer.in order to better understand the development and maintenance of feeding selectivity, several feeding experiments were performed with fallow deer (dama dama l.). in experiments performed when the fawns were between ten and 27 days old, it was found that all fawns showed preferences for sucrose but aversions towards tannic acid and ascorbic acid. however, differences in selectivity towards tannic acid were present already before the fawns became functional ruminants and these individual differenc ...200919056473
serologic and virologic investigations into pestivirus infection in wild and domestic ruminants in the pyrenees (ne spain).an outbreak of disease associated to a border disease virus was described in the southern chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) in spain in 2002. sera and/or spleen samples from 57 mouflon, 15 red deer, 21 roe deer, 3 fallow deer, 55 sheep, 32 cattle, and 68 goats sharing the chamois habitat were studied. an antibody elisa test yielded an inconclusive result in 2 mouflon and positive results in 5 goat sera. comparative virus neutralization tests were performed on the 2 inconclusive mouflons, 3 of the 5 ...200919084245
behavioral changes, stress, and survival following reintroduction of persian fallow deer from two breeding facilities.reintroductions often rely on captive-raised, naïve animals that have not been exposed to the various threats present in natural environments. wild animals entering new areas are timid and invest much time and effort in antipredator behavior. on the other hand, captive animals reared in predator-free conditions and in close proximity to humans may initially lack this tendency, but can reacquire some antipredator behavior over time. we monitored the changes in antipredator-related behaviors of 16 ...200919210305
feeding patterns of biting midges of the culicoides obsoletus and culicoides pulicaris groups on selected farms in brandenburg, germany.host feeding patterns of engorged sibling species of the culicoides obsoletus and culicoides pulicaris groups captured during three nights on two selected farms maintaining either cattle, sheep, horses, and pigs (seedorf, brandenburg) or cattle, sheep, moufflons, and red and fallow deer (paulinenaue, brandenburg) were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification using conserved primers and sets of species-specific primers derived from vertebrates mitochondrial cytochrome b. out of a tot ...200919308450
effects of immunocontraception on behavior in fallow deer (dama dama).immunocontraceptives can control growth in wild and captive populations; however, in doing so, they should not disrupt species-typical behavior patterns. the presence of treated females could disrupt social interactions in a population; yet, few studies have examined effects of immunocontraception on behavior. the goal of this project was to determine whether behavior in a fallow deer (dama dama) population vaccinated with porcine anti-zona pellucida (pzp)-immunocontraceptives differed from beha ...200819360603
even-toed but uneven in length: the digits of artiodactyls.in captive ruminants housed in small enclosures, hypertrophy of the outer hooves of the hindlimbs is often observed. we hypothesised that the underlying cause is overload attributable to an asymmetry of the digits, especially with respect to their length. to test this hypothesis, the bones of the digits of four species of artiodactyls, which included 11 wild chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), 11 captive fallow deer (dama dama), 11 captive bison (bison bison) and 11 european moose (alces alces; 9 wil ...200919386479
population health of fallow deer (dama dama) on little st. simons island, georgia, usa.fallow deer (dama dama) were introduced to little st. simons island, georgia, usa in the 1920s and thrive at high population densities, to the exclusion of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginina). the presence of introduced pathogens and parasites as a result of their introduction is currently unknown, as is the impact of native disease on the exotic fallow deer. hunter-killed fallow deer from 2003-2005 were necropsied and surveyed for evidence of infectious disease, parasitic agents, and toxic ...200919395750
investigation of the role of austrian ruminant wildlife in the epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever viruses.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an ubiquitous disease of cattle and other ruminants caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), which is endemic in sheep and transmitted from healthy carriers. further viruses of the mcf group are also able to induce mcf in ruminants. as alpine pasturing is very common in austria, possible contact with ruminant wildlife carrying and excreting mcf viruses might be suspected as an infection source. to investigate the epidemiologic role of austrian deer and chamois, ...200919395762
detection of trace amounts of abamectin used as an antiparasitic agent in fallow deer tissues.a sensitive and reliable method for the determination of trace amounts of abamectin in muscles, kidneys and fat tissue of fallow deer is presented. abamectin was extracted from the tissues with acetonitrile and the extract was cleaned up on a c8 solid-phase extraction cartridge. abamectin residue was derivatised with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride and 1-methylimidazole, and determined using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography under isocratic conditions and fluorescence detectio ...200919457778
human bloodfeeding by the recently introduced mosquito, aedes japonicus japonicus, and public health implications.knowledge of the host-feeding behavior and extent of interactions with human hosts are important in evaluating the role and vector potential of invasive mosquitoes in transmission of native arboviruses. we collected blood-engorged females of the recently established exotic species aedes japonicus japonicus from sites in new jersey during 2000 to 2007 and identified the sources of vertebrate blood meals by sequencing portions of the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial dna. over 1/3 (36%, n = 36) o ...200919653507
evaluation of the cervidtb stat-pak for the detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in wild deer in great britain.deer are acknowledged as hosts of mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (btb), and determining the prevalence of infection in deer species is one of the key steps in understanding the epidemiological role played by cervids in the transmission and maintenance of btb in the united kingdom. this study evaluated a rapid lateral-flow test for the detection of btb in samples from wild deer species in the united kingdom. fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), ...200919656989
cooperative hunting and meat sharing 400-200 kya at qesem cave, israel.zooarchaeological research at qesem cave, israel demonstrates that large-game hunting was a regular practice by the late lower paleolithic period. the 400- to 200,000-year-old fallow deer assemblages from this cave provide early examples of prime-age-focused ungulate hunting, a human predator-prey relationship that has persisted into recent times. the meat diet at qesem centered on large game and was supplemented with tortoises. these hominins hunted cooperatively, and consumption of the highest ...200919666542
adaptive lévy walks in foraging fallow deer.lévy flights are random walks, the step lengths of which come from probability distributions with heavy power-law tails, such that clusters of short steps are connected by rare long steps. lévy walks maximise search efficiency of mobile foragers. recently, several studies raised some concerns about the reliability of the statistical analysis used in previous analyses. further, it is unclear whether lévy walks represent adaptive strategies or emergent properties determined by the interaction betw ...200919668369
distribution of lesions in red and fallow deer naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis.wild deer have an important role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (btb). the aims of this study were (1) to compare the pattern of lesions present in wild red (cervus elaphus) and fallow (dama dama) deer that were naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis, and (2) to use this information to develop a sampling strategy for the isolation of m. bovis from the lymphoid tissues of the head of these animals. culture of head lymphoid tissues demonstrated that 28 of 95 red deer and 22 of 100 ...201019691968
sida carpinifolia (malvaceae) poisoning in fallow deer (dama dama).a captive fallow deer (dama dama) in a zoo was spontaneously poisoned after consumption of sida carpinifolia. the paddock where cervids were kept was severely infested by s. carpinifolia. the deer developed a neurological syndrome characterized by muscular weakness, intention tremors, visual and standing-up deficits, falls, and abnormal behavior and posture. because a severe mandibular fracture and the consequent deteriorating condition, it was euthanized. main microscopic findings were swelling ...200919746879
detection of beta2 and major toxin genes by pcr in clostridium perfringens field isolates of domestic animals suffering from enteritis or enterotoxaemia.the production of clostridium (c.) perfringens toxins in the intestine is an important cause of enteritis and enterotoxaemia in livestock. in the present study, the alpha toxin and the genes encoding beta2 and epsilon toxin could be frequently detected by means of phenotypical and pcr examinations in these bacteria. the c. perfringens isolates originated from 1213 field samples taken from diseased or perished livestock located in the north-eastern administrative districts of baden-württemberg (g ...200919863004
estimating the risk of cattle exposure to tuberculosis posed by wild deer relative to badgers in england and wales.wild deer populations in great britain are expanding in range and probably in numbers, and relatively high prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (btb, caused by infection with mycobacterium bovis) in deer occurs locally in parts of southwest england. to evaluate the m. bovis exposure risk posed to cattle by wild deer relative to badgers in england and wales, we constructed and parameterized a quantitative risk model with the use of information from the literature (on deer densities, activity pattern ...200919901384
[genetic variability in neotropical deer genera (mammalia: cervidae) according to dna microsatellite loci].species conservation programs are highly based on analyses of population genetics. we compared eight neotropical cervidae (mazama americana, m. gouzaoubira, m. rufina, odocoileus virginianus, hippocamelus antisensis, pudu mephistopholes, ozotoceros bezoarticus and blastoceros dichotomus) and some european and asian cervidae (cervus elaphus, c. nippon, capreolus capreolus, c. pygargus and dama dama). the european species c. elaphus was our standard for a high degree of genetic variability: we use ...200919928479
the glycosylation pattern of secretory granules in binucleate trophoblast cells is highly conserved in ruminants.the binucleate trophoblast cells (bncs) in the ruminant placenta are a unique feature of this taxon. these cells produce several secretory proteins and transfer these across the fetomaternal barrier into the dam. we used lectin histochemistry with a panel of 24 lectins to characterise the glycosylation pattern of bnc secretory granules in a variety of ruminants. seven species out of three ruminant families were thus investigated: greater malayan chevrotain (tragulidae); fallow deer, red deer, ch ...201019959226
prevalence of coxiella burneti antibodies in wild ruminants in kaveeany zoo, kosice, eastern slovakia.coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular agent that causes q fever in humans and animals. the most important reservoirs of c. burnetii in nature are small wild rodents, but infection was also demonstrated in other animals, including ruminants. samples of blood were obtained from 4 mouflons, 60 fallow deer, 9 cameroun goats, 8 carpathian goats, and 8 cameroun sheep living in a zoo. antibodies to phase i and phase ii c. burnetii antigens were determined in sera by elisa. antibody titres were ...200920054886
prevalence of coxiella burnetii antibodies in wild ruminants in kavecany zoo, kosice, eastern slovakia.coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular agent that causes q fever in humans and animals. the most important reservoirs of c. burnetii in nature are small wild rodents, but infection was also demonstrated in other animals, including ruminants. samples of blood were obtained from 4 mouflons, 60 fallow deer, 9 cameroun goats, 8 carpathian goats, and 8 cameroun sheep living in a zoo. antibodies to phase i and phase ii c. burnetii antigens were determined in sera by elisa. antibody titres were ...200920055359
spatial distribution and risk factors of brucellosis in iberian wild ungulates.the role of wildlife as a brucellosis reservoir for humans and domestic livestock remains to be properly established. the aim of this work was to determine the aetiology, apparent prevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors for brucellosis transmission in several iberian wild ungulates.201020205703
rate of blood loss and timing of exsanguination on prevalence of ecchymosis in fallow deer (dama dama).blood loss associated with four combinations of stunning and exsanguination methods was determined as part of studying prevalence of ecchymosis in slaughtered fallow deer (dama dama). a fifth treatment simulated incomplete severance of the extended neck after captive bolt stunning. predicted mean weights of blood collected from the five slaughter treatments, including electrical stunning followed by the thoracic stick method of exsanguination, captive bolt stunning followed by the thoracic stick ...201020374859
quality prevails over identity in the sexually selected vocalisations of an ageing mammal.male sexually selected vocalisations generally contain both individuality and quality cues that are crucial in intra- as well as inter-sexual communication. as individuality is a fixed feature whereas male phenotypic quality changes with age, individuality and quality cues may be subjected to different selection pressures over time. individuality (for example, morphology of the vocal apparatus) and quality (for example, body size and dominance status) can both affect the vocal production mechani ...201020380690
molecular and biological characteristics of toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in france.toxoplasma gondii isolates have been classified into 3 genetic types. little is known about genotypes of t. gondii isolates in wild animals in europe. in this report, genotypes of t. gondii isolates from wildlife in france are described. sera from wildlife were tested for antibodies to t. gondii with the modified agglutination test, and the hearts from animals with titers superior or equal to 1:6 were bioassayed individually in mice. t.gondii was isolated from 9 of 14 seropositive red foxes (vul ...201020417034
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in fallow deer (dama dama) and feeding ticks from an italy preserve.up to date, information concerning the anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in fallow deer is scant, therefore, to verify its prevalence in these ungulates serological and pcr screenings were performed on blood of 72 fallow deer hunted in a central-northern italian preserve. molecular analyses were also performed on 90 ticks removed from the animals. a. phagocytophilum infection in fallow deer was confirmed in 20 out 72 by ifa assay and in 11 out 72 by pcr. the sequence obtained revealed a comple ...201120561656
consumer evaluation of venison sensory quality: effects of sex, body condition score and carcase suspension method.intact fallow bucks (n=20) and non-pregnant fallow does (n=24) (dama dama), in the body condition score (bcs) of 2, 3 and 4 (lean, prime and fat) and rising 2 year old red deer stags (n=26) (cervus elaphus) of the same bcs range (2-4) were used in this study to determine the impact of sex, bcs and method of carcase suspension on consumer perception of venison quality. consumers were asked to evaluate cooked meat samples (m. gluteus medius) on an unstructured line scale for colour, flavour, tende ...201020579815
ante-mortem testing wild fallow deer for bovine tuberculosis.this study aimed to maximize the sensitivity of bovine tuberculosis detection in living wild fallow deer (dama dama) under field conditions. we evaluated the rapid test (rt; cervidtb stat-pak assay, chembio diagnostic systems, inc., usa) in comparison with the comparative cervical skin test (cct). a total of 134 fallow deer were captured between january and march 2008. at time 0, 0.1 ml of avian purified protein derivative (avian ppd; cooper-zeltia, spain), 0.1 ml bovine ppd (cooper-zeltia, spai ...201020605378
use of a crude extract or purified antigen from first-instar cattle grubs, hypoderma lineatum, for the detection of anti-hypoderma antibodies in free-ranging cervids from southern spain.during the 2003-2005 hunting seasons, a total of 120 cervidae, including 39 red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and 81 fallow deer (dama dama), were examined for subcutaneous myiasis. animals were shot from january to june in southern spain. specific antibodies against hypodermatinae (diptera: oestridae) were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) using a crude larval extract (cle) and a purified antigen [hypodermin c (hc)] obtained from first instars of hypoderma linea ...201020629951
monitoring studies of bluetongue disease in ruminants imported to poland from eu.the results of 4-year serological and 2-year virological monitoring studies of bluetongue (bt) disease in ruminants imported to poland from eu countries are presented. sera were screened using the c-elisa and direct elisa tests. out of 49587 samples of sea, 3385 (6.83% of a total number of samples) were found to be positive for bluetongue virus (btv). the majority of seropositive animals were imported to poland from germany, czech republic and the netherlands. the high number of positive animals ...201020731189
detection and molecular characterization of theileria sp. in fallow deer (dama dama) and ticks from an italian natural preserve.the prevalence of piroplasms in a closed population of fallow deer (dama dama l.) living in the italian preserve of "bosco della mesola" - ferrara (mesola wood) was investigated. blood samples and ticks were collected from 62 fallow deer. on microscopic observation, 28 (45.0%) blood samples were positive for piroplasms while pcr provided evidence for piroplasms infection in 47 (75.8%) fallow deer. the 67 ticks, collected from positive and negative animals, were identified as ixodesricinus l., 17 ...201020810139
retrospective study of pestivirus infection in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) and other ungulates in the pyrenees (ne spain).in 2001 a new pestivirus (family flaviviridae) was associated with an outbreak of a previously unreported disease in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) in the pyrenees (ne spain). molecular characterization assigned this virus to the border disease virus (bdv) cluster, bdv-4 genotype. a retrospective study was performed in archived sera and spleen of 74 pyrenean chamois and in archived sera of 28 mouflon (ovis ammon), 56 red deer (cervus elaphus), 43 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and 29 fal ...201020961710
detection of specific antibodies anti-neospora caninum in the fallow deer (dama dama).sera from 335 farmed fallow deer (dama dama) at the breeding station in kosewo górne in the mazurian lake district, north-east poland, were investigated for the presence of antibodies against neospora caninum. the distribution of age groups was as follow: >4years - 154 animals; 2years - 76 animals; 1year - 105 animals. ten sera with the optical density exceeding 0.159 absorbance units (i.e., cut-off value) in elisa test were also analyzed by western blot. western blot analysis revealed seroreact ...201021087781
plasma pharmacokinetics of abamectin in fallow deer (cervus dama dama) following subcutaneous administration.žele, d., tavčar-kalcher, g., kobal, s., vengušt, g., vengušt, a., grabnar, i. plasma pharmacokinetics of abamectin in fallow deer (cervus dama dama) following subcutaneous administration. j. vet. pharmacol. therap. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01258.x. the pharmacokinetics of abamectin (abm) following a single subcutaneous administration of 200 μg/kg was evaluated in adult fallow deer by following abm concentration in blood plasma. a nonlinear mixed effects modelling procedure was used for pha ...201021198680
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in wildlife: common parasites in belgian foxes and cervidae?sera from cervidae were tested for the presence of antibodies against neospora caninum using elisa; and against toxoplasma gondii using sag1-elisa and a commercially available agglutination test. the t. gondii seroprevalence was 52% (38/73) in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 0% in bred fallow deer (0/4) (dama dama) and red deer (0/7) (cervus elaphus). we found 2.7% of the roe deer samples and none of the bred deer samples positive for n. caninum. brain samples from wild roe deer, red deer and re ...201021236577
fine-tuning the space, time, and host distribution of mycobacteria in wildlife.we describe the diversity of two kinds of mycobacteria isolates, environmental mycobacteria and mycobacterium bovis collected from wild boar, fallow deer, red deer and cattle in doñana national park (dnp, spain), analyzing their association with temporal, spatial and environmental factors.201121288321
bovicola tibialis (phthiraptera:trichodectidae): occurrence of an exotic chewing louse on cervids in north america.through a recent (2003-2007) survey of ectoparasites on hoofed mammals in western north america, a literature review, and examination of archived museum specimens, we found that the exotic deer-chewing louse, bovicola tibialis (piaget), is a long-term, widespread resident in the region. the earliest known collection was from salt spring island, canada, in 1941. we found these lice on the typical host, that is, introduced european fallow deer (dama dama l.), and on asian chital (axis axis [erxleb ...201121337942
localization of the orexin system in the gastrointestinal tract of fallow deer.the aim of the present study was to investigate by immunohistochemistry the presence and distribution of the orexin system in the stomach and gut of fallow deer. abundant orexin a-positive cells were localized in the middle and basal portions of the mucosal glands of the cardial and fundic regions of the stomach. in the same gastric areas, orexin b-positive cells were also found, mainly localized in the basal portion of glands. in the intestinal tract, orexin-containing cells were occasionally f ...201121397934
descended and mobile larynx, vocal tract elongation and rutting roars in male goitred gazelles (gazella subgutturosa güldenstaedt, 1780).similar to male humans, homo sapiens, the males of a few polygynous ruminants - red deer cervus elaphus, fallow deer dama dama and mongolian gazelle procapra gutturosa- have a more or less enlarged, low-resting larynx and are capable of additional dynamic vocal tract elongation by larynx retraction during their rutting calls. the vocal correlates of a large larynx and an elongated vocal tract, a low fundamental frequency and low vocal tract resonance frequencies, deter rival males and attract re ...201121413987
assortative mating in fallow deer reduces the strength of sexual selection.assortative mating can help explain how genetic variation for male quality is maintained even in highly polygynous species. here, we present a longitudinal study examining how female and male ages, as well as male social dominance, affect assortative mating in fallow deer (dama dama) over 10 years. assortative mating could help explain the substantial proportion of females that do not mate with prime-aged, high ranking males, despite very high mating skew. we investigated the temporal pattern of ...201121494678
bovine tuberculosis in a nebraska herd of farmed elk and fallow deer: a failure of the tuberculin skin test and opportunities for serodiagnosis.in 2009, mycobacterium bovis infection was detected in a herd of 60 elk (cervus elaphus) and 50 fallow deer (dama dama) in nebraska, usa. upon depopulation of the herd, the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (tb) was estimated at ∼71-75%, based upon histopathology and culture results. particularly with elk, gross lesions were often severe and extensive. one year ago, the majority of the elk had been tested for tb by single cervical test (sct), and all were negative. after initial detection of a t ...201121547234
context-related acoustic variation in male fallow deer (dama dama) groans.while social and behavioural contexts are known to affect the acoustic structure of vocal signals in several mammal species, few studies have investigated context-related acoustic variation during inter-sexual advertisement and/or intra-sexual competition. here we recorded male fallow deer groans during the breeding season and investigated how key acoustic parameters (fundamental frequency and formant frequencies) vary as a function of the social context in which they are produced. we found that ...201121695159
failure of fallow deer (dama dama) to develop chronic wasting disease when exposed to a contaminated environment and infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).we monitored a herd of fallow deer (dama dama) for evidence of prion infection for 7 yr by periodic postmortem examination of animals from the herd. the fallow deer were exposed to the chronic wasting disease (cwd) agent from mule deer by living in a paddock considered contaminated with infectivity from its history of housing cwd infected deer and, after the first year of the study, by comingling with infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). at least 8 of 12 mule deer serving as sentinels for p ...201121719844
experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) from elk and white-tailed deer to fallow deer by intracerebral route: final report.final observations on experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) from elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) to fallow deer (dama dama) are reported herein. during the 5-year study, 13 fawns were inoculated intracerebrally with cwd-infected brain material from white-tailed deer (n = 7; group a) or elk (n = 6; group b), and 3 other fawns were kept as uninoculated controls (group c). as described previously, 3 cwd-inoculated deer were euthanized ...201121731188
wild and farm breeding cervids infections with anaplasma phagocytophilum.the main goal of our study was to determine the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in wild cervids living in north-eastern part of poland. material used in the study was gathered between the years 2004- 2008. the blood samples from 106 red deer (cervus elaphus), 32 sika deer (cervus nippon hortulorum), 130 fallow deer (dama dama) and 31 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were collected. dna was isolated using genomic mini ax blood kit (a and a biotechnology). molecular detection of a ...201121739932
role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 4 and 8 in spain.abstract: although the importance of wild ruminants as potential reservoirs of bluetongue virus (btv) has been suggested, the role played by these species in the epidemiology of bt in europe is still unclear. we carried out a serologic and virologic survey to assess the role of wild ruminants in the transmission and maintenance of btv in andalusia (southern spain) between 2006 and 2010. a total of 473 out of 1339 (35.3%) wild ruminants analyzed showed antibodies against btv by both elisa and ser ...201121781340
characterization of fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition in animal fats using silver-ion and non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection.fatty acid (fa) and triacylglycerol (tg) composition of natural oils and fats intake in the diet has a strong influence on the human health and chronic diseases. in this work, non-aqueous reversed-phase (narp) and silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (gc/fid) and mass spectrometry detection are used for the characterization of fa and tg composition in comp ...201121835413
organochlorine compounds in red deer (cervus elaphus l.) and fallow deer (dama dama l.) from inland and coastal croatia.polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) and organochlorine pesticide (ocp) levels in fat tissue of red and fallow deer (cervus elaphus l. and dama dama l.) from two inland and an adriatic area were established. of 17 analysed pcbs, pcb-28, pcb-138, pcb-153, pcb-180 and pcb-118 were found in all samples, whilst pcb-101 and pcb-170 were found in more than 50% of samples. they ranged between 0.03 and 5.98 ng g(-1) fat weight. of seven analysed ocps, hcb, γ-hch and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene ...201121904863
distribution of arcanobacterium pluranimalium in animals examined in veterinary laboratories in the united kingdom.arcanobacterium pluranimalium was first reported in 2001 for 2 isolates, from a harbor porpoise (phocoena phocoena) and a fallow deer (dama dama). the same organism was subsequently reported from ovine material. a review of material submitted to veterinary laboratories in the united kingdom from a range of domestic and wild animals during the following years revealed that a. pluranimalium had been recovered from ovine specimens on 33 occasions. twenty ovine isolates came from abortion material, ...201121908355
effectiveness of multiple-release sites in reintroduction of persian fallow deer.releasing animals in more than one location may increase or decrease the probability of success of a reintroduction project, yet the question of how many release sites to use has received little attention. we used empirical data from the reintroduction program of the persian fallow deer (dama mesopotamica) (galilee region in northern israel) in an individual-based spatially explicit simulation model to assess the effects of releasing deer from multiple sites. we examined whether multiple-release ...201121977973
effect of selected dairy starter cultures on microbiological, chemical and sensory characteristics of swine and venison (dama dama) nitrite-free dry-cured sausages.the aim of this study was the evaluation of selected lactic acid bacteria (lab) starter culture of dairy origin in the production of nitrite-free low-acid fermented venison (dama dama) sausage (salame di daino) produced in a small-scale plant in umbria (italy), and their effect on microbiological, physico-chemical and sensorial properties of the products. salame di daino was obtained with two different processes: with and without the addition of selected lab starter cultures. microbial counts of ...201222032919
real-time pcr for detection and quantification of red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in meat mixtures.a rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique using sybr green detection system, has been developed for the quantification of red deer, fallow deer, and roe deer dnas in meat mixtures. the method combines the use of cervid-specific primers that amplify a 134, 169, and 120bp of the 12s rrna gene fragment of red deer, fallow deer and roe deer, respectively, and universal primers that amplify a 140bp fragment on the nuclear 18s rrna gene from eukaryotic dna. the c(t) (threshold cycle) ...200822062757
calpain system in vitro activity and myofibril fragmentation index in fallow deer (dama dama): effects of age and supplementary feeding.calpain system (µ- and m-calpain, calpastatin) and myofibril fragmentation index (mfi) were analysed on muscle longissimus thoracis et lumborum of 16 male fallow deer, half 18- and half 30-month-old, slaughtered after a 4-month feeding trial on pasture alone or with concentrate supplement. diet did not produce any difference on the measured variables. the muscle of the elder deer had a higher calpastatin level 6 h post-mortem (136.0 vs. 99.7 units/50 g, for the 30- and 18-months-old, respectivel ...200522062999
meat quality in male fallow deer (dama dama): effects of age and supplementary feeding.thirty-two male fallow deer, half 18- and half 30-month-old, were slaughtered after a 4-month feeding trial on pasture alone or with daily supplement of 500 g (dry matter) concentrate/head (eight each 18- and 30-month-old). neither diet nor age produced significant effects on m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (lm) and on m. semimembranosus (sm) ph and colour. meat texture properties (warner-bratzler-wb shear force and compression), water loss and collagen content were unaffected by diet, while ...200322063249
carcass quality in male fallow deer (dama dama): effects of age and supplementary feeding.thirty-two male fallow deer, half 18- and half 30-month-old, were slaughtered after a 4-month feeding trial on pasture alone or with daily supplement of 500 g (dry matter) concentrate/head (eight each 18- and 30-month-old). the concentrate was composed of 40% maize, 25% sugar beet pulp, 20% alfalfa, 13% soy flakes, 2% minerals and vitamins. supplemented deer were heavier (49.9 vs 45.0 kg) and their carcasses produced higher dressing proportions (61.5 vs 57.2%) and bigger amounts of first quality ...200222063647
the influence of environment, mode of nutrition and animal species on level of nitrosamine contamination in venison.the work aimed to research occurrence of nitrosamines in raw venison from different game species and mode of nutrition effect on their meat concentrations. samples of venison from male and female elks, male and female red deer, male and female roe deer, male and female fallow deer, male and female wild boars, male and female brown hares and males and females of wild rabbits shot in poland during the permissible hunting seasons were used for the experiments after their jointing and cutting. in th ...200322063687
identification of meats from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) using polymerase chain reaction targeting specific sequences from the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene.polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based on oligonucleotide primers targeting the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene was applied to the specific identification of meats from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and roe deer (capreolus capreolus). the use of a common reverse primer, together with forward specific primers for red deer, fallow deer, and roe deer, allowed the selective amplification of the desired cervid sequences. the specificity of each primer pair was verified by pcr analysi ...200722064291
performance of immunochromatographic and elisa tests for detecting fallow deer infected with mycobacterium bovis.fallow deer (dama dama) are widely distributed as natural or naturalised populations, as well as in game parks and deer farms. we used 157 fallow deer sampled in populations considered to be mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc) free and 73 mycobacterium bovis-infected fallow deer confirmed postmortem by culture to evaluate the diagnostic performance of two tests for the detection of anti-mycobacterial antibodies: the dual path platform (dpp) vettb assay and the bovine purified protein deriva ...201122071126
mycobacterial infections in free-living cervids in germany (2002-2006).we examined 1,022 free-living roe deer, red deer, and fallow deer for mycobacteria in germany, 2002-2006. retropharyngeal lymph nodes and other tissues were processed for culture and isolates were identified with the use of polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing. mycobacteria were found in 18.3% of deer, with mycobacterium avium in 14.8%. other atypical mycobacteria were detected in 5.3%. members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex were not detected.201122102674
Effect of concentrate feeding on instrumental meat quality and sensory characteristics of fallow deer venison.Venison from twenty four hybrid fallow deer does, 36months old with an initial body condition score (BCS) of 2, was tested to determine the influence of feed type on meat quality. Feeding with concentrates increased BCS (P<0.01) but did not affect ultimate pH (P>0.05). BCS 4 animals had higher intra muscular fat (IMF) (P<0.01), and more tender meat (P<0.05). Venison from does fed over 24weeks exhibited less redness (P<0.01) than those fed for 19weeks regardless of feed type. Panellists evaluated ...201222122988
optimisation of a triplex real time rt-pcr for detection of hepatitis e virus rna and validation on biological samples.the aim of this study was to optimise a two-tube reverse transcription triplex quantitative real time pcr (qrt-pcr) combining amplification of two loci with an internal amplification control (iac) for detection and quantitation of hepatitis e virus (hev) rna and to validate its performance on a pool of biological samples. optimisation was performed on serially diluted "home-made" rna standards. the limit of detection was determined experimentally as 10copies/μl of the rna standard for both ampli ...201122207081
changes in the geographical distribution and abundance of the tick ixodes ricinus during the past 30 years in sweden.abstract: background: ixodes ricinus is the main vector in europe of human-pathogenic lyme borreliosis (lb) spirochaetes, the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) and other pathogens of humans and domesticated mammals. the results of a previous 1994 questionnaire, directed at people living in central and north sweden (svealand and norrland) and aiming to gather information about tick exposure for humans and domestic animals, suggested that ixodes ricinus ticks had become more widespread in cent ...201222233771
mandibular osteomyelitis in red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and fallow deer (dama dama): occurrence and associated factors in free-living populations in southern spain.the prevalence of mandibular osteomyelitis, which results in a condition called lumpy jaw, and factors associated with its occurrence were investigated in syntopic free-living populations of red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in spain. the study material consisted of 3,586 mandibles from 2,548 red deer and 1,038 fallow deer shot during sport hunting, herd management culls, and programs for population control between 1988 and 1997 (period 1) and 2002 and 2009 (period ...201222247376
detection of antibodies in wild ruminants to evaluate exposure to liver trematodes.wild ruminants sharing pastures with domestic livestock are at risk of infection by liver trematodes. detection of antibodies provides a very useful tool to gain more knowledge about the distribution of these parasites. non-lethal methods are strongly encouraged for the analysis of the risk of infection among wild ruminants. a seroepidemiological survey was conducted to analyze exposure to hepatic trematodes ( fasciola hepatica and dicrocoelium dendriticum ) in wild ruminants from southern spain ...201222414166
polymorphisms and variants in the prion protein sequence of european moose (alces alces), reindeer (rangifer tarandus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in scandinavia.the prion protein (prp) sequence of european moose, reindeer, roe deer and fallow deer in scandinavia has high homology to the prp sequence of north american cervids. variants in the european moose prp sequence were found at amino acid position 109 as k or q. the 109q variant is unique in the prp sequence of vertebrates. during the 1980s a wasting syndrome in swedish moose, moose wasting syndrome (mws), was described. snp analysis demonstrated a difference in the observed genotype proportions of ...201222441661
the role of genetics in chronic wasting disease of north american cervids.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a major concern for the management of north american cervid populations. this fatal prion disease has led to declines in populations which have high cwd prevalence and areas with both high and low infection rates have experienced economic losses in wildlife recreation and fears of potential spill-over into livestock or humans. research from human and veterinary medicine has established that the prion protein gene (prnp) encodes the protein responsible for transmi ...201222460693
development of the permanent mandibular cheek teeth in fallow deer (dama dama).the study describes crown and root formation of the permanent mandibular cheek teeth of fallow deer from a gestational age of 22-23 weeks up to a post-natal age of 33 months. tooth development was recorded using a scoring scheme based on morphological criteria ranging from crypt formation to completion of root growth. the morphological appearance of the enamel surface during three different stages (secretory-stage enamel, maturation-stage enamel and mature enamel) was described, and the approxim ...201222486558
[acute pasteurellosis in fallow deer, cattle and pigs in a region of eastern germany].hemorrhagic septicaemia, an acute disease caused by p multocida capsular type b which is rarely detected in europe, caused considerable losses in fallow deer, cattle and pigs within a region along the border of the federal states brandenburg and saxony-anhalt in the summer of 2010. clinical appearances and diagnostic findings are presented and possible triggering influences discussed. pasteurella multocida capsular type b has not been cultivated from clinically healthy cattle and pigs of the reg ...201222515030
seroprevalence and risk factors associated to mycobacterium bovis in wild artiodactyl species from southern spain, 2006-2010.the control of bovine tuberculosis (btb) is at a critical point in the last stage of eradication in livestock. wildlife species recently have emerged infected with tb in europe, particularly ungulates in the iberian peninsula. epidemiological information regarding tb in wild ungulates including affected species, prevalence, associated risk factors and appropriate diagnostic methods need to be obtained in these countries. a cross-sectional study was carried out on wild artiodactyl species, includ ...201222523563
quantification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains representing distinct genotypes and isolated from domestic and wildlife animal species by use of an automatic liquid culture system.quantification of 11 clinical strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated from domestic (cattle, sheep, and goat) and wildlife (fallow deer, deer, wild boar, and bison) animal species in an automatic liquid culture system (bactec mgit 960) was accomplished. the strains were previously isolated and typed using is1311 pcr followed by restriction endonuclease analysis (pcr-rea) into type c, s, or b. a strain-specific quantification curve was generated for each m. avium subsp. pa ...201222649014
histological and immunohistochemical characterisation of mycobacterium bovis induced granulomas in naturally infected fallow deer (dama dama).mycobacterium bovis infections in fallow deer have been reported in different countries and play an important role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (btb), together with other deer species. there is little knowledge of the pathogenesis of btb in fallow deer. the aim of this study was to perform a histopathological characterisation of the granulomas induced by m. bovis in this species and the immunohistochemical distribution of different cell subsets (cd3+, cd79+, macrophages) and chemic ...201222763148
browsed twig environmental dna: diagnostic pcr to identify ungulate species.ungulate browsing can have a strong effect on ecological processes by affecting plant community structure and composition, with cascading effects on nutrient cycling and animal communities. however, in the absence of direct observations of foraging, species-specific foraging behaviours are difficult to quantify. we therefore know relatively little about foraging competition and species-specific browsing patterns in systems with several browsers. however, during browsing, a small amount of saliva ...201222813481
vocal rate as an assessment process during fallow deer contests.two types of model propose that strategic decisions during contests are determined either by (i) a mutual-assessment process or (ii) a self-assessment process. vocal signals are thought to convey information about the competitive abilities of individuals, the ultimate function of which is a reduction in costs associated with fighting consistent with the principle of mutual assessment. nevertheless, the limited evidence that male ungulates engage in mutual assessment of vocal rates during dyadic ...201222820323
the identification of anaplasma spp. isolated from fallow deer (dama dama) on a free-range farm in eastern poland.the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of anaplasma spp. in group of 50 fallow deer (dama dama) from free-range farm in eastern poland and determine what species of anaplasma could infect these animals based on pcr gene sequencing. the pcr technique revealed the presence of 16s rna anaplasma spp. genetic material in the blood of 7 out of 50 examined animals. the sequences of the pcr products obtained showed a 100% homology with each other and 100% homology with gu 183908 ...201222844721
high oxidative capacity and type iix fibre content in springbok and fallow deer skeletal muscle suggest fast sprinters with a resistance to fatigue.some wild antelopes are fast sprinters and more resistant to fatigue than others. this study therefore investigated two wild antelope species to better understand their reported performance capability. muscle samples collected post mortem from the vastus lateralis and longissimus lumborum of fallow deer (dama dama) and springbok (antidorcas marsupialis) were analysed for myosin heavy chain isoform content, citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacyl coa dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogen ...201222899533
a serologic survey of viral infections in captive ungulates in turkish zoos.zoos and zoologic gardens make optimal environments for interspecies transmission of viral infections. there are seven zoos and several small zoologic collections in turkey. this study aimed to determine the current status of viral infections in captive ungulates living in these environments. blood samples were taken from 163 captive animals from two zoos. there were 39 cameroon sheep (ovis ammon f aries), 11 barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia), 57 pygmy goats (capra hircus), 9 angora goats (capra ...201122946369
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