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differential radial growth patterns between beech (fagus sylvatica l.) and oak (quercus robur l.) on periodically waterlogged soils.climate scenarios for northern central europe project rising temperatures and increasing frequency and intensity of droughts but also a shift in precipitation pattern with more humid winters. this in turn may result in soil waterlogging during the following spring, leading to increasing stress for trees growing on hydric sites. the influence of waterlogging on growth of common beech and pedunculate oak has been studied intensively on seedlings under experimental conditions. however, the question ...201323564694
alkaline polyol pulping and enzymatic hydrolysis of hardwood: effect of pulping severity and pulp composition on cellulase activity and overall sugar yield.the saccharification of beech wood using alkaline polyol pulping (alkapolp) and enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. it will be demonstrated that the alkapolp process yields high quality pulps which can easily be hydrolyzed by cellulases. in order to find optimum reaction conditions chips of fagus sylvatica were pretreated by alkaline glycerol at temperatures between 190 and 230 °c for 15, 20, and 25 min. the impacts of temperature and time were expressed using a severity factor r0. the depend ...201323570715
disparity in elevational shifts of european trees in response to recent climate warming.predicting climate-driven changes in plant distribution is crucial for biodiversity conservation and management under recent climate change. climate warming is expected to induce movement of species upslope and towards higher latitudes. however, the mechanisms and physiological processes behind the altitudinal and latitudinal distribution range of a tree species are complex and depend on each tree species features and vary over ontogenetic stages. we investigated the altitudinal distribution dif ...201323572443
temporal variation of competition and facilitation in mixed species forests in central europe.facilitation, reduced competition or increased competition can arise in mixed stands and become essential to the performance of these stands when compared to pure stands. facilitation and over-yielding are widely held to prevail on poor sites, whereas neutral interactions or competition, leading to under-yielding of mixed versus pure stands, can occur on fertile sites. while previous studies have focused on the spatial variation of mixing effects, we examine the temporal variation of facilitatio ...201423581485
interspecific temporal and spatial differences in the acquisition of litter-derived nitrogen by ectomycorrhizal fungal assemblages.the spatiotemporal dynamics of, and interspecific differences in, the acquisition of litter-derived nitrogen (n) by natural assemblages of ectomycorrhizal root tips are poorly understood. small cylindrical mesh bags containing (15)n-labelled beech (fagus sylvatica) leaf litter that permit hyphal but not root ingrowth were inserted vertically into the top soil layer of an old-growth beech forest. the lateral transfer of (15)n into the circumjacent soil, roots, microbes and ectomycorrhizas was mea ...201323594339
spatial patterns of ectomycorrhizal assemblages in a monospecific forest in relation to host tree genotype.ectomycorrhizas (ecm) are important for soil exploration and thereby may shape belowground interactions of roots. we investigated the composition and spatial structures of ecm assemblages in relation to host genotype in an old-growth, monospecific beech (fagus sylvatica) forest. we hypothesized that neighboring roots of different beech individuals are colonized by similar ecm assemblages if host genotype had no influence on the fungal colonization and that the similarity would decrease with incr ...201323630537
chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics, photosynthetic activity, and pigment composition of blue-shade and half-shade leaves as compared to sun and shade leaves of different trees.the chlorophyll (chl) fluorescence induction kinetics, net photosynthetic co2 fixation rates p n, and composition of photosynthetic pigments of differently light exposed leaves of several trees were comparatively measured to determine the differences in photosynthetic activity and pigment adaptation of leaves. the functional measurements were carried out with sun, half-shade and shade leaves of seven different trees species. these were: acer platanoides l., ginkgo biloba l., fagus sylvatica l., ...201323670216
clues for regulatory processes in fungal uptake and transfer of minerals to the basidiospore.several fungal species are notorious for the preferential acquisition of toxicants such as ascdhgpbu in their wild-grown basidiomes, but it is not known how, or whether at all, mineral uptake is regulated. in this study, basidiomes of kuehneromyces mutabilis, pleurotus ostreatus, and hypholoma fasciculare were grown on fagus sylvatica logs embedded in sand, uranium-overburden soil, and garden soil (sio) at a lab scale to raise the accessible mineral resources 30 to >1,000 times over those availa ...201323761201
fine-root carbon and nitrogen concentration of european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) in italy prealps: possible implications of coppice conversion to high forest.fine-root systems represent a very sensitive plant compartment to environmental changes. gaining further knowledge about their dynamics would improve soil carbon input understanding. this paper investigates c and n concentrations in fine roots in relation to different stand characteristics resulting from conversion of coppiced forests to high forests. in order to evaluate possible interferences due to different vegetative stages of vegetation, fine-root sampling was repeated six times in each st ...201323785374
using sex pheromone and a multi-scale approach to predict the distribution of a rare saproxylic beetle.the european red click beetle, elater ferrugineus l., is associated with wood mould in old hollow deciduous trees. as a result of severe habitat fragmentation caused by human disturbance, it is threatened throughout its distribution range. a new pheromone-based survey method, which is very efficient in detecting the species, was used in the present study to relate the occurrence of e. ferrugineus to the density of deciduous trees. the latter data were from a recently completed regional survey in ...201323840415
species, diaspore volume and body mass matter in gastropod seed feeding behavior.seed dispersal of ant-dispersed plants (myrmecochores) is a well studied ecosystem function. recently, slugs have been found to act as seed dispersers of myrmecochores. the aim of our study was to (1) further generalize the finding that gastropods feed on seeds of myrmecochores and hence may act as seed dispersers, (2) to test whether gastropod body mass and the volume of diaspores have an influence on the seed dispersal potential.201323844239
the melliferous potential of forest and meadow plant communities on mount tara (serbia).the apiflora of 34 forest and meadow plant communities in tara national park was studied with the aim of assessing their melliferous potential and their contribution to bee pasture during the vegetation period. the melliferous plants were analyzed individually from the aspect of their flowering phenology, abundance, and the intensity of nectar and pollen production, as well as the production of honeydew. the melliferous potential of each investigated plant community was theoretically assessed on ...201323905735
relationship between photochemical reflectance index and leaf ecophysiological and biochemical parameters under two different water statuses: towards a rapid and efficient correction method using real-time measurements.the use of the photochemical reflectance index (pri) as a promising proxy of light use efficiency (lue) has been extensively studied, and some issues have been identified, notably the sensitivity of pri to leaf pigment composition and the variability in pri response to lue because of stress. in this study, we introduce a method that enables us to track the short-term pri response to lue changes because of photosynthetically active radiation (par) changes. the analysis of these short-term relatio ...201423906049
frequency of inversions affects senescence phenology of acer pseudoplatanus and fagus sylvatica.in mountainous regions, inversion situations with cold-air pools in the valleys occur frequently, especially in fall and winter. with the accumulation of inversion days, trees in lower elevations experience lower temperature sums than those in middle elevations. in a two-year observational study, deciduous trees, such as acer pseudoplatanus and fagus sylvatica, on altitudinal transects responded in their fall leaf senescence phenology. phenological phases were advanced and senescence duration wa ...201323912394
interactions and competition processes among tree species in young experimental mixed forests, assessed with chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf morphology.chlorophyll a fluorescence (chlf) and leaf morphology were assessed in two sites in europe (kaltenborn, germany, and satakunta, finland) within a forest diversity experiment. trees at satakunta, planted in 1999, form a stratified canopy, while in kaltenborn the trees are 7 years old, with no apparent canopy connection among broadleaf species. the following chlf parameters from measured ojip transient curves were examined: f(v)/f(m) (a proxy for maximum quantum yield); ψeo (a proxy for efficiency ...201423926925
seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of growth, non-structural carbohydrates and c stable isotopes in a mediterranean beech forest.seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of growth, non-structural carbohydrates (nsc) and carbon isotope composition (δ(13)c) of nsc were studied in a beech forest of central italy over a 2-year period characterized by different environmental conditions. the net c assimilated by forest trees was mainly used to sustain growth early in the season and to accumulate storage carbohydrates in trunk and root wood in the later part of the season, before leaf shedding. growth and nsc concentration dynamics we ...201323933829
variability of 13c-labeling in plant leaves.plant tissues artificially labeled with (13)c are increasingly used in environmental studies to unravel biogeochemical and ecophysiological processes. however, the variability of (13)c-content in labeled tissues has never been carefully investigated. hence, this study aimed at documenting the variability of (13)c-content in artificially labeled leaves.201323939963
ecological determinants of mating system within and between three fagus sylvatica populations along an elevational gradient.studies addressing the variation of mating system between plant populations rarely account for the variability of these parameters between individuals within populations, although this variability is often non-negligible. here, we propose a new direct method based on paternity analyses (mixed effect mating model) to estimate individual migration (mi ) and selfing rates (si ) together with the pollen dispersal kernel. using this method and the kindist approach, we investigated the variation of ma ...201323952125
consistency of defoliation data of the national training courses for the forest condition survey in germany from 1992 to 2012.the consistency of visual assessment of tree defoliation, which represents the most widely used indicator for tree condition, has frequently been in the focus of scientific criticism. thus, the objective of the present study was to examine the consistency of the defoliation data from the annual national training courses for the forest condition survey in germany from 1992 to 2012. defoliation assessments were carried out in stands of beech (fagus sylvatica), oak (quercus robur and quercus petrae ...201423955498
stronger spatial genetic structure in recolonized areas than in refugia in the european beech.extant rear-edge populations located in former glacial refugia remain understudied despite their high conservation value. these populations should have experienced strong genetic drift due to their small size and long isolation. moreover, the prolonged action of isolation by distance in refugial areas should result in stronger regional spatial genetic structure (sgs) than in recolonized areas, but empirical tests of this prediction are scarce. to fill this gap, we first used a set of 16 microsat ...201323980761
hydrolase treatments help unravel the function of intervessel pits in xylem hydraulics.intervessel pits are structures that play a key role in the efficiency and safety functions of xylem hydraulics. however, little is known about the components of the pit membrane (pm) and their role in hydraulic functions, especially in resistance to cavitation. we tested the effect of commercial chemicals including a cellulase, a hemicellulase, a pectolyase, a proteinase and dtt on xylem hydraulic properties: vulnerability to cavitation (vc) and conductance. the effects were tested on branch se ...201423981110
proteomic insights into seed germination in response to environmental factors.seed germination is a critical process in the life cycle of higher plants. during germination, the imbibed mature seed is highly sensitive to different environmental factors.however, knowledge about the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the environmental effects on germination has been lacking. recent proteomic work has provided invaluable insight into the molecular processes in germinating seeds of arabidopsis, rice (oryza sativa), soybean (glycine max), barley (hordeum vulgare) ...201323986916
stem water storage in five coexisting temperate broad-leaved tree species: significance, temporal dynamics and dependence on tree functional traits.the functional role of internal water storage is increasingly well understood in tropical trees and conifers, while temperate broad-leaved trees have only rarely been studied. we examined the magnitude and dynamics of the use of stem water reserves for transpiration in five coexisting temperate broad-leaved trees with largely different morphology and physiology (genera fagus, fraxinus, tilia, carpinus and acer). we expected that differences in water storage patterns would mostly reflect species ...201323999137
space sequestration below ground in old-growth spruce-beech forests-signs for facilitation?scientists are currently debating the effects of mixing tree species for the complementary resource acquisition in forest ecosystems. in four unmanaged old-growth spruce-beech forests in strict nature reserves in southern sweden and northern germany we assessed forest structure and fine rooting profiles and traits (≤2 mm) by fine root sampling and the analysis of fine root morphology and biomass. these studies were conducted in selected tree groups with four different interspecific competition p ...201324009616
light and competition gradients fail to explain the coexistence of shade-tolerant fagus sylvatica and shade-intermediate quercus petraea seedlings.the coexistence of forest tree species has often been linked to differences among species in terms of their response to light availability during the regeneration stage. from this perspective, species coexistence results from growth-growth or mortality-growth trade-offs along spatial light gradients. experimental evidence of growth-growth trade-offs in natural conditions is sparse due to various confounding factors that potentially hinder the relationship. this study examined growth hierarchies ...201324036670
within-population genetic structure in beech (fagus sylvatica l.) stands characterized by different disturbance histories: does forest management simplify population substructure?the fine-scale assessment of both spatially and non-spatially distributed genetic variation is crucial to preserve forest genetic resources through appropriate forest management. cryptic within-population genetic structure may be more common than previously thought in forest tree populations, which has strong implications for the potential of forests to adapt to environmental change. the present study was aimed at comparing within-population genetic structure in european beech (fagus sylvatica l ...201324039930
effect of environmental variables and stand structure on ecosystem respiration components in a mediterranean beech forest.the temporal variability of ecosystem respiration (reco) has been reported to have important effects on the temporal variability of net ecosystem exchange, the net amount of carbon exchanged between an ecosystem and the atmosphere. however, our understanding of ecosystem respiration is rather limited compared with photosynthesis or gross primary productivity, particularly in mediterranean montane ecosystems. in order to investigate how environmental variables and forest structure (tree classes) ...201324044943
water stress-induced xylem hydraulic failure is a causal factor of tree mortality in beech and poplar.extreme water stress episodes induce tree mortality, but the physiological mechanisms causing tree death are still poorly understood. this study tests the hypothesis that a potted tree's ability to survive extreme monotonic water stress is determined by the cavitation resistance of its xylem tissue.201324081280
a comparative study into the chemical constitution of cutins and suberins from picea abies (l.) karst., quercus robur l., and fagus sylvatica l.the compositions of bf3/ch3oh depolymerisates of cutins and suberins from leaf and periderm samples from picea abies [l.] karst., quercus robur l., and fagus sylvatica l., respectively, were determined by quantitative capillary gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. long-chain monobasic, ω-hydroxymonobasic, dihydroxymonobasic, trihydroxymonobasic and epoxyhydroxymonobasic alkanoic acids constituted the major aliphatic monomers of leaf cutins. the total amounts of cutin monomers ranged from 629 mg ...199124186347
decomposition of (14)c-labeled cellulose substrates in litter and soil from a beechwood on limestone.the decomposition of three different (14)c-labeled cellulose substrates (plant holocellulose, plant cellulose prepared from (14)c-labeled beech wood (fagus sylvatica) and bacterial cellulose produced by acetobacter xylinum) in samples from the litter and mineral soil layer of a beechwood on limestone was studied. in a long-term (154 day) experiment, mineralization of cellulose materials, production of (14)c-labeled water-soluble compounds, and incorporation of (14)c in microbial biomass was in t ...199324189924
contrasting effects of elevated temperature and invertebrate grazing regulate multispecies interactions between decomposer fungi.predicting the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on species interactions and ecosystem processes is among the primary aims of community ecologists. the composition of saprotrophic fungal communities is a consequence of competitive mycelial interactions, and a major determinant of woodland decomposition and nutrient cycling rates. elevation of atmospheric temperature is predicted to drive changes in fungal community development. top-down regulation of mycelial growth is an important determi ...201324194892
somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from cell suspension cultures of fagus sylvatica l.embryogenic cell suspension cultures and somatic embryos of five genotypes of beech, were obtained from aged cultures derived from immature zygotic embryos cultured on solid medium containing both 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and n6-benzyladenine. the origin of somatic embryos was traced from single cells. embryos remained arrested at the globular stage on liquid media, further development was achieved after plating embryogenic aggregates on murashige and skoog's medium with half strength maj ...199224213362
consistency of observations of forest tree defoliation in three european countries.the crown densities of 186 trees of five common european tree species (norway spruce (picea abies), silver fir (abies alba), scots pine (pinus sylvestris), oak (quercus robur) and beech (fagus sylvatica) were assessed simultaneously by observation teams from france, germany and the united kingdom. major differences in the scores existed, with the maximum difference on any one tree being 45%. differences tended to be consistent, with the french team scoring more lightly than the german team and t ...199324227454
callus formation from mesophyll protoplasts of fagus sylvatica l.viable protoplasts of european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) were isolated from sterilized young leaves of juvenile (3-5 years) and mature (40 years) trees. isolation in a saline solution containing 0.5% (w/v) pectinol and 2% (w/v) cellulase r-10 yielded 3×10(7) protoplasts per gram fresh weight. protoplast culture in modified kao and michayluk (1975) medium resulted in cell wall regeneration and sustained cell divisions with the formation of colonies and microcalli.198824240397
the relationship between the redox state of q a and photosynthesis in leaves at various carbon-dioxide, oxygen and light regimes.the response of chlorophyll fluorescence elicited by a low-fluence-rate modulated measuring beam to actinic light and to superimposed 1-s pulses from a high-fluence-rate light source was used to measure the redox state of the primary acceptor q a of photosystem ii in leaves which were photosynthesizing under steady-state conditions. the leaves were exposed to various o2 and co2 concentrations and to different energy fluence rates of actinic light to assess the relationship between rates of photo ...198524241436
composition and function of plastoglobuli : ii. lipid composition of leaves and plastoglobuli during beech leaf senescence.the lipid composition of whole leaves and isolated plastoglobul of beech (fagus sylvatica) has been studied during four natural autumnal senescence stages. chlorophylls, glycolipids, and phospholipids were extensively degraded in leaves. about 20% of the glycolipids found in leaves during summer, however, remained in the last stage of leaf senescence. triacylglycerols, also detected in large amounts in summer leaves, were hydrolyzed during senescence. the content of free fatty acids derived from ...198524249273
seasonal variations in the polar-transport pathways and retention sites of [(3)h]indole-3-acetic acid in young branches offagus sylvatica l.branches were cut from young beeches (fagus sylvatica l.) at various stages of the annual cycle and [(3)h]indole-3-acetic acid (0.35 nmol) was applied to the whole surface of the apical section of each branch, just below the apical bud. the labelled pulse (moving auxin) and the following weakly radioactive zone (auxin and metabolites retained by the tissues) were localized by counting: microautoradiographss were made using cross sections from these two regions. during the second fortnight of apr ...198424253645
plasmodesmata and pit development in secondary xylem elements.developing pit membranes of secondary xylem elements in drimys winteri, fagus sylvatica, quercus robur, sorbus aucuparia, tilia vulgaris and trochodendron aralioides have been examined by transmission electron microscopy. absence of plasmodesmata from the membranes of vessel elements and tracheids indicates that their pits develop independently of these structures. on the other hand, plasmodesmata are abundant in pit membranes between fibres, parenchyma cells, and combinations of these cell type ...198224271775
impact of elevated co2 concentration on dynamics of leaf photosynthesis in fagus sylvatica is modulated by sky conditions.it has been suggested that atmospheric co2 concentration and frequency of cloud cover will increase in future. it remains unclear, however, how elevated co2 influences photosynthesis under complex clear versus cloudy sky conditions. accordingly, diurnal changes in photosynthetic responses among beech trees grown at ambient (ac) and doubled (ec) co2 concentrations were studied under contrasting sky conditions. ec stimulated the daily sum of fixed co2 and light use efficiency under clear sky. mean ...201424316065
leaf gas exchange of beech (fagus sylvatica l.) seedlings in lightflecks: a system for measuring rapid changes in co2 partial pressures.a system is described for the measurement of fast transient responses of leaf gas exchange to lightflecks. any chamber adulterates a true signal unless in the steady-state; therefore, a procedure for estimating an 'effective chamber volume' is presented which is an essential parameter for correcting a measured transient signal. a common correction is critically commented on. with the system, responses of net photosynthesis to lightflecks as short as 1 s have been observed in leaves of seedlings ...199324318759
response of tree growth and species coexistence to density and species evenness in a young forest plantation with two competing species.there is considerable evidence for the presence of positive species diversity-productivity relationships in plant populations, but the population parameters determining the type and strength of the relationship are poorly defined. relationships between species evenness and tree survival or species coexistence are not well established. the objective of this study was to quantify the joint effects of density and species evenness on tree productivity and species coexistence.201424323248
up in the tree--the overlooked richness of bryophytes and lichens in tree crowns.assessing diversity is among the major tasks in ecology and conservation science. in ecological and conservation studies, epiphytic cryptogams are usually sampled up to accessible heights in forests. thus, their diversity, especially of canopy specialists, likely is underestimated. if the proportion of those species differs among forest types, plot-based diversity assessments are biased and may result in misleading conservation recommendations. we sampled bryophytes and lichens in 30 forest plot ...201324358373
carbon isotope discrimination during branch photosynthesis of fagus sylvatica: a bayesian modelling approach.field measurements of photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination ((13)δ) of fagus sylvatica, conducted with branch bags and laser spectrometry, revealed a high variability of (13)δ, both on diurnal and day-to-day timescales. we tested the prediction capability of three versions of a commonly used model for (13)δ [called here comprehensive ((13)(δcomp)), simplified ((13) δsimple) and revised ((13)(δrevised)) versions]. a bayesian approach was used to calibrate major model parameters. constraine ...201424372560
competition for nitrogen between european beech and sycamore maple shifts in favour of beech with decreasing light availability.plant species use different strategies for maximizing growth and fitness under changing environmental conditions. at the ecosystem level, seedlings in particular compete with other vegetation components for light and nitrogen (n), which often constitute growth-limiting resources. in this study, we investigated the effect of light availability on the competition for n between seedlings of european beech and sycamore maple and analysed the consequences of this competition for the composition of n ...201424391164
fate of recently fixed carbon in european beech (fagus sylvatica) saplings during drought and subsequent recovery.drought reduces the carbon (c) assimilation of trees and decouples aboveground from belowground carbon fluxes, but little is known about the response of drought-stressed trees to rewetting. this study aims to assess dynamics and patterns of c allocation in beech saplings under dry and rewetted soil conditions. in october 2010, 5-year-old beech saplings from a forest site were transplanted into 20 l pots. in 2011, the saplings were subjected to different levels of soil drought ranging from non-li ...201424420388
chilling and heat requirements for leaf unfolding in european beech and sessile oak populations at the southern limit of their distribution range.with global warming, an advance in spring leaf phenology has been reported worldwide. however, it is difficult to forecast phenology for a given species, due to a lack of knowledge about chilling requirements. we quantified chilling and heat requirements for leaf unfolding in two european tree species and investigated their relative contributions to phenological variations between and within populations. we used an extensive database containing information about the leaf phenology of 14 oak and ...201424452386
karyotypes, b-chromosomes and meiotic abnormalities in 13 populations of alebra albostriella and a. wahlbergi (hemiptera, auchenorrhyncha, cicadellidae) from greece.in this work 13 populations of the leafhopper species alebra albostriella (fallén, 1826) (6 populations) and a. wahlbergi (boheman, 1845) (7 populations) (cicadellidae: typhlocybinae) from greece were studied cytogenetically. we examined chromosomal complements and meiosis in 41 males of a. albostriella sampled from castanea sativa, fagus sylvatica and quercus cerris and in 21 males of a. wahlbergi sampled from c. sativa, acer opalus and ulmus sp. the species were shown to share 2n = 22 + x(0) a ...201324455103
photosynthetic activity, chloroplast ultrastructure, and leaf characteristics of high-light and low-light plants and of sun and shade leaves.the photosynthetic co2-fixation rates, chlorophyll content, chloroplast ultrastructure and other leaf characteristics (e.g. variable fluorescence, stomata density, soluble carbohydrate content) were studied in a comparative way in sun and shade leaves of beech (fagus sylvatica) and in high-light and low-light seedlings. 1. sun leaves of the beech possess a smaller leaf area, higher dry weight, lower water content, higher stomata density, higher chlorophyll a/b ratios and are thicker than the sha ...198124470202
converting probabilistic tree species range shift projections into meaningful classes for management.the paper deals with the management problem how to decide on tree species suitability under changing environmental conditions. it presents an algorithm that classifies the output of a range shift model for major tree species in europe into multiple classes that can be linked to qualities characterizing the ecological niche of the species. the classes: i) core distribution area, ii) extended distribution area, iii) occasional occurrence area, and iv) no occurrence area are first theoretically dev ...201424486469
phosphite protects fagus sylvatica seedlings towards phytophthora plurivora via local toxicity, priming and facilitation of pathogen recognition.phytophthora plurivora causes severe damage on fagus sylvatica and is responsible for the extensive decline of european beech throughout europe. unfortunately, no effective treatment against this disease is available. phosphite (phi) is known to protect plants against phytophthora species; however, its mode of action towards p. plurivora is still unknown. to discover the effect of phi on root infection, leaves were sprayed with phi and roots were subsequently inoculated with p. plurivora zoospor ...201424489973
on the ultrastructure of resting cambium of fagus sylvatica l.cells of the resting cambium contain strands of smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is often arranged as a series of parallel membranes. single membrane bound bodies of different types including lipid droplets, protein bodies, many different intermediate forms, and structures that are empty and vacuolelike are present. the possibility that vacuoles are formed by the progressive dissolution of stored lipids and protein, during the onset of cambial activity, is suggested.196924504514
[amino acid composition of proteins in sun and shade leaves of the copper beech (fagus sylvatica l. cv. atropunicea)].the amino acid contents of sun and shade leaves of the copper beech are significantly different. on the basis of dry matter, the concentration of the majority of amino acids is higher in shade leaves. only the concentrations of proline, valine, histidine and arginine are about 30% lower compared with those of the other amino acids. calculated on the basis of crude protein, the concentrations of lysine, histidine, arginine, valine, isoleucine and proline are considerably lower in shade leaves tha ...196924504719
network analysis reveals ecological links between n-fixing bacteria and wood-decaying fungi.nitrogen availability in dead wood is highly restricted and associations with n-fixing bacteria are thought to enable wood-decaying fungi to meet their nitrogen requirements for vegetative and generative growth. we assessed the diversity of nifh (dinitrogenase reductase) genes in dead wood of the common temperate tree species fagus sylvatica and picea abies from differently managed forest plots in germany using molecular tools. by incorporating these genes into a large compilation of published n ...201424505405
impact of elevated atmospheric o3 on the actinobacterial community structure and function in the rhizosphere of european beech (fagus sylvatica l.).many bacteria belonging to the phylum of actinobacteria are known as antagonists against phytpathogenic microbes. this study aimed to analyze the effect of ozone on the actinobacterial community of the rhizosphere of four years old european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) trees during different time points of the vegetation period. effects of ozone on the total community structure of actinobacteria were studied based on the analysis of 16s rrna gene amplicons. in addition effects of the ozone treatme ...201424575080
carbon isotope discrimination during branch photosynthesis of fagus sylvatica: field measurements using laser spectrometry.on-line measurements of photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination ((13)δ) under field conditions are sparse. hence, experimental verification of the natural variability of instantaneous (13)δ is scarce, although (13)δ is, explicitly and implicitly, used from leaf to global scales for inferring photosynthetic characteristics. this work presents the first on-line field measurements of (13)δ of fagus sylvatica branches, at hourly resolution, using three open branch bags and a laser spectrometer ...201424676031
the cough suppressive activity of sulfated glucuronoxylan from fagus sylvatica l.hemicellulose polysaccharides represent a large group of natural renewable polymers, however, their application potency is still low. in our study a hardwood 4-o-methylglucuronoxylan was isolated by alkali peroxide extraction of fagus sylvatica sawdust and modified into sulfated water soluble derivative (mgxs). highly sulfated mgxs was characterized by hplc, ftir and nmr spectroscopies, and tested in vivo on chemically induced cough reflex and smooth muscles reactivity. farmacological tests reve ...201424680903
photoperiod and temperature responses of bud swelling and bud burst in four temperate forest tree species.spring phenology of temperate forest trees is optimized to maximize the length of the growing season while minimizing the risk of freezing damage. the release from winter dormancy is environmentally mediated by species-specific responses to temperature and photoperiod. we investigated the response of early spring phenology to temperature and photoperiod at different stages of dormancy release in cuttings from four temperate tree species in controlled environments. by tracking bud development, we ...201424713858
does mixing of beech (fagus sylvatica) and spruce (picea abies) litter hasten decomposition?it is of practical relevance to know how much beech must be admixed to pure spruce stands in order to increase litter decomposition and associated nutrient cycling, since the formation of thick organic layers is commonly ascribed to the recalcitrance of spruce needles. we addressed the impact of tree species mixture within forest stands and within litter on mass loss and nutritional release from litter.201424744450
carbon and nitrogen fluxes between beech and their ectomycorrhizal assemblage.to determine the exchange of nitrogen and carbon between ectomycorrhiza and host plant, young beech (fagus sylvatica) trees from natural regeneration in intact soil cores were labelled for one growing season in a greenhouse with (13)co2 and (15)no3 (15)nh4. the specific enrichments of (15)n and (13)c were higher in ectomycorrhizas (ems) than in any other tissue. the enrichments of (13)c and (15)n were also higher in the fine-root segments directly connected with the em (mainly second-order roots ...201424756632
variation in leaf flushing date influences autumnal senescence and next year's flushing date in two temperate tree species.recent temperature increases have elicited strong phenological shifts in temperate tree species, with subsequent effects on photosynthesis. here, we assess the impact of advanced leaf flushing in a winter warming experiment on the current year's senescence and next year's leaf flushing dates in two common tree species: quercus robur l. and fagus sylvatica l. results suggest that earlier leaf flushing translated into earlier senescence, thereby partially offsetting the lengthening of the growing ...201424799708
simulating local adaptation to climate of forest trees with a physio-demo-genetics model.one challenge of evolutionary ecology is to predict the rate and mechanisms of population adaptation to environmental variations. the variations in most life history traits are shaped both by individual genotypic and by environmental variation. forest trees exhibit high levels of genetic diversity, large population sizes, and gene flow, and they also show a high level of plasticity for life history traits. we developed a new physio-demo-genetics model (denoted pdg) coupling (i) a physiological m ...201424822080
stomatal and pavement cell density linked to leaf internal co2 concentration.stomatal density (sd) generally decreases with rising atmospheric co2 concentration, ca. however, sd is also affected by light, air humidity and drought, all under systemic signalling from older leaves. this makes our understanding of how ca controls sd incomplete. this study tested the hypotheses that sd is affected by the internal co2 concentration of the leaf, ci, rather than ca, and that cotyledons, as the first plant assimilation organs, lack the systemic signal.201424825295
molecular organization of the 25s-18s rdna igs of fagus sylvatica and quercus suber: a comparative analysis.the 35s ribosomal dna (rdna) units, repeated in tandem at one or more chromosomal loci, are separated by an intergenic spacer (igs) containing functional elements involved in the regulation of transcription of downstream rrna genes. in the present work, we have compared the igs molecular organizations in two divergent species of fagaceae, fagus sylvatica and quercus suber, aiming to comprehend the evolution of the igs sequences within the family. self- and cross-hybridization fish was done on re ...201424893289
calcaridorylaimus castaneae sp. n. (nematoda, dorylaimidae) from bulgaria with an identification key to the species of the genus.an unknown species belonging to the genuscalcaridorylaimus andrássy, 1986 was collected from the litter of broadleaf forests dominated by castanea sativa mill. and mixed with quercus daleshampii ten. and fagus sylvatica l. on belasitsa mountain, south-western bulgaria. calcaridorylaimus castaneae sp. n. is characterised by its long body (1.4-2.1 mm), lip region practically not offset, vulva transverse, short odontostyle (14.5-16 μm) and tail (75.5-110.5 μm, c=14.7-23.6; c'=2.9-4.4) in females an ...201424899849
ectomycorrhizal identification in environmental samples of tree roots by fourier-transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy.roots of forest trees are associated with various ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungal species that are involved in nutrient exchange between host plant and the soil compartment. the identification of ecm fungi in small environmental samples is difficult. the present study tested the feasibility of attenuated total reflection fourier-transform infrared (atr-ftir) spectroscopy followed by hierarchical cluster analysis (hca) to discriminate in situ collected ecm fungal species. root tips colonized by dist ...201424904624
large-scale protein analysis of european beech trees following four vegetation periods of twice ambient ozone exposure.in the present study, we performed a large-scale protein analysis based on 2-de dige to examine the effects of ozone on the leaves of juvenile european beech (fagus sylvatica l.), one of the most important deciduous tree species in central europe. to this end, beech trees were grown under field conditions and subjected to ambient and twice ambient ozone concentrations during the vegetation periods of four consecutive years. the twice ambient ozone concentration altered the abundance of 237 prote ...201424906023
growth losses in swiss forests caused by ozone: epidemiological data analysis of stem increment of fagus sylvatica l. and picea abies karst.the estimate of growth losses by ozone exposure of forest trees is a significant part in current c sequestration calculations and will also be important in future modeling. it is therefore important to know if the relationship between ozone flux and growth reduction of young trees, used to derive a critical level for ozone, is also valid for mature trees. epidemiological analysis of stem increment data from fagus sylvatica l. and picea abies karst. observed in swiss forest plots was used to test ...201424911370
modelling the mechanical behaviour of pit membranes in bordered pits with respect to cavitation resistance in angiosperms.various correlations have been identified between anatomical features of bordered pits in angiosperm xylem and vulnerability to cavitation, suggesting that the mechanical behaviour of the pits may play a role. theoretical modelling of the membrane behaviour has been undertaken, but it requires input of parameters at the nanoscale level. however, to date, no experimental data have indicated clearly that pit membranes experience strain at high levels during cavitation events.201424918205
tree mineral nutrition is deteriorating in europe.the response of forest ecosystems to increased atmospheric co2 is constrained by nutrient availability. it is thus crucial to account for nutrient limitation when studying the forest response to climate change. the objectives of this study were to describe the nutritional status of the main european tree species, to identify growth-limiting nutrients and to assess changes in tree nutrition during the past two decades. we analysed the foliar nutrition data collected during 1992-2009 on the intens ...201524920268
local adaptations to frost in marginal and central populations of the dominant forest tree fagus sylvatica l. as affected by temperature and extreme drought in common garden experiments.local adaptations to environmental conditions are of high ecological importance as they determine distribution ranges and likely affect species responses to climate change. increased environmental stress (warming, extreme drought) due to climate change in combination with decreased genetic mixing due to isolation may lead to stronger local adaptations of geographically marginal than central populations. we experimentally observed local adaptations of three marginal and four central populations o ...201425035801
climate refugia: joint inference from fossil records, species distribution models and phylogeography.climate refugia, locations where taxa survive periods of regionally adverse climate, are thought to be critical for maintaining biodiversity through the glacial-interglacial climate changes of the quaternary. a critical research need is to better integrate and reconcile the three major lines of evidence used to infer the existence of past refugia - fossil records, species distribution models and phylogeographic surveys - in order to characterize the complex spatiotemporal trajectories of species ...201425039238
whole-tree seasonal nitrogen uptake and partitioning in adult fagus sylvatica l. and picea abies l. [karst.] trees exposed to elevated ground-level ozone.the effect of long-term exposure of twice-ambient o(3) (2 × o(3)) on whole-tree nitrogen (n) uptake and partitioning of adult beech and spruce was studied in a mixed forest stand, se-germany. n uptake as (15)n tracer and n pools were calculated using n concentrations and biomass of tree compartments. whole-tree n uptake tended to be lower under 2 × o(3) in both species compared to trees under ambient o(3) (1 × o(3)). internal partitioning in beech showed significantly higher allocation of new n ...201525042482
canopy-level stomatal narrowing in adult fagus sylvatica under o3 stress - means of preventing enhanced o3 uptake under high o3 exposure?spatio-temporally consistent o(3) doses are demonstrated in adult fagus sylvatica from the kranzberg forest free-air fumigation experiment, covering cross-canopy and whole-seasonal scopes through sap flow measurement. given o(3)-driven closure of stomata, we hypothesized enhanced whole-tree level o(3) influx to be prevented under enhanced o(3) exposure. although foliage transpiration rate was lowered under twice-ambient o(3) around noon by 30% along with canopy conductance, the hypothesis was fa ...201525062776
insect attraction to herbivore-induced beech volatiles under different forest management regimes.insect herbivore enemies such as parasitoids and predators are important in controlling herbivore pests. from agricultural systems we know that land-use intensification can negatively impact biological control as an important ecosystem service. the aim of our study was to investigate the importance of management regime for natural enemy pressure and biological control possibilities in forests dominated by european beech. we hypothesize that the volatile blend released from herbivore-infested bee ...201425080178
soil h₂¹⁸o labelling reveals the effect of drought on c¹⁸oo fluxes to the atmosphere.above- and belowground processes in plants are tightly coupled via carbon and water fluxes through the soil-plant-atmosphere system. the oxygen isotopic composition of atmospheric co₂ and water vapour (h₂ov) provides a valuable tool for investigating the transport and cycling of carbon and water within this system. however, detailed studies on the coupling between ecosystem components and environmental drivers are sparse. therefore, we conducted a h2 (18)o-labelling experiment to investigate the ...201425100825
future impacts of nitrogen deposition and climate change scenarios on forest crown defoliation.defoliation is an indicator for forest health in response to several stressors including air pollutants, and one of the most important parameters monitored in the international cooperative programme on assessment and monitoring of air pollution effects on forests (icp forests). the study aims to estimate crown defoliation in 2030, under three climate and one nitrogen deposition scenarios, based on evaluation of the most important factors (meteorological, nitrogen deposition and chemical soil par ...201425118942
differential responses of herbivores and herbivory to management in temperate european beech.forest management not only affects biodiversity but also might alter ecosystem processes mediated by the organisms, i.e. herbivory the removal of plant biomass by plant-eating insects and other arthropod groups. aiming at revealing general relationships between forest management and herbivory we investigated aboveground arthropod herbivory in 105 plots dominated by european beech in three different regions in germany in the sun-exposed canopy of mature beech trees and on beech saplings in the un ...201425119984
detecting short spatial scale local adaptation and epistatic selection in climate-related candidate genes in european beech (fagus sylvatica) populations.detecting signatures of selection in tree populations threatened by climate change is currently a major research priority. here, we investigated the signature of local adaptation over a short spatial scale using 96 european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) individuals originating from two pairs of populations on the northern and southern slopes of mont ventoux (south-eastern france). we performed both single and multilocus analysis of selection based on 53 climate-related candidate genes containing 54 ...201425156570
ozone induces stomatal narrowing in european and siebold's beeches: a comparison between two experiments of free-air ozone exposure.stomata tend to narrow under ozone (o(3)) impact, leading to limitation of stomatal o(3) influx. here, we review stomatal response under recently conducted free-air o(3) exposure experiments on two species of the same tree genus: fagus sylvatica at kranzberg forest (germany) and f. crenata at sapporo experimental forest (japan). both beeches exhibited reduction in stomatal conductance (gs) by 10-20% under experimentally enhanced o(3) regimes throughout the summer relative to ambient-air controls ...201525156633
wood structural differences between northern and southern beech provenances growing at a moderate site.planting provenances originating from southern to northern locations has been discussed as a strategy to speed up species migration and mitigate negative effects of climate change on forest stability and productivity. especially for drought-susceptible species such as european beech (fagus sylvatica l.), the introduction of drought-tolerant provenances from the south could be an option. yet, beech has been found to respond plastically to environmental conditions, suggesting that the climate on t ...201425163729
forest stand growth dynamics in central europe have accelerated since 1870.forest ecosystems have been exposed to climate change for more than 100 years, whereas the consequences on forest growth remain elusive. based on the oldest existing experimental forest plots in central europe, we show that, currently, the dominant tree species norway spruce and european beech exhibit significantly faster tree growth (+32 to 77%), stand volume growth (+10 to 30%) and standing stock accumulation (+6 to 7%) than in 1960. stands still follow similar general allometric rules, but pr ...201425216297
do variations in leaf phenology affect radial growth variations in fagus sylvatica?we used a dendrochronological and leaf phenology network of european beech (fagus sylvatica) in slovenia, a transitional area between mediterranean, alpine and continental climatic regimes, for the period 1955-2007 to test whether year to year variations in leaf unfolding and canopy duration (i.e. time between leaf unfolding and colouring) influence radial growth (annual xylem production and tree ring widths) and if such influences are more pronounced at higher altitudes. we showed that variabil ...201525239517
survival of norway spruce remains higher in mixed stands under a dryer and warmer climate.shifts in tree species distributions caused by climatic change are expected to cause severe losses in the economic value of european forestland. however, this projection disregards potential adaptation options such as tree species conversion, shorter production periods, or establishment of mixed species forests. the effect of tree species mixture has, as yet, not been quantitatively investigated for its potential to mitigate future increases in production risks. for the first time, we use surviv ...201525242342
stem co2 efflux in six co-occurring tree species: underlying factors and ecological implications.stem respiration plays a role in species coexistence and forest dynamics. here we examined the intra- and inter-specific variability of stem co2 efflux (e) in dominant and suppressed trees of six deciduous species in a mixed forest stand: fagus sylvatica l., quercus petraea [matt.] liebl, quercus pyrenaica willd., prunus avium l., sorbus aucuparia l. and crataegus monogyna jacq. we conducted measurements in late autumn. within species, dominants had higher e per unit stem surface area (es ) main ...201525292455
extreme temporal interpolation of sparse data is not a sufficient basis to substantiate a claim to have uncovered pleistocene forest microrefugia. 201425312608
beyond skepticism: uncovering cryptic refugia using multiple lines of evidence. 201425312609
cryptic no more: soil macrofossils uncover pleistocene forest microrefugia within a periglacial desert.despite their critical importance for understanding the local effects of global climate change on biodiversity, glacial microrefugia are not well studied because they are difficult to detect by using classical palaeoecological or population genetics approaches. we used soil macrofossil charcoal analysis to uncover the presence of cryptic glacial refugia for european beech (fagus sylvatica) and other tree species in the landes de gascogne (southwestern france). using botanical identification and ...201425312611
contrasting carbon allocation responses of juvenile european beech (fagus sylvatica) and norway spruce (picea abies) to competition and ozone.allocation of recent photoassimilates of juvenile beech and spruce in response to twice-ambient ozone (2 × o(3)) and plant competition (i.e. intra vs. inter-specific) was examined in a phytotron study. to this end, we employed continuous (13)co(2)/(12)co(2) labeling during late summer and pursued tracer kinetics in co(2) released from stems. in beech, allocation of recent photoassimilates to stems was significantly lowered under 2 × o(3) and increased in spruce when grown in mixed culture. as to ...201525315225
how climate, migration ability and habitat fragmentation affect the projected future distribution of european beech.recent efforts to incorporate migration processes into species distribution models (sdms) are allowing assessments of whether species are likely to be able to track their future climate optimum and the possible causes of failing to do so. here, we projected the range shift of european beech over the 21st century using a process-based sdm coupled to a phenomenological migration model accounting for population dynamics, according to two climate change scenarios and one land use change scenario. ou ...201525330385
effects of elevated atmospheric co2 on microbial community structure at the plant-soil interface of young beech trees (fagus sylvatica l.) grown at two sites with contrasting climatic conditions.soil microbial community responses to elevated atmospheric co2 concentrations (eco2) occur mainly indirectly via co2-induced plant growth stimulation leading to quantitative as well as qualitative changes in rhizodeposition and plant litter. in order to gain insight into short-term, site-specific effects of eco2 on the microbial community structure at the plant-soil interface, young beech trees (fagus sylvatica l.) from two opposing mountainous slopes with contrasting climatic conditions were in ...201525370887
assessing the fate of nutrients and carbon in the bioenergy chain through the modeling of biomass growth and conversion.a forest growth model was coupled to a model of combined heat and power (chp) production in a gasification plant developed in aspen plus. for a given production, this integrated forest-to-energy model made it possible to predict the annual flows in wood biomass, carbon, and nutrients, including n, s, p, and k, from the forest to the air emissions (nox, sox, pah, etc.) and ash flows. we simulated the bioenergy potential of pure even-aged high-forest stands of european beech, an abundant forest ty ...201425372499
molecular profiling of the phytophthora plurivora secretome: a step towards understanding the cross-talk between plant pathogenic oomycetes and their hosts.the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions in plant diseases is of crucial importance to gain insights on different virulence strategies of pathogens and unravel their role in plant immunity. among plant pathogens, phytophthora species are eliciting a growing interest for their considerable economical and environmental impact. plant infection by phytophthora phytopathogens is a complex process coordinated by a plethora of extracellular signals secreted by bot ...201425372870
tree-ring stable isotopes reveal twentieth-century increases in water-use efficiency of fagus sylvatica and nothofagus spp. in italian and chilean mountains.changes in intrinsic water use efficiency (iwue) were investigated in fagus sylvatica and nothofagus spp. over the last century. we combined dendrochronological methods with dual-isotope analysis to investigate whether atmospheric changes enhanced iwue of fagus and nothofagus and tree growth (basal area increment, bai) along latitudinal gradients in italy and chile. post-maturation phases of the trees presented different patterns in δ13c, δ13c, δ18o, ci (internal co2 concentration), iwue, and ba ...201425398040
intra-specific variations in expression of stress-related genes in beech progenies are stronger than drought-induced responses.rapidly decreasing water availability as a consequence of climate change is likely to endanger the range of long-lived tree species. a pressing question is, therefore, whether adaptation to drought exists in important temperate tree species like european beech (fagus sylvatica l.), a wide-spread, dominant forest tree in central europe. here, five beech stands were selected along a precipitation gradient from moist to dry conditions. neutral genetic markers revealed strong variation within and li ...201425430883
can rove beetles (staphylinidae) be excluded in studies focusing on saproxylic beetles in central european beech forests?monitoring saproxylic beetle diversity, though challenging, can help identifying relevant conservation sites or key drivers of forest biodiversity, and assessing the impact of forestry practices on biodiversity. unfortunately, monitoring species assemblages is costly, mainly due to the time spent on identification. excluding families which are rich in specimens and species but are difficult to identify is a frequent procedure used in ecological entomology to reduce the identification cost. the s ...201525434278
contributing factors in foliar uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen at leaf level.we investigated the influence of leaf traits, rainwater chemistry, and pedospheric nitrogen (n) fertilisation on the aqueous uptake of inorganic n by physiologically active tree leaves. leaves of juvenile silver birch and european beech trees, supplied with nh₄no₃ to the soil at rates from 0 to 200 kg n ha(-1)y(-1), were individually exposed to 100 μl of artificial rainwater containing (15)nh₄(+) or (15)no₃(-) at two concentration levels for one hour. in the next vegetative period, the experimen ...201525461099
climate change induces shifts in abundance and activity pattern of bacteria and archaea catalyzing major transformation steps in nitrogen turnover in a soil from a mid-european beech forest.ongoing climate change will lead to more extreme weather events, including severe drought periods and intense drying rewetting cycles. this will directly influence microbial nitrogen (n) turnover rates in soil by changing the water content and the oxygen partial pressure. therefore, a space for time climate change experiment was conducted by transferring intact beech seedling-soil mesocosms from a northwest (nw) exposed site, representing today's climatic conditions, to a southwest (sw) exposed ...201425462589
the production, localization and spreading of reactive oxygen species contributes to the low vitality of long-term stored common beech (fagus sylvatica l.) seeds.the common beech (fagus sylvatica l.) is propagated by seeds, but the seed set is irregular with five to ten years in between crops. it is therefore necessary to store the seeds. however, beech seeds lose germinability during long-term storage. in this study, beech seeds were stored at -10°c under controlled conditions for 2, 5, 8, 11 and 13 years. our results show that beech seeds lose germinability during storage in proportion to the duration of storage. the decrease in germinability correlate ...201525462977
subcellular nutrient element localization and enrichment in ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhizas of field-grown beech and ash trees indicate functional differences.mycorrhizas are the chief organ for plant mineral nutrient acquisition. in temperate, mixed forests, ash roots (fraxinus excelsior) are colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (am) and beech roots (fagus sylvatica) by ectomycorrhizal fungi (ecm). knowledge on the functions of different mycorrhizal species that coexist in the same environment is scarce. the concentrations of nutrient elements in plant and fungal cells can inform on nutrient accessibility and interspecific differences of mycorrh ...201425486253
influence of litter diversity on dissolved organic matter release and soil carbon formation in a mixed beech forest.we investigated the effect of leaf litter on below ground carbon export and soil carbon formation in order to understand how litter diversity affects carbon cycling in forest ecosystems. 13c labeled and unlabeled leaf litter of beech (fagus sylvatica) and ash (fraxinus excelsior), characterized by low and high decomposability, were used in a litter exchange experiment in the hainich national park (thuringia, germany). litter was added in pure and mixed treatments with either beech or ash labeled ...201425486628
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