Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| shedding of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in mammary gland secretions of sows. | to document shedding of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus in mammary gland secretions of experimentally inoculated sows, to evaluate effects of vaccination during gestation on virus shedding during the subsequent lactation, and to evaluate shedding of prrs virus in milk of sows in commercial herds. | 2001 | 11763174 |
| establishment of a prrs virus elisa-negative boar population using previously exposed boars. | 2001 | 11765327 | |
| analysis of open reading frame 5 in japanese porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates by restriction fragment length polymorphism. | for the epidemiological survey of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) isolated in japan, the open reading frame (orf) 5 gene of 37 field isolates in chiba prefecture from 1991 to 1999 were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). reverse tanscription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplifying the orf 5 gene detected 35 field isolates except for 2 isolates. rflp analysis with mlui, hincii, sacii, haeiii and mspi demonstrated that 35 field isolates we ... | 2001 | 11767054 |
| identification of genetically diverse sequences (orf 5) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in a swine herd. | the ability of genetically diverse strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) to coexist in a 1750-sow farm was assessed through the case study describing a chronically infected farm, and also by an animal experiment involving the use of swine bioassay. the case study employed a program of monitoring sera from suckling, nursery, and finishing pigs for the presence of prrsv by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and virus isolation (vi). the swine bioassay tested homogenat ... | 2001 | 11768133 |
| transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from persistently infected sows to contact controls. | the objective of this study was to determine if porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) could persist in non-pregnant sows and if persistently infected sows could transmit virus to naive contact controls. twelve prrsv-naive, non-pregnant sows (index sows) were infected with a field isolate of prrsv and housed in individual isolation rooms for 42 to 56 days postinfection. following this period, 1 naive contact sow was placed in each room divided by a gate allowing nose-to-nose ... | 2001 | 11768134 |
| kissing interaction between 3' noncoding and coding sequences is essential for porcine arterivirus rna replication. | we used an infectious cdna clone of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) to investigate the presence of essential replication elements in the region of the genome encoding the structural proteins. deletion analysis showed that a stretch of 34 nucleotides (14653 to 14686) within orf7, which encodes the nucleocapsid protein, is essential for rna replication. strand-specific reverse transcription-pcr analysis of viral rna isolated from transfected bhk-21 cells revealed that t ... | 2002 | 11773426 |
| genetic and antigenic stability of prrs virus in pigs. field and experimental prospectives. | 2001 | 11774477 | |
| appearance of novel prrsv isolates by recombination in the natural environment. | 2001 | 11774486 | |
| predicted rna folding suggests prrsv major and heteroclite subgenomic transcripts result from polymerase switching at unpaired nucleotides. | 2001 | 11774495 | |
| influence of changes in the population of target cells and appearance of specific antibodies on the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the lungs of pigs. | 2001 | 11774497 | |
| monoclonal antibody directed against a membranous protein of marc-145 cells blocks infection by prrsv. | 2001 | 11774498 | |
| detection of antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein of prrs virus by a competitive elisa. | 2001 | 11774499 | |
| packaged heteroclite subgenomic rnas of prrsv. | 2001 | 11774518 | |
| mapping of the rna-binding domain of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein. | 2001 | 11774522 | |
| production, characterization, and uses of monoclonal antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 3' untranslated region and nucleoprotein rna binding proteins. | 2001 | 11774529 | |
| homotypic interactions of the nucleocapsid protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). | 2001 | 11774536 | |
| interactions of cellular proteins with the positive strand of 3'-untranslated region rna and the nucleoprotein gene of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | 2001 | 11774538 | |
| cloning and identification of marc-145 cell proteins binding to 3'utr and partial nucleoprotein gene of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | 2001 | 11774539 | |
| effects of heparin on the entry of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus into alveolar macrophages. | 2001 | 11774545 | |
| apoptosis in the lungs of pigs during an infection with a european strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | 2001 | 11774547 | |
| persistence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in pigs. | 2001 | 11774551 | |
| modified indirect porcine circovirus (pcv) type 2-based and recombinant capsid protein (orf2)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies to pcv. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome of swine associated with porcine circovirus (pcv) is a recently reported and economically important disease. simple and reliable diagnostic methods are needed for detecting antibodies to pcv type 2 (pcv2) for monitoring of pcv infection. here, we report the development of two modified indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas): a pcv2 elisa based on cell-culture-propagated pcv2 and an orf2 elisa based on recombinant major capsid protein. pcv2 ... | 2002 | 11777826 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection status in pigs naturally affected with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in spain. | the purpose of the study reported here was to determine the prevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in pigs affected with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), a disease believed to be caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). from may 1997 to february 2000, pmws was diagnosed in 277 pigs (from 120 farms) submitted to the veterinary pathology diagnostic service, veterinary school of barcelona, spain. in each case, the pmws diagnosis was based on ... | 2002 | 11792488 |
| the effect of dietary soy daidzein on pig growth and viral replication during a viral challenge. | twelve replications of four littermate pigs from a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) naive herd were weaned (11 +/- 2 d of age) and penned individually in isolation rooms. pigs were randomly allotted within litter to one of four dietary soy daidzein concentrations (0, 200, 400, or 800 ppm) to quantify the effect of daidzein on growth and immune response during a prrs challenge. daidzein was provided as the soy aglycone. at 27 +/- 2 d of age (4.9 +/- 1.4 kg bw), pigs were orona ... | 2001 | 11811467 |
| risk factors for infection of sow herds with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus. | in 1992, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) of european type (prrsv-eu) was introduced in denmark. by 1996, the virus had spread to approximately 25% of the danish herds. in january 1996, a modified-live vaccine based on the american type of the virus (prrsv-us) was used in replacement boars for danish artificial insemination (ai) centres and from july 1996, the vaccine was used in prrsv-eu infected herds for prevention of disease. soon after vaccine introduction, pr ... | 2002 | 11821139 |
| transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by needles. | 2002 | 11838995 | |
| in vitro and in vivo expression of foreign genes by transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus-derived minigenomes. | a helper-dependent expression system based on transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) has been developed using a minigenome of 3.9 kb (m39). expression of the reporter gene beta-glucuronidase (gus) (2-8 microg per 10(6) cells) and the porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) orf5 (1-2 microg per 10(6) cells) has been shown using a tgev-derived minigenome. gus expression levels increased about eightfold with the m.o.i. and were maintained for more than eight passages i ... | 2002 | 11842252 |
| a comparative study of the preventive use of tilmicosin phosphate (pulmotil premix) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination in a pig herd with chronic respiratory disease. | this study was conducted to compare the effects of a preventive in-feed medication programme using tilmicosin (pulmotil 200 premix, elanco animal health) at 200 p.p.m. with those of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (mh) vaccination programme (stellamune mycoplasma, pfizer animal health). a pig herd with chronic respiratory disease in which infection with mh played an important role was selected, and a total of 204 piglets were randomly allocated to either the medication (p) or the vaccination (v) group. ... | 2001 | 11846018 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome of pigs in korea: prevalence, microscopic lesions and coexisting microorganisms. | a retrospective study was performed on natural cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), recorded from january 1999 to december 2000, to determine the prevalence, microscopic lesions, and other coexisting pathogens associated with pmws. pmws is diagnosed based on three criteria: the presence of clinical signs (retardation of growth), characteristic microscopic lesions (granulomatous inflammation and inclusion body), and the presence of porcine circovirus (pcv)-2 within these le ... | 2002 | 11853147 |
| characterization of regions in the gp5 protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus required to induce apoptotic cell death. | expression of the gp5 protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in mammalian cells using a recombinant vaccinia virus has been shown to induce strong cytotoxicity due to apoptotic death. we have now developed a transient expression system that allows the observation and quantitation of the cell death due to gp5 synthesis, taking advantage of the reduction that this protein induces in the expression of two different co-transfected reporter genes. in this way, we are able to s ... | 2002 | 11864744 |
| infectious agents identified in pigs with multifocal interstitial nephritis at slaughter. | one kidney was taken from each of 100 pigs at slaughter; 50 had gross lesions of multifocal interstitial nephritis and 50 had no gross lesions. forty-nine of the affected kidneys had lesions that were characterised by the presence of either a few randomly distributed or numerous widely disseminated pale foci, 1 to 3 mm in diameter, on the cortical surface (white-dotted kidneys). microscopically, these focal inflammatory lesions often had a distinct lymphofollicular pattern (follicular nephritis) ... | 2002 | 11871667 |
| experimental inoculation of conventional pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus 2. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a disease of nursery and fattening pigs characterized by growth retardation, paleness of the skin, dyspnea, and increased mortality rates. porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) has been demonstrated to be the cause of pmws. however, other factors are needed for full development of the syndrome, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection has been suggested to be one of them. twenty-four conventional 5-week-old pigs were dis ... | 2002 | 11884547 |
| characterization of the carrier state in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus infection results in clinically normal, but persistently infected animals. an understanding of the carrier state is necessary for prevention, control and/or elimination of prrs virus. the objective of this experiment was to estimate the proportion of prrs virus carriers over time and determine which combination of sample and diagnostic assay could most effectively identify persistently infected animals. sixty 3-week-old pigs were inocula ... | 2002 | 11900956 |
| identification of neutralizing and nonneutralizing epitopes in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus gp5 ectodomain. | after infection of swine with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), there is a rapid rise of prrsv-specific nonneutralizing antibodies (nna), while neutralizing antibodies (na) are detectable not sooner than 3 weeks later. to characterize neutralizing epitopes, we selected phages from a 12-mer phage display library using anti-prrsv neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) isu25-c1. in addition, phages carrying peptides recognized by swine antibodies with high seroneutralizin ... | 2002 | 11932389 |
| involvement of the matrix protein in attachment of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus to a heparinlike receptor on porcine alveolar macrophages. | the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has a very restricted tropism for well-differentiated cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, which is probably determined by specific receptors on these cells. in this study, the importance of heparinlike molecules on porcine alveolar macrophages (pam) for prrsv infection was determined. heparin interacted with the virus and reduced infection of pam up to 92 or 88% for the american and european types of prrsv, respectively. other ... | 2002 | 11932397 |
| evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during sequential passages in pigs. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) viruses are recognized as possessing a high degree of genetic and antigenic variability. viral diversity has led to questions regarding the association of virus mutation and persistent infection in the host and has raised concerns vis-à-vis protective immunity, the ability of diagnostic assays to detect novel variants, and the possible emergence of virulent strains. the purpose of this study was to describe ongoing changes in prrs virus during ... | 2002 | 11967292 |
| quantification of transmission in one-to-one experiments. | we study the statistical inference from data on transmission obtained from one-to-one experiments, and compare two algorithms by which the reproduction ratio can be quantified. the first algorithm, the transient state (ts) algorithm, takes the time course of the epidemic into account. the second algorithm, the final size (fs) algorithm, does not take time into account but is based on the assumption that the epidemic process has ended before the experiment is stopped. the fs algorithm is a limiti ... | 2002 | 12002537 |
| expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha is associated with apoptosis in lungs of pigs experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | expression of tumour necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and its association with apoptosis was examined in lungs from pig experimentally inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the tnf-alpha nucleic acid was detected in prrsv-infected alveolar macrophages by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the tnf-alpha antigen was detected in alveolar macrophages by immunohistochemisty. dna fragmentation in apoptotic cells was detected by in situ terminal ... | 2002 | 12002637 |
| porcine b-cells recognize epitopes that are conserved between the structural proteins of american- and european-type porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | by selecting phage display libraries with immune sera from experimentally infected pigs, porcine b-cell epitopes in the open reading frame (orf) 2, 3, 5 and 6 proteins of european-type porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) were identified. the sequences of all the epitopes were well conserved in european-type prrsv and even between european- and american-type prrsv. accordingly, sera from pigs infected with american-type prrsv cross-reacted with the european-type epitopes. ... | 2002 | 12029156 |
| autoantibodies against golgi apparatus induced by arteriviruses. | members of the genus arterivirus within the monogeneric family arteriviridae are lactate dehydrogenase-elvating virus (ldv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), equine arteritis virus (eav) and simian hemorrhagic fever virus. in ldv-infected mice the appearance of autoantibodies against golgi-antigen dominated the early immune response. shared antigenicity between ldv and golgi-antigen of normal cells could not be demonstrated. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reacted either ... | 2002 | 12030432 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-induced cell death exhibits features consistent with a nontypical form of apoptosis. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), an arterivirus, belongs to a group of rna viruses that are cytopathic for macrophages and establish persistent infections. apoptosis is the presumed mechanism of cell death in monkey kidney cell lines and porcine alveolar macrophages after infection with european prrsv isolates. however, evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies using north american strains have failed to identify apoptosis in cells supporting virus replication and su ... | 2002 | 12034480 |
| first report of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in pigs in greece. | post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) are two recently described conditions of pigs at the late nursery and fattening stages. the aim of this short communication was to describe the first reported occurrence of these conditions and of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection in greece. the clinical signs, gross post-mortem changes and histopathological changes observed in affected pigs, were similar to those previously describ ... | 2002 | 12069275 |
| in vivo studies on cytokine involvement during acute viral respiratory disease of swine: troublesome but rewarding. | the early cytokines interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), interleukin-1, -6 and -8 (il-1, -6, -8) are produced during the most early stage of an infection. the activities of these cytokines have been studied extensively in vitro and in rodents, but in vivo studies on the role of these cytokines in infectious diseases of food animals are few. this review concentrates on in vivo studies of cytokine involvement in infectious respiratory diseases of swine, with an e ... | 2002 | 12072230 |
| continuous porcine cell lines developed from alveolar macrophages: partial characterization and virus susceptibility. | porcine monomyeloid cell lines were established following transfection of primary porcine alveolar macrophage cultures with plasmid psv3neo, carrying genes for neomycin resistance and sv40 large t antigen. the parental clone 3d4 exhibited a relatively rapid doubling time (25.5 h), high plating efficiency and mixed phenotype with respect to growth on a solid support. single cell cloning of the 3d4 parent resulted in establishment of several cell lines; three of them designated 3d4/2, 3d4/21 and 3 ... | 2002 | 12088830 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) with special reference to clinical aspects and diagnosis. a review. | after a short introduction on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) regarding the history, the first occurrence in several countries, and the causal virus, designated lelystad virus, a description is given of the clinical aspects and several diagnostic methods. after some general remarks on the clinical aspects, the epidemic and the endemic phase of the disease are described. regarding the diagnosis, special attention is paid to the detection of antibodies and of the prrs virus (p ... | 2002 | 12095084 |
| porcine reproductive-respiratory syndrome virus infection predisposes pigs for respiratory signs upon exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. | this study examined whether an infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) potentiates respiratory signs upon exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps). five-week-old conventional pigs were inoculated intratracheally with the lelystad strain of prrsv and received 5 days later one or two intratracheal lps administrations. the necessary controls were included. after lps administration, pigs were intensively monitored for clinical signs. additionally, some pigs ... | 2002 | 12119134 |
| evaluation of aerosol transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus under controlled field conditions. | the aim of this study was to determine whether porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) could be transmitted by aerosol under field conditions. a total of 210 five-month-old prrsv-negative pigs were housed in a mechanically ventilated finishing facility containing 11 pens. pen 1 contained 10 pigs (indirect contact controls) and pen 2 remained empty, providing a barrier of 2.5 m from the remaining pigs in pens 3 to 11. fifteen or 16 of the pigs in each of pens 3 to 11 were infe ... | 2002 | 12120923 |
| prevalence of antibodies to classical swine fever, aujeszky's disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, and bovine viral diarrhoea viruses in wild boars in croatia. | during the hunting season in february 1999, a total of 44 blood samples were collected from wild boars shot in the area of moslavacka gora. these blood samples were examined by enzyme immunoassay for the presence of antibodies to classical swine fever (csfv), aujeszky's disease (adv), bovine viral diarrhoea (bvdv), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrsv) viruses. out of 44 serum samples examined, 17 (38.63%) were positive for csfv, 24 (54.54%) were positive for adv and two (4.5 ... | 2002 | 12121047 |
| identification of radically different variants of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in eastern europe: towards a common ancestor for european and american viruses. | we determined 22 partial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) orf5 sequences, representing pathogenic field strains mainly from poland and lithuania, and two currently available european-type live prrsv vaccines. also, the complete orf7 of two lithuanian and two polish strains was sequenced. we found that polish, and in particular lithuanian, prrsv sequences were exceptionally different from the european prototype, the lelystad virus, and in addition showed a very high nat ... | 2002 | 12124450 |
| functional properties of the predicted helicase of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is a member of the positive-strand rna virus family arteriviridae. although considerable research has focused on this important pathogen, little is known about the function of most prrsv proteins. to examine characteristics of putative nonstructural proteins (nsp) encoded in orf1b, which have been identified by nucleotide similarity to domains of equine arteritis virus, defined genomic regions were cloned and expressed in the prset expr ... | 2002 | 12127789 |
| mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by mosquitoes, aedes vexans (meigen). | the objective of this study was to determine whether porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) could be transmitted to naive pigs by mosquitoes following feeding on infected pigs. during each of 4 replicates, mosquito-to-pig contact took place on days 5, 6, and 7 after prrsv infection of the donor pig. a total of 300 mosquitoes [aedes vexans (meigen)] were allowed to feed on each viremic donor pig, housed in an isolation room. after 30 to 60 s, feeding was interrupted, and the ... | 2002 | 12146891 |
| assessing the duration of persistence and shedding of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in a large population of breeding-age gilts. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is an rna virus in the order nidovirales, family arteriviridae, genus arterivirus. the virus induces a prolonged viremia, replicates in macrophages, and produces persistent infection. the purpose of this study was to determine if prrsv could persist for 90 d or more in a large population of breeding-age gilts housed under environmental conditions typical of commercial swine production and to determine if experimentally infected gilts co ... | 2002 | 12146892 |
| a survey of agents associated with neonatal diarrhea in iowa swine including clostridium difficile and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | this survey was undertaken to determine the relative frequency of agents that are currently associated with neonatal diarrhea in swine, including clostridium difficile and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the subjects for this study were the first 100 live 1-7-day-old piglets submitted to the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory with a clinical signalment of diarrhea, beginning on january 1, 2000. the evaluation of each pig included bacterial culture ... | 2002 | 12152806 |
| restriction fragment length polymorphism of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses recovered from ontario farms, 1998-2000. | from january 1998 to july 2000, 2,456 clinical samples, including lung, tonsil, lymph node, and serum, from 760 cases submitted to the animal health laboratory, ontario, canada, were tested for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (prrsv) using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and rt-pcr product restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. a total of 516 samples from 284 cases were rt-pcr positive for the prrsv open reading frame (orf) 7 sequ ... | 2002 | 12152819 |
| the genetic diversity of european type prrsv is similar to that of the north american type but is geographically skewed within europe. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is a recently emerged pathogen. two prrsv genotypes exist, north american and european, which are only 55-70% identical at the nucleotide level. previous studies have shown high nucleotide diversity in the north american genotype and low nucleotide diversity in the european genotype. here, we analyzed the orf5 and orf7 genes for a large number of new european type prrsv isolates in conjunction with existing database sequences. this new ... | 2002 | 12167339 |
| evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) antibody in pigs from conventional farms. | to evaluate the immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detecting the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) antibody, conventional pigs in prrsv-positive and -negative commercial farms were examined. antibody development patterns in elisa and ifa tests were compared in 3 week old piglets experimentally infected with the prrsv. the virus was detected from 2 days post infection (pi) and then the antibody titers and s/p ratios ro ... | 2002 | 12185311 |
| antibodies to selected viral and bacterial pathogens in european wild boars from southcentral spain. | serum samples from 78 european wild boars (sus scrofa) harvested during the 1999-2000 hunting season were tested for antibodies to brucella spp., classical swine fever virus, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, haemophilus parasuis, leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, pseudorabies virus (prv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, salmonella serogroups b, c, and d, streptococcus suis, and swine influenza virus (siv) serotypes h1n1 a ... | 2002 | 12238391 |
| phosphorylation of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is a cytoplasmic rna virus with the unique or unusual feature of having a nucleocapsid (n) protein that is specifically transported to the nucleolus of virus-infected cells. in this communication, we show that the n protein is a phosphoprotein. phosphoamino acid analysis of authentic and recombinant n proteins demonstrated that serine residues were exclusively phosphorylated. the pattern of phosphorylated n protein cellular distribution ... | 2002 | 12239338 |
| expression of interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in pigs experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). | the expression of mrna encoding interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) was studied, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and by in-situ hybridization with a non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled probe, in formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded lung tissue from pigs experimentally infected with a korean isolate (north american genotype) of prrsv. both ifn-gamma and tnf-alpha mrna were detected in the lung as early as 1 day post-inoculation (dpi) and ... | 2002 | 12354520 |
| effects of different us isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) on blood and bone marrow parameters of experimentally infected pigs. | seventy five-week-old, crossbred, caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were randomly divided into five groups of 14 pigs and assigned one of five treatments: the intranasal inoculation of 1 (5.7) tcid50 of one of four plaque-purified isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) (vr2385, vr2431, isu-984 and isu-22), or uninfected cell culture and media. haematological variables were measured for 21 days and bone marrow was analysed when the pigs were killed three, ... | 2002 | 12371690 |
| experimental airborne transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and bordetella bronchiseptica. | experiments were designed to determine if porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) or bordetella bronchiseptica could be transmitted through indirect airborne contact. three principal pigs were infected with prrsv, b. bronchiseptica or both. five days after the principal pigs were challenged, the three principal pigs and one direct-contact pig were placed into one isolation tent together, and three indirect-contact pigs were placed into another isolation tent which received it ... | 2002 | 12383636 |
| viral pharmacovigilance study of haemophiliacs receiving porcine factor viii. | porcine factor viii (fviii; hyate:c; speywood biopharm ltd, uk) has been used since 1980 for the treatment both of patients with acquired haemophilia and those with congenital haemophilia and inhibitory antibodies. each batch is extensively screened using cell-culture techniques to confirm the absence of viruses. the production process does not incorporate specific virucidal treatment steps, such as heat treatment or the addition of a solvent/detergent mixture. low levels of porcine parvovirus w ... | 2002 | 12410650 |
| nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection and differentiation of antibodies against european and north american porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | two types of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) have been reported, the european type (eu prrsv) and the north american type (us prrsv). we developed a dual enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of serum antibodies directed against either of the two prrsv types. this tandem prrs elisa is based on affinity-purified recombinant nucleocapsid protein expressed in escherichia coli. sensitivity and specificity were assesse ... | 2002 | 12414748 |
| cytokine profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymph node cells from piglets infected in utero with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | the aim of the present study was to investigate at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after birth cytokine expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bronchial lymph node cells from piglets infected in utero with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). technically, by flow cytometry we were able to measure gamma interferon (gamma-ifn), tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), interleukin-4 (il-4), and il-8 levels. in general, we found increases in the percentages of il-4-, gamma-if ... | 2002 | 12414754 |
| comparison of molecular and biological characteristics of a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) vaccine (ingelvac prrs mlv), the parent strain of the vaccine (atcc vr2332), atcc vr2385, and two recent field isolates of prrsv. | the objectives of this study were to compare the molecular and biological characteristics of recent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) field isolates to those of a modified live virus (mlv) prrs vaccine and its parent strain. one hundred seventeen, 4-week-old pigs were randomly assigned to six groups. group 1 (n = 20) served as sham-inoculated negative controls, group 2 (n = 19) was inoculated with ingelvac prrs mlv vaccine, group 3 (n = 20) was inoculated with the paren ... | 2002 | 12414926 |
| stable and long-lasting immune response in horses after dna vaccination against equine arteritis virus. | equine arteritis virus (eav) is the causative agent of the equine viral arteritis. it is a small rna virus with a linear, non-segmented plus rna genome. eav is a member of the arteriviridae family that includes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prssv), simian haemorrhagic fever virus (shfv) and lactate dehydrogenase virus (ldv). the viral transmission is via respiratory and reproductive routes. clinical signs in horses vary, and severe infection can lead to abortions in pregna ... | 2002 | 12418451 |
| mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus throughout a coordinated sequence of events during cold weather. | using a field-based model, mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) wa assessed throughout a coordinated sequence of events that replicated common farm worker behavior during cold weather (< 0 degrees c). the model involved fomites (boots and containers), vehicle sanitation, transport, and the movement of personnel. a field strain of prrsv was inoculated into carriers consisting of snow and water, and carriers were adhered to the undercarriage of a v ... | 2002 | 12418778 |
| case-control study on the association of porcine circovirus type 2 and other swine viral pathogens with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | a field-based case-control study was conducted to assess the strength of association of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and some major swine viruses with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). cases were defined as individual pigs with a clinical history of progressive weight loss and histopathological lesions characteristic of pmws. controls were pigs without clinical signs and histopathological lesions typical of pmws. a total of 31 cases and 56 controls was identified from diagno ... | 2002 | 12423025 |
| effect of formalin fixation on the immunohistochemical detection of prrs virus antigen in experimentally and naturally infected pigs. | the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of formalin fixation on the immunohistochemical detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) viral antigen in lungs of experimentally and naturally infected pigs. in separate trials, five 24-day-old pigs and six 10-day-old pigs were housed as separate groups in isolation and inoculated intranasally with 10(5.5) tcid50 of an isolate of prrs virus (prrsv; p129). the older and younger pigs were euthanatized at 7 and 10 days ... | 2002 | 12423035 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) coinfections in us field cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). | the prevalence of different pathogens detected in combination with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) was studied retrospectively in field cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) diagnosed at the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory, ames, iowa, between january 2000, and september 2001. the presence of pcv-2 antigen in lymphoid tissues and/or lung, demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, together with moderate to severe lymphoid depletion and/or granulomatous ly ... | 2002 | 12423038 |
| passive transfer of virus-specific antibodies confers protection against reproductive failure induced by a virulent strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and establishes sterilizing immunity. | immune mechanisms mediating protective immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) are not well understood. the prrsv-specific humoral immune response has been dismissed as being ineffective and perhaps deleterious for the host. the function of prrsv antibodies in protective immunity against infection with a highly abortifacient strain of this virus was examined by passive transfer experiments in pregnant swine. all of a group of pregnant gilts (n = 6) that recei ... | 2002 | 12429512 |
| thymocyte and peripheral blood t lymphocyte subpopulation changes in piglets following in utero infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | piglets infected in utero with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) are born severely immunocompromised. in this article we more closely examine the effects of in utero prrsv infection on circulating and thymic t cell populations. numbers of cd4+, cd8+, and dual-positive lymphocytes were quantitated in circulation and in the thymus during the 2 weeks following birth. at birth we found that the number of circulating lymphocytes was suppressed by 60%. lymphocyte numbers were ... | 2002 | 12441080 |
| assessment of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus rna load in sera and tissues during acute infection. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) rna load in sera and tissues during acute phase of infection was evaluated using a pcr- based quantitative assay. more than 80% of infected pigs (21/25) showed the peak level of viral rna concentrations in serum (up to 8.6 x 10(8) copies/ml) at day 5 postinfection (pi), and started to clear the virus from the systemic circulation thereafter. regression analysis using the viral rna concentrations in sera obtained from days 5 to 14 pi sho ... | 2002 | 12441676 |
| localization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in boars by in situ riboprobe hybridization. | the capability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) to be shed in semen for extended periods of time has been suggested to be a principal factor for viral transmission via insemination. in attempts to gain insights into the mechanism of prrsv persistence in boars, tissue distribution and sites of viral infection were investigated by in situ hybridization (ish) using digoxigenin-labeled rna probe and the ish results were compared with those of reverse transcription-neste ... | 2002 | 12441677 |
| prevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus from aborted fetuses and pigs with respiratory problems in korea. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(prrsv)0, porcine circovirus type 2(pcv-2) and porcine parvovirus (ppv)0 infections were investigated as possible causes of the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome(pmws). specific primers for rt-pcr and pcr were designed for the differential detection of prrsv, pcv-2 and ppv. using pcr, these viruses were detected in homogenized tissue samples from pigs that had respiratory of reproductive problems in the time period between 1998 and 2000 ... | 2001 | 12441689 |
| construction and immunogenicity of recombinant mycobacterium bovis bcg expressing gp5 and m protein of porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus. | mycobacterium bovis bcg was used to express a truncated form of gp5 (lacking the first 30 nh(2)-terminal residues) and m protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the prrsv proteins were expressed in bcg under control of the mycobacterial hsp60 gene promoter either in the mycobacterial cytoplasm (bcggp5cyt and bcgmcyt) or as mt19-fusion proteins on the mycobacterial surface (bcggp5surf and bcgmsurf). mice inoculated with bcggp5surf and bcgmsurf developed antibodies ... | 2002 | 12443659 |
| genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) strains from cases presenting various clinical conditions. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been associated with a newly identified and described disease in swine called the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). an association of pcv2 with various other clinical conditions in pigs are also increasingly being reported. to date molecular studies to determine the extent of genetic variations of this virus have been limited. to more fully understand the extent of genetic diversity we report the sequencing of 34 pcv2 strains from eastern can ... | 2002 | 12457966 |
| chimeric arteriviruses generated by swapping of the m protein ectodomain rule out a role of this domain in viral targeting. | arteriviruses are enveloped, positive-strand rna viruses for which the two major envelope proteins gp(5) and m occur as disulfide-linked heterodimers. these were assumed to serve the viral targeting functions, but recent ectodomain swapping studies with equine arteritis virus (eav) indicate that the gp(5) protein does not determine arteriviral tropism. here, we focused on the short, 13- to 18-residue ectodomain of the m protein. using an infectious cdna clone of the lelystad virus isolate of por ... | 2002 | 12490397 |
| the primary neutralization epitope of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus strain vr-2332 is located in the middle of the gp5 ectodomain. | pigs infected with porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) strain vr-2332 were found to generate high levels of antibodies (abs) that bound in an indirect elisa to synthetic peptides representing segments of the primary envelope glycoprotein (gp5) ectodomain of this virus. use of overlapping gp5 ectodomain peptides of various length indicated that the epitope recognized by the abs was located in the middle of the ectodomain (amino acids 36-52), in the same relative segment th ... | 2002 | 12491101 |
| leader-body junction sequence of the viral subgenomic mrnas of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolated in taiwan. | in combination of utilizing a leader specific primer and primers complementary to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) genome through rt-pcr, the leader junction sequences of subgenomic mrna (sg mrna) was identified from a taiwanese isolate of prrsv. thirty-six cdna clones derived from sg mrnas 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were determined. the junction sequences analyzed from different sg mrna were found to contain a similar 5 nucleotide sequence motif, (u/g)(c/a)(a/g)cc. the dista ... | 2002 | 12499678 |
| immunohistochemical staining of ifn-gamma positive cells in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected lungs. | paraffin-embedded lungs were obtained from a previous porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv)-challenged experiment involving three groups: an uninfected control group, a low virulence (lv, resp prrsv/repro)-infected group, and a high virulence (hv, vr-2385)-infected group. tissues were collected at 3, 7, 10, 14 or 28 days post-inoculation (dpi) (n=5). lungs were examined to detect ifn-gamma positive cells by immunohistochemical staining using polyclonal antibodies to ifn-gam ... | 2003 | 12507852 |
| immunological responses of swine to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. | the immunology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrs) begins with an initial encounter of prrsv with the pig. regardless of the route of entry of prrsv--via inhalation, intramuscular vaccination, insemination, or other routes--productive infection occurs predominately in alveolar macrophages of the lung. thus, innate responses of the lung and the alveolar macrophage comprise the initial defense against prrsv. the virus appears not to elicit innate interferon and cytokine r ... | 2002 | 12513925 |
| cytokine mrna profiles in bronchoalveolar cells of piglets experimentally infected in utero with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: association of sustained expression of ifn-gamma and il-10 after viral clearance. | an experimental model was used to investigate mrna cytokine profiles in bronchoalvolar cells (balc) from piglets, infected in utero with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the balc's were analyzed for the cytokines tnf-alpha, ifn-gamma, il-8, il-10, and il-12(p40) by real-time taqman polymerase chain reaction in 2-, 4-, and 6-week-old piglets, respectively. high levels of ifn-gamma mrna was detected in all piglets, while il-10 was upregulated in 2-week-old piglets, was ... | 2002 | 12513926 |
| adjuvant danger signals increase the immune response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | the immune response of swine to vaccination with a live, attenuated prrsv was assessed in the presence and absence of cytokine adjuvants or cholera toxin (ct) to address the hypothesis that adjuvant danger signals, that is, inflammatory cytokines and bacterial extoxin, stimulate a more robust immune response. animals received four injections of recombinant porcine il-1 and il-6, il-12 alone, or ct alone within 1 week of intramuscular administration of a vaccine strain of prrsv, ingelvac mlv. ser ... | 2002 | 12513927 |
| seroprevalence of antibody to procine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in diagnostic submissions. | during the period from january to december of 2001, a total of 3,391 swine sera were submitted to our laboratory from 256 farms for the diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs). the antibody to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) was tested by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test. of the 256 farms tested, 230 farms (89.8%) were positive for the prrsv antibody. the overall seroprevalence of the prrsv antibody was 52.1% (1765/3391). mo ... | 2002 | 12514325 |
| duration of infection and proportion of pigs persistently infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | understanding the dynamics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) persistence in individual pigs is essential to the development of successful control programs. the objectives of this study were to investigate the proportion of inoculated pigs that become persistently infected with prrsv and the duration of their infection. additionally, different diagnostic techniques that detect persistent infections were compared. twenty-eight 35-day-old pigs were inoculated with prrsv ... | 2003 | 12517825 |
| mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus throughout a coordinated sequence of events during warm weather. | mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) throughout a coordinated sequence of events that replicated common farm worker behavior during warm weather (10 degrees c to 16 degrees c) was assessed using a field-based model. the model involved fomites (boots and containers), vehicle sanitation, transport, and personnel movement. in a previous study, the model successfully demonstrated mechanical transmission of prrsv in 8 out of 10 replicates during cold ... | 2003 | 12528824 |
| identification of porcine alveolar macrophage glycoproteins involved in infection of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus. | the aim of this study was to identify the receptor(s) for prrsv on porcine alveolar macrophages (pams) by producing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against these cells. hybridoma supernatants were selected for their ability to block prrsv infection. four mabs, 1-8d2, 9.4c7, 9.9f2, and 3-3h2 inhibited infection and recognised cell surface, pam-specific antigens as shown by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase monolayer assay. these mabs were then used to identify cellular proteins involved in prr ... | 2003 | 12536303 |
| molecular characterization of the pig c3 gene and its association with complement activity. | the complement system catalyzes direct lysis of micro-organisms and modulates phagocytosis, inflammation, humoral and cellular immune responses. since the complement protein c3 is the central component within all pathways of complement activation, c3 is a candidate gene for complement activity and also for improved protection against many pathogens. the pig c3 gene was sequenced, screened for polymorphisms, and analyzed for association with hemolytic complement activity of the alternative and cl ... | 2003 | 12557058 |
| upregulation of il-10 gene expression in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | several lines of evidence suggest that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) may have immunomodulatory effects on the host immune system. to determine the effect of prrsv on cytokine production, a multiplex pcr was established. this allowed a semi-quantitative analysis of ifn-gamma, il-2, il-4, il-10 and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) gene expression levels from porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs). these results showed that both live and ina ... | 2003 | 12560579 |
| transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by houseflies (musca domestica). | three hundred houseflies were allowed to feed on donor pigs viraemic with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) on the fifth, sixth and seventh days after the pigs had been inoculated with the virus. after 60 seconds, the flies' feeding was interrupted, and they were transferred manually to feed to repletion on a naive recipient pig housed in a separate room. to enhance the chance of the flies obtaining the pigs' blood, the back of each pig was scarified with sandpaper unti ... | 2003 | 12570309 |
| strain specificity of the immune response of pigs following vaccination with various strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | the primary objective of the study was to determine strain specificity of the immune response of pigs following vaccination with selected strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the experimental design included five groups (i through v, six pigs per group) free of antibody for prrsv at the beginning of the experiment (day 0). on day 0, groups iii, iv, and v were vaccinated with attenuated versions of prrsv strains 8, 9, and 14, respectively. on day 21, the immunit ... | 2003 | 12591203 |
| comparative safety and efficacy of attenuated single-strain and multi-strain vaccines for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. | the objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of single-strain and multi-strain vaccines for the prevention of the respiratory facet of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. the study comprised six groups of pigs (a through f, eight pigs per group). at the beginning of the study (day 0) groups c and d were vaccinated with a single-strain vaccine, and groups e and f were vaccinated with a multi-strain vaccine. the multi-strain vaccine contained five attenuated strain ... | 2003 | 12591204 |
| genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of glycoprotein 5 of european-type porcine reproductive and respiratory virus strains in spain. | the gene encoding glycoprotein 5 (orf5) of 21 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) isolates from spain and two european-type vaccines currently available in that country were analysed using rt-pcr and sequencing. sequences were then compared with other european-type sequences available through genbank. results showed percentages of similarity to lelystad virus (lv), which, in most cases, were below 90 %. in contrast, two strains were very similar (>99 %) to a prrsv variant ... | 2003 | 12604802 |
| generation of an infectious clone of vr-2332, a highly virulent north american-type isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | a full-length cdna clone of the prototypical north american porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) isolate vr-2332 was assembled in the plasmid vector pok(12). to rescue infectious virus, capped rna was transcribed in vitro from the pok(12) clone and transfected into bhk-21c cells. the supernatant from transfected monolayers were serially passaged on marc-145 cells and porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages. infectious prrsv was recovered on marc-145 cells as well as porcine ... | 2003 | 12610145 |
| infection of growing swine with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae--effects on growth, serum metabolites, and insulin-like growth factor-i. | this study evaluated the influence of concomitant infections with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on growth performance, serum metabolite concentrations, and serum insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) in growing pigs. twenty-two barrows (10 weeks of age) were treated with either an intranasal administration of prrsv and an intratracheal infusion of m. hyopneumoniae (treatment; n = 8) or a sham inoculation with medium (sham; n = 8), or were ... | 2003 | 12619553 |
| interaction between porcine reproductive-respiratory syndrome virus and bacterial endotoxin in the lungs of pigs: potentiation of cytokine production and respiratory disease. | porcine reproductive-respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is a key agent in multifactorial respiratory disease of swine. intratracheal administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lpss) to prrsv-infected pigs results in markedly enhanced respiratory disease, whereas the inoculation of each component alone results in largely subclinical disease. this study examines whether prrsv-lps-induced respiratory disease is associated with the excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs ... | 2003 | 12624016 |
| detection rates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and swine influenza virus in porcine proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia. | a retrospective study on pig lung tissues from 60 cases of proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (pnp) was performed to determine the presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), swine influenza virus (siv), and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in these lesions. cases selected included 30 cases diagnosed between 1988 and 1992 and 30 cases diagnosed between 1997 and 2001. in each group of 30 cases, 10 were from suckling piglets, whereas the other 20 were from postwea ... | 2003 | 12637753 |
| homo-oligomerization of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein and the role of disulfide linkages. | as a step toward understanding the assembly pathway of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), the oligomeric properties of the nucleocapsid (n) protein were investigated. in this study, we have demonstrated that under nonreducing conditions the n protein forms disulfide-linked homodimers. however, inclusion of an alkylating agent (n-ethylmaleimide [nem]) prevented disulfide bond formation, suggesting that these intermolecular disulfide linkages were formed as a result o ... | 2003 | 12663761 |
| [expression of porcine interferon-gamma gene in pichia pastoris and its effect of inhibiting porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus]. | in order to develop recombinant porcine interferon-gamma (rpoifn-gamma) to prevent porcine viral infection, poifn-gamma cdna lacking the signal peptide was expressed in pichia pastoris gs115 strain, and the effect of rpoifn-gamma on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) was investigated. the poifn-gamma gene was inserted into integrative vector phil-s1, and the recombinant gs115 strain (phil-s1/poifn-gamma) was constructed by homologues recombinant. the rpoifn-gamma protein ... | 2002 | 12674637 |