Publications

immune response to purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine manufactured in india.	the immunogenic efficacy of the first batch of indigenous purified chick embryo cell culture grown (pcec) rabies virus vaccine has been measured in ten subjects. all of them were immunologically naive to rabies virus, and were given 5 doses of the vaccine in the post-exposure regime of injections on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 30. on day 7, four subjects had developed very low levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibody, as detected and measured in the suckling mouse neutralization test. on day 14, al ...	1992	1601469
incidence of rabies virus complement-fixing antibodies in unvaccinated dogs, humans and livestock in anambra state of nigeria.	a total of 376 serum samples from dogs, humans and livestock were examined for complement-fixing (cf) antibodies against rabies virus. high cf antibody titres (up to 1:1024) were detected among unvaccinated dogs aged 3 months and above as in vaccinated ones, thus establishing endemicity of the virus in the area. an antibody titre of 1:128 was detected in the serum of a puppy aged below 3 months and is unlikely to be due to residual maternal antibodies. it rather provides evidence for seroconvers ...	1992	1602992
syncytium formation is induced in the murine neuroblastoma cell cultures which produce pathogenic type g proteins of the rabies virus.	we investigated comparatively the interactions of host cells with two types of rabies virus g protein, an avirulent type g (gln) and a virulent type g (arg) protein, having glutamine and arginine at position 333, respectively. for this purpose, we established four types of cell lines (referred to as g(gln)-na, g(arg)-na, g(gln)-bhk, and g(arg)-bhk cells, respectively) by transfecting either the g(gln)-cdna or g(arg)-cdna into two kinds of cells, murine neuroblastoma c1300 (clone na) and nonneuro ...	1992	1604811
a modified rapid enzyme immunoassay for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses: rreid-lyssa.	this paper presents a modification of the previously described rapid rabies enzyme immuno-diagnosis test (rreid) by using biotinylated antibodies, streptavidin conjugate and a mixture of monospecific polyclonal antibodies against several lyssaviruses. in the modified technique (rreid-lyssa), microplates were sensitized with a mixture of purified antibodies against ribonucleoprotein (rnp) from pasteur virus (lyssavirus serotype 1), european bat lyssavirus (ebl, unclassified) and mokola virus (lys ...	1992	1610558
potential pathogenicity for rodents of vaccines intended for oral vaccination against rabies: a comparison.	different oral vaccines intended to control fox rabies were administered to 271 wild rodents. vaccines were administered orally or by the mucosal route to four different european species belonging to the genera apodemus, arvicola, clethrionomys and microtus. these rodents are likely to consume baits and to have contact with the vaccine. two genetically engineered vaccines were tested: sag1 (an avirulent mutant of the rabies virus) and v-rg (vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycop ...	1992	1621416
rabies case in new south wales, 1990: public health aspects.	to identify the source of rabies in the recent case in new south wales, and to determine the need for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis among contacts of the patient.	1992	1625610
nucleocapsid specific t and b cell responses in humans after rabies vaccination.	the importance of the immune response directed to the internal component of the rabies virus, the nucleocapsid (nc), was evaluated in humans after rabies vaccination. t cell activation was measured with a bulk proliferative assay and relative frequencies of circulating nc-specific pbl were calculated with the limiting dilution technique. vaccinees were classified into two groups: nc responders and nc non-responders. in nc responders, the frequency of nc-specific circulating lymphocytes was up to ...	1992	1626425
mongoose rabies in the caribbean.	mongooses (herpestes auropunctatus) have been introduced into most of the larger caribbean islands, some notable exceptions being dominica, tobago, and montserrat. rabies in caribbean mongooses is present in puerto rico, cuba, the dominican republic (and presumably haiti), and grenada. bat rabies is known on cuba, grenada, and trinidad, although mongooses found on trinidad are free of the disease. none of the other islands is known to have rabies, although it could be present in sequestered bat ...	1992	1626884
rabies virus neuritic paralysis: immunopathogenesis of nonfatal paralytic rabies.	two pathogenetically distinct disease manifestations are distinguished in a murine model of primary rabies virus infection with the evelyn-rokitnicky-abelseth strain, rabies virus neuritic paralysis (rvnp) and fatal encephalopathogenic rabies. rvnp develops with high incidence in immunocompetent mice after intraplantar infection as a flaccid paralysis restricted to the infected limb. the histopathologic correlate of this monoplegia is a degeneration of the myelinated motor neurons of the periphe ...	1992	1629964
epidemiologic and historical relationships among 87 rabies virus isolates as determined by limited sequence analysis.	nucleotide sequence analysis of a 200-bp region of the nucleoprotein (n) gene of rabies virus differentiated unique genetic groups of rabies virus from samples collected in areas where dog rabies is enzootic in asia, africa, europe, and the americas. patterns of nucleotide sequence identified for an outbreak area were conserved in samples collected over three decades. epidemiologic relationships among isolates were determined by patterns of conserved nucleotide sequence, and the degree of sequen ...	1992	1634801
basis of neurovirulence of avirulent rabies virus variant av01 with stereotaxic brain inoculation in mice.	av01 is a variant of the challenge virus standard strain of fixed rabies virus that was selected with a neutralizing anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibody, and has a single amino acid change in the glycoprotein. it is avirulent after both intracerebral and peripheral routes of inoculation in adult mice. in this study, av01 was found to be neurovirulent with stereotaxic brain inoculation in either the striatum or cerebellum of adult mice. mice that had been inoculated simultaneously with av01 by ...	1992	1634878
poor response to rabies vaccination by the intradermal route.		1992	1640614
baculovirus-expressed rabies virus m1 protein is not phosphorylated: it forms multiple complexes with expressed rabies n protein.	the rabies n, m1, m2, and g antigens have been expressed in spodoptera frugiperda cells from single gene expression vectors or dual gene vectors (n/m1 or m2/g) using the baculovirus system. although n protein was phosphorylated, no evidence for m1 phosphorylation was obtained. n-m1 complexes were formed in vivo using dual infections or the coexpression vectors, as well as in vitro in mixing experiments. the free or complexed rabies n and m1 proteins reacted with available monoclonal and polyclon ...	1992	1641989
detection of rabies antibody by elisa and rffit in unvaccinated dogs and in the endangered simien jackal (canis simensis) of ethiopia.	varying levels of rabies antibody have been detected both by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) in the sera collected from wild and domestic canids in the bale mountains national park (bmnp) of southern ethiopia. rabies antibody was detected in 80% (8 out of 10) of domestic dog samples, 13.3% (2 out of 15) of simien jackal samples and in one common jackal. rabies virus was isolated from one dog in an area where contact with the simien ja ...	1992	1642078
immunohistochemical and histopathological study of experimental rabies infection in mice.	an immunohistochemical and histopathological study using the abc technique was carried out to examine time-sequential virus spread in the central nervous system (cns) of mice after inoculation with the cvs strain of fixed rabies virus by different routes; intracerebral (ic), intraocular (io), intranasal (in), intramuscular (im) and subcutaneous (sc). only the ic and io inoculations caused fatal infections, so that detailed analysis was conducted on mice inoculated by these two routes. in ic-inoc ...	1992	1643165
membrane fusion activity, oligomerization, and assembly of the rabies virus glycoprotein.	the spike glycoprotein (g protein) of rabies virus (cvs strain) expressed in hela cells from cloned cdna mediated membrane fusion after exposure to phs of 6.1 or below. chemical crosslinking showed that the rabies g protein, like the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) g protein, could be crosslinked to dimers and trimers, indicating that rabies g protein is a trimer. however, unlike the vsv g protein, rabies g protein trimers were not stable to sedimentation in sucrose gradients, even at a mildly ...	1991	1660200
structural and conformational similarity between synthetic peptides of curaremimetic neurotoxins and rabies virus glycoprotein.	antibodies were raised in rabbits against synthetic peptides corresponding to loop 2, the 'toxic' loop reacting with the acetylcholine-binding site on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, of curaremimetic neurotoxins and the structurally similar segment of the rabies virus glycoprotein. some of the antibodies cross-reacted with the corresponding peptides confirming the structural similarity between the neurotoxin and glycoprotein peptides. a polyclonal antibody raised against a 29 residue glyco ...	1991	1661807
[comparative techniques for the diagnosis of rabies and its incidence in tamaulipas in 1987].	rabies in suspect cases was diagnosed by immunofluorescence, histopathology and biological tests in samples from government health centers in tamaulipas, mexico during 1987. comparative analysis between the diagnostic results and the epidemiological survey was performed. brain samples of 278 suspect animals were studied; 45 cases were positive to rabies (16.1%). the centers providing high number of samples and positive cases correlate with counties of high human and canine population density, ho ...	1991	1670484
human rabies: strain identification reveals lengthy incubation.		1991	1672917
inhibition of rabies virus infection in cultured rat cortical neurons by an n-methyl-d-aspartate noncompetitive antagonist, mk-801.	a noncompetitive n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) antagonist, mk-801 (0.5 to 2.0 mm), inhibits rabies virus infection in rat primary cortical neurons, whereas the competitive nmda antagonist ap5 has no effect. the results suggest that mk-801-mediated inhibition of rabies virus replication, although selective, is not operating through the high-affinity binding site mechanism.	1991	1674849
role of cd4+ and cd8+ t cells in murine resistance to street rabies virus.	mice of the sjl/j and balb/cbyj inbred strains are naturally resistant to street rabies virus (srv) injected via the intraperitoneal route. to determine the cellular mechanism of resistance, monoclonal antibodies specific for cd4+ or cd8+ subsets of t cells were used to deplete the respective cell population in srv-infected animals. elimination of cd4+ t-helper cells abrogated the production of immunoglobulin g (igg) neutralizing antibodies in response to rabies virus infection and reversed the ...	1991	1674967
new strains of rabies-related viruses isolated from bats in the ukraine.	two strains (ub-1 and ub-2) of rabies-related viruses were isolated from the brain of nyctalus noctula and vespertilio murinus captured from the hollows of tall trees on the left bank of pripyat river in the volynsky region of ukrainian s.s.r. the viruses were isolated by means of intracerebral inoculation to white mice. the isolates were identified as rabies-related viruses of duvenhage type in an indirect test of fluorescent antibodies with the panels of nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (nc ...	1991	1683127
the effect of neurotoxin on rabies virus binding to mouse neuroblastoma cells.	mouse neuroblastoma cells were exposed to alpha bungarotoxin, a neurotoxin known to inhibit rabies virus binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor located at the neuromuscular junction in muscle tissue. the total amount of 3h-cvs virus that bound to neurotoxin treated cells was separated into specific and non-specific binding using a cold competition assay. comparison of untreated and neurotoxin treated cells demonstrated that the majority of cell-associated virus in untreated cells was of ...	1991	1686965
antigenic comparison of yuli and vnukovo-32 virus strains in monkeys: specific protection by commercial antirabies preparations.	a combined vaccination schedule using commercial antirabies immunoglobulin g and experimental vaccine from strains vnukovo-32 or yuli beginning 2 hr before intracerebral (i.c.) challenge with a high dose of yuli virus conferred no protection to cercopithecus aethiops monkeys. in monkeys inoculated into lip with a middle dose of yuli virus, administration of large amounts of antirabic igg (up to 5000 national units, nu/kg) had a clearcut effect. the disease in yuli virus-infected monkeys showed t ...	1991	1688075
cytopathic effect induced by rabies virus in mccoy cells.	both fixed and street rabies virus when cultivated in mccoy cells caused cytopathic changes 24 to 72 h after infection, depending on the multiplicity of infection. the cytopathic effect (cpe) was easily recognizable and resembles that induced by other members of the rhabdovirus group, such as vesicular stomatitis virus, in several cell cultures. higher titers of the pasteur strain (pv) of fixed rabies virus were found in supernatants of mccoy cells when compared to those in vero cells. the virus ...	1990	1691201
putative antigenic domains in glycoprotein g of rabies virus: is the rgk sequence involved in virus adsorption to cellular receptors?	computer analysis of rabies virus glycoprotein g provides a means for identification of functional domains in the viral glycoprotein. the computer analysis suggested 22 putative antigenic domains, of which three are rg-containing amino acid sequences that might be involved in the binding of rabies virions to cellular receptors. synthetic rg peptides may be able to interfere with rabies virus adsorption to cellular receptors.	1990	1693252
continuous delivery of colchicine in the rat brain with osmotic pumps for inhibition of rabies virus transport.	rabies virus is a neurotropic agent which spreads in the cns via axonal transport. previous studies had shown that this axonal transport through the brain could be inhibited by stereotaxic administration of colchicine; however, this inhibition was reversible. we describe here a method to enhance the duration of this colchicine-mediated inhibition by delivering the drug continuously in the rat brain with osmotic pumps.	1990	1693370
selective virus inhibitors.	our recent efforts have been directed at the development of selective inhibitors of different classes of viruses, including adeno, pox, and herpesviruses [herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), varicella-zoster (vzv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), epstein-barr virus (ebv)], (+/-)rna viruses (reo- and rotavirus), (-)rna viruses (influenza, parainfluenza, measles, respiratory syncytial, vesicular stomatitis and rabies virus) and retroviruses [i.e. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the ...	1990	1693749
identification of a rabies virus t cell epitope on the basis of its similarity with a hepatitis b surface antigen peptide presented to t cells by the same mhc molecule (hla-dpw4).	the antigenic determinant recognized by a hla-dpw4-restricted human t cell clone specific for rabies virus was identified by using a vaccinia-rabies nonstructural phosphoprotein recombinant virus and synthetic peptides of the sequence of rabies nonstructural ag. these peptides were selected on the basis of three models that predict t cell epitopes. the antigenic determinant recognized by the rabies virus-specific t cell clone contained a five-amino acid segment highly homologous to a sequence fo ...	1990	1694205
structural and immunological characterization of a linear virus-neutralizing epitope of the rabies virus glycoprotein and its possible use in a synthetic vaccine.	we have mapped a linear epitope recognized by the virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody 6-15c4 within the primary sequence of the g protein from the evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth strain of rabies virus. this was accomplished by using fragments of the rabies virus g protein and deduced amino acid sequences of neutralization-resistant variant rabies viruses. the monoclonal antibody 6-15c4 specifically recognized a synthetic peptide (peptide g5-24) which resembles the 6-15c4 epitope in structure. in ...	1990	1695255
polymerase chain reaction amplification of rabies virus nucleic acids from total mouse brain rna.	in an attempt to improve the sensitivity of the rabies genome hybridization test, pcr amplification was used following reverse transcription of rabies rna extracted from infected brain. presence of amplified dna is demonstrated with either cdna synthesized from the antigenomic primer or from antimessenger primer.	1990	1696357
monoclonal antibody studies of rabies viruses isolated from thailand.		1990	1698313
detection of anti-rabies virus cytotoxic t lymphocytes in mice of four distinct h-2 haplotypes using target cells persistently infected with era rabies virus.	cells persistently infected with evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth (era) rabies virus were established. the cells were used as stimulator and target cells to compare h-2 restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) responses specific for rabies virus in a/wysnj (h-2a), c57bl/6j (h-2b), balb/cbyj (h-2d), a.sw/snj (h-2s) and sjl/j (h-2s) mice. using a 51chromium release assay, it was determined that an effector/target (e/t) ratio of 5:1 was necessary to demonstrate specific lysis of era virus persistently inf ...	1990	1698803
t helper cell epitope of rabies virus nucleoprotein defined by tri- and tetrapeptides.	t cell clones and subsequently hybridomas were generated from rabies virus-immune c3h/he mice to an immunodominant epitope of the viral nucleoprotein, termed 31d, that had previously been identified by a 15-amino acid-long synthetic peptide. t cells to this epitope that by phenotypical and functional characteristics belonged to the t helper cell subset were shown to respond to most rabies and rabies-related viruses. in order to define the minimal sequence needed to elicit a response from 31d-spe ...	1991	1703959
antigenicity of rabies virus glycoprotein.	although the number of antigenic sites on the rabies virus glycoprotein that have been described regularly increases with time, no attempt has been made to carefully evaluate the relative importance of each of these sites. here we provide a more precise description of the antigenicity of the protein in mice of the h-2d haplotype; we developed this description by using 264 newly isolated monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and a collection of neutralization-resistant (mar) mutants. most of the mabs (97% ...	1991	1712859
pcr technique as an alternative method for diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of rabies virus.	we have investigated the pcr amplification technique of viral nucleic acids as an alternative protocol for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of rabies virus. a primer set mapping in the nucleoprotein cistron allowed a specific and sensitive amplification of infected brain material, fulfilling the diagnosis requirements. one hundred samples checked by southern or dot-blot analysis using both radioactive and non-radioactive probes showed identical results in parallel with routine techniques. f ...	1991	1714538
identification of an immunodominant epitope within the phosphoprotein of rabies virus that is recognized by both class i- and class ii-restricted t cells.	immunization of h-2k mice with live rabies virus induces cytolytic t lymphocytes to the phosphoprotein of rabies virus. the antigenic determinant responsible for stimulating this class i-restricted cytolytic response was mapped to 50 amino acids (residues 180 to 229) of the phosphoprotein by using vaccinia virus recombinants expressing either the full-length phosphoprotein or c-terminal truncations of the phosphoprotein. the epitope was more finely mapped to residues 191 to 206 by using syntheti ...	1991	1717708
a comparative evaluation of a new immunoenzymatic test (rreid) with currently used diagnostic tests (dme and fat) for dog rabies.	diagnosis of rabies in dogs was performed in microplates which had been coated with immunoglobulin g previously sensitized to purified rabies virus antinucleocapsids. homogenized brain suspensions were incubated in the plates and the specific binding rabies antigen was revealed by the use of the same igg conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. samples from the same specimens were subjected to standard rabies diagnostic tests--the direct microscopic examination (dme) or sellers staining for negri ...	1991	1719646
glycosylation of synthetic peptides breaks helices. phosphorylation results in distorted structure.	two proposed glycosylation sites are located within t cell epitopes of rabies virus glycoprotein, namely vvedegctnlsgf (vf13; amino acids 29-41) and gkaytifnktlm (gm12; amino acids 312-323). to explore the effects on peptide conformation due to post-translational modifications, we synthesized glycosylated and phosphorylated versions of the two peptides and compared their structures with the native peptide using cd and ft-ir spectroscopy. after the modifications, i.e., glycosylation on asn with o ...	1991	1724974
[increasing the effectiveness of immunotherapy of rabies by using rifampicin in experimental studies].	the experiments showed that in a dose of 35-70 mg/kg rifampicin inhibited reproduction of the fixed rabies virus in the brain of infected animals. the drug had no inhibitory effect on synthesis of the virus-neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. combination of rifampicin with antirabies gamma-globulin had a marked synergistic effect. the animal survival after the combination use amounted to 75-100 per cent and depended on the infective dose of the virus and the scheme of the drug administrat ...	1991	1725249
features and treatment of rabies.	the epidemiology, virology, transmission, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of rabies infection are described. the incidence of rabies is increasing. the virus is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal; however, corneal transplantation from an infected donor and viral inhalation may also result in infection. the clinical course of rabies occurs in five stages. stage i is the incubation period, stage ii is the prodromal period, stage iii is the neuro ...	1992	1730177
paralysis of street rabies virus-infected mice is dependent on t lymphocytes.	street rabies virus (srv)-infected t-lymphocyte-deficient (nude) mice, in contrast to euthymic mice, did not develop hindlimb paralysis prior to death. to document the role of t lymphocytes in rabies virus-associated paralysis, 10(8) spleen cells from normal immunocompetent euthymic mice were transferred to nude mice and the recipient mice were challenged with srv. one hundred percent of the reconstituted mice developed paralysis and died. depletion of t cells from the donor spleen suspension pr ...	1992	1731103
temperature-sensitivity of the replication of rabies virus (hep-flury strain) in bhk-21 cells. i. alteration of viral rna synthesis at the elevated temperature.	we investigated the nature of temperature sensitivity of the hep strain of rabies virus. after initial incubation for appropriate period (more than 12 hr) at the permissive temperature (36-37 degrees), incubation temperature of the rabies virus infected cultures was shifted to a nonpermissive temperature (39.5-40.5 degrees). upon the upshift, virion production was ceased, but the rate of viral rna synthesis was greatly increased and reached almost 10 times that of 36 degrees-infection within 8-1 ...	1992	1733101
rapid sequence evolution of street rabies glycoprotein is related to the highly heterogeneous nature of the viral population.	the sequence of the glycoprotein gene of a street rabies virus was determined directly using fragments of a rabid dog brain after pcr amplification. compared with that of the prototype strain cvs, this sequence displayed 10% divergence in overall amino acid composition. however only 6% divergence was noted in the ectodomain suggesting that structural constraints are exerted on this portion of the glycoprotein. a human strain isolated on cell culture from the saliva of a patient with clinical rab ...	1992	1736537
oral vaccination of skunks with raccoon poxvirus recombinants expressing the rabies glycoprotein or the nucleoprotein.	twenty nine skunks (mephitis mephitis) were vaccinated orally with raccoon poxvirus (rcn) recombinants: 10 with a recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rcnrg), 10 with rcnrg mixed with a recombinant expressing the rabies virus nucleoprotein (rcnrn) and nine with rcn alone. rabies virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in six of the 20 skunks; five skunks (three given rcnrg, two given a mixture of recombinants) survived a rabies challenge that was lethal for nine skunks vacci ...	1991	1758034
rabies. immunization in the field.		1991	1758491
large-scale eradication of rabies using recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine.	rabies infection of domestic and wild animals is a serious problem throughout the world. the major disease vector in europe is the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and rabies control has focused on vaccinating and/or culling foxes. culling has not been effective, and the distribution of five vaccine baits is the only appropriate method for the vaccination of wild foxes. although some european countries have conducted field vaccination campaigns using attenuated rabies virus strains, their use has not bee ...	1991	1758494
one-step method for establishing 8-azaguanine-resistant hybridomas suitable for the preparation of triomas.	a simple and rapid one-step method for establishing azaguanine resistant (agr) hybridomas, which can be used as a fusion partner for the construction of triomas (hybridoma x splenocyte), has been developed. the method relies on cloning the hybridoma cells in soft agar supplemented with 20 micrograms/ml 8-azaguanine. the drug-resistant subclones were isolated after 3-5 days, in comparison with 4-5 weeks reported for the conventional adaptation method. the high frequency (about 10(-3) of agr-mutan ...	1991	1765658
rabies-specific production of interleukin-2 by peripheral blood lymphocytes from human rabies vaccinees.	cell-mediated immunity induced by rabies vaccination was studied in humans by the determination of specific interleukin-2 (il-2) production in a large number of donors (postexposure immunized patients and pre-exposure immunized laboratory workers). peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) from 35 donors were tested for il-2 production after in vitro stimulation by different rabies and rabies-related viruses. il-2 responses were compared to antibody recognition of these different virus serotypes by ser ...	1991	1771968
one-year study of the 2-1-1 intramuscular postexposure rabies vaccine regimen in 100 severely exposed thai patients using rabies immune globulin and vero cell rabies vaccine.	the 2-1-1 rabies postexposure treatment schedule is an abbreviated regimen in which a tissue culture rabies vaccine is administered intramuscularly at two sites on day 0, and at one site on days 7 and 21. compared to the standard five-dose intramuscular regimen, the 2-1-1 schedule reduces the number of clinic visits from five to three and the amount of vaccine used by 20%. one hundred thai patients, who were severely exposed to rabies, were treated with rabies immune globulin and the 2-1-1 regim ...	1991	1771970
[the isolation and characteristics of hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to the structural proteins of the vnukovo-32 strain of the rabies virus].	a series of hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (mca) to glycoprotein and nucleocapsid proteins of rabies virus strain vnukovo-32 was selected as a result of fusion of splenocytes from immune balb/c mice with cells of myeloma line sp2/oaq14, screening and cloning by limiting dilution methods in semi-liquid agar. four hybridomas secreted mca to glycoprotein in high titres (5.0 x 10(5)-2.2 x 10(6)) and had marked virus-neutralizing and therapeutic properties. eight hybridomas produced mca t ...	1991	1796588
[the localization and distribution of the antigen of the fixed rabies virus in the central nervous system of animals studied by the fluorescent antibody method].	the immunofluorescent study of cryostatic sections of the main structures of the brain of animals infected with fixed rabies virus, strain cvs, was carried out by the direct modification of the fluorescent antibody method. definite regularities in the distribution of rabies virus antigen after the intracerebral distribution of rabies virus were established. the antigen could be detected mainly in neurons of the cortex, the hippocampus major, subcortical formations and was absent in the truncal f ...	1991	1801487
[the purification and concentration of the rabies virus by a diafiltration concentration method].	purified concentrates of rabies virus were prepared by both microfiltration chromatography and diafiltration methods. the diafiltration concentrate had a high level of protective activity and was not inferior to the microfiltration chromatographic one. the infectious activity was better retained after diafiltration, the chromatographic purity of both preparations was similar. it is concluded that diafiltration presents a good alternative to the currently used methods for purification and concent ...	1991	1803772
[the interaction of monoclonal antibodies to the structural proteins of the vnukovo-32 vaccinal virus with other viruses of the rabies group].	the interaction of 7 monoclonal antibodies (mca) to the nucleocapsid complex and 3 mca to protein g of the vaccine virus vnukovo-32 with 33 and 27 members of the rabies virus group, respectively, was studied. the indirect immunofluorescence test showed 7 mca to the nucleocapsid complex to recognize 4 antigenic determinants (ad). two mca recognized the ad common for all the viruses under study. individual ecological variants may be detected using other mca. three mca to protein g had marked virus ...	1991	1803773
[the cultivation of the vaccinal rabies virus in continuous green monkey cell lines].		1991	1803782
a rabies-specific human monoclonal antibody that protects mice against lethal rabies.	according to a recommendation from who (world health organisation) for prevention of a possible rabies infection, active vaccination has to be combined with application of immunoglobulin to get a fast protective effect. at present, preparations of purified human or equine rabies-specific immunoglobulin are used. we have generated a human rabies-specific monoclonal antibody (humab) by immortalization of human b-cells with epstein barr virus (ebv), followed by fusion with a mouse myeloma cell. the ...	1991	1804770
[the efficacy of a cultured rabies vaccine studied in guinea pigs preliminarily infected with a fixed rabies virus].	in experiments of curative vaccination, carried out with the use of an experimental model similar to the current practice of treatment with antirabies preparations, the advantages of using tissue-culture rabies vaccine with immunogenic potency equal to 1.3 international units (i. u.) were shown. in these experiments the vaccine was introduced into guinea pigs infected with fixed rabies virus, the course of vaccination consisting of 14 daily injections. no correlation between the induction of vir ...	1991	1811386
[study of revaccination with primary hamster kidney cell rabies vaccine in human beings and its possibility of pre-exposure prevention of rabies].	this paper reported that revaccination of antirabies phkc-rv led to strong increase of antibody after two-dose immunization, vaccinees were reimmunized once with phkc-vaccine within 7 years (ranging from 6 months to 7 years). then 7 days later seroconversion was found in 85.71% revaccinees. the antibody level in 7th days of revaccinees was similar to those in 45th days of primary routine five-dose vaccination. in comparison of 7th, 14th, 30th-day level, reimmunization was significantly more effe ...	1991	1811890
protection of mice with vaccinia virus recombinants that express the rabies nucleoprotein.	the role of rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) in protection against rabies was examined with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the n of the challenge virus standard strain. two chimeric plasmids were constructed with the open reading frame of the n gene placed downstream of the vaccinia p7.5 promoter (early/late class) or the vaccinia p11 promoter (late class), with each expression cassette flanked by vaccinia thymidine kinase (tk) sequences to enable marker rescue by tk insertional inactivat ...	1991	1840709
nucleotide sequences of the 3' leader and 5' trailer regions of human respiratory syncytial virus genomic rna.	the nucleotide sequences of the 3' extracistronic (leader) and 5' extracistronic (trailer) regions were determined for genomic rna (vrna) of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) strain a2. to sequence the 3' leader region, vrna was extracted from purified virions, size-selected, polyadenylated, copied into cdna, amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and sequenced. the 3' leader sequence is 44 nt, which is somewhat shorter than its counterparts (50 to 70 nt) in other nonsegmented ...	1991	1840712
[quality of the reagents used in counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique for the determination of antirabies antibodies].	this study demonstrated that the antigens and indicator sera produced by the butantan institute may be employed with success in the counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique for the titration of rabies antibodies in sera from immunized individuals. no statistically significant differences were demonstrated between the results obtained in the standardization tests carried out at the butantan institute and the reference control tests performed at the pan american zoonoses center. it is proposed that ...	1991	1843396
[immunofluorescence performed in brain of mice, infected with the cvs strain of the rabies virus, in different stages of decomposition].	the efficiency of the fluorescent antibody (fa) test in detecting rabies virus antigen in decomposed specimens was evaluated in simulated conditions of the safety test recommended for the assessment of residual virus in inactivated rabies vaccines. the cvs-infected mice were submitted to different treatments combining time and temperature in order to cause different stages of carcass decomposition and, the fa test was carried out sequentially at pre-determined time intervals. for the materials s ...	1991	1844532
penetration of the nervous systems of suckling mice by mammalian reoviruses.	penetration of the nervous systems of suckling mice by prototype strains of the three mammalian reovirus serotypes was studied after footpad inoculation of a dose (10(7) pfu) representing 3.5 x 10(3) 50% lethal doses (ld50) for reovirus type 3 dearing and less than 1 ld50 for reoviruses type 1 lang and type 2 jones. type 3 dearing entered both motor and sensory neurons; infected neurons were clearly detectable by immunohistochemical staining 19 h after inoculation. by day 2, a second cycle of in ...	1991	1845880
sequence of the major nucleocapsid protein gene of pneumonia virus of mice: sequence comparisons suggest structural homology between nucleocapsid proteins of pneumoviruses, paramyxoviruses, rhabdoviruses and filoviruses.	the complete nucleotide sequence of gene 3 of pneumonia virus of mice has been determined, and the 5' end of the mrna mapped using a modification of the polymerase chain reaction technique. the gene contains a single open reading frame, beginning with a 5'-proximal aug initiation codon, encoding a polypeptide with a predicted mr of 43141. expression of the gene 3 protein in escherichia coli and in vitro showed that it reacted with virus-specific antiserum and comigrated with the major nucleocaps ...	1991	1848602
reversible conformational changes and fusion activity of rabies virus glycoprotein.	in an attempt to understand the implication of the rabies virus glycoprotein (g) in the first steps of the viral cycle, we studied the ph dependence of virus-induced fusion and hemagglutination, as well as modifications of the structure and properties of the viral glycoprotein following ph acidification. our results suggest that the g protein adopts at least three distinct configurations, each associated with different properties. at neutral ph, g did not fuse membranes or hemagglutinate erythro ...	1991	1870204
fatty acylation of rabies virus proteins.	the fatty acylation of rabies virus (cvs strain) proteins was investigated. [3h]palmitic acid was found to be incorporated into the glycoprotein g and to a lesser extent into the membrane-associated protein m2. the fatty acid linkage on g was sensitive to sodium borohydride, mercaptoethanol, and hydroxylamine, indicating that the linkage was of the thiolester type. bromelain digestion indicated that the palmitoylation site on g was located in the intracytoplasmic domain or in the transmembrane d ...	1991	1871978
methods for detecting arctic rabies virus in dilution series of field samples.	a modified first passage cell culture method, mouse inoculation test, and elisa were compared for the detection of rabies in serially diluted field samples. each original specimen contained rabies antigen, individually identified as an arctic strain by monoclonal antibodies. in 47% of the samples tested in cell cultures, the end-point titer was increased as a result of the first passage. the cell culture method gave higher titers than the mouse inoculation test or elisa (p less than 0.05 and p l ...	1991	1874913
immunity to rabies after administration of prophylactic human diploid-cell vaccine.	the immune status to rabies of 14 volunteers was determined using the commercially available trousse platelia rage (diagnostics pasteur) enzyme immunoassay test system. twelve subjects were evaluated before and between 6 months and 60 months after prophylactic intramuscular (deltoid) administration of rabies human diploid-cell vaccine, while the effect of booster doses on a further 2 volunteers was evaluated over an 11-year period. optical density values were converted to international units to ...	1991	1876954
immune reactions against rabies viruses--infection and vaccination.		1991	1879508
[the results of using direct solid-phase immunoenzyme analysis for assessing the specific activity of rabies vaccines].	the effectiveness of the solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (eia) in the determination of the specific activity of rabies vaccines is evaluated in comparison with that of the protective test in mice. inactivated tissue-culture, concentrated tissue-culture and purified cerebral tissue vaccines for human use were studied. the methods for performing two eia variants and evaluating the results are described. the average level of correlation between the results of eia and the protective test for vaccines ...	1991	1882624
[immunohistochemical detection of rabies virus antigen in the cardiac ganglia of dogs in paraffin sections].	the hearts of five naturally infected rabid dogs were studied by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections using a monoclonal antibody and the peroxidase labelled streptavidin-biotin method to detect rabies ribonucleoprotein. in all cases distinct small granular and ring-shaped antigen deposits were found within the nerve cells of the cardiac ganglia thus reflecting the early centrifugal spread of virus along the pathway of the vagal nerve to the heart. histologic findings consisted only of sing ...	1991	1887438
an l (polymerase)-deficient rabies virus defective interfering particle rna is replicated and transcribed by heterologous helper virus l proteins.	a rabies virus-derived defective interfering particle (di) was isolated and characterized. the di genome contained an internal deletion of 6.4 kb spanning the 3' moiety of the pseudogene region (psi) and most of the l gene. di-specific monocistronic n, ns, and m mrnas as well as a g/l fusion mrna were transcribed in cells coinfected with di and helper virus. in addition, polycistronic di rnas and standard virus rnas with internal a stretches and intergenic regions were found. superinfection expe ...	1991	1887588
effective postexposure treatment of rabies-infected sheep with rabies immune globulin and vaccine.	an experiment to assess the efficiency of the treatment recommended for humans after exposure to rabies was conducted in 68 sheep experimentally infected with a fox rabies virus. the infected sheep were divided into three groups and were given either a cell-culture vaccine (on the day of infection, then at day 3, 7, 14), human rabies immunoglobulin (26 iu kg-1 on the day of infection) or a combination of the vaccine immunoglobulin. the latter combination was the only treatment found to be effect ...	1991	1887675
the quantitation of rabies-specific antibodies. iii. a comparative evaluation of modified counter immunoelectrophoresis, haemagglutination inhibition and serum neutralization titres of human sera.	the rabies-specific antibodies of 73 serum samples from vaccinated humans were determined by the modified counter immunoelectrophoresis (mcie), and the haemagglutination inhibition test (hai) by using the conventional serum neutralization test (sn) as a yard-stick. both mcie and hai were found to be sensitive and specific for the estimation of rabies antibodies. in general, the unitages obtained by the mcie and sn showed statistically insignificant differences (p greater than 0.05) and the corre ...	1991	1888488
the quantitation of rabies-specific antibodies. i. modified counter immunoelectrophoresis. a rapid and sensitive method.	modified counter immunoelectrophoresis was standardized with respect to dilution of tissue culture antigen and indicator serum, the incubation time for neutralization and the effect of an electric current. the technique was found to be sensitive enough to detect a minimum level of antibodies (0.5 iu/ml) by using a 16 ma current per slide for 2 h, indicator serum of 15 iu/ml and the use of an antigen at a concentration of 1:35. above all, the incubation period did not affect the neutralization of ...	1991	1888500
the quantitation of rabies-specific antibodies. ii. factors affecting the sensitivity of the haemagglutination inhibition test.	various factors affecting the hai test for the quantitation of rabies-specific antibodies have been evaluated with a view to obtaining maximum sensitivity and reproducibility in tests using tissue culture antigens prepared in vero cells and concentrated by dialysis. goose erythrocytes treated with proteolytic enzyme bromelian at a concentration of 0.025% were much more susceptible to ha than those that were untreated or erythrocytes treated with neuraminidase. in addition, other parameters like ...	1991	1888501
actin-independent maturation of rabies virus in neuronal cultures.	this study outlines the effects of a modification of the actin-based cytoskeleton on the maturation of rabies virus in human neuroblastoma cell and primary rat cortical neuron cultures. in a ca(2+)-depleted or an egta-containing medium, disruption of microfilaments did not affect intracellular viral nucleoprotein synthesis, as demonstrated by dual-immunofluorescence microscopy, and caused no change in the extracellular titre of rabies virus. furthermore, the continuous presence of the anti-calmo ...	1991	1895064
[behavioral ecology of the transmission of rabies].	red fox behavioural ecology was studied in a rabies-enzootic area in order to determine how population size is balanced despite rabies-induced mortality. the results suggest that the red fox rabies virus equilibrium evolves, and is due to the solitary behaviour pattern of the fox which reduces the risk of virus transmission from on territory to another; and to the subsequent autumn dispersal, which allows the local fox population to recover in the space of under a year. the hypothesis is put for ...	1991	1897867
rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for rabies antibody estimation using murine neuroblastoma cell line.	a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) for rabies antibody estimation has been standardized in which murine neuroblastoma cell line, neuro-2a and tissue culture microtiter plates were used. serum samples from 105 human beings, 30 canines, 7 rabbits and 4 monkeys were tested by rffit. of these, 33 human and 20 canine sera were also tested by the mouse neutralization test (mnt). twelve human sera were tested by rffit, mnt and elisa. there was 94 per cent correlation between the results ...	1991	1906834
binding properties of monoclonal antibodies to rabies virus.	the monoclonal antibodies (mabs) obtained by immunizing mice with a tetradecapeptide corresponding to the 190-203 region of rabies virus glycoprotein, involved in binding to the acetylcholine receptor (achr), displayed different specificities to different rabies virus strains. these mabs, when used in immunofluorescence tests, allowed differentiation of wild rabies viruses from the attenuated ones.	1991	1921740
[immune response following preventive intracutaneous rabies vaccination].		1991	1922511
rabies in thailand: 1990.	of the more than 100,000 courses of postexposure rabies treatment given in thailand annually, 95% consist of brain tissue-derived vaccine without immune globulin. rabies tissue culture vaccines and immune globulins are expensive by the standards of developing countries. when they are given according to either of two proven intradermal postexposure schedules, significant savings can be achieved without loss of efficacy. purified equine rabies immune globulins account for approximately 10% of the ...	1991	1925286
major trends in nosocomial viral infections.	viruses have recently become appreciated as nosocomial pathogens. there is insufficient data to characterize trends in rates of viral nosocomial infections, but there have been major trends in methodologies and concepts. new groups of patients, such as infants and the elderly, are becoming appreciated as being at risk for serious nosocomial viral infections, whereas other groups, such as immunodeficient patients are expanding because of the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infectio ...	1991	1928151
structure-function relationships of curaremimetic neurotoxin loop 2 and of a structurally similar segment of rabies virus glycoprotein in their interaction with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.	peptides corresponding to portions of curaremimetic neurotoxin loop 2 and to a structurally similar segment of rabies virus glycoprotein were synthetically modified in order to gain information on structure-function relationships of neurotoxin loop 2 interactions with the acetylcholine receptor. binding of synthetic peptides to the acetylcholine receptor of torpedo electric organ membranes was assessed by measuring their ability to inhibit the binding of 125i-alpha-bungarotoxin to the receptor. ...	1991	1932020
1h- and natural abundance 15n-nmr studies of a derivative of a rabies glycoprotein fragment.	using a combination of one- and two-dimensional methods, 1h- and 15n-nmr spectroscopy has been employed to perform the complete assignment and the structural determination of the immunogenic undecapeptide ctttnsrgttt in dmso solution. nuclear overhauser enhancement spectroscopy experiments indicated the presence of secondary structures, mainly turn-like structures, which only represent a family, albeit a dominant one, of an ensemble of conformations available to the peptide. since reverse turns ...	1991	1932569
sleep alterations in experimental street rabies virus infection occur in the absence of major eeg abnormalities.	brain electrical activity and sleep organization were investigated in chronically implanted mice during street rabies virus infection. continuous eeg recordings showed no gross electrical abnormalities until a few hours before the fatal issue. in contrast, alterations of sleep stages were observed at an early stage during the course of rabies virus infection, at a time when clinical signs were absent. quantification by spectral analysis showed that the main feature was the early decrease of rem- ...	1991	1933298
immunoglobulin response to rabies virus immunization in dogs.	nondescript dogs were inoculated with betapropiolactone-inactivated 5% sheep brain antirabies vaccine. the antibody response was found to show more igm (19s) initially and more igg (7s) latterly. a local strain of street rabies virus was used for postvaccinal challenge. the correlation between immunoglobulin response and protection were discussed.	1991	1950093
immune response to rabies vaccine in thai dogs: a preliminary report.	serum neutralizing antibody to rabies virus was determined in previously unvaccinated thai pet dogs after receiving one subcutaneous dose of inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine (rabdomun, coopers animal health company, germany, 4.55 iu ml-1 potency). geometric mean titres on days 14, 30, 60, 180 and 360 were 2.14, 2.30, 0.45, 0.14 and 0.05 iu ml-1, respectively, by the rapid immunofluorescent focus inhibition test. titres of neutralizing antibody to rabies virus did not correlate with the ...	1991	1950096
the protective role of humoral neutralizing antibody in the nih potency test for rabies vaccines.	intraperitoneal vaccination of mice with rabies vaccine results in both dosage-dependent rabies virus neutralizing antibody titres and protection from lethal intracerebral (i.c.) challenge with fixed strain cvs rabies virus. pre-exposure adoptive intravenous transfer of naive or immune cells did not significantly protect naive balb/c mice from lethal i.c. cvs challenge, but immune serum and anti-rabies glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies (individually and in combination) did confer significant pr ...	1991	1950097
confirmed rabies exposure during pregnancy: treatment with human rabies immune globulin and human diploid cell vaccine.	a review of the literature shows 24 cases of pregnant human exposure to rabies virus through confirmed rabid animal bites. historically, these patients received passive immunization with equine rabies immunoglobulin and/or purified vero cell vaccine or duck embryo vaccine. with the recent development of human-derived rabies vaccines, we report an additional case of human gestational rabies exposure, which was treated with human rabies immune globulin and human diploid cell vaccine.	1991	1951387
rabies virus infection in aedes pseudoscutellaris cells: a study on receptorial structures.	rabies virus is able to infect in vitro a wide range of homeothermic and poikilothermic cells but little is known about its multiplication in arthropod cells. in this research the infection of rabies virus in aedes pseudoscutellaris cells, a mosquito cell line susceptible to mosquito-borne viruses, was studied. after 60 days of incubation at 26 degrees c up to 70% of infected cells showed the synthesis of both viral nucleocapsid and envelope antigens, although viral yield and cell damage could n ...	1991	1959321
retro-orbital route for brain specimen collection for rabies diagnosis.		1991	1962403
[experiences with a new cat coryza-panleukopenia-rabies combined vaccine].	the development of a new combined vaccine against cat flu, panleukopenia and rabies should lead to a simplification of the vaccination calendar in small animal practice. in order to judge the suitability of the new vaccine, its efficacy, local tolerability, and safety were evaluated. all vaccinated cats developed high antibody titres against herpes-, calici-, panleukopenia- and rabies virus that persisted well during the trial of 18 months. in comparison to other vaccines containing a smaller nu ...	1990	1964252
effect of desferrioxamine b, a metal chelating agent, on rhabdovirus multiplication.	it has been suggested that the antiviral activity shown by chelating agents towards different viruses is probably related to the action on viral nucleic acid polymerases which require metal ions as essential cofactors. desferrioxamine b, a metabolite from streptomyces pilosus which chelates ions (fe3+, al3+, cu2+, zn2+, co2+) from intracellular and external compartments, has been tested for its activity on the multiplication of vsv and rabies virus in cer cells. while desferrioxamine b was ineff ...	1990	1967091
rabies virus cross-reactive murine t cell clones: analysis of helper and delayed-type hypersensitivity function.	three t cell clones derived from rabies virus-immunized balb/c mice were analysed for specificity and function. the clones proved to be broadly cross-reactive by responding to different rabies virus isolates (pm, era, cvs, hep) and other representatives of the genus lyssavirus, like the duvenhage-6 (duv6) and mokola (mok) viruses. the clones detected three different epitopes: an epitope expressed on the matrix protein (m) shared by pm, hep, mok and duv6 viruses (clone aa8), an epitope expressed ...	1990	1967528
rabies susceptibility and acetylcholine receptor.		1990	1969042
susceptibility of mammalian, avian, fish, and mosquito cell lines to rabies virus infection.	the relationship between plasma membrane receptor organization and cell susceptibility in vitro was investigated in mammalian, avian, fish, and arthropod cell lines infected with fixed rabies virus. imr32, hela, cer, and epc cells were widely susceptible to infection with cvs virus, whereas a lower level of specific viral antigens was detectable in a. albopictus cells. in spite of these differences, the amount of infectious virus particles bound to the various cell surfaces was similar. competit ...	1990	1975976
biological basis of rabies virus neurovirulence in mice: comparative pathogenesis study using the immunoperoxidase technique.	the cvs strain of fixed rabies virus causes acute, fatal encephalomyelitis in young adult icr mice. variant rv194-2, which was selected from cvs virus in cell culture with a neutralizing antiglycoprotein monoclonal antibody, has a single amino acid change in the glycoprotein. the infections caused by cvs virus and rv194-2 virus were compared in mice for 14 days postinoculation of 5 x 10(7) pfu into the right masseter muscle. all cvs virus-infected mice died (mean time to death, 7.9 days), compar ...	1991	1985216
unexplained rabies in three immigrants in the united states. a virologic investigation.	extensive investigation of three patients who died of rabies in the united states failed to reveal any source of exposure to the disease. the three patients had immigrated to the united states from areas in laos, the philippines, and mexico where rabies is endemic.	1991	1985241
stable expression of rabies virus glycoprotein in chinese hamster ovary cells.	the rabies virus glycoprotein (g protein) has several important functions and is a major antigenic stimulus of the host immune system following rabies virus infection or vaccination. we developed a model system for studying the role of n-linked glycosylation in the intracellular transport and antigenicity of this molecule. the full-length cdna of the g protein of the era strain of rabies virus was inserted into the eukaryotic shuttle vector psg5 and then stably transfected into wild-type chinese ...	1991	1993876