Publications

a memory-based foraging tactic reveals an adaptive mechanism for restricted space use.	the restricted area of space used by most mobile animals is thought to result from fitness-rewarding decisions derived from gaining information about the environment. yet, assessments of how animals deal with uncertainty using memory have been largely theoretical, and an empirically derived mechanism explaining restricted space use in animals is still lacking. using a patch-to-patch movement analysis, we investigated predictions of how free-ranging bison (bison bison) living in a meadow-forest m ...	2014	24811575
the fecal microbiota of semi-free-ranging wood bison (bison bison athabascae).	the intestinal tract harbours a complex and diverse microbial population that is important for health, yet has been poorly described in many species. this study explored the fecal microbiota of semi-free-ranging wood bison (bison bison athabascae).	2014	24884592
bovine tuberculosis in a wild boar (sus scrofa) in poland.	poland is officially tuberculosis free and bovine tuberculosis (btb) cases are rarely found except in bovids. we found btb in a wild boar (sus scrofa) in the bieszczady mountains, southeastern poland. studies suggest possible transmission of infection between free-living european bison (bison bonasus caucasicus) and wild boar in this area.	2014	25075538
study on the occurrence of tick-borne encephalitis virus rna in european bison (bison bonasus) eliminated at białowieza primeval forest (north-eastern poland) in 2005-2009.	tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (flaviviridae, flavivirus) is an arthropod-borne virus, an etiologic agent of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), an infection involving the central nervous system. the disease is endemic in a large region in eurasia where it is transmitted mainly by ixodes ricinus in europe and i. persulcatus ticks in asia. this is the most important tick-transmitted arbovirus of human pathogenicity in europe. the białowieza primeval forest is a well-known endemic focus of tick-b ...	2014	25115061
the parasitic fauna of the european bison (bison bonasus) (linnaeus, 1758) and their impact on the conservation. part 1. the summarising list of parasites noted.	during the current century, 88 species of parasites have been recorded in bison bonasus. these are 22 species of protozoa (trypanosoma wrublewskii, t. theileri, giardia sp., sarcocystis cruzi, s. hirsuta, s. hominis, s. fusiformis, neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium sp., eimeria cylindrica, e. subspherica, e. bovis, e. zuernii, e. canadensis, e. ellipsoidalis, e. alabamensis, e. bukidnonensis, e. auburnensis, e. pellita, e. brasiliensis, babesia divergens), 4 trematodes species ...	2014	25119348
the parasitic fauna of the european bison (bison bonasus) (linnaeus, 1758) and their impact on the conservation. part 2. the structure and changes over time.	during the last century the recorded parasite fauna of bison bonasus includes 88 species. these are 22 species of protozoa, 4 trematode species, 4 cestode species, 43 nematode species, 7 mites, 4 ixodidae ticks, 1 mallophaga species, 1 anoplura, and 2 hippoboscidae flies. there are few monoxenous parasites, the majority of parasites are typical for other bovidae and cervidae species and many are newly acquired from cervidae. this is an evident increased trend in the parasite species richness, in ...	2014	25119349
a survey to detect toxocara vitulorum and other gastrointestinal parasites in bison (bison bison) herds from manitoba and saskatchewan.	an egg count survey using environmental fecal samples obtained in spring or early summer was conducted to estimate the apparent prevalence of toxocara vitulorum in unweaned bison calves and of other intestinal parasites in adult bison on 98 farms in manitoba and saskatchewan. calf samples were pooled (maximum 5 samples per pool) by farm and positive pools were examined to determine individual t. vitulorum counts. toxocara vitulorum eggs were found on 4 farms in manitoba and none in saskatchewan. ...	0	25183895
bison grazing increases arthropod abundance and diversity in a tallgrass prairie.	how grazing-induced ecosystem changes by ungulates indirectly affect other consumers is a question of great interest. i investigated the effect of grazing by american bison (bos bison l.) on an arthropod community in tallgrass prairie. grazing increased the abundance of arthropods, an increase that was present in both herbivorous and carnivorous assemblages, but not in detritivores. the increase in herbivores and reduction in plant biomass from grazing resulted in an arthropod herbivore load alm ...	2014	25198902
influence of group size on the success of wolves hunting bison.	an intriguing aspect of social foraging behaviour is that large groups are often no better at capturing prey than are small groups, a pattern that has been attributed to diminished cooperation (i.e., free riding) in large groups. although this suggests the formation of large groups is unrelated to prey capture, little is known about cooperation in large groups that hunt hard-to-catch prey. here, we used direct observations of yellowstone wolves (canis lupus) hunting their most formidable prey, b ...	2014	25389760
persistent müllerian duct syndrome (pmds) in the polish free-ranged bull populations of the european bison (bison bonasus l.).	this study describes the diversity of vestigial male uteri of the european bison (eb) examined for: (1) morphology, (2) glycoprotein localization, (3) total protein and glycoprotein profiles, (4) steroid concentrations, and (5) pmds based on the mutation of amh and amhr2 genes. uteri of adult bulls (5-12 years old) were compared to a uterus of a juvenile female (6 months old). male uterine proteins were analyzed in parallel to secretory endometrial proteins of pseudo-pregnant pig (psend) and bsa ...	2015	25498147
cross-sectional study of schmallenberg virus seroprevalence in wild ruminants in poland at the end of the vector season of 2013.	in view of recurrent schmallenberg virus (sbv) infections all over europe between 2011 and 2013, a lively scientific debate over the importance of the sylvatic transmission cycle of the virus has emerged. the study presents results of serosurvey which included wild ruminants representing species of red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), european bison (bison bonasus), fallow deer (dama dama), mouflon (ovis orientalis musimon) hunted or immobilized at 34 different locations of ...	2014	25528665
effect of reproductive seasonality on gamete quality in the north american bison (bison bison bison).	the objective was to investigate the effects of reproductive seasonality on gamete quality in plains bison (bison bison bison). epididymal sperm (n = 61 per season), collected during the breeding season (july-september), had significantly higher post-thaw total motility (36.76 ± 14.18 vs 31.24 ± 12.74%), and lower linearity (0.36 ± 0.06 vs 0.39 ± 0.04) and wobbliness (0.49 ± 0.04 vs 0.51 ± 0.03; mean ± sd) compared to non-breeding season (january-march) samples. representative samples (n = 4) fr ...	2015	25529116
genome-wide association study for posthitis in the free-living population of european bison (bison bonasus).	about 5-6% of the european bison (bison bonasus) males are affected by posthitis (necrotic inflammation of the prepuce) and die in the wild forest. despite many years of study, pathogenesis of this disease has not yet been determined. the main aim of the study was to find snp markers significantly associated with the incidence of posthitis and mine the genome for candidate genes potentially involved in the development of the disease.	2015	25585689
detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in the blood of wild bison from białowieza primeval forest in eastern poland.	the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in a group of 120 wild bison (bison bonasus) from the bialowieza primeval forest in eastern poland. the pcr technique revealed the presence of 16s rna of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the blood of 16 out of 120 examined animals. dna amplification by means of primers sc1 and sc2 gave a product with a size of 300-bp. the sequences of the pcr products obtained showed 100% homology with each ot ...	2014	25638986
serological studies to determine the occurrence of johne's disease and mycoplasma infection in the northern-east polish population of european bison (bison bonasus).	a serological study of twenty three european bison (bison bonasus) derived from northern-east poland for the seroprevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, mycoplasma bovis, mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides sc, mycoplasma agalactiae and mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was conducted. only specific antibodies to m. bovis were detected in two animals (8.7%) which were connected with the clinical signs and macroscopic anatomopathological lesions.	2014	25638988
european bison as a refugee species? evidence from isotopic data on early holocene bison and other large herbivores in northern europe.	according to the refugee species concept, increasing replacement of open steppe by forest cover after the last glacial period and human pressure had together forced european bison (bison bonasus)--the largest extant terrestrial mammal of europe--into forests as a refuge habitat. the consequent decreased fitness and population density led to the gradual extinction of the species. understanding the pre-refugee ecology of the species may help its conservation management and ensure its long time sur ...	2015	25671634
black-tailed prairie dogs, cattle, and the conservation of north america's arid grasslands.	prairie dogs (cynomys spp.) have been eliminated from over 95% of their historic range in large part from direct eradication campaigns to reduce their purported competition with cattle for forage. despite the longstanding importance of this issue to grassland management and conservation, the ecological interactions between cattle and prairie dogs have not been well examined. we address this issue through two complementary experiments to determine if cattle and prairie dogs form a mutualistic gra ...	2015	25760377
developmental competence of 8?16-cell stage bison embryos produced by interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer.	altered communication between nuclear and cytoplasmic components has been linked to impaired development in interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt) embryos as a result of genetic divergence between the two species. this study investigated the developmental potential and mitochondrial function of cattle (bos taurus), plains bison (bison bison bison) and wood bison (bison bison athabascae) embryos produced by iscnt using domestic cattle oocytes as cytoplasts. embryos in all groups were ...	2015	25763855
pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin after subcutaneous injection in north american bison (bison bison).	tulathromycin is approved for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle and swine. it is intended for long-acting, single-dose injection therapy (draxxin), making it particularly desirable for use in bison due to the difficulty in handling and ease of creating stress in these animals. the pharmacokinetic properties of tulathromycin in bison were investigated. ten wood bison received a single 2.5 mg/kg subcutaneous injection of draxxin. serum concentrations were measured by liquid chromatogr ...	2015	25772094
[mycobacterium infection in prehistoric humans: co-evolution in remote ages].	the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry at the end of the mesolithic era, despite enabling a significant demographic growth through an increase in food storage and availability, caused new infectious noxae to enter the pathocoenosis. however in the palaeolithic era, hunter-gatherers were already in contact with infectious diseases of animal origin, albeit episodically. modern biomedical technologies allow us to estimate, with better approximation, how long mankind has been in contac ...	2015	25819058
[isolation of a divergent strain of candida saitoana from the anyui mummy of a steppe bison (bison priscus)].		2015	25844447
sarcocystis cruzi infection in wood bison (bison bison athabascae).	endangered wood bison (bison bison athabascae) is the largest terrestrial mammal in the american continent. animal health is an important issue in their conservation, and sarcocystis cruzi may be a cause of clinical disease in bovidae. hearts of eight wood bison from alaska, usa were examined for sarcocysts by histology, transmission electron microscopy, pepsin digestion, and molecularly. sarcocystis bradyzoites were found in pepsin digests of all eight and sarcocysts were found in histologic se ...	2015	25868849
equivalence between step selection functions and biased correlated random walks for statistical inference on animal movement.	animal movement has a fundamental impact on population and community structure and dynamics. biased correlated random walks (bcrw) and step selection functions (ssf) are commonly used to study movements. because no studies have contrasted the parameters and the statistical properties of their estimators for models constructed under these two lagrangian approaches, it remains unclear whether or not they allow for similar inference. first, we used the weak law of large numbers to demonstrate that ...	2015	25898019
observations on sporulation of eimeria bovis (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from the european bison bison bonasus: effect of temperature and potassium dichromate solution.	the present study was designed to determine the influence of temperature and the addition of potassium dichromate solution (k2cr2o7) on the efficiency of sporulation of eimeria bovis (zublin, 1908), a coccidian species most commonly diagnosed in european bison bison bonasus (linnaeus). sporulation under conventional conditions (2.5% dichromate solution, 23 °c) was completed on the fourth day of incubation (control), whereas the oocyst development took two days more at the temperature of 18 °c, a ...	2015	25960564
competition on the range: science vs. perception in a bison-cattle conflict in the western usa.	1. competition between livestock and wild ungulates is commonly perceived to occur on shared rangelands. in the henry mountains (hm) of utah, a free-ranging population of bison bison bison has raised concerns among ranchers holding grazing permits on these public lands. bison are the most conspicuous potential competitors with cattle, but lagomorphs (mainly jackrabbits lepus californicus) are also abundant in this area. the local ranching community is applying political pressure on state and fed ...	2015	25960573
bayesian analysis to evaluate tests for the detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in free-ranging wild bison (bison bison athabascae) in the absence of a gold standard.	we estimated the sensitivity and specificity of the caudal-fold skin test (cft), the fluorescent polarization assay (fpa), and the rapid lateral-flow test (rt) for the detection of mycobacterium bovis in free-ranging wild wood bison (bison bison athabascae), in the absence of a gold standard, by using bayesian analysis, and then used those estimates to forecast the performance of a pairwise combination of tests in parallel. in 1998-99, 212 wood bison from wood buffalo national park (canada) were ...	2015	25973619
tuberculosis and brucellosis in wood bison (bison bison athabascae) in northern canada: a renewed need to develop options for future management.	effective, long-term strategies to manage the threat of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis spillback from northern, diseased bison to the canadian cattle herd and adjacent disease-free wood bison (bison bison athabascae) herds have eluded policy makers in recent decades. a controversial plan to depopulate infected herds and repopulate them with disease-free wood bison was rejected in 1990 because of significant public concern. since then, technical advances in vaccine technology, genetic salvag ...	2015	25973624
to follow or not? how animals in fusion-fission societies handle conflicting information during group decision-making.	when group members possess differing information about the environment, they may disagree on the best movement decision. such conflicts result in group break-ups, and are therefore a fundamental driver of fusion-fission group dynamics. yet, a paucity of empirical work hampers our understanding of how adaptive evolution has shaped plasticity in collective behaviours that promote and maintain fusion-fission dynamics. using movement data from gps-collared bison, we found that individuals constantly ...	2015	26013202
colonization of bison (bison bison) wallows in a tallgrass prairie by culicoides spp (diptera: ceratopogonidae).		2015	26047201
sequence analysis of bitter taste receptor gene repertoires in different ruminant species.	bitter taste has been extensively studied in mammalian species and is associated with sensitivity to toxins and with food choices that avoid dangerous substances in the diet. at the molecular level, bitter compounds are sensed by bitter taste receptor proteins (t2r) present at the surface of taste receptor cells in the gustatory papillae. our work aims at exploring the phylogenetic relationships of t2r gene sequences within different ruminant species. to accomplish this goal, we gathered a colle ...	2015	26061084
hunting the extinct steppe bison (bison priscus) mitochondrial genome in the trois-frères paleolithic painted cave.	despite the abundance of fossil remains for the extinct steppe bison (bison priscus), an animal that was painted and engraved in numerous european paleolithic caves, a complete mitochondrial genome sequence has never been obtained for this species. in the present study we collected bone samples from a sector of the trois-frères paleolithic cave (ariège, france) that formerly functioned as a pitfall and was sealed before the end of the pleistocene. screening the dna content of the samples collect ...	2015	26083419
recovering aspen follow changing elk dynamics in yellowstone: evidence of a trophic cascade?	to investigate the extent and causes of recent quaking aspen (populus tremuloides) recruitment in northern yellowstone national park, we measured browsing intensity and height of young aspen in 87 randomly selected aspen stands in 2012, and compared our results to similar data collected in 1997-1998. we also examined the relationship between aspen recovery and the distribution of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) on the yellowstone northern ungulate winter range, using ...	2015	26236910
development of a multiplex pcr for identification of dictyocaulus lungworms in domestic and wild ruminants.	dictyocaulus lungworms are the causative agents of parasitic bronchitis (dictyocaulosis) characterised by coughing and severe lung pathology in domestic and wild ruminants. the objective of this study was to design a simple molecular test that could detect of lungworm dna from both adult and larval lungworms and could distinguish between the most common dictyocaulus species found in cattle and in some species of wild ruminants. a multiplex pcr test with four novel primers targeting species-speci ...	2015	26266883
the occurrence of anaplasma phagocyto- philum in wild bison from the bialowieza primeval forest in eastern poland.	the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of anaplasma spp. in a group of 120 wild bison (bison bonasus) from the bialowieza primeval forest in eastern poland and to determine which species of anaplasma could infect these animals based on a pcr of a part of the 16s rrna gene followed by sequencing. the pcr technique showed the presence of 16s rrna anaplasma spp. genetic material in the blood of 22 from a total of 120 animals. dna amplification by means of the primers ehr 521 ...	2015	26281444
bison distribution under conflicting foraging strategies: site fidelity vs. energy maximization.	foraging strategies based on site fidelity and maximization of energy intake rate are two adaptive forces shaping animal behavior. whereas these strategies can both be evolutionarily stable, they predict conflicting optimal behaviors when population abundance is in decline. in such a case, foragers employing an energy-maximizing strategy should reduce their use of low-quality patches as interference competition becomes less intense for high-quality patches. foragers using a site fidelity strateg ...	2015	26378302
the infection of reintroduced ruminants - bison bonasus and alces alces - with anaplasma phagocytophilum in northern poland.	the north-eastern part of poland is considered an area of high risk for infection with tick-borne diseases, including with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agents. the etiological agent of hge is anaplasma phagocytophilum. as the animal reservoir for a. phagocytophilum in the environment serve the species from cervidae and bovidae families. european bison (bison bonasus) and elk (alces alces) are the big ruminant species, reintroduced to the forests of middle europe after many decades of ab ...	2015	26408585
bilateral pneumothoraces following biv icd placement: a case of buffalo chest syndrome.	contralateral pneumothorax following device implantation on the left side has been reported in a few cases. the majority of contralateral pneumothoraces showed evidence of atrial perforation on computed tomography (ct), echocardiography, or chest x-rays and required lead revision. to the best of our knowledge there is only 1 other reported case of contralateral pneumothorax without evidence of macro-displacement of the atrial lead. in that case the patient experienced a right-sided pneumothorax ...	2015	26431396
inducing ovulation in wood bison (bison bison athabascae) during the anovulatory season.	as part of the development of a germplasm biobank to preserve the genetic diversity of threatened wood bison (bison bison athabascae), a 2 × 2 factorial study was designed to determine the effects of ovulation induction agent and follicle maturity on the ovulatory response in wood bison during the anovulatory season. bison (n=32) were assigned randomly to four groups (n=8/group) and treated with either plh or hcg when a growing dominant follicle was either 8-9 mm or ≥10 mm. the ovaries were exam ...	2015	26490189
anti-brucella antibodies in moose (alces alces gigas), muskoxen (ovibos moschatus), and plains bison (bison bison bison) in alaska, usa.	we used an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) and the rose bengal test (rbt) to test for anti-brucella antibodies in moose (alces alces gigas), muskoxen (ovibos moschatus), and plains bison (bison bison bison) from various game management units (gmus) in alaska, us, sampled from 1982 to 2010. a portion of the sera had previously been tested with the standard plate test (spt), the buffered brucella antigen (bba) card test, and the card test (card). no antibody-positive plains bis ...	2016	26540335
seasonal shifts in diet and gut microbiota of the american bison (bison bison).	north american bison (bison bison) are becoming increasingly important to both grassland management and commercial ranching. however, a lack of quantitative data on their diet constrains conservation efforts and the ability to predict bison effects on grasslands. in particular, we know little about the seasonality of the bison diet, the degree to which bison supplement their diet with eudicots, and how changes in diet influence gut microbial communities, all of which play important roles in ungu ...	2015	26562019
climatic warming and the future of bison as grazers.	climatic warming is likely to exacerbate nutritional stress and reduce weight gain in large mammalian herbivores by reducing plant nutritional quality. yet accurate predictions of the effects of climatic warming on herbivores are limited by a poor understanding of how herbivore diet varies along climate gradients. we utilized dna metabarcoding to reconstruct seasonal variation in the diet of north american bison (bison bison) in two grasslands that differ in mean annual temperature by 6 °c. here ...	2015	26567987
first steps into the wild - exploration behavior of european bison after the first reintroduction in western europe.	biodiversity is rapidly declining globally. one strategy to help to conserve species is to breed species in captivity and release them into suitable habitats. the way that reintroduced animals explore new habitats and/or disperse from the release site is rarely studied in detail and represents key information for the success of reintroduction projects. the european bison (bison bonasus l. 1758) was the largest surviving herbivore of the post-glacial megafauna in europe before it became extinct i ...	2015	26605549
coronary arteries of the european bison (bison bonasus).	the european bison (bison bonasus) is an endangered species. more information on its anatomy is needed as only few studies have been published. this study is the first report on the morphology of the coronary vessels. given the anatomical similarity between the european bison and other ruminants, the results of this study can be applied to other species, including endangered ones.	2015	26608615
cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibodies among malignant catarrhal fever viruses.	some members of the gamma herpesvirus genus macavirus are maintained in nature as subclinical infections in well-adapted ungulate hosts. transmission of these viruses to poorly adapted hosts, such as american bison and cattle, can result in the frequently fatal disease malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). based on phylogenetic analysis, the mcf viruses (mcfv) cluster into two subgroups corresponding to the reservoir hosts' subfamilies: alcelaphinae/hippotraginae and caprinae. antibody cross-reactivi ...	2015	26658281
genetic analysis of the henry mountains bison herd.	wild american plains bison (bison bison) populations virtually disappeared in the late 1800s, with some remnant animals retained in what would become yellowstone national park and on private ranches. some of these private bison were intentionally crossbred with cattle for commercial purposes. this forced hybridization resulted in both mitochondrial and nuclear introgression of cattle genes into some of the extant bison genome. as the private populations grew, excess animals, along with their his ...	2015	26673758
the first detection of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) rna in dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected from the lowland european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.).	tick borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (flaviviridae, flavivirus) is the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), a potentially fatal neurological infection. the disease is endemic in a large region in eurasia, where is transmitted mainly by hard ticks: ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus. it is known that also dermacentor reticulatus is involved in a circulation of tbev, but the knowledge of its importance in the tbe epidemiology is still insufficient. the białowieża primeval forest is loc ...	2016	26751883
a serological and molecular study on the occurrence of mycoplasmas in european bison (bison bonasus) from two areas of eastern poland.	european bison (bison bonasus) from two different areas of eastern poland showing gross pathology possibly associated with mycoplasma infections were tested for ruminant mycoplasma species using serological and molecular methods. fifty-five samples, blood or tissue were collected from 28 animals during 2013-2014. six sera were positive for mycoplasma bovis. the elisa and complement fixation test for mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides gave a few weak reactions, but were negative by immunoblottin ...	2015	26812834
space use and movement patterns in a semi-free-ranging herd of european bison (bison bonasus).	the successful reintroduction and restocking of the european bison demands a reliable knowledge of the biology of this species. yet little is known to date about the european bison, and empirical data remains insufficient to set up a reliable plan ensuring the reintroduction, maintenance and survival of populations in habitats that have been largely modified by human activity. studies of the ecology, social behaviour and management of bison are therefore crucial to the conservation of this speci ...	2016	26841107
histophilosis as a natural disease.	histophilus somni is responsible for sporadic disease worldwide in cattle and, to a lesser extent, in small ruminants, bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), and north american bison (bison bison). the importance of h. somni diseases can be attributed to improved clinical and laboratory recognition, combined with the growth in intensive management practices for cattle. although outbreaks of bovine histophilosis can occur year-round, in northern and southern hemispheres, it is most frequent in late fal ...	2016	26847357
in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of mycoplasma bovis clinical isolates recovered from bison (bison bison).	mycoplasma bovis is a pathogen globally affecting cattle and bison herds, causing pneumonia, arthritis, mastitis, abortions, and other symptoms, leading to huge economic losses. many studies have been done regarding the antimicrobial susceptibility of m. bovis isolated from cattle, but no such study is available for isolates recovered from bison. for the first time, in vitro susceptibilities of 40 m. bovis clinical isolates collected from bison herds in canada are reported here. minimal inhibito ...	2016	26854525
superovulation in wood bison (bison bison athabascae): effects of progesterone, treatment protocol and gonadotropin preparations for the induction of ovulation.	experiments were done to determine the ovarian response and embryo production following superstimulation of wood bison. in experiment 1 (anovulatory season), the efficacy of plh vs. hcg for inducing ovulation was compared in wood bison superstimulated with a single dose of pfsh in 0.5% hyaluronan and the effect of exogenous progesterone (prid) on superovulatory response and embryo quality was examined. in experiment 2 (ovulatory season), the efficacy of plh vs. hcg for the induction of ovulation ...	2016	26898393
assessing potential habitat and carrying capacity for reintroduction of plains bison (bison bison bison) in banff national park.	interest in bison (bison bison, b. bonasus) conservation and restoration continues to grow globally. in canada, plains bison (b. b. bison) are threatened, occupying less than 0.5% of their former range. the largest threat to their recovery is the lack of habitat in which they are considered compatible with current land uses. fences and direct management make range expansion by most bison impossible. reintroduction of bison into previously occupied areas that remain suitable, therefore, is critic ...	2016	26910226
mycoplasma bovis isolates recovered from cattle and bison (bison bison) show differential in vitro effects on pbmc proliferation, alveolar macrophage apoptosis and invasion of epithelial and immune cells.	in the last few years, several outbreaks of pneumonia, systemically disseminated infection, and high mortality associated with mycoplasma bovis (m. bovis) in north american bison (bison bison) have been reported in alberta, manitoba, saskatchewan, nebraska, new mexico, montana, north dakota, and kansas. m. bovis causes chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis syndrome (cpps) in young, stressed calves in intensively-managed feedlots. m. bovis is not classified as a primary pathogen in cattle, but in b ...	2016	27016754
estimating neospora caninum prevalence in wildlife populations using bayesian inference.	prevalence of disease in wildlife populations, which is necessary for developing disease models and conducting epidemiologic analyses, is often understudied. laboratory tests used to screen for diseases in wildlife populations often are validated only for domestic animals. consequently, the use of these tests for wildlife populations may lead to inaccurate estimates of disease prevalence. we demonstrate the use of bayesian latent class analysis (lca) in determining the specificity and sensitivit ...	2016	27099713
relationships between antimicrobial resistance, distribution of virulence factor genes and the origin of trueperella pyogenes isolated from domestic animals and european bison (bison bonasus).	trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen causing suppurative infections in livestock and wild animals. although this bacterium is known for a long time, our knowledge about its pathogenicity is still insufficient. in this study the relationships between antimicrobial resistance profiles, distribution of virulence factor genes and the origin of t. pyogenes isolates were investigated. isolates (n = 97) from various infections in domestic animals and european bison were studied. minimal in ...	2016	27154538
new data on the internal organs of a frozen yukagir bison mummy (bison priscus bojanus, 1827), yakutia, russia.	the paper presents the first morphological description of the internal organs of a frozen corpse of the steppe bison bison priscus (bojanus, 1827) from the holocene of northern yakutia. necropsy revealed that most of the internal organs, including the brain, heart with the main vessels, and reproductive system were well preserved. it demonstrated that the anatomy of this bison was close to that of the genera bos and bison. trauma or pathological changes in the organs were not detected. the cause ...	2016	27193884
serological study of exposure to selected arthropod-borne pathogens in european bison (bison bonasus) in poland.	bison bonasus is an indigenous species of central and eastern europe with the largest wild population inhabiting białowieża primeval forest; however, free-living and captive european bison are reared in many countries around the world. despite that the european bison was rescued from the extinction after the first world war, it remains as endangered species. changing environment as well as human activity may have contributed to the observed increase of the risk of the emergence and re-emergence ...	2016	27291825
risk factors for mycoplasma bovis-associated disease in farmed bison (bison bison) herds in western canada: a case-control study.	north american bison producers have been attempting to control and prevent mycoplasma bovis-associated disease without the benefit of bison-specific knowledge. the objective of this study was to determine the clinical presentation of disease associated with m. bovis infection in western canadian farmed bison, and to identify herd-level risk factors for m. bovis-associated disease. bison producers (n=49) from western canada (manitoba, saskatchewan, alberta, and british columbia) were selected for ...	2016	27317324
the morphology of the adrenal gland in the european bison (bison bonasus).	the anatomy of the adrenal glands has been widely studied in many species of domestic and wild mammals. however, there are no available literature reports describing the morphology and morphometry of the adrenal glands of the european bison (bison bonasus).	2016	27487830
molecular survey of trichostrongyle nematodes in a bison bison herd experiencing clinical parasitism, and effects of avermectin treatment.	north american bison (bison bison) producers face many challenges, including the potential clinical and economics problems caused by trichostrongyle nematodes within their herds. little is known about the prevalence, intensity, geographical distribution and clinical significance of these parasites in commercial bison herds, even from regions where bison production has become popular. this study involved a large herd of bison from eastern south dakota that was experiencing clinical parasitism due ...	2016	27523937
lessons for livestock genomics from genome and transcriptome sequencing in cattle and other mammals.	decreasing sequencing costs and development of new protocols for characterizing global methylation, gene expression patterns and regulatory regions have stimulated the generation of large livestock datasets. here, we discuss experiences in the analysis of whole-genome and transcriptome sequence data.	2016	27534529
foraging decisions underlying restricted space use: effects of fire and forage maturation on large herbivore nutrient uptake.	recent models suggest that herbivores optimize nutrient intake by selecting patches of low to intermediate vegetation biomass. we assessed the application of this hypothesis to plains bison (bison bison) in an experimental grassland managed with fire by estimating daily rates of nutrient intake in relation to grass biomass and by measuring patch selection in experimental watersheds in which grass biomass was manipulated by prescribed burning. digestible crude protein content of grass declined li ...	2016	27547359
in vivo and in vitro maturation of oocytes collected from superstimulated wood bison (bison bison athabascae) during the anovulatory and ovulatory seasons.	experiments were done to compare the in vivo and in vitro maturational characteristics of cumulus-oocyte complexes (coc) collected from live wood bison. in experiment 1 (anovulatory season), follicular ablation was done to synchronize follicle wave emergence among bison on day -1, and fsh was given on days 0 and 2. bison were then assigned to 5 groups (n=5/group) in which coc were collected by transvaginal follicle aspiration on day 4 and either fixed immediately with no maturation (control), ma ...	2016	27601321
risk assessment and management of brucellosis in the southern greater yellowstone area (i): a citizen-science based risk model for bovine brucellosis transmission from elk to cattle.	livestock producers and state wildlife agencies have used multiple management strategies to control bovine brucellosis in the greater yellowstone area (gya). however, spillover from elk to domestic bison and cattle herds continues to occur. although knowledge is increasing about the location and behavior of elk in the sgya, predicting spatiotemporal overlap between elk and cattle requires locations of livestock operations and observations of elk contact by producers. we queried all producers in ...	2016	27664451
lack of effects of ooplasm transfer on early development of interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer bison embryos.	successful development of iscnt (interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer) embryos depends on complex interactions between ooplasmic and nuclear components, which can be compromised by genetic divergence. transfer of ooplasm matching the genetic background of the somatic cell in iscnt embryos is a valuable tool to study the degree of incompatibilities between nuclear and ooplasmic components. this study investigated the effects of ooplasm transfer (ot) on cattle (bos taurus) and plains bison ( ...	2016	27737629
early cave art and ancient dna record the origin of european bison.	the two living species of bison (european and american) are among the few terrestrial megafauna to have survived the late pleistocene extinctions. despite the extensive bovid fossil record in eurasia, the evolutionary history of the european bison (or wisent, bison bonasus) before the holocene (<11.7 thousand years ago (kya)) remains a mystery. we use complete ancient mitochondrial genomes and genome-wide nuclear dna surveys to reveal that the wisent is the product of hybridization between the e ...	2016	27754477
influence of management and biological factors on the parasitic invasions in the wild-spread of blood-sucking nematode ashworthius sidemi in european bison (bison bonasus).	the full course of new parasite introductions in wild animals is difficult to accurately trace. we documented and analysed the invasive blood-sucking nematode ashworthius sidemi (trichostrongylidae) introduction and spread in european bison (bison bonasus) from the initial phase of its progression. in the polish part of the białowieża primeval forest (bpf) the parasite was first found in 2000. from 2002 to 2015, 165 culled bison were investigated. the prevalence and intensity of a. sidemi schulz ...	2016	27761404
risk assessment and management of brucellosis in the southern greater yellowstone area (ii): cost-benefit analysis of reducing elk brucellosis prevalence.	recent cases of bovine brucellosis (brucella abortus) in cattle (bos taurus) and domestic bison (bison bison) of the southern greater yellowstone area (sgya) have been traced back to free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus). several management activities have been implemented to reduce brucellosis seroprevalence in elk, including test-and-slaughter, low-density feeding at elk winter feedgrounds, and elk vaccination. it is unclear which of these activities are most cost-effective at reducing the risk of ...	2016	27836044
novel graphical analyses of runs of homozygosity among species and livestock breeds.	runs of homozygosity (roh), uninterrupted stretches of homozygous genotypes resulting from parents transmitting identical haplotypes to their offspring, have emerged as informative genome-wide estimates of autozygosity (inbreeding). we used genomic profiles based on 698 k single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) from nine breeds of domestic cattle (bos taurus) and the european bison (bison bonasus) to investigate how roh distributions can be compared within and among species. we focused on two len ...	2016	27872841
collective decision-making promotes fitness loss in a fusion-fission society.	while collective decision-making is recognised as a significant contributor to fitness in social species, the opposite outcome is also logically possible. we show that collective movement decisions guided by individual bison sharing faulty information about habitat quality promoted the use of ecological traps. the frequent, but short-lived, associations of bison with different spatial knowledge led to a population-wide shift from avoidance to selection of agricultural patches over 9 years in and ...	2017	27873440
mitochondrial genome analysis reveals historical lineages in yellowstone bison.	yellowstone national park is home to one of the only plains bison populations that have continuously existed on their present landscape since prehistoric times without evidence of domestic cattle introgression. previous studies characterized the relatively high levels of nuclear genetic diversity in these bison, but little is known about their mitochondrial haplotype diversity. this study assessed mitochondrial genomes from 25 randomly selected yellowstone bison and found 10 different mitochondr ...	2016	27880780
trypanosoma vivax in water buffalo of the venezuelan llanos: an unusual outbreak of wasting disease in an endemic area of typically asymptomatic infections.	trypanosoma vivax has been associated with asymptomatic infections in african and south american buffalo. in this study, t. vivax was analyzed in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) from venezuela in a molecular survey involving 293 blood samples collected from 2006 to 2015 across the llanos region. results demonstrated constant infections (average 23%) during the years analyzed. in general, animals were healthy carriers of t. vivax with low levels of parasitemia and were diagnosed exclusively by tv ...	2016	27884441
in vitro embryo production in wood bison (bison bison athabascae) using in vivo matured cumulus-oocyte complexes.	experiments were conducted in wood bison to determine the effect of additional maturation time on embryo development of in vivo matured oocytes. in experiment 1, cumulus-oocyte complexes (coc) were collected 30 hours after hcg treatment in superstimulated wood bison, and expanded coc were fertilized immediately or after 4 hours of additional in vitro maturation. embryo development was assessed on days 3, 7, and 8 (day 0 = day of fertilization). no difference in cleavage rate was detected (55.3% ...	2017	28043342
the efficacy of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone in immobilizing american bison (bison bison).	we evaluated a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone (nalmed-a) in 12 american bison ( bison bison ) during 13 sedation handling events. the mean (se) dosage was 0.4 (0.02) mg/kg nalbuphine, 0.08 (0.003) mg/kg medetomidine, and 0.08 (0.003) mg/kg azaperone contained in an average delivery volume of 0.8 ml/100 kg. two animals required a supplemental dose for safe handling (additive dose used in calculating means) and a third animal was not adequately sedated despite a supplementa ...	2017	28051569
brucellosis transmission between wildlife and livestock in the greater yellowstone ecosystem: inferences from dna genotyping.	the wildlife of the greater yellowstone ecosystem carries brucellosis, which was first introduced to the area by cattle in the 19th century. brucellosis transmission between wildlife and livestock has been difficult to study due to challenges in culturing the causative agent, brucella abortus . we examined b. abortus transmission between american bison ( bison bison ), rocky mountain elk ( cervus elaphus nelsoni), and cattle ( bos taurus ) using variable number tandem repeat (vntr) markers on dn ...	2017	28118557
evidence of low prevalence of mycobacterial lymphadenitis in wild boars (sus scrofa) in poland.	mycobacterium spp. and rhodococcus equi are generally regarded as the main causes of lymphadenitis in pigs and wild boars. in poland, mycobacterial submandibular lymphadenitis was first diagnosed in a wild boar in 2012 but mycobacterium spp. infections are also present in the polish population of european bison (bison bonasus). the prevalence of lymphadenitis in polish wild boars has been found to 8.4% (95% ci 6.2-11.3%) and it has been proved that r. equi is not an important cause of purulent l ...	2017	28122588
genome data on the extinct bison schoetensacki establish it as a sister species of the extant european bison (bison bonasus).	the european bison (bison bonasus), now found in europe and the caucasus, has been proposed to originate either from the extinct steppe/extant american bison lineage or from the extinct bison schoetensacki lineage. bison schoetensacki remains are documented in eurasian middle pleistocene sites, but their presence in upper pleistocene sites has been questioned. despite extensive genetic studies carried out on the steppe and european bison, no remains from the fossil record morphologically identif ...	2017	28187706
mycobacterium bovis in a european bison (bison bonasus) raises concerns about tuberculosis in brazilian captive wildlife populations: a case report.	tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis is an important worldwide zoonosis and has been reported to cause clinical disease in several animal species, including captive wildlife. this report describes a case of m. bovis infection in a european bison from a brazilian zoo and compiles a number of literature reports that raise concern regarding tuberculosis among captive wildlife in brazil.	2017	28187776
broad-scale lake expansion and flooding inundates essential wood bison habitat.	understanding the interaction between the response of a complex ecosystem to climate change and the protection of vulnerable wildlife species is essential for conservation efforts. in the northwest territories (canada), the recent movement of the mackenzie wood bison herd (bison bison athabascae) out of their designated territory has been postulated as a response to the loss of essential habitat following regional lake expansion. we show that the proportion of this landscape occupied by water do ...	2017	28230049
in vitro-production of embryos using immature oocytes collected transvaginally from superstimulated wood bison (bison bison athabascae).	two experiments were done to test the hypothesis that morphologic characteristics of wood bison cumulus-oocyte complexes (coc) are reflective of the ability of the oocyte to develop to an advanced embryonic stage after in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture, and to determine the effect of prolonging the interval from the end of superstimulation treatment to oocyte collection (fsh starvation period). experiments were done during the anovulatory season. in experiment 1, ovarian superstimul ...	2017	28237324
147 the developmental characteristics of in vitro-produced cattle-wisent (bos taurus-bison bonasus) hybrid embryos.	interspecies hybrids are important resources for research and agriculture. therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate development, quality, and viability of embryos produced in vitro using cattle (bos taurus) oocytes and european bison (bison bonasus) epididymal sperm. the epididymes were obtained following a forced slaughter of one bull aged 7 years. the sperm was collected by scraping the inner surface of the epididymes, diluted with the cryopreservation medium, and equilibrated for 4h a ...	2016	28278944
fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in north america.	the arrival of bison in north america marks one of the most successful large-mammal dispersals from asia within the last million years, yet the timing and nature of this event remain poorly determined. here, we used a combined paleontological and paleogenomic approach to provide a robust timeline for the entry and subsequent evolution of bison within north america. we characterized two fossil-rich localities in canada's yukon and identified the oldest well-constrained bison fossil in north ameri ...	2017	28289222
plant-herbivore interactions in a north american mixed-grass prairie : ii. responses of bison to modification of vegetation by prairie dogs.	studies were conducted during the 1979 growing season to examine how north american bison (bison bison) use prairie dog (cynomys ludovicianus) colonies in wind cave national park, south dakota. objectives included (1) determining whether bison selected for prairie dog towns parkwide; (2) characterizing in greater detail bison use patterns of a 36-ha colony in pringle valley as a function of time since prairie dog colonization; and (3) relating these bison use patterns to measured changes in stru ...	1983	28310763
plant-herbivore interactions: examination of potential effects of bison saliva on regrowth of bouteloua gracilis (h.b.k.) lag.	laboratory experiments were performed to determine whether regrowth of blue grama was affected by potential growth-promoting substances in saliva of north american bison. we observed no statistically significant effects of foliar application of whole bison saliva on net photosynthesis (pn), root respiration (rr), allocation patterns of photosynthetically fixed (14)c, or regrowth rates over a 10-day period following clipping to various heights. in a 10-week experiment, there were no significant e ...	1980	28310932
wolf predation and snow cover as mortality factors in the ungulate community of the bialowieża national park, poland.	wolf-ungulate interactions were studied in the pristine deciduous and mixed forests of the bialowieża national park in 1985-1989. the study period included two severe and two mild winters. the community of ungulates inhabiting bialowieża national park consisted of red deer cervus elaphus, 55% of all ungulates; wild boar sus scrofa, 42%; and roe deer capreolus capreolus, moose alces alces, and european bison bison bonasus, about 1% each. the average size of red deer groups increased from 2.7 (sd ...	1992	28312267
trade-offs between growth and reproduction in female bison.	the extent to which (a) larger females produce more or larger offspring, (b) reproduction imposes costs, and (c) the benefits of early reproduction outweigh the costs was examined for female bison (bison bison) with data from an 8-year period. description of ontogenetic patterns indicated that reproductive performance reached a plateau near the end of the growth period; changes with age in fecundity were little related to those of body weight during the typical reproductive lifespan (age 3-18 ye ...	1991	28313333
evidence for the promotion of aboveground grassland production by native large herbivores in yellowstone national park.	we examined the effect of native large herbivores on aboveground primary production of nonforested habitat in yellowstone national park, wyoming. productivity of vegetation grazed by elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) was compared with that of ungrazed (permanently fenced) vegetation at four sites. two methods were used that, we believed, would provide the most accurate measurements under the different grazing regimes encountered in the study. production of ungrazed vegetation in perma ...	1993	28313410
complex variation in habitat selection strategies among individuals driven by extrinsic factors.	understanding behavioral strategies employed by animals to maximize fitness in the face of environmental heterogeneity, variability, and uncertainty is a central aim of animal ecology. flexibility in behavior may be key to how animals respond to climate and environmental change. using a mechanistic modeling framework for simultaneously quantifying the effects of habitat preference and intrinsic movement on space use at the landscape scale, we investigate how movement and habitat selection vary a ...	2017	28331589
a preliminary assessment of the effects of reproductive seasonality on seminal plasma characteristics in north american bison (bison bison).	the two subspecies of the north american bison, plains ( bison bison bison) and wood ( bison bison athabascae) bison, are seasonal breeders. the objective of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the effects of season on semen. to test the hypothesis that there are seasonal effects on seminal plasma, protein profiles of seminal plasma from plains and wood bison (n = 2 of each subspecies) were compared between breeding and nonbreeding seasons. using two-dimensional gel electr ...	2017	28363057
effects of ecg and progesterone on superovulation and embryo production in wood bison (bison bison athabascae).	experiments were done to determine if inclusion of ecg and progesterone in the superstimulation protocol will increase the ovarian response and embryo production in wood bison, and to provide preliminary information regarding the effect of season. in experiment 1 (anovulatory season), bison (n=26) were synchronized by follicular ablation (day -1) and given fsh on days 0 and 2, and assigned to 3 groups: progesterone (days 0-4), ecg (day 3), or progesterone+ecg. on day 5, bison were given hcg and ...	2017	28389047
the association between continual, year-round hunting and bellowing rate of bison bulls during the rut.	the impact of hunting (selective harvest, trophy hunting) on the demography of mammals is well documented. however, despite continual year-round hunting of bison in some populations, little is known about how the behavior of survivors may be altered. therefore, in this initial study, we used focal-animal observations in adjacent populations of continually hunted and protected plains bison (bison bison bison) in western south dakota, to examine the potential impact of hunting on bellowing rate-an ...	2017	28396826
validation of the biopryn enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of pregnancy-specific protein-b (pspb) and diagnosis of pregnancy in american bison (bison bison).	this study assessed the accuracy of the commercial biopryn® elisa for the detection of pregnancy-specific protein-b (pspb) using a single blood sample to determine pregnancy status in american bison (bison bison). a total of 49 bison cows were used in the study, and sampled at two time-points during the gestation period, fall and spring, correlating with early- to mid-term gestation (average 62.9 days post-mating) and mid- to late-term gestation (average 229.2 days post-mating), respectively. se ...	2017	28406529
effect of extending fsh treatment on superovulation and embryo production in wood bison (bison bison athabascae).	the effect of extending the length of the fsh treatment protocol on superovulatory response and embryo production was investigated in wood bison during the anovulatory and ovulatory seasons. in experiment 1 (anovulatory season), follicular wave emergence was synchronized by follicular ablation (day -1) and bison were assigned randomly to two groups (n = 14/group) and given 200 mg fsh on day 0 and day 2 (non-extended group), or 133 mg fsh on days 0, 2, and 4 (extended group). human chorionic gona ...	2017	28460674
clinical presentation, prevalence, and risk factors associated with mycoplasma bovis-associated disease in farmed bison (bison bison) herds in western canada.		2017	28467749
seroprevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in exotic ruminants and camelids in the czech republic.	neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are the protozoan parasites with definitive hosts from order carnivora. due to vertical transmission, both parasites can cause abortions and neonatal mortality that lead to significant productive and economic losses in the domestic ruminants. the aim of this study was to describe n. caninum and t. gondii seroprevalence in the group of frequently farmed captive exotic ruminants (n = 184) including bovidae (barbary sheep, bezoar goat, common eland, american b ...	2017	28497227
new insight on the role of melatonin receptors in reproductive processes of seasonal breeders on the example of mature male european bison (bison bonasus, linnaeus 1758).	melatonin receptors (mt1 and mt2) were shown to regulate proper functioning of reproductive system, especially in seasonally breeding animals. european bison is a unique endangered seasonal breeder and knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of its reproduction is crucial for the survival of the species. the aim of this study was to assess gene expression, protein synthesis and immunohistochemical localization of mt1 and mt2 receptors in testicular and spermatic cord vessels tissues collected in p ...	2017	28570908
a serologic survey of mycoplasma spp. in farmed bison ( bison bison) herds in western canada.	mycoplasma bovis is emerging as an important pathogen of farmed bison in north america and is associated with high morbidity and mortality in affected herds. we developed an in-house elisa to detect antibodies against mycoplasma spp. in bison sera. the aims of the study were to estimate the seroprevalence against mycoplasma spp. in bison herds with or without past history of m. bovis-associated disease, and to determine potential risk factors for seropositivity to mycoplasma spp. in farmed bison ...	2017	28578617
interrelationships of dictyocaulus spp. in wild ruminants with morphological description of dictyocaulus cervi n. sp. (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) from red deer, cervus elaphus.	lungworms from the genus dictyocaulus cause parasitic bronchitis (dictyocaulosis) characterized by coughing and severe lung pathology in both domestic and wild ruminants. in this study we investigated the interrelationships of dictyocaulus spp. from european bison (bison bonasus l.), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) by nucleotide sequence analysis spanning the 18s rna gene (ssu) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) regions of the ribosomal gene array as well as th ...	2017	28585897
first toxoplasma gondii isolate from an aborted foetus of european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.).	the study was performed on a male european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.) foetus spontaneously aborted at the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy in the białowieża forest. serum samples from the foetus and mother revealed the presence of antibodies against t. gondii (s/p% = 88% and 75%, respectively). mobile extracellular tachyzoites were first observed in a vero cell culture, 110 days following inoculation of brain homogenate. pcr amplification with tgr1e1 and tgr1e2 primers confirmed the pres ...	2017	28685180
diet segregation in american bison (bison bison) of yellowstone national park (wyoming, usa).	body size is a major factor in the nutritional ecology of ruminant mammals. females, due to their smaller size and smaller rumen, have more rapid food-passage times than males and thereby require higher quality forage. males are more efficient at converting high-fiber forage into usable energy and thus, are more concerned with quantity. american bison are sexually dimorphic and sexually segregate for the majority of their adult lives, and in yellowstone national park, they occur in two distinct ...	2017	28705156