Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| evidence for a genetic basis of urogenital carcinoma in the wild california sea lion. | although neoplasia is a major cause of mortality in humans and domestic animals, it has rarely been described in wildlife species. one of the few examples is a highly prevalent urogenital carcinoma in california sea lions (csls). although the aetiology of this carcinoma is clearly multifactorial, inbreeding depression, as estimated using levels of microsatellite multilocus heterozygosity, is identified as predictive for this neoplasia. on further analysis, this relationship appears to be largely ... | 2014 | 25339718 |
| the kinematics of the california sea lion foreflipper during forward swimming. | to determine the two-dimensional kinematics of the california sea lion foreflipper during thrust generation, a digital, high-definition video is obtained using a non-research female sea lion at the smithsonian national zoological park in washington, dc. the observational videos are used to extract maneuvers of interest--forward acceleration from rest using the foreflippers and banked turns. single camera videos are analyzed to digitize the flipper during the motions using 10 points spanning root ... | 2014 | 25378293 |
| evaluation of viruses and their association with ocular lesions in pinnipeds in rehabilitation. | to assess whether corneal lesions in stranded pinnipeds were associated with viral infections, and to identify the potential pathogen(s) associated with the lesions. | 2015 | 25400019 |
| [focal meningitis in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus)--diagnostic procedure and pathology]. | a 15-year-old female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) with progressive lameness of the hindlimbs and a chronic skin lesion was presented for clinical examination. the clinical neurological examination, showing a paraparesis, was completed by magnetic resonance imaging. mr images of the cervical and thoracic spine showed a well-defined muscle infiltrating lesion between the seventh cervical vertebra (c7) and the second thoracic vertebra (t2), which extended through the intervertebral ... | 2014 | 25406071 |
| inflation and deflation pressure-volume loops in anesthetized pinnipeds confirms compliant chest and lungs. | we examined structural properties of the marine mammal respiratory system, and tested scholander's hypothesis that the chest is highly compliant by measuring the mechanical properties of the respiratory system in five species of pinniped under anesthesia (pacific harbor seal, phoca vitulina; northern elephant seal, mirounga angustirostris; northern fur seal callorhinus ursinus; california sea lion, zalophus californianus; and steller sea lion, eumetopias jubatus). we found that the chest wall co ... | 2014 | 25426080 |
| the temporomandibular joint of california sea lions (zalophus californianus): part 1 - characterisation in health and disease. | this study aimed to characterise the histologic, biomechanical and biochemical properties of the temporomandibular joint (tmj) of california sea lions. in addition, we sought to identify structure-function relationships and to characterise tmj lesions found in this species. | 2015 | 25451464 |
| the temporomandibular joint of california sea lions (zalophus californianus): part 2-osteoarthritic changes. | following comprehensive characterization of the temporomandibular joint (tmj) of the california sea lion, as well demonstrating that tmj-osteoarthritis (oa) occurs in this species, the objective of this part of the investigation was to describe the macroscopic osteologic findings associated with tmj-oa in a large museum collection of skull specimens. | 2015 | 25451465 |
| auditory sensitivity of seals and sea lions in complex listening scenarios. | standard audiometric data, such as audiograms and critical ratios, are often used to inform marine mammal noise-exposure criteria. however, these measurements are obtained using simple, artificial stimuli-i.e., pure tones and flat-spectrum noise-while natural sounds typically have more complex structure. in this study, detection thresholds for complex signals were measured in (i) quiet and (ii) masked conditions for one california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and one harbor seal (phoca vitu ... | 2014 | 25480085 |
| epidemiology and pathology of toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | the coccidian parasite toxoplasma gondii infects humans and warm-blooded animals worldwide. the ecology of this parasite in marine systems is poorly understood, although many marine mammals are infected and susceptible to clinical toxoplasmosis. we summarized the lesions associated with t. gondii infection in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) population and investigated the prevalence of and risk factors associated with t. gondii exposure, as indicated by antibody. five confirmed ... | 2015 | 25588007 |
| discovery of a polyomavirus in european badgers (meles meles) and the evolution of host range in the family polyomaviridae. | polyomaviruses infect a diverse range of mammalian and avian hosts, and are associated with a variety of symptoms. however, it is unknown whether the viruses are found in all mammalian families and the evolutionary history of the polyomaviruses is still unclear. here, we report the discovery of a novel polyomavirus in the european badger (meles meles), which to our knowledge represents the first polyomavirus to be characterized in the family mustelidae, and within a european carnivoran. although ... | 2015 | 25626684 |
| coccidioidomycosis and other systemic mycoses of marine mammals stranding along the central california, usa coast: 1998-2012. | a wide range of systemic mycoses have been reported from captive and wild marine mammals from north america. examples include regionally endemic pathogens such as coccidioides and blastomyces spp., and novel pathogens like cryptococcus gattii, which appear may have been introduced to north america by humans. stranding and necropsy data were analyzed from three marine mammal stranding and response facilities on the central california coast to assess the prevalence, host demographics, and lesion d ... | 2015 | 25647598 |
| description of uncinaria lyonsi n. sp. (nematoda: ancylostomatidae) from the california sea lion zalophus californianus lesson (carnivora: otariidae). | a new species of hookworm, uncinaria lyonsi n. sp., is described based on morphological studies of the nematodes collected by dr. e. t. lyons from the california sea lion zalophus californianus (lesson) on san miguel island, california, usa. the new species is morphologically similar to three other species of the genus uncinaria frölich, 1789 parasitising pinnipeds, u. lucasi stiles, 1901, u. hamiltoni baylis, 1933 and u. sanguinis marcus, higgins, šlapeta & gray, 2014, in the body dimensions, t ... | 2015 | 25655115 |
| phylogenomic characterization of california sea lion adenovirus-1. | significant adenoviral diversity has been found in humans, but in domestic and wild animals the number of identified viruses is lower. here we present the complete genome of a recently discovered mastadenovirus, california sea lion adenovirus 1 (csladv-1) isolated from california sea lions (zalophus californianus), an important pathogen associated with hepatitis in pinnipeds. the genome of this virus has the typical mastadenoviral structure with some notable differences at the carboxy-terminal e ... | 2015 | 25660039 |
| sea lions' (zalophus californianus) use of human pointing gestures as referential cues. | this experiment investigated the ability of four human-socialized sea lions to exploit human communicative gestures in three different object-choice tasks based on directional cues emitted by their caretakers. in study 1, three of the tested subjects were able to generalize their choice of the pointed target to variations of the basic pointing gestures (i.e., cross-body point, elbow point, foot point, and gaze only), from the very first trials. study 2 showed that the subjects could follow the p ... | 2015 | 25678395 |
| phosphatidylcholine composition of pulmonary surfactant from terrestrial and marine diving mammals. | marine mammals are repeatedly exposed to elevated extra-thoracic pressure and alveolar collapse during diving and readily experience alveolar expansion upon inhalation - a unique capability as compared to terrestrial mammals. how marine mammal lungs overcome the challenges of frequent alveolar collapse and recruitment remains unknown. recent studies indicate that pinniped lung surfactant has more anti-adhesive components compared to terrestrial mammals, which would aid in alveolar opening. howev ... | 2015 | 25812797 |
| focal bacterial meningitis following ascending bite wound infection leading to paraparesis in a captive california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | magnetic resonance imaging was performed on a 15-yr-old captive female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) with a 2-wk history of progressive paraparesis and a 9-mo history of exudative skin lesion on the left thoracic wall. magnetic resonance images showed a well-defined muscle infiltrating lesion ventrolateral to the seventh cervical to the third thoracic vertebra on the left side, which extended through the left intervertebral foramina c7 to t3 into the vertebral canal, causing spina ... | 2015 | 25831587 |
| sequence variation and gene duplication at the mhc drb loci of the spotted seal phoca largha. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is one of the most important genetic systems associated with resistance to infectious diseases in vertebrates. the spotted seal (phoca largha) is one of the most endangered species in china. in this study, we present the first step in the molecular characterization of a drb-like locus in the spotted seal by analyzing the nucleotide sequence of the polymorphic exon 2 segments, a 288-nucleotide sequence. by examining the segment from a group of 41 individ ... | 2015 | 25867351 |
| proteomic analysis of plasma from california sea lions (zalophus californianus) reveals apolipoprotein e as a candidate biomarker of chronic domoic acid toxicosis. | domoic acid toxicosis (dat) in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) is caused by exposure to the marine biotoxin domoic acid and has been linked to massive stranding events and mortality. diagnosis is based on clinical signs in addition to the presence of domoic acid in body fluids. chronic dat further is characterized by reoccurring seizures progressing to status epilepticus. diagnosis of chronic dat is often slow and problematic, and minimally invasive tests for dat have been the focu ... | 2015 | 25919366 |
| diagnosing domoic acid toxicosis in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) using behavioral criteria: a novel approach. | domoic acid toxicosis in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) is difficult to diagnose using presence of toxin alone because the duration of domoic acid presence in blood and urine is generally less than 48 hr following exposure. because domoic acid toxicosis is often suggested by presentation of behavioral abnormalities, we asked whether assessment of behavior might be useful for diagnostic purposes. we developed an ethogram to categorize behavioral data collected via continuous foc ... | 2015 | 25962475 |
| development of a serological assay for the sea lion (zalophus californianus) anellovirus, zcav. | new diseases in marine animals are emerging at an increasing rate, yet methodological limitations hinder characterization of viral infections. viral metagenomics is an effective method for identifying novel viruses in diseased animals; however, determining virus pathogenesis remains a challenge. a novel anellovirus (zalophus californianus anellovirus, zcav) was recently reported in the lungs of captive california sea lions involved in a mortality event. zcav was not detected by pcr in the blood ... | 2015 | 25965294 |
| insights into the life history and ecology of a large shortfin mako shark isurus oxyrinchus captured in southern california. | in june 2013, a record-breaking female isurus oxyrinchus (total length 373 cm, mass 600 kg) was captured by rod and reel off huntington beach, california, where it was subsequently donated to research and provided a rare opportunity to collect the first data for a female i. oxyrinchus of this size. counts of vertebral band pairs estimate the shark to have been c. 22 years old, depending upon assumptions of band-pair deposition rates, and the distended uteri and spent ovaries indicated that this ... | 2015 | 25998058 |
| common cancer in a wild animal: the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) as an emerging model for carcinogenesis. | naturally occurring cancers in non-laboratory species have great potential in helping to decipher the often complex causes of neoplasia. wild animal models could add substantially to our understanding of carcinogenesis, particularly of genetic and environmental interactions, but they are currently underutilized. studying neoplasia in wild animals is difficult and especially challenging in marine mammals owing to their inaccessibility, lack of exposure history, and ethical, logistical and legal l ... | 2015 | 26056370 |
| pharmacokinetics of single-dose orally administered ciprofloxacin in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | ciprofloxacin is commonly selected for clinical use due to its broad-spectrum efficacy and is a frequently administered antibiotic at the marine mammal center, a marine mammal rehabilitation facility. ciprofloxacin is used for treatment of california sea lions ( zalophus californianus ) suffering from a variety of bacterial infections at doses extrapolated from other mammalian species. however, as oral absorption is variable both within and across species, a more accurate determination of approp ... | 2015 | 26056878 |
| activation of an inflammatory response is context-dependent during early development of the california sea lion. | variations in immune function can arise owing to trade-offs, that is, the allocation of limited resources among costly competing physiological functions. nevertheless, there is little information regarding the ontogeny of the immune system within an ecological context, and it is still unknown whether development affects the way in which resources are allocated to different immune effectors. we investigated changes in the inflammatory response during early development of the california sea lion ( ... | 2015 | 26064646 |
| evaluating hair as a predictor of blood mercury: the influence of ontogenetic phase and life history in pinnipeds. | mercury (hg) biomonitoring of pinnipeds increasingly utilizes nonlethally collected tissues such as hair and blood. the relationship between total hg concentrations ([thg]) in these tissues is not well understood for marine mammals, but it can be important for interpretation of tissue concentrations with respect to ecotoxicology and biomonitoring. we examined [thg] in blood and hair in multiple age classes of four pinniped species. for each species, we used paired blood and hair samples to quant ... | 2016 | 26149950 |
| effects of age, colony, and sex on mercury concentrations in california sea lions. | we measured total mercury (thg) concentrations in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and examined how concentrations varied with age class, colony, and sex. because hg exposure is primarily via diet, we used nitrogen (δ (15)n) and carbon (δ (13)c) stable isotopes to determine if intraspecific differences in thg concentrations could be explained by feeding ecology. blood and hair were collected from 21 adult females and 57 juveniles from three colonies in central and southern californi ... | 2016 | 26259982 |
| pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride and its metabolite o-desmethyltramadol following a single, orally administered dose in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | tramadol is a synthetic, centrally acting, opiate-like analgesic that is structurally related to codeine and morphine. the objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride and its major active metabolite o-desmethyltramadol (m1) in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). a single dose of tramadol was administered orally in fish at 2 mg/kg to a total of 15 wild california sea lions admitted for rehabilitation. twenty-four total blood samples were c ... | 2015 | 26352950 |
| management of acute renal failure with delayed hypercalcemia secondary to sarcocystis neurona-induced myositis and rhabdomyolysis in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | a 3-yr-old captive-born california sea lion (zalophus californianus) developed sarcocystis neurona-induced myositis and rhabdomyolysis that led to acute renal failure. the sea lion was successfully managed with fluid therapy, antiprotozoals, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, antiemetics, gastroprotectants, and diuretics, but developed severe delayed hypercalcemia, a syndrome identified in humans after traumatic or exertion-induced rhabdomyolysis. treatment with calcitonin was added to the manage ... | 2015 | 26352981 |
| proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) with domoic acid toxicosis identifies proteins associated with neurodegeneration. | proteomic studies including marine mammals are rare, largely due to the lack of fully sequenced genomes. this has hampered the application of these techniques toward biomarker discovery efforts for monitoring of health and disease in these animals. we conducted a pilot label-free lc-ms/ms study to profile and compare the cerebrospinal fluid from california sea lions with domoic acid toxicosis (dat) and without dat. across 11 samples, a total of 206 proteins were identified (fdr<0.1) using a comp ... | 2015 | 26364553 |
| the use of surrogate data in demographic population viability analysis: a case study of california sea lions. | reliable data necessary to parameterize population models are seldom available for imperiled species. as an alternative, data from populations of the same species or from ecologically similar species have been used to construct models. in this study, we evaluated the use of demographic data collected at one california sea lion colony (los islotes) to predict the population dynamics of the same species from two other colonies (san jorge and granito) in the gulf of california, mexico, for which de ... | 2015 | 26413746 |
| california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and harbor seal (phoca vitulina richardii) bites and contact abrasions in open-water swimmers: a series of 11 cases. | to review cases of bites and contact abrasions in open-water swimmers from california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardii). | 2015 | 26507612 |
| high-frequency hearing in seals and sea lions. | existing evidence suggests that some pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses) can detect underwater sound at frequencies well above the traditional high-frequency hearing limits for their species. this phenomenon, however, is not well studied: sensitivity patterns at frequencies beyond traditional high-frequency limits are poorly resolved, and the nature of the auditory mechanism mediating hearing at these frequencies is unknown. in the first portion of this study, auditory sensitivity pattern ... | 2016 | 26519092 |
| health status of galápagos sea lions (zalophus wollebaeki) on san cristóbal island rookeries determined by hematology, biochemistry, blood gases, and physical examination. | the galápagos sea lion, zalophus wollebaeki, is an endemic and endangered species subject to population decline associated with environmental variability, such as el niño events, constant feeding stress, and exposure to diseases through contact with introduced species. reference blood parameter intervals have been published for some pinniped species, but baseline biochemical and blood gas values are lacking from z. wollebaeki. we analyzed blood samples from 30 juvenile galápagos sea lions (19 fe ... | 2016 | 26528574 |
| a novel gammaherpesvirus in northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) is closely related to the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) carcinoma-associated otarine herpesvirus-1. | otarine herpesvirus 1 (othv1) is strongly associated with california sea lion (csl, zalophus californianus) urogenital carcinoma, the most common cancer documented in marine mammals. in addition to csl, othv1 has also been found in association with carcinoma in south american fur seals (arctocephalus australis), demonstrating it can infect related species. northern fur seals (nfs, callorhinus ursinus) are sympatric with csl, and copulation between these species has been observed; yet, there are ... | 2016 | 26555110 |
| a bioenergetics approach to understanding the population consequences of disturbance: elephant seals as a model system. | using long-term empirical data, we developed a complete population consequences of acoustic disturbance (pcad) model and application for northern elephant seals. we assumed that the animals would not successfully forage while in a 100-km-diameter disturbance region within their foraging and transit paths. the decrease in lipid gain due to exposure was then translated to changes in birth rate and pup survival. given their large foraging range, elephant seals were resilient to such a disturbance, ... | 2016 | 26610956 |
| detection of complex sounds in quiet conditions by seals and sea lions. | to test how accurately baseline audiometric data predict detection of complex stimuli, absolute detection thresholds for frequency-modulated (fm), amplitude-modulated (am), and harmonic stimuli were obtained for one phoca vitulina (harbor seal) and one zalophus californianus (california sea lion) at frequencies spanning the functional range of hearing. these thresholds were then compared with a priori predictions based on the tonal audiograms of these subjects. predicted thresholds were accurate ... | 2016 | 26610958 |
| using reaction time and equal latency contours to derive auditory weighting functions in sea lions and dolphins. | subjective loudness measurements are used to create equal-loudness contours and auditory weighting functions for human noise-mitigation criteria; however, comparable direct measurements of subjective loudness with animal subjects are difficult to conduct. in this study, simple reaction time to pure tones was measured as a proxy for subjective loudness in a tursiops truncatus and zalophus californianus. contours fit to equal reaction-time curves were then used to estimate the shapes of auditory w ... | 2016 | 26610970 |
| auditory discrimination of natural and high-pass filtered bark vocalizations in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | a california sea lion performed a psychophysical auditory discrimination task with a set of six stimuli: three barks recorded from conspecific males and high-pass filtered versions of the barks that removed the majority of energy at fundamental frequencies. discrimination performance and subject reaction times (rts) suggested that the vocalizations were all perceived as fairly dissimilar. this preliminary study hints that low-frequency components are a salient part of the california sea lion bar ... | 2016 | 26611026 |
| equal latency contours for bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) and california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | loudness perception by non-human animals is difficult to study directly. previous research efforts have instead focused on estimating loudness perception using simple reaction time (rt) data. these data are used to generate equal latency contours that serve as a proxy for equal loudness contours. to aid the design of auditory weighting functions for marine mammals, equal latency contours were generated using rt data for two marine mammal species that are representative of broader functional hear ... | 2015 | 26627745 |
| somatosensory brainstem, thalamus, and cortex of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | pinnipeds (sea lions, seals, and walruses) are notable for many reasons, including their ape-sized brains, their adaptation to a coastal niche that combines mastery of the sea with strong ties to land, and the remarkable abilities of their trigeminal whisker system. however, little is known about the central nervous system of pinnipeds. here we report on the somatosensory areas of the nervous system of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). using stains for nissl, cytochrome oxidase, ... | 2016 | 26878587 |
| pathogenic leptospira serovars in free-living sea lions in the gulf of california and along the baja california coast of mexico. | the california sea lion ( zalophus californianus ), a permanent inhabitant of the gulf of california in mexico, is susceptible to pathogenic leptospira spp. infection, which can result in hepatic and renal damage and may lead to renal failure and death. during summer 2013, we used the microscopic agglutination test (mat) to investigate the prevalence of anti-leptospira antibodies in blood of clinically healthy sea lion pups from seven rookery islands on the pacific coast of baja california (paci ... | 2016 | 26967136 |
| metagenomic survey of viral diversity obtained from feces of subantarctic and south american fur seals. | the brazilian south coast seasonally hosts numerous marine species, observed particularly during winter months. some animals, including fur seals, are found dead or debilitated along the shore and may harbor potential pathogens within their microbiota. in the present study, a metagenomic approach was performed to evaluate the viral diversity in feces of fur seals found deceased along the coast of the state of rio grande do sul. the fecal virome of two fur seal species was characterized: the sout ... | 2016 | 26986573 |
| association between positive canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) antigen results and presence of acanthocheilonema odendhali microfilaria in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | this study establishes a relationship between positive canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) test results frequently observed in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and infection with the filarid nematode acanthocheilonema odendhali. four commercially available canine heartworm antigen tests were evaluated for cross-reaction with a. odendhali in california sea lions. sera were tested from fifteen california sea lions with a. odendhali-associated microfilaremia, confirmed by blood smea ... | 2016 | 27010261 |
| intraperitoneal dextrose administration as an alternative emergency treatment for hypoglycemic yearling california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | the marine mammal center (tmmc) cares for malnourished california sea lion (csl) (zalophus californianus) pups and yearlings every year. hypoglycemia is a common consequence of malnutrition in young csls. administering dextrose during a hypoglycemic crisis is vital to recovery. traditional veterinary approaches to treat hypoglycemia pose therapeutic challenges in otariids, as vascular access and catheter maintenance can be difficult. the current approach to a hypoglycemic episode at tmmc is to a ... | 2016 | 27010266 |
| development of retrobulbar and auriculopalpebral nerve blocks in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | eye lesions are commonly observed in pinnipeds. clinical assessment is challenging because animals are often blepharospastic and under inhalant anesthesia the globe rotates ventrally, making observation difficult. retrobulbar and auriculopalpebral nerve block techniques have been developed in other species to alleviate these difficulties and allow for a more thorough ophthalmic exam. ocular nerve block techniques were developed for california sea lions (csls) (zalophus californianus) using lidoc ... | 2016 | 27010283 |
| prenatal domoic acid exposure disrupts mouse pro-social behavior and functional connectivity mri. | domoic acid (da) is a toxin produced by marine algae and known primarily for its role in isolated outbreaks of amnestic shellfish poisoning and for the damage it inflicts on marine mammals, particularly california sea lions. lethal effects of da are often preceded by seizures and coma. exposure to da during development can result in subtle and highly persistent effects on brain development and include behavioral changes that resemble diagnostic features of schizophrenia and anomalies in social b ... | 2016 | 27050322 |
| seals and sea lions are what they eat, plus what? determination of trophic discrimination factors for seven pinniped species. | mixing models are a common method for quantifying the contribution of prey sources to the diet of an individual using stable isotope analysis; however, these models rely upon a known trophic discrimination factor (hereafter, tdf) that results from fractionation between prey and animal tissues. quantifying tdfs in captive animals is ideal, because diet is controlled and the proportional contributions and isotopic values of all prey items are known. | 2016 | 27060839 |
| transformation of the genital epithelial tract occurs early in california sea lion development. | an unusually high prevalence of metastatic urogenital carcinoma has been observed in free-ranging california sea lions stranded off the coast of california in the past two decades. no cases have been reported for sea lions in the relatively unpolluted gulf of california. we investigated occurrence of genital epithelial transformation in 60 sea lions (n=57 pups and 3 adult females) from the gulf of california and examined whether infection by a viral pathogen previously found to be associated wit ... | 2016 | 27069641 |
| food limitation of sea lion pups and the decline of forage off central and southern california. | california sea lions increased from approximately 50 000 to 340 000 animals in the last 40 years, and their pups are starving and stranding on beaches in southern california, raising questions about the adequacy of their food supply. we investigated whether the declining sea lion pup weight at san miguel rookery was associated with changes in abundance and quality of sardine, anchovy, rockfish and market squid forage. in the last decade off central california, where breeding female sea lions fro ... | 2016 | 27069651 |
| mhc class ii transcription is associated with inflammatory responses in a wild marine mammal. | inflammation is one of the most important non-specific and rapid responses that a vertebrate can elicit in response to damage or a foreign insult. to date, despite increasing evidence that the innate and adaptive branches of immunity are more intricately related than previously thought, few have examined interactions between the major histocompatibility complex (mhc, a polymorphic region of the vertebrate genome that is involved with antigen presentation) and inflammation, and even less is known ... | 2016 | 27137083 |
| detection and characterization of diverse coccidian protozoa shed by california sea lions. | tissue-cyst forming coccidia in the family sarcocystidae are etiologic agents of protozoal encephalitis in marine mammals including the federally listed southern sea otter (enhydra lutris). california sea lions (zalophus californianus), whose coastal habitat overlaps with sea otters, are definitive hosts for coccidian protozoa provisionally named coccidia a, b and c. while coccidia a and b have unknown clinical effects on aquatic wildlife hosts, coccidia c is associated with severe protozoal dis ... | 2016 | 27141438 |
| impact of the 2015 el niño-southern oscillation on the abundance and foraging habits of guadalupe fur seals and california sea lions from the san benito archipelago, mexico. | the abundance of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) (csls) and guadalupe fur seals (arctocephalus philippii townsendi) (gfss) from the san benito archipelago (sba) was determined through nine monthly surveys in 2014-2015. assessment of their foraging habits was examined based on the isotopic analysis of pups (maternal indicators) (siar/siber-r). environmental variability between 2014 and 2015 was also analyzed, in terms of sea surface temperature (sst) and chlorophyll (chl-a) concentr ... | 2016 | 27171473 |
| microvasculature of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) eye and its functional significance. | to examine the ocular circulation in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | 2017 | 27203420 |
| use of acoustic transmitter-equipped remote sedation to aid in tracking and capture of entangled california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | free-ranging california sea lions ( zalophus californianus ) with marine debris entanglements were darted with a combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and midazolam by using acoustic transmitter-equipped darts. of the 15 animals sedated, 13 (87%) reentered the water and were tracked by using a unidirectional hydrophone. sea lions that entered the water continued to surface and breathe postsedation. there were three mortalities (20%) during the course of this study due to the following: suspe ... | 2016 | 27243155 |
| beat keeping in a sea lion as coupled oscillation: implications for comparative understanding of human rhythm. | human capacity for entraining movement to external rhythms-i.e., beat keeping-is ubiquitous, but its evolutionary history and neural underpinnings remain a mystery. recent findings of entrainment to simple and complex rhythms in non-human animals pave the way for a novel comparative approach to assess the origins and mechanisms of rhythmic behavior. the most reliable non-human beat keeper to date is a california sea lion, ronan, who was trained to match head movements to isochronous repeating st ... | 2016 | 27375418 |
| ectopic pregnancy with associated gestational choriocarcinoma in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | a wild-born, captive-reared, 14 yr old, primiparous female california sea lion zalophus californianus presented for anorexia of 14 d duration and abdominal distention. routine complete blood cell count revealed leukocytosis with a neutrophilia, and serum chemistry revealed hypoalbumenemia and hyponatremia. treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories were started, but the animal continued to decline. abdominal radiographs revealed a mature mineralized fetal sku ... | 2016 | 27409239 |
| coinfection of california sea lion adenovirus 1 and a novel polyomavirus in a hawaiian monk seal (neomonachus schauinslandi). | the hawaiian monk seal (neomonachus schauinslandi) is an endangered species. here, we present a clinical case of a 26-yr-old male hawaiian monk seal (hms) kept in an aquarium with a history of intermittent anorexia and evidence of renal disease. histologic examination revealed eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in the liver. conventional nested pcr protocols were used to test for viruses, and it tested positive for adenovirus and polyomavirus, and negative for herpesvirus. the adenovirus parti ... | 2016 | 27468013 |
| natural exposure to domoic acid causes behavioral perseveration in wild sea lions: neural underpinnings and diagnostic application. | domoic acid is a naturally occurring algal toxin that causes neurological symptoms and mortality in exposed marine life. california sea lions (zalophus californianus) are the most visible victims, and suffer epilepsy and progressive hippocampal atrophy. despite its reliable neurological effects, little is known about how exposure to domoic acid alters behavior, which is critical for understanding the impact of toxic exposure on long-term survival in sea lions and other exposed animals, including ... | 2016 | 27511874 |
| updating a gas dynamics model using estimates for california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | theoretical models are used to predict how breath-hold diving vertebrates manage o2, co2, and n2 while underwater. one recent gas dynamics model used available lung and tracheal compliance data from various species. as variation in respiratory compliance significantly affects alveolar compression and pulmonary shunt, the current study objective was to evaluate changes in model output when using species-specific parameters from california sea lions (zalophus californianus). we explored the effect ... | 2016 | 27562522 |
| foraging strategies of a generalist marine predator inhabiting a dynamic environment. | intraspecific variability is increasingly recognized as an important component of foraging behavior that can have implications for both population and community dynamics. we used an individual-level approach to describe the foraging behavior of an abundant, generalist predator that inhabits a dynamic marine ecosystem, focusing specifically on the different foraging strategies used by individuals in the same demographic group. we collected data on movements and diving behavior of adult female cal ... | 2016 | 27651228 |
| discovery of a polyomavirus in european badgers (meles meles) and the evolution of host range in the family polyomaviridae. | polyomaviruses infect a diverse range of mammalian and avian hosts, and are associated with a variety of symptoms. however, it is unknown whether the viruses are found in all mammalian families and the evolutionary history of the polyomaviruses is still unclear. here, we report the discovery of a novel polyomavirus in the european badger (meles meles), which to our knowledge represents the first polyomavirus to be characterized in the family mustelidae, and within a european carnivoran. although ... | 2015 | 27692047 |
| olfactory enrichment in california sea lions (zalophus californianus): an effective tool for captive welfare? | in the wild, california sea lions (zalophus californianus) are exposed to a wide variety of sensory information, which cannot be replicated in captive environments. therefore, unique procedures are necessary for maintaining physiological and psychological health in nonhuman animals in captivity. the effects of introducing natural scents to captive enclosures have been investigated in a variety of species, yet they have not been examined in marine mammals. this project explored the behavioral eff ... | 2017 | 27827545 |
| subconjunctival antimicrobial poloxamer gel for treatment of corneal ulceration in stranded california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | corneal ulcers are commonly encountered in pinnipeds. prolonged oral antibiotics and topical ophthalmic solutions may not be practical to administer, and novel treatment techniques are desired. thermodynamic gels are a potential solution because they hold antimicrobials at the site of injection, slowly releasing drug. this study investigated the clinical efficacy of antibiotic-impregnated poloxamer gel in management of corneal ulceration. | 2017 | 27905668 |
| high diversity of genogroup i picobirnaviruses in mammals. | in a molecular epidemiology study using 791 fecal samples collected from different terrestrial and marine mammals in hong kong, genogroup i picobirnaviruses (pbvs) were positive by rt-pcr targeting the partial rdrp gene in specimens from five cattle, six monkeys, 17 horses, nine pigs, one rabbit, one dog, and 12 california sea lions, with 11, 9, 23, 17, 1, 1, and 15 sequence types in the positive specimens from the corresponding animals, respectively. phylogenetic analysis showed that the pbv se ... | 2016 | 27933049 |
| epidemiological models to control the spread of information in marine mammals. | socially transmitted wildlife behaviours that create human-wildlife conflict are an emerging problem for conservation efforts, but also provide a unique opportunity to apply principles of infectious disease control to wildlife management. as an example, california sea lions (zalophus californianus) have learned to exploit concentrations of migratory adult salmonids below the fish ladders at bonneville dam, impeding endangered salmonid recovery. proliferation of this foraging behaviour in the sea ... | 2016 | 27974523 |
| prevalence of algal toxins in alaskan marine mammals foraging in a changing arctic and subarctic environment. | current climate trends resulting in rapid declines in sea ice and increasing water temperatures are likely to expand the northern geographic range and duration of favorable conditions for harmful algal blooms (habs), making algal toxins a growing concern in alaskan marine food webs. two of the most common hab toxins along the west coast of north america are the neurotoxins domoic acid (da) and saxitoxin (stx). over the last 20 years, da toxicosis has caused significant illness and mortality in m ... | 2016 | 28073526 |
| antidog igg secondary antibody successfully detects igg in a variety of aquatic mammals. | serological tests play an important role in the detection of wildlife diseases. however, while there are many commercial assays and reagents available for domestic species, there is a need to develop efficient serological assays for wildlife. in recent years, marine mammals have represented a wildlife group with emerging infectious diseases, such as influenza, brucellosis, and leptospirosis. however, with the exception of disease-agent-specific assays or functional assays, few reports describe t ... | 2016 | 28080908 |
| a robotic platform to study the foreflipper of the california sea lion. | the california sea lion (zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. this protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming california sea lion (zalophus californianus). the robot is a model of the animal's foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the 'clap'). the kinem ... | 2017 | 28117769 |
| identification of a polyomavirus in weddell seal (leptonychotes weddellii) from the ross sea (antarctica). | viruses are ubiquitous in nature, however, very few have been identified that are associated with antarctic animals. here we report the identification of a polyomavirus in the kidney tissue of a deceased weddell seal from the ross sea, antarctica. the circular genome (5186 nt) has typical features of polyomaviruses with a small and larger t-antigen open reading frames (orfs) and three orfs encoding vp1, vp2 and vp3 capsid proteins. the genome of the weddell seal polyomavirus (wspyv) shares 85.4% ... | 2017 | 28124141 |
| development and validation of a quantitative pcr for rapid and specific detection of california sea lion adenovirus 1 and prevalence in wild and managed populations. | california sea lion adenovirus 1 (csladv-1) has been associated with hepatitis and enteritis in several wild and captive populations of diverse pinniped species. currently available tests have been limited to pan-adenoviral polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by sequencing. we present the development of a quantitative probe-hybridization pcr (qpcr) assay for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of this virus in california sea lions ( zalophus californianus) and other pinnipeds. this ass ... | 2017 | 28166696 |
| flipper stroke rate and venous oxygen levels in free-ranging california sea lions. | the depletion rate of the blood oxygen store, development of hypoxemia and dive capacity are dependent on the distribution and rate of blood oxygen delivery to tissues while diving. although blood oxygen extraction by working muscle would increase the blood oxygen depletion rate in a swimming animal, there is little information on the relationship between muscle workload and blood oxygen depletion during dives. therefore, we examined flipper stroke rate, a proxy of muscle workload, and posterior ... | 2017 | 28167807 |
| personality dimensions of the captive california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | although the field of animal personality research is growing, information on sea lion personality is lacking. this is surprising as sea lions are charismatic, cognitively advanced, and relatively accessible for research. in addition, their presence in captivity and frequent interactions with humans allow for them to be closely observed in various contexts. these interactions provide a valuable and unique opportunity to assess dimensions of their personality. this study created a personality surv ... | 2017 | 28182486 |
| optic nerve, superior colliculus, visual thalamus, and primary visual cortex of the northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | the northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) are members of a diverse clade of carnivorous mammals known as pinnipeds. pinnipeds are notable for their large, ape-sized brains, yet little is known about their central nervous system. both the northern elephant seal and california sea lion spend most of their lives at sea, but each also spends time on land to breed and give birth. these unique coastal niches may be reflected in specific evolu ... | 2017 | 28188622 |
| detecting signals of chronic shedding to explain pathogen persistence: leptospira interrogans in california sea lions. | identifying mechanisms driving pathogen persistence is a vital component of wildlife disease ecology and control. asymptomatic, chronically infected individuals are an oft-cited potential reservoir of infection, but demonstrations of the importance of chronic shedding to pathogen persistence at the population-level remain scarce. studying chronic shedding using commonly collected disease data is hampered by numerous challenges, including short-term surveillance that focuses on single epidemics a ... | 2017 | 28207932 |
| dirofilaria immitis in pinnipeds and a new host record. | dirofilaria immitis is a mosquito-borne pathogen that is spreading worldwide, and the associated infection (i.e. dirofilariosis) is becoming a threat to animals and humans living in endemic areas. little is known about the occurrence and risk of infection of d. immitis in pinnipeds. here we report dirofilariosis by d. immitis in several pinniped species kept in captivity in portugal. | 2017 | 28288690 |
| isotopic tracking of foraging and long-distance migration in northeastern pacific pinnipeds. | we investigated the impact of foraging location (nearshore vs offshore) and foraging latitude (high vs middle) on the carbon (δ(13)c) and nitrogen (δ(15)n) isotope compositions of bone collagen of northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus), harbor seals (phoca vitulina), california sea lions (zalophus californianus), and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris). nearshore-foraging harbor seals from california had δ(13)c values 2.0‰ higher than female northern elephant seals foraging offsh ... | 1999 | 28307717 |
| drastic effects of el niño on galapagos pinnipeds. | population dynamics of pinnipeds living in the tropical upwelling ecosystem of the galapagos were strongly influenced by the 1982-83 southern oscillation-el niño (en) event which was the strongest recorded in this century. the galapagos fur seal (arctocephalus galapagoensis) population lost the four youngest year classes (1980-1983) almost entirely and approximately 30% of the adult females and non-territorial males. mortality of large territorial males was almost 100%. most of the 1982 year cla ... | 1985 | 28309839 |
| heart rate regulation in diving sea lions: the vagus nerve rules. | recent publications have emphasized the potential generation of morbid cardiac arrhythmias secondary to autonomic conflict in diving marine mammals. such conflict, as typified by cardiovascular responses to cold water immersion in humans, has been proposed to result from exercise-related activation of cardiac sympathetic fibers to increase heart rate, combined with depth-related changes in parasympathetic tone to decrease heart rate. after reviewing the marine mammal literature and evaluating he ... | 2017 | 28424310 |
| hypervirulent klebsiella pneumoniae in california sea lions ( zalophus californianus): pathologic findings in natural infections. | tissues of stranded california sea lions ( zalophus californianus) naturally infected with a hyperviruluent strain of klebsiella pneumoniae were examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry against the k. pneumoniae k2 capsular antigen. in 7 of 8 animals, there was severe purulent bronchopneumonia, sometimes complicated by fibrinonecrotizing pleuritis with pyothorax. in affected areas of lung, large numbers of degenerate neutrophils and macrophages were admixed with rare large extracellul ... | 2017 | 28494709 |
| social associations between california sea lions influence the use of a novel foraging ground. | social relationships define an individual's position in its social network, which can influence the acquisition and spread of information and behavioural variants through the population. thus, when nuisance behaviours spread through wildlife populations, identifying central individuals may provide valuable insights for problem-species management. we studied the effects of network position on california sea lion (zalophus californianus) discovery and foraging success at a novel foraging ground-th ... | 2017 | 28572986 |
| sentinel california sea lions provide insight into legacy organochlorine exposure trends and their association with cancer and infectious disease. | organochlorine contaminants (ocs), like polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (ddts), are widespread marine pollutants resulting from massive historical use and environmental persistence. exposure to and health effects of these ocs in the marine environment may be examined by studying california sea lions (zalophus californianus), which are long lived, apex predators capable of accumulating ocs. | 2015 | 28616463 |
| climatic anomaly affects the immune competence of california sea lions. | the past decades have been characterized by a growing number of climatic anomalies. as these anomalies tend to occur suddenly and unexpectedly, it is often difficult to procure empirical evidence of their effects on natural populations. we analysed how the recent sea surface temperature (sst) anomaly in the northeastern pacific ocean affects body condition, nutritional status, and immune competence of california sea lion pups. we found that pup body condition and blood glucose levels of the pups ... | 2017 | 28658317 |
| atypical red blood cells are prevalent in california sea lion pups born during anomalous sea surface temperature events. | to date, there is limited knowledge of the effects that abnormal sea surface temperature (sst) can have on the physiology of neonate pinnipeds. however, maternal nutritional deficiencies driven by alimentary restrictions would expectedly impact pinniped development and fitness, as an adequate supply of nutrients is essential for growth and proper functioning of all body systems, including red blood cell synthesis and clearance. here, we investigated red blood cell morphology of california sea li ... | 2017 | 28671858 |
| initial validation of blubber cortisol and progesterone as indicators of stress response and maturity in an otariid; the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | chronic stress can have detrimental effects on an individual's health and reproductive success. the use of cortisol quantification as an indicator of stress in free-ranging cetaceans and phocids is increasing but no studies have applied this technique on blubber in otariids. we measured cortisol concentrations in blubber samples obtained from california sea lions, zalophus californianus, stranded in san diego county and those incidentally killed in the california drift gillnet fishery. we also m ... | 2017 | 28690049 |
| anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and congenital bicuspid aortic valve in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | a 27-year-old captive female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) died suddenly. necropsy findings showed severe hemopericardium, the right coronary artery arose from the sinus of the pulmonary trunk, and the aortic valve was composed of two semilunar cusps. coronary artery branches emerging from the epicardium were dilated and tortuous. pampiniform vascular plexus formation existed along the adventitia from the coronal sulcus to the pulmonary trunk. this is the first report of multiple ... | 2017 | 28781293 |
| changes in mucosal and serum immunoglobulin levels of california sea lions during early development. | to date, most studies on pinniped immunoglobulins have focused on circulating antibodies. however, systemic and local immune activities differ in terms of maturation, intensity, and types of effectors that participate. here, we examined levels of three immunoglobulin isotypes, igg, igm and iga, in the blood and mucosal membranes of free-living california sea lion pups. we investigated whether age, body condition and sex influenced their concentration. isotype levels varied among tissues, with ag ... | 2017 | 28811240 |
| post-mortem dti reveals altered hippocampal connectivity in wild sea lions diagnosed with chronic toxicosis from algal exposure. | hundreds of wild california sea lions (zalophus californianus) exposed to the algal neurotoxin domoic acid are treated in veterinary rehabilitation centers each year. common chronic effects of toxic exposure in these animals are seizures and hippocampal damage, and they have been proposed as a natural animal model for human epilepsy. humans with medial temporal lobe epilepsy present with white matter pathology in a number of tracts including the fornix and increased structural connectivity betwe ... | 2017 | 28875534 |
| characterisation of north american brucella isolates from marine mammals. | extension of known ecological niches of brucella has included the description of two novel species from marine mammals. brucella pinnipedialis is associated predominantly with seals, while two major brucella ceti clades, most commonly associated with porpoises or dolphins respectively, have been identified. to date there has been limited characterisation of brucella isolates obtained from marine mammals outside northern european waters, including north american waters. to address this gap, and e ... | 2017 | 28934239 |
| no evidence for clonal transmission of urogenital carcinoma in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | urogenital carcinoma is a highly metastatic cancer affecting california sea lions (zalophus californianus). the disease has high prevalence amongst stranded animals, and is one of the most commonly observed cancers in wildlife. the genital localisation of primary tumours suggests the possibility that coital transmission of an infectious agent could underlie this disease. otarine herpesvirus type 1 has been associated with lesions, however a causative role for this virus has not been confirmed. w ... | 2017 | 28948233 |
| what california sea lions exposed to domoic acid might teach us about autism: lessons for predictive and preventive medicine. | autism spectrum disorder (asd) shares many biological and behavioral similarities with the deleterious effects of domoic acid (da) exposure. da is produced by marine algae and most commonly by species ofpseudo-nitzschia. humans and marine mammals can be exposed to da when they consume whole fish or shellfish. the mammalian fetus is highly sensitive to the deleterious effects of da exposure. both asd and exposures to toxic levels of da feature repetitive behaviors, challenges with social interact ... | 2017 | 29021833 |
| anterior vena caval oxygen profiles in a deep-diving california sea lion: arteriovenous shunts, a central venous oxygen store and oxygenation during lung collapse. | deep-diving california sea lions (zalophus californianus) can maintain arterial hemoglobin saturation (so2 ) above 90% despite lung collapse (lack of gas exchange) and extremely low posterior vena caval so2 in the middle of the dive. we investigated anterior vena caval po2 and so2 during dives of an adult female sea lion to investigate two hypotheses: (1) posterior vena caval so2 is not representative of the entire venous oxygen store and (2) a well-oxygenated (arterialized) central venous ox ... | 2018 | 29084854 |
| mhc class ii drb diversity predicts antigen recognition and is associated with disease severity in california sea lions naturally infected with leptospira interrogans. | we examined the associations between california sea lion mhc class ii drb (zaca-drb) configuration and diversity, and leptospirosis. as zaca-drb gene sequences are involved with antigen presentation of bacteria and other extracellular pathogens, we predicted that they would play a role in determining responses to these pathogenic spirochaetes. specifically, we investigated whether zaca-drb diversity (number of genes) and configuration (presence of specific genes) explained differences in disease ... | 2018 | 29183820 |
| prevalence of urogenital carcinoma in stranded california sea lions ( zalophus californianus) from 2005-15. | urogenital carcinoma is common in wild california sea lions ( zalophus californianus) along the west coast of the us. from 1979 to 1994, this cancer was observed in 18% (66/370) of necropsied subadult and adult sea lions at the marine mammal center in sausalito, california. a retrospective review of records from 1 january 2005 to 31 december 2015 was performed to characterize prevalence and characteristics of cancer over this decade. fourteen percent (263/1917) of necropsied sea lions had cancer ... | 2018 | 29498901 |
| neisseria zalophi sp. nov., isolated from oral cavity of california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | three independent strains of neisseria sp. were isolated from the oral cavity of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) that were admitted to the marine mammal center facilities in california, usa. the strains were isolated from oral swabs by cultivation on trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood under aerobic conditions. the 16s rrna gene sequence of these three strains shared 99% similarity, but demonstrated only 97-98% nucleotide similarity to the phylogenetically closest relatives suc ... | 2018 | 29508031 |
| ecotoxicoparasitology of the gastrointestinal tracts of pinnipeds: the effect of parasites on the potential bioavailability of total mercury (thg). | acanthocephalans, cestodes, and some species of nematodes acquire nutrients from the lumen contents in the gastrointestinal (gi) tract of their definitive host. these parasites are exposed to toxicants, such as mercury (hg), through passive or active feeding mechanisms; therefore, the focus of this study was to determine if there is an effect of parasites on the dietary availability of total mercury (thg) within piscivorous pinniped hosts. thg concentrations ([thg]) in selected host tissues, par ... | 2018 | 29524898 |
| characterizing habitat suitability for a central-place forager in a dynamic marine environment. | characterizing habitat suitability for a marine predator requires an understanding of the environmental heterogeneity and variability over the range in which a population moves during a particular life cycle. female california sea lions (zalophus californianus) are central-place foragers and are particularly constrained while provisioning their young. during this time, habitat selection is a function of prey availability and proximity to the rookery, which has important implications for reproduc ... | 2018 | 29531695 |
| cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma associated with zalophus californianus papillomavirus 1 in a california sea lion. | papillomaviruses (pvs) are found in many species and infect epithelial cells at both mucosal and cutaneous sites. pvs are generally species-specific and cause benign epithelial proliferations, often forming papillomas or plaques. rarely, these infections can persist, allowing progression to in situ and invasive cancers. we describe herein a case of multiple cutaneous pigmented plaques from a california sea lion ( zalophus californianus) that progressed to in situ and invasive squamous cell carci ... | 2018 | 29629648 |
| visitor effects on a zoo population of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and harbor seals (phoca vitulina). | the effects of visitor presence on zoo and aquarium animals have become increasingly well studied, using measures such as behavioral responses and exhibit usage. many taxa remain underrepresented in this literature; this is the case for marine mammals, despite widespread public concern for their welfare in managed care settings. the current study therefore used behavioral activity budgets and exhibit usage to assess the responses of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and harbor seals ... | 2018 | 29671895 |
| vasculitis and thrombosis due to the sea lion lungworm, parafilaroides decorus, in a guadalupe fur seal ( arctocephalus philippii townsendi). | a free-ranging, male, yearling guadalupe fur seal ( arctocephalus philippii townsendi) died due to multifocal verminous vasculitis with thrombosis and several embolic infarcts in liver, kidney, and brain. nematodes extracted from lung blood vessels were identified as parafilaroides decorus, a parasite normally found in alveoli of california sea lions ( zalophus californianus). | 2018 | 29715062 |
| the energetic consequences of behavioral variation in a marine carnivore. | intraspecific variability in foraging behavior has been documented across a range of taxonomic groups, yet the energetic consequences of this variation are not well understood for many species. understanding the effect of behavioral variation on energy expenditure and acquisition is particularly crucial for mammalian carnivores because they have high energy requirements that place considerable pressure on prey populations. to determine the influence of behavior on energy expenditure and balance, ... | 2018 | 29721302 |