Publications

a reanalysis of the south african australopithecine natural endocasts.	sulcal patterns of six previously available south african australopithecine natural endocasts are reexamined and compared to sulcal patterns of 17 human, 12 gorilla and six chimpanzee brains. in addition, a seventh natural endocast, from sts 58, is described for the first time and compared to an artificial endocast from the same specimen. using the taung endocast as a focal point, it is shown that sulcal patterns reproduced on natural endocasts of australopithecines appear to be pongid-like rath ...	1980	7468789
divergence time and population size in the lineage leading to modern humans.	we have developed maximum likelihood (ml) methods for comparisons of nucleotide sequences from unlinked genomic regions. in the case of a single species, the ml method primarily estimates the effective population size (ne) under both constant size and abrupt expansion conditions. in the case of two or three species, the ml method simultaneously estimates the species divergence time and the effective size of ancestral populations. this allows us to trace the evolutionary history of the human popu ...	1995	7482371
mobilization of an erv9 human endogenous retroviral element during primate evolution.	erv9 is a low repeated family of human endogenous retroviral elements, which has close to 50 members, in addition to at least 4000 solitary ltrs. previous work has shown that randomly selected ltrs can promote transcription of reporter genes, raising the possibility that these sequences may affect the expression of adjacent cellular genes. we report here the structural organization in different primate species of a zinc-finger coding gene whose expression is driven in humans by a solitary erv9-l ...	1995	7483274
effects of body size and social context on the arboreal activities of lowland gorillas in the central african republic.	the objectives of this 27 month study were to document the positional behaviors used by lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the central african republic and to compare the effects of body size dimorphism on the use of arboreal substrates. during this study, despite their great size, all gorillas used trees regularly. predictions concerning the relationship of body size to arboreal behavior were generally upheld. small branch and suspensory activities were rare for silverbacks. females ...	1995	7485438
galanin immunoreactivity within the primate basal forebrain: evolutionary change between monkeys and apes.	galanin immunoreactivity (gal-ir) is differentially expressed within the basal forebrain of monkeys and humans. most monkey magnocellular basal forebrain neurons colocalize gal-ir. in contrast, virtually no human magnocellular basal forebrain neurons express gal-ir. rather, an extrinsic galaninergic fiber plexus innervates these neurons in humans. the present study examined the expression of gal-ir within the basal forebrain of apes to establish the phylogenetic level at which this transformatio ...	1993	7504703
the hla-b73 antigen has a most unusual structure that defines a second lineage of hla-b alleles.	the nucleotide sequence of cdna encoding the hla-b73 antigen was determined; it is unusually divergent, differing from other hla-b alleles by 44-77 nucleotide substitutions. features that distinguish the b7301 heavy chain from other hla-b heavy chains include multiple substitutions in the alpha 3 domain and a duplication-deletion within the transmembrane region that increases the length of b7301 compared to other hla-b heavy chains. the duplication-deletion is shared with subsets of b alleles ...	1994	7524186
c4 gene polymorphism in primates: evolution, generation, and chido and rodgers antigenicity.	eleven new c4d genomic primate sequences of the fourth complement factor (c4) have been obtained. seven of them belong to five species not yet explored for this gene: pan paniscus (pygmy chimpanzee), cercopithecus aethiops (green monkey), macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey), macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus), and saguinus oedipus (cotton top tamarin). the new world monkeys (tamarins, four individuals) sequenced for c4 have a single c4d sequence only, which shows a b isotypic specificity and a rodgers ...	1994	7525470
recent african origin of modern humans revealed by complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial dnas.	we analyzed the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequences of three humans (african, european, and japanese), three african apes (common and pygmy chimpanzees, and gorilla), and one orangutan in an attempt to estimate most accurately the substitution rates and divergence times of hominoid mtdnas. nonsynonymous substitutions and substitutions in rna genes have accumulated with an approximately clock-like regularity. from these substitutions and under the assumption that the orangutan and africa ...	1995	7530363
structural analysis of the rh-like blood group gene products in nonhuman primates.	rh-related transcripts present in bone marrow samples from several species of nonhuman primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, gibbon, crab-eating macaque) have been amplified by rt-polymerase chain reaction using primers deduced from the sequence of human rh genes. nucleotide sequence analysis of the nonhuman transcripts revealed a high degree of similarity to human blood group rh sequences, suggesting a great conservation of the rh genes throughout evolution. full-length transcripts, potentially encodi ...	1995	7536710
the presence of prostate-specific antigen-related genes in primates and the expression of recombinant human prostate-specific antigen in a transfected murine cell line.	human prostate-specific antigen (psa) has been shown as an aid in the early detection of prostate cancer (w. j. catalona et al., j. am. med. assoc., 270: 948-954, 1993) and was approved in 1994 by the food and drug administration for early detection of prostate cancer. immunotherapies directed against psa have been suggested in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. one of the essential questions is to define which nonhuman species express psa for experimental studies. using southern blot ana ...	1995	7538903
nuclear counterparts of the cytoplasmic mitochondrial 12s rrna gene: a problem of ancient dna and molecular phylogenies.	monkey mummy bones and teeth originating from the north saqqara baboon galleries (egypt), soft tissue from a mummified baboon in a museum collection, and nineteenth/twentieth-century skin fragments from mangabeys were used for dna extraction and pcr amplification of part of the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene. sequences aligning with the 12s rrna gene were recovered but were only distantly related to contemporary monkey mitochondrial 12s rrna sequences. however, many of these sequences were identica ...	1995	7543951
a common mutation in the hominoid class i a-locus ifn-responsive element results in the loss of enhancer activity.	despite the observed coordinate expression of hla-a and -b antigens in somatic tissues, there is growing evidence that the a and b class i genes are differentially regulated at the transcriptional level. previous studies indicate that this may be related to locus-specific structural differences in certain enhancer elements. we have recently examined the 5' proximal regulatory regions of the a and b homologs in the higher non-human primates and found pronounced differences between the loci. seque ...	1995	7547711
the chimpanzee alpha-fetoprotein-encoding gene shows structural similarity to that of gorilla but distinct differences from that of human.	the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) alpha-fetoprotein (afp)-encoding gene (afp) spans 18,867 bp from the transcription start point to the polyadenylation site, and the nucleotide (nt) sequence reveals that the gene is composed of 15 exons, which are symmetrically placed within three domains of afp. in addition, we report 3121 bp of 5'-flanking sequence and 4886 bp of 3'-flanking sequence. the entire 26,874 bp of contiguous dna reported here was determined from three overlapping lambda phage clones. ...	1995	7557431
gorilla and orangutan c-myc nucleotide sequences: inference on hominoid phylogeny.	the nucleotide sequences of the gorilla and orangutan myc loci have been determined by the dideoxy nucleotide method. as previously observed in the human and chimpanzee sequences, an open reading frame (orf) of 188 codons overlapping exon 1 could be deduced from the gorilla sequence. however, no such orf appeared in the orangutan sequence. the two sequences were aligned with those of human and chimpanzee as hominoids and of gibbon and marmoset as outgroups of hominoids. the branching order in th ...	1995	7563112
presence and abundance of cenp-b box sequences in great ape subsets of primate-specific alpha-satellite dna.	cenp-b, a highly conserved centromere-associated protein, binds to alpha-satellite dna, the centromeric satellite of primate chromosomes, at a 17-bp sequence, the cenp-b box. by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with an oligomer specific for the cenp-b box sequence, we have demonstrated the abundance of cenp-b boxes on all chromosomes (except the y) of humans, chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. this sequence motif was not detected in the genomes of other primates, incl ...	1995	7563136
evolution of the cryptic fmr1 cgg repeat.	we have sequenced the 5' untranslated region of the orthologous fmr1 gene from 44 species of mammals. the cgg repeat is present in each species, suggesting conservation of the repeat over 150 million years of mammalian radiation. most mammals possess small contiguous repeats (mean number of repeats = 8.0 +/- 0.8), but in primates, the repeats are larger (mean = 20.0 +/- 2.3) and more highly interrupted. parsimony analysis predicts that enlargement of the fmr1 cgg repeat beyond 20 triplets has oc ...	1995	7581454
comparative mapping of yrrm- and tspy-related cosmids in man and hominoid apes.	using chromosomal in situ hybridization it has been demonstrated that specific members of the yrrm and the tspy families are multicopy and y chromosome specific in hominoids. after hybridization with the yrrm-related cosmid a5f and the tspy-related cosmids cos36 and cy91, a reverse and complementary pattern of main and secondary signals is detected on the y chromosomes of the human, the pygmy chimpanzee and the gorilla, while the location of signals coincides on the y chromosomes of the chimpanz ...	1995	7606360
evolution of a repeat sequence in the parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene in primates.	a polymorphism of the variable number of tandem repeat (vntr) type is located 97 bp downstream of exon vi of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide (pthrp) gene in humans. the repeat unit has the general sequence g(ta)nc, where n equals 4-11. in order to characterize the evolutionary history of this vntr, we initially tested for its presence in 13 different species representing four main groups of living primates. the sequence is present in the human, great apes, and old world monkeys, but not ...	1995	7647463
the nerve supply to coracobrachialis in apes.	the origin of the nerve supply to coracobrachialis from the brachial plexus in apes was investigated in 4 arms from 4 chimpanzees, both arms of a gorilla and 4 arms from 4 gibbons. the general architecture of the brachial plexus was the same as in the human. in the apes examined, the nerves supplying this muscle could be classified into 2 groups: (1) distal branches arising from the musculocutaneous nerve, and (2) proximal branches arising in the region of the lateral cord. on the basis of their ...	1995	7649839
conservation of the down syndrome critical region in humans and great apes.	a quarter century ago, a chimpanzee with trisomy 22 was reported to have the clinical manifestation of down syndrome. the features of down syndrome in human have been associated with chromosome 21 band q22.3. the recent availability of chromosome and loci specific probes has prompted us to utilize the human cosmid probe (d21s65) for the trisomy 21 region in the chromosomes of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmeus). interestingly, the hybridizati ...	1995	7665094
the genomic sequence for prader-willi/angelman syndromes' loci of human is apparently conserved in the great apes.	chromosomal changes through pericentric inversions play an important role in the origin of species. certain pericentric inversions are too minute to be detected cytogenetically, thus hindering the complete reconstruction of hominoid phylogeny. the advent of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) technique has facilitated the identification of many chromosomal segments, even at the single gene level. therefore the cosmid probe for prader-willi (pws)/angelman syndrome to the loci on human c ...	1995	7666455
increased heterogeneity of tyrosine hydroxylase in humans.	humans produce four different forms of tyrosine hydroxylase (th) mrna via alternative splicing of the gene. here we demonstrate that new- and old-world monkeys and the gorilla produce only two of the th isoforms. comparison among the genomic dna sequences of various primates revealed that mutations that had accumulated in the genomic dna created a new exon, resulting in the appearance of two new th isoforms in man. these findings offer new insight into the sequence of events leading to the evolu ...	1993	7689834
quantitative study of chimpanzee and gorilla counterparts of the human d antigen.	the reactivities of three human anti-d monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with human, chimpanzee, and gorilla red blood cells (rbcs) were compared by quantitative radioimmunology and indirect immunofluorescence methods. the number of antigenic sites varies widely in gorillas (from 48,000-283,000), while in chimpanzees this number is very close to that observed in human r1r2 rbcs. the affinity of the anti-d antibodies was slightly lower with ape rbcs than with d-positive human rbcs. in chimpanzee, the ...	1993	7692054
identification of human skeletal muscle from a tissue fragment by detection of human myoglobin using a double-sandwich elisa.	a method for identifying human skeletal muscle by detection of human myoglobin using a double-sandwich elisa was developed. when an extract was prepared from 0.1 g skeletal muscle homogenized with 10 ml pbs, this method was able to detect human myoglobin in extracts diluted 10(4)-fold. there was no difference in the detection limit between individuals or sites of origin of skeletal muscles. species specificity was good and no cross reaction occurred with skeletal muscle from other animals except ...	1995	7713460
conservation of sequences between human and gorilla lineages: adp-ribosyltransferase (nad+) pseudogene 1 and neighboring retroposons.	the evolution of adp-ribosyltransferase (nad+) pseudogene 1 (adprtp1) was studied among higher primates. when the human pseudogene was used to probe genomic dna from chimpanzee, gorilla, macaque, howler monkey and lemur, a fragment from gorilla produced the most intense hybridization signal. the resultant hybridization pattern indicated a modified pseudogene structure in these primates relative to the human and gorilla loci. sequence comparison of this new dna locus (adprtp1 and surrounding retr ...	1995	7721098
human (homo sapiens) and chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) share similar ancestral centromeric alpha satellite dna sequences but other fractions of heterochromatin differ considerably.	the euchromatic regions of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) genome share approximately 98% sequence similarity with the human (homo sapiens), while the heterochromatic regions display considerable divergence. positive heterochromatic regions revealed by the cbg-technique are confined to pericentromeric areas in humans, while in chimpanzees, these regions are pericentromeric, telomeric, and intercalary. when human chromosomes are digested with restriction endonuclease alui and stained by giemsa (alui ...	1995	7726296
intestinal parasites of sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in the lopé reserve, gabon.	a coprological survey of intestinal parasites of wild chimpanzees (pan t. troglodytes) and western lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) was carried out in the lopé reserve in central gabon. most samples (69%) were positive but the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the 61 gorilla samples (84%) was higher than in the 66 chimpanzee samples (56%). at least 11 species of parasite were observed: six protozoan, one trematode and at least four nematodes. six of the species were found in gorillas an ...	1995	7741597
the immunoglobulin kappa locus of primates.	the immunoglobulin kappa genes of nonhuman primates were studied by using sequence information and hybridization probes derived from the human kappa gene regions. the following results were obtained: (1) v kappa gene probes of the three major human kappa subgroups hybridized to restriction nuclease digests of dna from the chimpanzees pan troglodytes (ptr) and pan paniscus (ppa), the gorilla gorilla gorilla (ggo), the orangutan pongo pygmaeus (ppy), the macaque macaca mulatta (mmu), the marmoset ...	1995	7759095
analysis of gc-rich repetitive nucleotide sequences in great apes.	the genomes of four primate species, belonging to the families pongidae (chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan) and hylobatidae (gibbons), have been analyzed for the presence and organization of two human gc-rich heterochromatic repetitive sequences: beta satellite (beta sat) and longsau (lsau) repeats. by southern blot hybridization and pcr, both families of repeats were detected in all the analyzed species, thus indicating their origin in an ape ancestor. in the chimpanzee and gorilla, as in man, ...	1995	7769618
relative size and evolution of the germline repertoire of t-cell receptor beta-chain gene segments in nonhuman primates.	the mammalian t-cell receptor (tcr) gene complexes exist as multiple tandemly arrayed gene segments that have apparently arisen by gene duplication mechanisms. a study of the number of tcr germline gene segments in several primate species might provide insight into the relative rate and patterns of gene duplication and deletion within these gene complexes. dna probes from the tcr beta-chain variable (tcrbv) region gene segment subfamilies 1 through 25 and the constant region gene segment were se ...	1995	7774912
identification of abo alleles on forensic-type specimens using rapid-abo genotyping.	historically, forensic and clinical laboratories utilize serological techniques to identify abo blood types. these techniques rely on the detection of abo-associated proteins and are sensitive with very accurate results. this laboratory has simplified the identification of abo types by taking advantage of previously reported abo dna sequence differences. the rapid-abo technique involves a two-step process: (i) amplification of dna samples using primer sets specific for the abo alleles and (ii) e ...	1995	7779399
comparative mapping of dna probes derived from the v kappa immunoglobulin gene regions on human and great ape chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization.	fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) of cosmid clones of human v kappa gene regions to human and primate chromosomes contributed to the dating of chromosome reorganizations in evolution. a clone from the kappa locus at 2p11-p12 (cos 106) hybridized to the assumed homologous chromosome bands in the chimpanzees pan troglodytes (ptr) and p. paniscus (ppa), the gorilla gorilla (ggo), and the orangutan pongo pygmaeus (ppy). human and both chimpanzees differed from gorilla and orangutan by the ma ...	1995	7782075
comparative mapping of human alphoid sequences in great apes using fluorescence in situ hybridization.	twenty-seven human alphoid dna probes have been hybridized in situ to metaphase spreads of the common chimpanzee (ptr), the pigmy chimpanzee (ppa), and the gorilla (ggo) to investigate the evolutionary relationship between the centromeric regions of the great ape chromosomes. the surprising results showed that the vast majority of the probes did not recognize their corresponding homologous chromosomes. alphoid sequences belonging to the suprachromosomal family 1 (chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 1 ...	1995	7789981
construction of molecular evolutionary phylogenetic trees from dna sequences based on minimum complexity principle.	ever since the discovery of a molecular clock, many methods have been developed to reconstruct the molecular evolutionary phylogenetic trees. in this paper, we deal with the problem from the viewpoint of an inductive inference and apply rissanen's minimum description length principle to extract the minimum complexity phylogenetic tree. our method describes the complexity of the molecular phylogenetic tree by three terms which are related to the tree topology, the sum of the branch lengths and th ...	1995	7796581
complement component c4 gene intron 9 as a phylogenetic marker for primates: long terminal repeats of the endogenous retrovirus erv-k(c4) are a molecular clock of evolution.	the complement component c4 genes of old world primates exhibit a long/short dichotomous size variation, except that chimpanzee and gorilla only contain short c4 genes. in human it has been shown that the long c4 gene is attributed to the integration of an endogenous retrovirus, herv-k(c4), into intron 9. this 6.36 kilobase retroviral element is absent in short c4 genes. here it is shown that the homologous endogenous retrovirus, erv-k(c4), is present precisely at the same position in the long c ...	1995	7797267
gene conversion as a secondary mechanism of short interspersed element (sine) evolution.	the alu repetitive family of short interspersed elements (sines) in primates can be subdivided into distinct subfamilies by specific diagnostic nucleotide changes. the older subfamilies are generally very abundant, while the younger subfamilies have fewer copies. some of the youngest alu elements are absent in the orthologous loci of nonhuman primates, indicative of recent retroposition events, the primary mode of sine evolution. pcr analysis of one young alu subfamily (sb2) member found in the ...	1995	7799926
a polymerase chain reaction-based method for the identification of dna samples from common vertebrate species.	polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of vertebrate genomic dnas using a (cac)n primer was found to generate species-specific patterns which are resolvable by agarose gel electrophoresis. of the thirteen species tested (trout, frog, chicken, mouse, rat, cow, dog, african green monkey, chimpanzee, orangutan, gorilla, rhesus macaque, and human), all species showed discrete amplification products ranging in size from 1.0 to 3.2 kbp although trout and frogs had only weak (cac)n amplification ...	1994	7813391
evolution of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 peroxisomal and mitochondrial targeting. a survey of its subcellular distribution in the livers of various representatives of the classes mammalia, aves and amphibia.	as part of a wider study on the molecular evolution of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (agt1) intracellular compartmentalization, we have determined the subcellular distribution of immunoreactive agt1, using postembedding protein a-gold immunoelectron microscopy, in the livers of various members of the classes mammalia, aves, and amphibia. as far as organellar distribution is concerned, three categories could be distinguished. in members of the first category (type i), all, or nearly all, ...	1994	7813517
the sesamoid bone of musculus abductor pollicis longus (os radiale externum or prepollex) in primates.	the sesamoid bone of the musculus abductor pollicis longus has been investigated in a series of 276 nonhuman primates representative of 37 genera, and in a series of 300 radiographs of human subjects. the presence of this ossicle in primates is a primitive characteristic. it is present in all nonhuman primates, and is generally articulated with both the scaphoid and trapezium. modifications of the general mammalian pattern exist only in gorilla gorilla, where the sesamoid bone is observed in abo ...	1994	7817720
cloning and comparative mapping of recently evolved human chromosome 22-specific alpha satellite dna.	we have isolated and characterized a new alphoid probe, named p190.22. its chromosomal location was investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization. under high stringency conditions p190.22 recognizes specifically the centromere of chromosome 22. a chromosome 22-specific alphoid subset has been previously reported in the literature (p22/1:2.1). the partial sequence and the genomic organization comparison strongly suggests that they recognize distinct subsets both specific for chromosome 22 ...	1994	7825067
phylogenetic relationships among homo sapiens and related species based on restriction site variations in rdna spacers.	a rapid method, using 12 restriction enzymes, was employed to analyze variations in ribosomal dna (rdna) spacers in a study of phylogenetic relationships between homo sapiens and related species. we mapped restriction sites in the external and internal spacer regions and compared the arrangements of sites. the estimated sequence divergence between homo sapiens and pan troglodytes, pan paniscus, gorilla gorilla, pongo pygmaeus, hylobates lar, h. agilis, and macaca fuscata was 2.7, 2.3, 3.8, 7.3, ...	1994	7826313
concerted evolution of the tandem array encoding primate u2 snrna occurs in situ, without changing the cytological context of the rnu2 locus.	in primates, the tandemly repeated genes encoding u2 small nuclear rna evolve concertedly, i.e. the sequence of the u2 repeat unit is essentially homogeneous within each species but differs somewhat between species. using chromosome painting and the ngfr gene as an outside marker, we show that the u2 tandem array (rnu2) has remained at the same chromosomal locus (equivalent to human 17q21) through multiple speciation events over > 35 million years leading to the old world monkey and hominoid lin ...	1995	7828589
variability of dopamine d4 receptor (drd4) gene sequence within and among nonhuman primate species.	the dopamine d4 receptor is one of five receptors known to function in mammalian dopaminergic pathways. the dna sequence of the human dopamine d4 receptor gene (drd4) has previously been investigated in several populations and found to be highly polymorphic at both the dna and amino acid levels, exhibiting at least 25 alleles. this variation results from differences in the number and dna sequence of a 48-bp (16-amino acid) repeat unit in the coding region of drd4. in the present study, drd4 dna ...	1995	7831304
new species-specific alleles at the primate mhc-g locus.	six different ape mhc-g dna sequences (four in humans: hla-g01011, hla-gii, hla-g0103, and hla-giv; one in chimpanzees: patr-gi; and one in gorillas: gogo-g1) have been obtained. only synonymous or conservative ("thr"-to-"ser") substitutions are allowed between the four human alleles. one allele of mhc-g exon-2 sequences has been found both in gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). the patr-g*i dna sequence shows two nonsynonymous substitutions when compared with the h ...	1994	7836065
a young alu subfamily amplified independently in human and african great apes lineages.	a variety of alu subfamilies amplified in primate genomes at different evolutionary time periods. alu sb2 belongs to a group of young subfamilies with a characteristic two-nucleotide deletion at positions 65/66. it consists of repeats having a 7-nucleotide duplication of a sequence segment involving positions 246 through 252. the presence of sb2 inserts was examined in five genomic loci in 120 human dna samples as well as in dnas of higher primates. the lack of the insertional polymorphism seen ...	1994	7838713
polymorphic tandem repeats in dopamine d4 receptor are spread over primate species.	the human dopamine d4 receptor has polymorphic tandem repeats in the third cytoplasmic loop. however, these repeats are not present in the rat counterpart. to determine whether the tandem repeats are specific to humans or not, we analyzed genomic dna sequences for the d4 receptor of six primate species (human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, macaque, marmoset). sequencing data revealed that all primates have the 48-bp tandem repeats in the d4 receptor gene. this finding suggests that these repea ...	1995	7857303
a comparative study of higher primate foamy viruses, including a new virus from a gorilla.	few foamy (spuma) retroviruses have been investigated in molecular detail, despite their previous isolation from several mamalian species, including ten neutralization serotypes from various primates. here, we have studied a new gorilla foamy virus (sfv-gg) and investigated its functional and phylogenetic relationship to the human (hfv) and other primate foamy viruses, including that recently described in orangutans (sfv-11). nucleotide sequencing of pcr products obtained from the r/u5 region of ...	1995	7871729
length polymorphism of a microsatellite in human and non human primates.	microsatellites are tandem repeats of short sequences elements (most often ca repeats) interspersed in many genomes and which frequently show multiallele polymorphism. they have proved invaluable for genomic mapping in man and other species and may be used for evolutionary studies provided that the available primers can be used in different species. the dystrophin gene, which shows high sequence conservation between man, rodents and chicken contains such polymorphic ca repeats. using the oligonu ...	1994	7882159
two gene duplication events in the human and primate dopamine d5 receptor gene family.	the human dopamine d5 receptor (drd5) gene family consists of the drd5-encoding gene (drd5) and the pseudogenes psi drd5-1 and psi drd5-2. analysis of the 5' utr of drd5 and homologous regions in the pseudogenes revealed that the nucleotide identity (approx. 95%) extended for 1.9 kb and terminated at a monomeric alu sequence in each of the pseudogenes. the presence of alu sequences in the pseudogenes, at this point of divergence with drd5, suggests that alu sequences were involved in the evoluti ...	1995	7890157
alu elements of the primate major histocompatibility complex.	the chromosomal region constituting the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) has undergone complex evolution that is often difficult to decipher. an important aid in the elucidation of the mhc evolution is the presence of alu elements (repeats) which serve as markers for tracing chromosomal rearrangements. as the first step toward the establishment of sets of evolutionary markers for the mhc, alu elements present in selected mhc haplotypes of the human species, the gorilla, and the chimpanzee ...	1994	7919653
a new retrotransposable human l1 element from the lre2 locus on chromosome 1q produces a chimaeric insertion.	we have found a 2 kilobase insertion containing a rearranged l1 element in the dystrophin gene of a muscular dystrophy patient. we cloned the precursor of this insertion, the second known active human l1 element. the locus, lre2, has one allele derived from the patient which matches the insertion sequence exactly. lre2 has a perfect 13-15 bp target site duplication, two open reading frames, and an unusual 21 bp truncation of the 5' end, suggesting that a slightly truncated element can still retr ...	1994	7920631
reactivity of primate sera to foamy virus gag and bet proteins.	in order to establish criteria for the serodiagnosis of foamy virus infections we investigated the extent to which sera from infected individuals of human and primate origin react with structural and non-structural virus proteins in immunoblot assays. using lysates from infected cells as the source of virus antigen, antibodies were preferentially detected against the gag proteins and the non-structural bet protein. both the gag precursor molecules of 70 and 74k apparent m(r) and the cytoplasmic ...	1994	7931149
patterns of dental development in homo, australopithecus, pan, and gorilla.	smith ([1986] nature 323:327-330) distinguished patterns of development of teeth of juvenile fossil hominids as being "more like humans" or "more like apes" based on statistical similarity to group standards. here, this central tendency discrimination (ctd) is tested for its ability to recognize ape and human patterns of dental development in 789 subadult hominoids. tooth development of a modern human sample (665 black southern africans) was scored entirely by an outside investigator; pongid and ...	1994	7943188
primate relaxin: synthesis of gorilla and rhesus monkey relaxins.	the synthesis of the hormone relaxin from the species gorilla gorilla (gorilla) and macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) has been achieved. each of the two chains which constitute the peptide structures was assembled separately, the a-chains (24 amino acids) by the boc-polystyrene solid-phase procedure and the b-chains (29 and 28 amino acids) by the fmoc-polyamide (gorilla) and the boc-polystyrene (rhesus monkey) solid-phase methods. after cleavage from the solid supports, the separate chains were pur ...	1994	7945794
sequence divergence, polymorphism and evolution of the middle-wave and long-wave visual pigment genes of great apes and old world monkeys.	in man, the spectral shift between the middle-wave (mw) and long-wave (lw) visual pigments is largely achieved by amino acid substitution at two codons, both located in exon 5. a third amino acid site coded by exon 3 is polymorphic between pigments. we have studied the equivalent regions of the cone opsin genes in two members of the hominidea (the gorilla, gorilla gorilla and the chimpanzee, pan troglodytes) and in three members of the cercopithecoidea family of old world primates (the diana mon ...	1994	7975287
the origin of human chromosome 2 analyzed by comparative chromosome mapping with a dna microlibrary.	fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) of microlibraries established from distinct chromosome subregions can test the evolutionary conservation of chromosome bands as well as chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during primate evolution and will help to clarify phylogenetic relationships. we used a dna library established by microdissection and microcloning from the entire long arm of human chromosome 2 for fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative mapping of the chromosomes of h ...	1994	7981945
expression and chromosomal mapping of the gene encoding the human histone h1.1.	the expression of a human histone h1 isoform (h1.1) was studied in several human tissues. northern blot analysis has revealed that this gene is expressed in testis and thymus, but not in other human tissues. in this report, we demonstrate that the expression of the histone h1.1 gene in human testis is restricted to early round spermatids that belong to the fraction of postmeiotic sperm cells. transcripts hybridizing with the human h1.1 gene could not be detected in testis of mouse, rat, bull or ...	1994	7989039
infectious amyloid precursor gene sequences in primates used for experimental transmission of human spongiform encephalopathy.	based on the analysis of genomic dna from single healthy animals of each of five primate species, nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the infectious amyloid precursor gene of higher apes (gorilla and pan) and old world (macaca) and new world (ateles, saimiri) monkeys showed 95-99% homology to the human sequences, corresponding to their phylogenetic distance from humans. two of 18 amino acids that differed from humans resulted from nucleotide changes at sites of mutations in humans w ...	1994	7991600
estimating errors and confidence intervals for branch lengths in phylogenetic trees by a bootstrap approach.	a method, based on the bootstrap procedure, is proposed for the estimation of branch-length errors and confidence intervals in a phylogenetic tree for which equal rates of substitution among lineages do not necessarily hold. the method can be used to test whether an estimated internodal distance is significantly greater than zero. in the application of the method, any estimator of genetic distances, as well as any tree reconstruction procedure (based on distance matrices), can be used. also the ...	1994	8006997
gorillas' (gorilla gorilla gorilla) spatial memory in a foraging task.	the spatial memory of 2 gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) was explored in a simulated foraging task. trials consisted of 2 parts separated by a delay. in the 1st part, half of the total number of food sites were baited with a highly preferred food, and the subject was allowed to search, find, and consume these items (search phase). during the delay the same locations were again baited. after the delay the animal was reintroduced to the test enclosure and allowed to search through the sites agai ...	1994	8026161
amino acid composition of human milk is not unique.	to determine whether the amino acid pattern of human milk is unique, we compared the amino acid pattern of human milk with the amino acid patterns of the milks of great apes (chimpanzee and gorilla), lower primates (baboon and rhesus monkey) and nonprimates (cow, goat, sheep, llama, pig, horse, elephant, cat and rat). amino acid pattern was defined as the relative proportion of each amino acid (protein-bound plus free) (in mg) to the total amino acids (in g). total amino acid concentration was l ...	1994	8027865
sequence divergence of the red and green visual pigments in great apes and humans.	we have determined the coding sequences of red and green visual pigment genes of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. the deduced amino acid sequences of these pigments are highly homologous to the equivalent human pigments. none of the amino acid differences occurred at sites that were previously shown to influence pigment absorption characteristics. therefore, we predict the spectra of red and green pigments of the apes to have wavelengths of maximum absorption that differ by < 2 nm from th ...	1994	8041777
levels of the genealogical hierarchy and the problem of hominoid phylogeny.	molecular data are widely used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among species, and these phylogenies are often used as the basis for inferences about the history of evolutionary change in other nonmolecular characters. this approach is an appropriate and powerful one in many circumstances. but when several lineages diverge over a relatively short period of time, the assumption that a molecular (gene) tree will always be a valid basis for such inferences may not hold. empirical evidence ...	1994	8042707
molecular evolutionary processes and conflicting gene trees: the hominoid case.	molecular evolutionary processes modify dna over time, creating both newly derived substitutions shared by related descendant lineages (phylogenetic signal) and "false" similarities which confound phylogenetic reconstruction (homoplasy). however, some types of dna regions, for example those containing tandem duplicate repeats, are preferentially subject to homoplasy-inducing processes such as sporadically occurring concerted evolution and dna insertion/deletion. this added level of homoplasic "n ...	1994	8042708
conservation of human y chromosome sequences among male great apes: implications for the evolution of y chromosomes.	nine newly described single-copy and low-copy-number genomic dna sequences isolated from a flow-sorted human y chromosome library were mapped to regions of the human y chromosome and were hybridized to southern blots of male and female great ape genomic dnas (gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes, pongo pygmaeus). eight of the nine sequences mapped to the euchromatic y long arm (yq) in humans, and the ninth mapped to the short arm or pericentromeric region. all nine of the newly identified sequences ...	1994	8064869
investigation of the human rh blood group system in nonhuman primates and other species with serologic and southern blot analysis.	to investigate the evolution of the rh blood-group system in anthropoid apes, new and old world monkeys, and nonprimate animals, serologic typing of erythrocytes from these species with antibodies specific for the human rh blood-group antigens was performed. in addition, genomic dna from these animals was analyzed on southern blots with a human rh-specific cdna. consistent with earlier reports, serologic results showed that gorilla and chimpanzee erythrocytes had epitopes recognized by human rh ...	1994	8064876
will primate genetics split one gorilla into two?		1994	8085151
gene trees and hominoid phylogeny.	here we present a dna sequence study that incorporates intraspecific variation from all five genera of hominoids (apes and humans). recently it has been claimed that using single individuals to analyze species' relationships might be misleading if within-species variation is great. our results indicate that despite high intraspecific variation in mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene sequences of some hominoids, humans and chimpanzees are nonetheless significantly most closely related ...	1994	8090741
organization and evolution of c4 and cyp21 genes in primates: importance of genomic segments.	the evolutionary relationship between two central major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes, c4 and cyp21, was investigated by employing pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and conventional restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analyses in human and nonhuman primates. using taq i in conjunction with c4 and cyp21 probes, it has been found that there are four major types of c4 genes [defined by 7.0, 6.4, 6.0, and 5.4 kilobases (kb) taq i fragments] and two major types of cyp21 gen ...	1993	8093607
immunoglobulin gm allotypes in apes: comparison with man.	serum samples from 245 apes (184 pan troglodytes, five pan paniscus, 28 gorilla gorilla, 23 pongo pygmaeus abelei, and five pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) were tested for g1m (1,2,3,17), g2m (23), and g3m (5,6,10,11,13,14,15,16,21,24,28) immunoglobulin allotypes by the classical method of inhibition of hemagglutination. some phenotypes are species specific while a few are shared by man and african apes.	1993	8105090
phylogenetic isolation of a human alu founder gene: drift to new subfamily identity [corrected].	a severe bottleneck in the size of the pv alu subfamily in the common ancestor of human and gorilla has been used to isolate an alu source gene. the human pv alu subfamily consists of about one thousand members which are absent in gorilla and chimpanzee dna. exhaustive library screening shows that there are as few as two pv alus in the gorilla genome. one is gorilla-specific, i.e., absent in the orthologous loci in both human and chimpanzee, suggesting the independent retrotranspositional activi ...	1993	8114108
mobility of short interspersed repeats within the chimpanzee lineage.	the pv subfamily of alu repeats in human dna is largely composed of recently inserted members. here we document additional members of the pv subfamily that are found in chimpanzee but not in the orthologous loci of human and gorilla, confirming the relatively recent and independent expansion of this alu subfamily in the chimpanzee lineage. as further evidence for the youth of this alu subfamily, one pv alu repeat is specific to pan troglodytes, whereas others are present in pan paniscus as well. ...	1993	8114109
comparative study of human monoclonal anti-d antibodies of igg and igm classes in tests with red cells of nonhuman primates.	forty-nine human anti-d (rho) monoclonal antibodies of the igg and igm classes were tested with red blood cells of various nonhuman primates, from anthropoid apes to prosimians, and significant differences in reactivity were observed among antibodies of two classes depending on taxonomic position of primate animals. by and large, higher percentage of igm mabs gave positive reactions with nonhuman primate red cells and, particularly, with blood of lower monkeys: old and new worlds monkeys and pro ...	1993	8117374
a subterminal satellite located adjacent to telomeres in chimpanzees is absent from the human genome.	one of the significant unresolved differences between the karyotypes of humans and african apes is the presence of positively staining g-bands at the ends of many chromosome arms in the chimpanzee and gorilla but absent from human chromosomes. using a telomere anchored pcr strategy, we have isolated dna from a subterminal satellite, composed of a 32 basepair a-t rich repeat, from the chimpanzee genome that hybridizes to all the additional terminal bands and at two interstitial sites. the satelli ...	1994	8136835
metatarsophalangeal joint function and positional behavior in australopithecus afarensis.	recent discussions of the pedal morphology of australopithecus afarensis have led to conflicting interpretations of australopithecine locomotor behavior. we report the results of a study using computer aided design (cad) software that provides a quantitative assessment of the functional morphology of australopithecine metatarsophalangeal joints. the sample includes a. afarensis, homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus. angular measurements of the articular surfaces rel ...	1994	8141243
mechanical and spatial determinants of paranthropus facial form.	it is well documented in the anthropological literature that the distinctive morphology of the "robust" hominid facial skeleton reflects its dietary specialization. rak (1983) has provided the most comprehensive evaluation of paranthropus facial morphology and this important study concluded that bone strain generated during mastication was responsible for the scaling of measures of facial height and breadth. the present study evaluated rak's analysis by examining the relationship between bizygom ...	1994	8147440
fluctuating asymmetry in gorilla canines: a sensitive indicator of environmental stress.	populations of the western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) have decreased markedly as a result of human encroachment. the species is therefore likely to have been exposed to substantial environmental stress. fluctuating asymmetry (fa) is one measure of environmental stress. we examined the expression of fa in the canines and second premolars of the upper jaw of western lowland gorillas. the canines had patterns of fa typical of secondary sexual characters, whereas the expression of pre ...	1994	8165230
coraco-clavicular joint: normal variant in humans. a radiographic demonstration in the human and non-human primate.	the coraco-clavicular joint is a true synovial joint that may become painful in some patients after trauma. among the descriptions of this entity is the assertion that the coraco-clavicular joint is routinely seen in gorillas and gibbons. we undertook to assess the incidence of this variant among gorillas, gibbons, and other non-human primates. all available radiographs of large primates performed at the international wildlife conservation park/bronx zoo (iwcp) over the past 10 years were review ...	1994	8191295
evolutionary divergence of human chromosome 9 as revealed by the position of the abl protooncogene in higher primates.	attempts to solve the fundamental questions regarding the descent of man are dogged by superstitions and unexamined orthodoxies. the origin of humans, established a decade ago based upon cytological analysis of ape chromosomes, continues to be called into question. although molecular methods have provided a framework for tracing the paths of human evolution, conclusive evidence remains elusive. we have used a single abl gene probe derived from human chromosome 9 to assess the direction of change ...	1994	8202081
identification of conserved potential regulatory sequences of the protamine-encoding p1 genes from ten different mammals.	in order to detect regulatory conserved dna elements within the protamine 1-encoding gene (p1) promoter, we have sequenced this region from the rat, guinea pig, gorilla, orangutan, anubis baboon and red monkey p1 genes and compared it to the homologous human, bull, boar and mouse nucleotide (nt) sequences. we demonstrate the presence of a consensus sequence, hsmcytcayaat (prot1c: protamine 1 consensus), from nt position -64 to position -53 in all p1 genes whose promoter sequences are now known. ...	1993	8224908
evolution of the tyrosinase related gene (tyrl) in primates.	tyrosinase is the major enzyme responsible for the formation of melanin pigment and is found throughout the animal kingdom. in humans, the tyrosinase gene (tyr) maps to the long arm of chromosome 11 at band q14-->q21, while a tyrosinase related gene (tyrl) maps to the short arm of chromosome 11 at p11.2-->cen. we and others have found that the tyrl locus contains sequences that are similar to exons iv and v of the authentic tyrosinase gene but lacks sequences of exons i, ii, and iii. in an attem ...	1993	8234203
meningeal arterial patterns in great apes: implications for hominid vascular evolution.	arterial meningeal patterns were observed for 100 hemispheres from great ape endocasts (pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus). eight patterns emerged based on the relative contributions to the walls and dura mater of the middle part of the braincase of meningeal arteries that stem from two sources. these arteries enter the braincase through either the orbit (delivering blood from the internal carotid artery) or through the base of the middle cranial fossa (via the m ...	1993	8238293
fixation times of retroposons in the ribosomal dna spacer of human and other primates.	we have investigated the presence/absence of two types of retroposed sequences found in human ribosomal dna in equivalent positions in chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, and rhesus monkey rdna. these sequences are one pseudogene derived from the single-copy cdc27hs gene and seven complete alu elements. the 2-kb pseudogene is present in the apes but not in old world monkeys, indicating fixation in an ape ancestor. five of the alu elements are shared by the whole set of primates studied, indi ...	1993	8276415
cloning and comparative mapping of a human chromosome 4-specific alpha satellite dna sequence.	we have isolated and characterized two human alphoid dna clones: p4n1/4 and pz4.1. clone p4n1/4 identifies specifically the centromeric region of chromosome 4; pz4.1 recognizes a subset of alphoid dna shared by chromosomes 4 and 9. the specificity was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments on metaphase spreads and southern blotting analysis of human-hamster somatic cell hybrids. the genomic organization of both subsets was also investigated. comparative mapping on chimpa ...	1993	8288224
comparative high-resolution mapping of human and primate chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization.	a molecular cytogenetic approach that facilitates high-resolution comparative mapping of defined human genes in different primate species is presented. fluorescence in situ hybridization and digital imaging microscopy were used to visualize human dna probes on simultaneously banded or "painted" metaphase chromosomes of great apes (pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, pongo pygmaeus), hylobatids (hylobates lar and hylobates syndactylus), and old world monkeys (macaca fuscata and cercopithecus aethio ...	1993	8288242
evolution of protamine p1 genes in primates.	protamine p1 genes have been sequenced by pcr amplification and direct dna sequencing from 9 primates representing 5 major families, cebidae (new world monkeys), cercopithecidae (old world monkeys), hylobatidae (gibbons), pongidae (gorilla, orangutan, and chimpanzee), and hominidae (human). in this recently diverged group of primates these genes are clearly orthologous but very variable, both at the dna level and in their expressed amino acid sequences. the rate of variation amongst the protamin ...	1993	8308910
mhc-drb and -dqa1 nucleotide sequences of three lowland gorillas. implications for the evolution of primate mhc class ii haplotypes.	mhc-drb and -dqa1 second-exon and -drb 3'-untranslated-region nucleotide sequences of three lowland gorillas with no known family relationship with each other and of two hla homozygous typing cell lines were determined and compared with published primate mhc-drb and -dqa1 sequences. eleven distinct mhcgogo-drb second-exon sequences were found, which represent the gorilla counterparts of the hla-drb103, -drb110, -drb3, -drb5, and -drb6 allelic lineages. one gogo-drb second-exon sequence does no ...	1993	8340229
duplication of the cd8 beta-chain gene as a marker of the man-gorilla-chimpanzee clade.	in earlier studies we have found that the gene encoding the cd8 beta chain is duplicated in man. we demonstrate here that the duplicated genes are both located on chromosome 2. we have also studied the moment of the duplication event relative to the evolution of higher primates by using genomic dna of a panel of primates. our data strongly suggest that duplication occurred after the orangutan lineage had split and before the chimpanzee, gorilla, and man clade diverged, some 8-9.5 million years a ...	1993	8346216
the interaction of primate transferrins with receptors on bacteria pathogenic to humans.	the binding of primate transferrins by receptors in the human pathogens neisseria meningitidis, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, and haemophilus influenzae was assessed and compared with the binding of anti-human transferrin monoclonal antibodies by primate transferrins. in competitive binding assays the three pathogens showed identical specificity for primate transferrins. only human, gorilla, chimpanzee and orangutan sera were capable of blocking binding of labelled human transferrin. dire ...	1993	8366816
primate phylogeny studied by comparative determinant analysis. a preliminary report.	in this preliminary report the divergence times for the major primate groups are given, calculated from a study by comparative determinant analysis of 69 proteins (equaling 0.1% of the whole genetic information). with an origin of the primate order set at 80 million years before present, the ages of the last common ancestors (lcas) of man and the major primate groups obtained this way are as follows: pan troglodytes 5.2; gorilla gorilla 7.4; pongo pygmaeus 19.2; hylobates lar 20.3; old world mon ...	1993	8398202
characterization of the genes encoding carbonic anhydrase i of chimpanzee and gorilla: comparative analysis of 5' flanking erythroid-specific promoter sequences.	the genes encoding carbonic anhydrase i (ca i) have been characterized for chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and gorilla (gorilla gorilla). in addition, 44 nucleotides (nt) at the 5' end of the noncoding first exon (exon 1a), which is unique to the erythroid ca i mrna, together with 188 nt of the adjacent 5' flanking regions, were sequenced for the corresponding positions of the ca i of orangutan, pigtail macaque, and squirrel monkey. when these 5' flanking regions are compared, along with those publ ...	1993	8406018
prevalence of shigellosis and other enteric pathogens in a zoologic collection of primates.	an epidemiologic study of shigellosis was the preliminary step in the formulation of a plan for the control of devastating infectious diseases in nonhuman primates at the national zoological park. data were collected from primate groups with enzootic shigellosis and included the following species: white-cheeked and siamong gibbons (hylobates concolor and h syndactylies); lion-tailed, celebes, and barbary macaques (macaca silenus, m nigera, and m sylvanus); black and white colobus monkeys (colobu ...	1993	8407446
primate genes for glycophorins carrying mn blood group antigens.	glycophorin a, b, and e genes were derived from a common ancestral gene and this gene family appeared during primate evolution, probably between orangutan and gorilla divergences. based on the study of genomic structures of these human glycophorins and the genetic and immunological study of primate glycophorins, we hypothesize that chimpanzee and gorilla glycophorin b could possess a longer extracellular region and carry a stronger n blood group antigenicity compared with that of the human.	1993	8411100
glycophorin b and glycophorin e genes arose from the glycophorin a ancestral gene via two duplications during primate evolution.	human glycophorin a, b, and e genes are homologous from the 5'-flanking region to 1 kilobase downstream from the exon encoding the transmembrane region. analysis of human alu sequences at the transition site from the homologous to nonhomologous region suggested that the gpa gene most closely resembles the ancestral gene, whereas gpb and gpe genes arose by homologous recombination within the alu repetitive sequence, and acquired 3' sequences from an unrelated gene (kudo, s., and fukuda, m. (1989) ...	1993	8420995
testicle size of orang-utans in relation to body size.	few data are available for assessing the relative testicle size of orang-utans, pongo pygmaeus, so measures were obtained for 31 individuals of varying age. it was shown that the volume of the testicles, calculated from in situ measures of testicle length and breadth, closely approximates testicle weight when multiplied by the specific gravity of solid tissue. growth curves for body weight and data published for wild specimens were evaluated to obtain the weight most characteristic of male pongo ...	1993	8430755
hominoid heterochromatin: terminal c-bands as a complex genetic trait linking chimpanzee and gorilla.	the genetic relations of the apes have been the source of contention throughout the last decade. a potentially useful suite of phylogenetic characters is the distribution of darkly staining material (heterochromatin) in the chromosomes of the apes. while the precise etiology of this character suite remains unclear, it appears to be fairly easily reconciled to hominoid phylogeny in general. the distribution of heterochromatin at the tips of the chromosomes of gorillas and chimpanzees suggests a p ...	1993	8430756
an alphoid dna sequence conserved in all human and great ape chromosomes: evidence for ancient centromeric sequences at human chromosomal regions 2q21 and 9q13.	using vector-cenp-b box polymerase chain reaction (pcr) we isolated and cloned from a human chromosome 21-specific plasmid library, a 1 kb dna sequence, named p alpha h21. in in situ hybridization experiments, p alpha h21 hybridized, under high stringency conditions, to the centromeric region of all the human, chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan chromosomes. on human chromosomes p alpha h21 also identified non-centromeric sequences at 2q21 (locus d2f33s1) and 9q13 (locus d9f33s2). the possible der ...	1993	8444464
the emergence of new dna repeats and the divergence of primates.	we have identified four genetic novelties that are fixed in specific primate lineages and hence can serve as phylogenetic time markers. one alu dna repeat is present in the human lineage but is absent from the great apes. another alu dna repeat is present in the gorilla lineage but is absent from the human, chimpanzee, and orangutan. a progenitor xba1 element is present in the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan, but only in the human lineage did it give rise to a transposed progeny, xba2. ...	1993	8446601
macfie continues in mountain gorilla conservation.		1993	8449793
mhc class ii haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium in primates.	the loci encoding the major histocompatibility class ii cell surface antigens dr, dq, and dp exhibit a remarkable degree of allelic polymorphism. strong linkage disequilibrium is also found between these loci in the human population. to study the evolutionary conservation of this disequilibrium the dqa1, dqb1, and drb1-6 loci were analyzed in chimpanzee and gorilla by sequencing or/and oligonucleotide hybridization of pcr-amplified dna. this analysis revealed several new drb sequences. the distr ...	1993	8458733