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evaluation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for detection of anisakis simplex parasite as a food-borne allergen source in seafood products.anisakis simplex has been recognized as an important cause of disease in humans and as a food-borne allergen source. actually, this food-borne parasite was recently identified as an emerging food safety risk. an a. simplex -specific primer-probe system based on a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection assay has been successfully optimized and validated with seafood samples. in addition, a dna extraction procedure has been optimized to detect the presence of the nematode in food samp ...201020085278
different clinical presentation of anisakis simplex associated urticaria is dependent on the frequency of raw fish intake. 201020089345
red vent syndrome in wild atlantic salmon salmo salar in scotland is associated with anisakis simplex sensu stricto (nematoda: anisakidae).simultaneous reports were received between june and july 2007 of wild atlantic salmon salmo salar with red, swollen, bloody vents returning to geographically diverse rivers in scotland. by the end of september the condition, colloquially known as 'red vent syndrome' (rvs), was reported from >50 rivers across scotland. fish were generally in good overall condition but the vent area showed mild to severe lesions. external characteristics of the syndrome included a swollen, raised, haemorrhagic ven ...200920099413
[a case of an allergic reaction due to anisakis simplex after the ingestion of salted fish guts made of sagittated calamari: allergen analysis with recombinant and purified anisakis simplex allergens].a 75-year-old man ingested salted fish guts made of sagittated calamari which he caught in the daytime, with alcohol and then dozed. five hours later, he woke up due to itching over his entire body and noticed generalized urticaria and a swollen tongue, which was too large for him to close his mouth. serum total ige was 456 iu/ml and immunocap was positive for anisakis, but negative for squid, shrimp, and ascaris. a skin prick test (spt) was positive for anisakis extract (10 mg/ml) and house dus ...201020139693
anisakiasis, an underestimated infection: effect on intestinal permeability of anisakis simplex-sensitized patients.anisakis simplex is a parasite that, if present in uncooked and contaminated saltwater fish, can invade the human gut. two different clinical situations are recognized: the first, known as a gastrointestinal disease, varying from an asymptomatic episode to vomiting and diarrhea, and the second, classified as an adverse reaction to food, characterized by a wide spectrum of allergic reactions like rhinitis, conjunctivitis, or even anaphylaxis causing hypotension and/or shock. the intestinal epithe ...201020367330
parasite diversity of nyctiphanes simplex and nematoscelis difficilis (crustacea: euphausiacea) along the northwestern coast of mexico.the diversity of parasites found on nyctiphanes simplex and nematoscelis difficilis (order euphausiacea) was compared during 10 oceanographic cruises made off both coasts of the baja california peninsula, mexico. we tested the hypothesis that n. simplex has a more diverse parasitic assemblage than n. difficilis because it is a neritic species, has larger population abundance, and tends to form denser and more compact swarms than n. difficilis. these biological and behavioral features may enhance ...201020377014
anisakis simplex (nematoda: anisakidae) third-stage larval infections of marine cage cultured cobia, rachycentron canadum l., in taiwan.the first confirmed case of anisakis simplex infection of the marine cage cobia, rachycentron canadum (l.), was recorded in taiwan. the case investigation revealed the presence of third-stage larvae (l3) in either the stomach lumen or abdominal cavity of the cobia but never within the musculatures. larvae were mainly encapsulated in the peritoneal mesentery on the outer surface of the stomach wall and occasionally on the liver surface. part of the diet fed to the cobia includes chopped raw fish, ...201020400227
anisakis simplex third stage larvae in norwegian spring spawning herring (clupea harengus l.), with emphasis on larval distribution in the flesh.the third stage larvae of the parasitic nematode anisakis simplex commonly occur in most commercially important fish species of the north atlantic, including norwegian spring spawning herring (clupea harengus l.). the presence of nematode larvae in the flesh of fish may significantly lower the aesthetical quality of the product, or even pose a consumer health risk, especially with regard to the possible allergenic nature of the larvae or molecular traces thereof. in this study, the occurrence an ...201020413223
[a case of suspected occupational asthma from exposure to anisakis simplex]. 201020415051
the state of health of the river lamprey lampetra fluviatilis (l.) from lake dabie compared to the pathogens hitherto found in this host.the objective of the study was to check the health status of the anadromic river lamprey lampetra fluviatilis (l.), the most frequently recorded lamprey species in poland caught in lake dabie, connected with the odra river estuary. the species composition of parasitofauna of the river lamprey from the polish waters was compared to the pathogens of this host noted so far. the skin and fins, eyes, oral cavity and nasal mucus of 36 lamprey specimens were examined. after decapitation the brains and ...201020450012
quantification of anisakis simplex allergens in fresh, long-term frozen, and cooked fish muscle.fish-borne parasitic zoonoses such as anisakiasis were once limited to people living in countries where raw or undercooked fish is traditionally consumed. nowadays, several factors, such as the growing international markets, the improved transportation systems, the population movements, and the expansion of ethnic ways of cooking in developed countries, have increased the population exposed to these parasites. improved diagnosis technology and a better knowledge of the symptoms by clinicians hav ...201020500085
parasite excretory-secretory proteins elicit trif dependent cxcl1 and il-6 mediated allergic inflammation.currently, little information is available regarding innate immunity to helminthic parasite infection. in this study, we isolated the excretory-secretory (es) proteins from anisakis simplex (sea mammal intestinal parasite) third stage larva. we determined that the levels of il-17 in the lung and lung draining lymph node of mice were increased sixfold as a result of intranasal treatment with es proteins. the es protein treatment elicited pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine secretion (especial ...201020500664
aggregation patterns of macroendoparasites in phylogenetically related fish hosts.summary: macroparasites are generally aggregated within their hosts with infection and aggregation levels resulting from a continuous arms race between maintaining high mating probability and host mortality low for which host and environmentally related factors contribute to some extent. here, infection and aggregation patterns of the macroendoparasites infecting the flatfish citharus linguatula, arnoglossus laterna, lepidorhombus boscii, scophthalmus rhombus and platichthys flesus in 3 areas al ...201020500921
larvicidal constituents of zingiber officinale (ginger) against anisakis simplex.in this study, we investigated the anthelmintic activity of [10]-shogaol, [6]-shogaol, [10]-gingerol and [6]-gingerol, compounds isolated from the roots of zingiber officinale l., zingiberaceae (ginger), against anisakis simplex. the above compounds kill or reduce spontaneous movement in a. simplex larvae. the maximum lethal efficacy of [10]-shogaol and [10]-gingerol was approximately 80% and 100%, respectively. we further examined the time course of compound-induced loss of mobility in a. simpl ...201020533167
molecular differentiation and phylogenetic relationships of three angiostrongylus species and angiostrongylus cantonensis geographical isolates based on a 66-kda protein gene of a. cantonensis (nematoda: angiostrongylidae).the phylogenetic relationships and molecular differentiation of three species of angiostrongylid nematodes (angiostrongylus cantonensis, angiostrongylus costaricensis and angiostrongylus malaysiensis) were studied using the ac primers for a 66-kda protein gene of a. cantonensis. the ac primers successfully amplified the genomic dna of these angiostrongylid nematodes. no amplification was detected for the dna of ascaris lumbricoides, ascaris suum, anisakis simplex, gnathostoma spinigerum, toxocar ...201020566366
inhibition of cytokine production in gastro-allergic anisakiasis and anisakis simplex sensitization-associated chronic urticaria. 201020591123
anisakis simplex sensitization-associated urticaria: short-lived immediate type or prolonged acute urticaria.acute urticaria is defined as evanescent wheals with a duration period of up to 6 weeks. yet within acute urticaria, ige-mediated urticaria lasts rarely more than 48 h, whereas longer duration periods are frequently unfruitful with respect to diagnostic work-up. we hypothesize the differences in immunologic features in immediate type urticaria versus prolonged acute urticaria within the model of anisakis simplex (a. simplex) sensitization-associated urticaria. we included 57 patients with gastro ...201020628748
elucidation of ige-binding epitopes of ani s 1: the major anisakis simplex allergen.ani s 1, the major allergen of anisakis simplex, is expected to be a useful antigen in allergen-specific immunotherapy of anisakis allergy. to avoid side-effects such as anaphylactic shock in immunotherapy, it is desirable to use not native allergens but hypoallergenic mutants devoid of ige-binding epitopes. this study was hence aimed to elucidate ige-binding epitopes of ani s 1 toward the development of hypoallergenic ani s 1 mutants. mapping experiments using 32 peptides (p1-32) revealed that ...201020655337
[cloning and expression of l-like cysteine protease of anisakis simplex].to clone and express the full lenth of l-like cysteine protease gene of anisakis simplex (ascp).201020666320
genetic variability of anisakis simplex s.s. parasitizing european hake (merluccius merluccius) in the little sole bank area in the northeast atlantic.in this study, we researched the presence of anisakids in specimens of merluccius merluccius caught in the area of little sole bank, in the northeast atlantic, and found that 100% of the european hake examined were infected and showed high average values of abundance (976.88) and intensity (976.88). the larvae were identified in morphological terms as morphotype type i and in molecular terms as anisakis simplex s.s via polymerase chain reaction (pcr) restriction fragment length polymorphism of t ...201020694563
the hidden sense of symptoms: urticaria can be beneficial.evolutionary medicine can be useful when analysing the origin of disease and symptoms. acute urticaria or anaphylaxis is bothersome and potentially life-threatening. we analyse this symptom-complex in the context of gastro-allergic anisakiasis (gaa), where the human is an incidental host for the cosmopolitan fish-nematode anisakis simplex (a. simplex). the immunological response against this nematode resembles that against other helminths, but overt expression of allergic symptoms is by far more ...201020729003
anisakidosis: perils of the deep.anisakidosis, human infection with nematodes of the family anisakidae, is caused most commonly by anisakis simplex and pseudoterranova decipiens. acquired by the consumption of raw or undercooked marine fish or squid, anisakidosis occurs where such dietary customs are practiced, including japan, coastal regions of europe, and the united states. severe epigastric pain, resulting from larval invasion of the gastric mucosa, characterizes gastric anisakidosis; other syndromes are intestinal and ecto ...201020804423
[detection of anisakid nematodes by an sybr green i real-time pcr].to establish an sybr green i real-time quantitative pcr method for the detection of anisakid nematodes with zoonotic potential from taiwan strait.201020806503
molecular identification of anisakis type i larvae isolated from hairtail fish off the coasts of taiwan and japan.anisakid nematodes are known to cause the zoonotic disease, anisakiasis, through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. the parasites most frequently associated with the disease in humans are categorized as anisakis type i, which comprise several species of the genus anisakis. the larvae show primitive forms and lack the detailed morphological characteristics required for precise species identification. thus, molecular characterization is necessary for determining the species of anisakis ty ...201020826034
chronic urticaria is associated with a differential helminth-arthropod-related atopy phenotype.the relationship between atopic sensitization and chronic urticaria is still controversial. in this study, we aimed to compare the prevalence of aeroallergen sensitization in chronic urticaria patients with (cu/as+) and without (cu/as-) sensitization against anisakis simplex. forty-nine cu/as+ and 80 cu/as- patients were studied and skin prick tests (spt) were performed against aeroallergens. we assessed sensitization in a subgroup of patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and/or bronchial a ...201020883361
occurrence and identification of anisakis spp. (nematoda: anisakidae) isolated from chum salmon (oncorhynchus keta) in korea.the prevalence of infection and the identification of anisakid larvae in chum salmon (oncorhynchus keta) from the namdae river, the east coast of korea, were investigated. in total, 8,358 larvae were collected from 120 fish samples (male = 58 fish, female = 62 fish) in 2008. fish samples were collected during october and november 2008. all the chum salmon samples (120/120, 100%) caught were infected with anisakid larvae with a high intensity (69.65 ± 48.58 larvae/host). they were mostly found in ...201020938685
multiple acute parasitization by anisakis simplex.hypersensitivity to anisakis is an increasingly prominent medical problem throughout the world, due to a better understanding of diseases induced by parasites and to modern culinary habits of eating raw or undercooked fish. we describe the case of a patient who presented epigastric pain, wheals, erythema, and pruritus 3 hours after the ingestion of fish. more than 200 larvae were obtained by endoscopy. however, the patient only developed an immune response with specific immunoglobulin e and eosi ...201020945613
anisakiasis outbreak by anisakis simplex larvae associated to peruvian food in spain. 201021039074
experimental challenge of anisakis simplex sensu stricto and anisakis pegreffii (nematoda: anisakidae) in rainbow trout and olive flounder.the third-stage larvae of anisakis simplex sensu lato (s.l.) are found in many marine fishes. to ensure food safety, it is important to determine whether these larvae are present in the body muscle of commercial fish species. however, there is little information regarding the tissue specificity of anisakis and two of its sibling species, a. simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and anisakis pegreffii, that are common in marine fish in japanese waters. we orally challenged rainbow trout (oncorhynchus myki ...201021122822
[exposure to anisakis simplex in the fishing industry: an emerging aspect in occupational medicine?]. 201021141458
[infection and physico-chemical characteristics of anisakis among marine fish caught in zhoushan fishery.]objective: to study the rates of infection and physicochemical characteristics of the third stage anisakis simplex larvae among marine fish caught in zhoushan fishery. methods: fish were dissected to detect anisakis larvae and identified morphologically. the survival tolerance of the third stage anisakis simplex larvae in various medium, anthelmintic drug, temperature were studied in laboratory. results: the total infection rate of anisakis simplex larvae in fish was 49.10%. high rates of anisak ...201021162864
amelioration of intestinal colitis by macrophage migration inhibitory factor isolated from intestinal parasites through toll-like receptor 2.in a previous study, we cloned type ii mifs (as-mif) from anisakis simplex 3rd stage larva and expressed a recombinant protein that suppressed allergic airway inflammation via regulatory t (cd4(+) cd25(+) foxp3(+) t; t(reg) )-cell recruitment. in this study, in an effort to evaluate the function of ras-mif on another immune disease, we induced intestinal inflammation in mice using dextran sodium sulphate (dss) with or without the application of ras-mif treatment to the mice. as a consequence, we ...201121204854
parasitism between anisakis simplex (nematoda: anisakidae) third-stage larvae and the spotted mackerel scomber australasicus with regard to the application of stock identification.the nematode fauna of 369 spotted mackerel of the species scomber australasicus, collected off the northeastern taiwanese coast of the northwestern pacific, was investigated monthly from april 2004 to march 2005. the following nematode species were recorded: anisakis simplex complex, hysterothylacium aduncum, porrocaecum decipiens and raphidascaris trichiuri. the seasonal variation in the infection with a. simplex third stage larva (l3) was studied throughout the 12 months. the prevalence of a. ...201021211909
molecular characterization and phylogeny of anisakid nematodes from cetaceans from southeastern atlantic coasts of usa, gulf of mexico, and caribbean sea.in the present study, 407 anisakid nematodes, collected from 11 different species of cetaceans of the families delphinidae, kogiidae, physeteridae, and ziphiidae, from the southeastern atlantic coasts of usa, the gulf of mexico, and the caribbean sea, were examined morphologically and genetically characterized by pcr restriction fragment length polymorphism to identify them to species level, assess their relative frequencies in definitive hosts, and determine any host preference. sequence data f ...201121212982
[a study of the infection and physicochemical characteristics of the marine fish infected by anisakis l₃ caught in zhoushan fishery].the aim of this research was to investigate the third phase anisakis simplex larvae (anisakis l₃) infection in marine fish caught in zhoushan fishery and to find out its physicochemical and biological characteristics.201021215135
cytokine production and immune modulation by anisakis simplex. 201121226728
anisakis simplex-induced anaphylaxis.in recent years, anisakis simplex has been shown to be an important etiologic agent responsible for food allergy and for gastrointestinal anisakiasis. we report a 61-year-old woman presenting with generalized urticaria and subsequent anaphylaxis after ingestion of raw mackerel. she rapidly recovered with administration of epinephrine and endoscopic extraction of an a. simplex larva. serologic testing revealed specific ige antibody to a. simplex was positive whereas that to mackerel was negative. ...201121258954
identification of novel three allergens from anisakis simplex by chemiluminescent immunoscreening of an expression cdna library.anisakis simplex is a representative nematode parasitizing marine organisms, such as fish and squids, and causes not only anisakiasis but also ige-mediated allergy. although 10 kinds of proteins have so far been identified as a. simplex allergens, many unknown allergens are considered to still exist. in this study, a chemiluminescent immunoscreening method with higher sensitivity than the conventional method was developed and used to isolate ige-positive clones from an expression cdna library of ...201121262386
ani s 10, a new anisakis simplex allergen: cloning and heterologous expression.anisakiasis is a human disease caused by accidental ingestion of larval nematodes belonging to the anisakidae family. anisakiasis is often associated with a strong allergic response. diagnosis of a. simplex allergy is currently carried out by test based on the ige reactivity to a complete extract of l3 anisakis larvae although the specificity of these diagnostic tests is poor. improving the specificity of the diagnostic test is possible using purified recombinant allergens. a new anisakis allerg ...201121310242
morphological and molecular characterization of anisakis larvae (nematoda: anisakidae) in beryx splendens from japanese waters.the third-stage (l3) larvae of anisakis, which are the etiological agents of human anisakiasis, have been categorized morphologically into anisakis type i larvae and anisakis type ii larvae. genetic analysis has allowed easy identification of these larvae: anisakis type i larvae include the species anisakis simplex sensu stricto, anisakis pegreffii, anisakis simplex c, anisakis typica, anisakis ziphidarum, and anisakis nascettii, whereas anisakis type ii larvae include the species anisakis physe ...201121377540
distribution of anisakis species larvae from fishes of the japanese waters.human anisakiasis is caused by the consumption of raw, marinated or undercooked fish and squid infected with nematodes of the genus anisakis dujardin, 1845. in view of food safety, this study was carried out to examine the distribution of anisakis species in marine fishes within japanese waters. seven fish species from six localities were collected and examined for anisakis infection. morphological and molecular (its region and mtdna cox2 gene) characterization revealed the presence of two, amon ...201121397715
gastrointestinal bleeding due to suspected anisakiasis: challenging differential diagnosis for a rare disease.as compared with eastern countries, the incidence of gastrointestinal diseases caused by the ingestion of nematode eggs is very low in europe, in spite of the fact that the consumption of raw fish has increased in these countries as well in recent years. the authors present here, a rare case of gastrointestinal bleeding due to anisakis simplex. this is a very uncommon clinical presentation which rise several problems in diagnosis and management.201121445646
anisakis simplex larvae: infection status in marine fish and cephalopods purchased from the cooperative fish market in busan, korea.the infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with anisakis simplex third stage larva (l3) was studied over a period of 1 year. a total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the cooperative fish market in busan, korea, from august 2006 to july 2007. they were examined for a. simplex l3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. a. simplex l3 were confirmed by light microscopy. the overall infection rate reached 34 ...201121461267
miss-prot: web server for self/non-self discrimination of protein residue networks in parasites; theory and experiments in fasciola peptides and anisakis allergens.infections caused by human parasites (hps) affect the poorest 500 million people worldwide but chemotherapy has become expensive, toxic, and/or less effective due to drug resistance. on the other hand, many 3d structures in protein data bank (pdb) remain without function annotation. we need theoretical models to quickly predict biologically relevant parasite self proteins (psp), which are expressed differentially in a given parasite and are dissimilar to proteins expressed in other parasites and ...201121468430
molecular characterization of anisakis larvae from fish caught off sardinia.abstract anisakis spp. larvae are parasitic, and potentially zoonotic, nematodes transmitted by marine fish and cephalopods, which are the main intermediate hosts of the third larval stage. the accidental consumption of infected raw or poorly cooked fish may cause gastroenteric diseases and allergies in humans. the aim of the present study was to use pcr-rflp to define the occurrence, species variability, and host preferences of anisakis spp. larvae in fish caught off the coast of sardinia. necr ...201121501045
seasonal occurrence of helminths in the anadromous fish coilia nasus (engraulidae): parasite indicators of fish migratory movements.abstract to understand the seasonal migration of the anadromous coilia nasus , we attempted to identify the parasites infecting c. nasus and determine their seasonal occurrence. from june 2007 to july 2008, a survey of 775 c. nasus individuals from the estuary of the yangtze river and the coast of the east china sea revealed more than 7,300 parasites associated with the gills and alimentary tracts of c. nasus . the following 6 helminth taxa were identified, i.e., the monogeneans heteromazocraes ...201121506780
population structure of three species of anisakis nematodes recovered from pacific sardine (sardinops sagax) distributed throughout the california current system.abstract members of the anisakidae are known to infect over 200 pelagic fish species and have been frequently used as biological tags to identify fish populations. despite information on the global distribution of anisakis species, there is little information on the genetic diversity and population structure of this genus, which could be useful in assessing the stock structure of their fish hosts. from 2005 through 2008, 148 larval anisakids were recovered from pacific sardine (sardinops sagax) ...201121506810
specific detection of angiostrongylus cantonensis in the snail achatina fulica using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay.angiostrongylus cantonensis, a rat lungworm, can cause eosinophilic meningitis and angiostrongyliasis in humans following ingestion of contaminated foods or intermediate/paratenic hosts with infective larvae. the snail achatina fulica is one of the important intermediate hosts of a. cantonensis and is commonly eaten by humans in some countries. in the present study, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for the specific detection of a. cantonensis in ac. fulica. pri ...201121515360
different serum cytokine levels in chronic vs. acute anisakis simplex sensitization-associated urticaria.the knowledge on immune mechanisms of chronic urticaria (cu) at the cytokine level is widely scarce. we compared pro- and anti-inflammatory as well as th1- and th2-associated serum cytokine levels in two phenotypes of cu: associated with (cu+) and without (cu-) sensitization against anisakis simplex, a ubiquitous fish parasite, that has been associated with acute urticaria in gastro-allergic anisakiasis (gaa) and with cu+. thirteen cu+ and 19 cu- patients were compared with 13 gaa patients and 1 ...201121554330
prevalence and mean intensity of anisakis simplex (sensu stricto) in european sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax) from northeast atlantic ocean.viscera and muscle of a total of 40 wild 1-2kg european sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax) from northeast atlantic (fao area 27) were examined for anisakidae larvae detection by digestion method. extracted parasites were counted and mean intensity was calculated. parasites were identified by genetic/molecular markers (allozymes and sequences analysis of the mtdna cox2 gene) as belonging to the species anisakis simplex (sensu stricto). in viscera, the main localisations of the larvae were under the ...201121620507
complete mitochondrial genomes of baylisascaris schroederi, baylisascaris ailuri and baylisascaris transfuga from giant panda, red panda and polar bear.roundworms of the genus baylisascaris are the most common parasitic nematodes of the intestinal tracts of wild mammals, and most of them have significant impacts in veterinary and public health. mitochondrial (mt) genomes provide a foundation for studying epidemiology and ecology of these parasites and therefore may be used to assist in the control of baylisascariasis. here, we determined the complete sequences of mtdnas for baylisascaris schroederi, baylisascaris ailuri and baylisascaris transf ...201121621593
the effect of anti- anisakis simplex antibody levels on c3 and c4 complement components in human sera.previously, an in vitro effect was observed on the complement system not only of the excretory-secretory products but also of somatic antigens from l3 anisakis simplex larvae. in the present work the effect of anti-a. simplex specific antibodies on c3 and c4 levels in human sera was investigated. up to 309 samples of sera were tested to determine levels of c3 and c4 and anti-a. simplex antibodies, including immunoglobulins igg, igm, iga and ige. significant differences were observed between leve ...201121729389
Seroprevalence of antibodies against Anisakis simplex larvae among health-examined residents in three hospitals of southern parts of Korea.The present study was performed to estimate the seroprevalence of larval Anisakis simplex infection among the residents health-examined in 3 hospitals in southern parts of Korea. A total of 498 serum samples (1 serum per person) were collected in 3 hospitals in Busan Metropolitan city, Masan city, and Geoje city in Gyeongsangnam-do (Province) and were examined by IgE-ELISA and IgE-western blotting with larval A. simplex crude extract and excretory-secretory products (ESP). The prevalence of anti ...201121738269
synergism between prior anisakis simplex infections and intake of nsaids, on the risk of upper digestive bleeding: a case-control study.the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prior anisakis infections and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ugib), and its interaction with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsaid) intake.201121738810
anisakis simplex (s.s.) larvae in wild alaska salmon: no indication of post-mortem migration from viscera into flesh.the prevalence, mean intensity and distribution of anisakis nematode third-stage larvae (l3) in the muscle and viscera of wild-caught chum salmon oncorhynchus keta, pink salmon o. gorbuscha and sockeye salmon o. nerka were compared immediately after catch. salmon were collected during the fishing season in july 2007 in bristol bay and prince william sound close to cordova, alaska (usa). all fish were infected, and more than 90% of the nematode larvae were found in the edible muscle meat. the iso ...201121790067
anisakis hypersensitivity in italy: prevalence and clinical features: a multicenter study.anisakis simplex (as), a parasite in fish, is able to sensitize humans via the alimentary tract. the prevalence of hypersensitivity and allergy to as outside the iberian peninsula has not been investigated so far. we investigated anisakis hypersensitivity in different areas of italy.201121851362
Anisakis simplex s.l. parasitization in mackerel (Scomber japonicus) caught in the North of Morocco - prevalence and analysis of risk factors.Consumption of mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is very widespread in Morocco, where its production is an important economic pillar. We investigated the prevalence of infection by Anisakis spp. in mackerel caught in Moroccan waters, analyzing infection risk factors. The prevalence was generally higher in fish from the Atlantic (67.9%) than from the Mediterranean (57.0%), but they did not differ in the mean abundance, intensity, or prevalence of muscle parasitization. A. pegreffii was the predominant ...201121868119
A phage display system for the identification of novel Anisakis simplex antigens.Anisakis simplex has been recognized as an important cause of disease in man and as a foodborne allergen source. Actually, this food-borne was recently identified as an emerging food safety risk including allergenic symptoms. This parasite contains a large variety of allergenic proteins enforcing the necessity to detect new allergens. Commonly, these efforts have been focused on the developing of cDNA libraries, where virtually all expressed mRNAs are present, by using immunoreactive patient ser ...201121893063
identification of a 24 kda excretory secretory protein in anisakis simplex.a gene coding for a 24 kda protein (22 u homologous; as22u) was isolated from the anisakis simplex third-stage larvae cdna library during expressed sequence tag analysis. as22u was 636 bp long, and was found to code for 212 amino acid residues with a calculated mass of 23.5 kda and a pi of 9.06. the as22u deduced amino acid sequence harbored a signal peptide region and 16 highly conserved cysteine residues, and it was identified in both the total extracts and excretory secretory (es) protein of ...201222001446
the anisakis allergy debate: does an evolutionary approach help?allergic phenomena share common pathways with the immune response against helminth parasites. the definitions regarding allergens and their related concepts have their roots in the area of allergy research. the experience with the fish parasite anisakis simplex-associated allergic features still nurtures an open debate on the necessity of larvae being alive to induce allergic reactions such as urticaria or anaphylaxis. conceptual definitions of allergen, major allergen, as well as putatively cro ...201222079162
Contracaecum rudolphii B: Gene content, arrangement and composition of its complete mitochondrial genome compared with Anisakis simplex s.l.In the present study, we sequenced the complete mt genome (14,022bp) of parasitic nematode Contracaecum rudolphii B and its structure and organization compared with Anisakis simplex s.l. The mt genome of C. rudolphii B is slightly longer than that of A. simplex s.l. (13,916bp). C. rudolphii B mt genome is circular, and consists of 36 genes, including 12 genes for proteins, 2 genes for rRNA and 22 genes for tRNA. This genome contains a high A+T (70.5%) content. The mt gene order for C. rudolphii ...201122138443
Infection levels and diversity of anisakid nematodes in blackspot seabream, Pagellus bogaraveo, from Portuguese waters.The blackspot seabream, Pagellus bogaraveo, is a sparid fish of great economic importance in the northeast Atlantic. The main aim of this work was to assess the infection levels and diversity of anisakid nematodes parasitizing P. bogaraveo from Portuguese waters. The anisakid larvae were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and ten different patterns were observed, four of which were not previously reported in the literature. Moreover, several ...201122139402
viability and antigenicity of anisakis simplex after conventional and microwave heating at fixed temperatures.inactivation of parasites in food by microwave treatment may vary due to differences in the characteristics of microwave ovens and food properties. microwave treatment in standard domestic ovens results in hot and cold spots, and the microwaves do not penetrate all areas of the samples depending on the thickness, which makes it difficult to compare microwave with conventional heat treatments. the viability of anisakis simplex (isolated larvae and infected fish muscle) heated in a microwave oven ...201122186053
ige sensitisation to the fish parasite anisakis simplex in a norwegian population . a pilot study.the reports on fish parasite anisakis simplex allergy have increased in countries with high fish consumption in the last decade. in norway, a high consumption country, the prevalence of immunoglobulin e (ige) sensitisation to a. simplex was still unknown. thus, our objective was to investigate the sensitisation prevalence in this country. at the haukeland university hospital, bergen, norway, two main groups of surplus serum samples were collected; one from newly recruited blood donors, and one f ...201122211721
ani s 1 and ani s 7 recombinant allergens are able to differentiate distinct anisakis simplex-associated allergic clinical disorders.diagnosis in gastro-allergic anisakiasis (gaa) is straightforward, when clinical history is combined with further allergological evaluation of specific ige by means of skin prick test and serum specific ige. in anisakis simplex sensitisation associated chronic urticaria (cu+), clinical evaluation of possible previous parasitism is difficult, and positive serum specific ige could be due to cross-reactivity or other unknown factors. in this study, we evaluated the association between ige seroposit ...201222249742
a technique for the intra-gastric administration of live larvae of anisakis simplex in mice.to understand the mechanisms of infection and to attempt to simulate human infection by the anisakidae family, many in vivo experimental approaches have been developed. the aim was to develop and present a technique for the induction of an oral infection through the use of an intra-gastric gavage of live anisakis simplex in mice. a commercial pediatric gastric tube (no. 4) was cut longitudinally to produce a 3-cm slit at the distal end where the larva was placed to then be administered to the st ...201222269442
serine protease inhibitors of parasitic helminths.serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are a superfamily of structurally conserved proteins that inhibit serine proteases and play key physiological roles in numerous biological systems such as blood coagulation, complement activation and inflammation. a number of serpins have now been identified in parasitic helminths with putative involvement in immune regulation and in parasite survival through interference with the host immune response. this review describes the serpins and smapins (small seri ...201222310379
a 24 kda excretory-secretory protein of anisakis simplex larvae could elicit allergic airway inflammation in mice.we have reported that a 24 kda protein (22u homologous; as22u) of anisakis simplex larvae could elicit several th2-related chemokine gene expressions in the intestinal epithelial cell line which means that as22u may play a role as an allergen. in order to determine the contribution of as22u to allergic reactions, we treated mice with 6 times intra-nasal application of recombinant as22u (ras22u). in the group challenged with ras22u and ovalbumin (ova), the number of eosinophils in the bronchial a ...201122355204
molecular identification of anisakis spp. from fishes collected in the tyrrhenian sea (nw mediterranean).the accurate identification of anisakid nematodes at any life cycle stage is important both to deepen the knowledge on their taxonomy, ecology, epidemiology and for diagnosis and control, as larval stages cause a clinical disease in humans known as anisakidosis. with the aim to investigate the presence of anisakid larvae, specimens of horse mackerel, trachurus trachurus (linnaeus, 1758), silver scabbardfish, lepidopus caudatus (euphrasen, 1788), european anchovy, engraulis encrasicolus (linnaeus ...201222360842
anisakis simplex recombinant allergens increase diagnosis specificity preserving high sensitivity.so far, the frequency of anisakis simplex-specific ige antibodies has been determined by skin prick tests (spts) and the immunocap system. these commercial methods have good sensitivity, but their specificity is poor because they use complete parasite extracts. our aim was to determine the frequency of sensitization to a. simplex using recombinant ani s 1, ani s 3, ani s 5, ani s 9 and ani s 10 and to evaluate these allergens for diagnosis, comparing their performance with the commercial methods ...201222398334
ige sensitization to the fish parasite anisakis simplex in a norwegian population: a pilot study.the reports on fish parasite anisakis simplex allergy have increased in countries with high fish consumption in the last decade. in norway, a high consumption country, the prevalence of immunoglobulin e (ige) sensitization to a. simplex was still unknown. thus, our objective was to investigate the sensitization prevalence in this country. at the haukeland university hospital, bergen, norway, two main groups of surplus serum samples were collected: one from newly recruited blood donors (bdo) and ...201222420531
diagnostic utility of components in allergy to anisakis simplex.in our region, anisakis allergy is responsible for 8% of acute urticarial reactions, 25% of which progress to anaphylactic shock. the poor specificity of skin tests and in vitro specific immunoglobulin (ig) e means that anisakis allergy is frequently overdiagnosed.201222448449
ascaris suum enolase is a potential vaccine candidate against ascariasis.ascariasis caused by ascaris is the most common parasite problem in humans and pigs worldwide. no vaccines are available for the prevention of ascaris infections. in the present study, the gene encoding ascaris suum enolase (as-enol-1) was amplified, cloned and sequenced. amino acid sequence alignment indicated that as-enol-1 was highly conserved between different nematodes and shared the highest identity (87%) with enolase from anisakis simplex s.l. the recombinant pvax-enol was successfully ex ...201222465737
prevalence of sensitization to anisakis simplex among professionally exposed populations in sicily.anisakis simplex (as) is a cause of allergic sensitization and potential occupational risk is suggested in fishermen and workers assigned to fish processing and sale. a cross-sectional study was conducted in order to assess possible health effects of occupational exposure to as in workers recruited from western sicily fisheries sector. social, demographic, and occupation-related data were collected. serum total immunoglobulin e (ige) and specific ige levels to as (threshold >0.35 ku/l) were dete ...201222524649
spontaneous splenic rupture and anisakis appendicitis presenting as abdominal pain: a case report.anisakidosis, human infection with nematodes of the family anisakidae, is caused most commonly by anisakis simplex. acquired by the consumption of raw or undercooked marine fish or squid, anisakidosis occurs where such dietary customs are practiced, including japan, the coastal regions of europe and the united states. rupture of the spleen is a relatively common complication of trauma and many systemic disorders affecting the reticuloendothelial system, including infections and neoplasias. a rar ...201222524971
anisakis simplex sensu stricto and anisakis pegreffii: biological characteristics and pathogenetic potential in human anisakiasis.anisakiasis is one of the most common fishborne helminthic diseases in japan, which is contracted by ingesting the larvae of the nematode anisakis spp. carried by marine fish. anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and a. pegreffii are the dominant species in fish caught offshore japan. the present study aimed to identify the anisakid species infecting japanese patients and determine whether there is any difference in the pathogenetic potential of a. simplex (s.s.) and a. pegreffii. in total, 41 ...201222545961
expression and characterization of α-methylacyl coa racemase from anisakis simplex larvae.larval excretory-secretory products of anisakis simplex are known to cause allergic reactions in humans. a cdna library of a. simplex 3rd-stage larvae (l3) was immunoscreened with polyclonal rabbit serum raised against a. simplex l3 excretory-secretory products to identify an antigen that elicits the immune response. one cdna clone, designated as α-methylacyl coa racemase (amacr) contained a 1,412 bp cdna transcript with a single open reading frame that encoded 418 amino acids. a. simplex amacr ...201222711931
microhabitat preference of anisakis simplex in three salmonid species: immunological implications.three salmonid fish species, oncorhynchus mykiss, salmo salar and salmo trutta, were infected experimentally with the parasitic nematode anisakis simplex (a. simplex) and the difference between in vivo behaviour of the nematode in the three fish species was investigated. infection success rate differed between species. s. salar (baltic salmon) showed the highest number of successfully established nematodes, whereas s. trutta (brown trout) and o. mykiss (rainbow trout) had a higher natural resist ...201222858638
prevalence of zoonotic anisakid nematodes in inuit-harvested fish and mammals from the eastern canadian arctic.human anisakidosis is a recognized arctic zoonosis that is directly related to the consumption of traditional inuit foods, particularly raw fish. the epidemiology of infections with the zoonotic anisakid nematodes anisakis simplex and pseudoterranova decipiens was investigated from august 2007 to july 2009 in inuit-harvested fish and marine mammals from inuit regions of nunavik, nunavut, and nunatsiavut, canada. fish were tested for anisakid larvae using the pepsin-hcl digestion method, and the ...201222957974
molecular characterisation of anisakidae larvae from fish in adriatic sea.in the present study, anisakids from: tuna (thunnus thynnus) fattened in the croatian farm in middle adriatic sea, three different feral fish species caught near tuna farm (trachurus trachurus, scomber japonicus and oblada melanura) and fish marketed in croatia (t. trachurus) were analysed by morphology and molecular methods. larvae were identified to the species level by pcr restriction fragment length polymorphism and characterised by sequencing of nuclear (internal transcribed spacer) and mit ...201222983167
risk analysis of human anisakidosis through the consumption of the blue whiting, micromesistius poutassou, sold at spanish supermarkets.european legislation directed at the catering industry concerning the prevention of anisakidosis proposes efficient measures to avoid human infestation, but this legislation does not directly address the consumer at the household level. assessing the anisakidosis risk for consumers who buy fresh fish at supermarkets in spain, 284 blue whiting, micromesistius poutassou, specimens, originating from two fishing zones and seasons of capture, sold at five nationwide spanish supermarket chains, were e ...201223035727
[cloning and expression of d-like aspartic protease of anisakis simplex].to clone and express the full length of d-like aspartic protease gene (asap) of the third stage larvae of anisakis simplex.201223072160
stereo and scanning electron microscopic studies of the third stage larvae of anisakis simplex.this study was to demonstrate the surface anatomy of the third stage larvae of anisakis simplex in marine fish using stereo and scanning electron microscopes (sem). the round worm is slender, elongated and of cylindrically shaped. the head of this worm is a globular structure. the mouth is triangularly shaped and surrounded by three lips. a boring tooth projects dorsally at the anterior end. there are four pairs of tactoreceptors, the labial papillae, enclosing the lips. the tail end is blunt an ...201223082581
[a case of an allergic reaction due to anisakis simplex possibly after the ingestion of squid--successful detection of four a. simplex allergens, ani s 1, ani s 2, ani s 12 and troponin c-like protein].a 62-year-old man ingested dressed salmon and its roe (ikura) and grilled mackerel and one hour later further ingested raw tuna and squid as an evening meal at a bar. soon after the ingestion of raw seafood, he showed wheals, loss of consciousness and low blood pressure. specific serum ige to the nematode anisakis simplex was positive but those to some seafoods were negative. moreover, a skin prick test using the crude extract was positive for a. simplex but negative for the seafoods, which he i ...201223089975
anisakis simplex: current knowledge.anisakiasis, firstly described in 1960s in the netherlands, is a fish-borne parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods contaminated by third stage (13) larvae of the anisakidae family, in particular anisakis simplex (as), a. pegreffii and pseudoterranova decipiens. every year, approximately 20,000 cases of anisakiasis were reported worldwide, over 90% are from japan and most others in spain, the netherlands and germany, depending on the habits of fish c ...201223092000
anisakis simplex hypersensitivity is associated with chronic urticaria in endemic areas.chronic urticaria (cu) may affect up to 1% of the general population. anisakis simplex hypersensitivity is frequent in areas where raw fish is consumed and a. simplex allergy represents a relevant cause of acute urticaria. we assessed the possible association between cu and a. simplex sensitization in an area where marinated fish is very frequently eaten.201323095317
larval anisakid infections in marine fish from three sea areas of the republic of korea.the present study was performed to determine the infection status of anisakid larvae in marine fish collected from 3 sea areas of the republic of korea. total 86 marine fish (8 species) collected from the east sea (goseong-gun, gangwon-do), 171 fish (10 species) from the south sea (sacheon-si, gyeongsangnam-do), and 92 fish (7 species) from the yellow sea (incheon metropolitan city) were examined by both naked eyes and artificial digestion method. among the total of 349 fish examined, 213 (61.0% ...201223230326
colonic polyp secondary to anisakis simplex. 201223268638
sensitization to anisakis simplex species in the population of northern morocco.to investigate sensitization to third-stage anisakis simplex larvae in a randomly selected population in northern morocco.201223397674
different fish-eating habits and cytokine production in chronic urticaria with and without sensitization against the fish-parasite anisakis simplex.anisakis simplex sensitization has been associated with acute, but also with chronic urticaria. the objective of this study is to characterize chronic urticaria with (cu+) and without sensitization (cu-) against the ubiquitous fish parasite a. simplex in a transversal and longitudinal evaluation.201323435560
presence of anisakis simplex (rudolphi, 1809 det. krabbe, 1878) and hysterothylacium aduncum (rudolphi, 1802) (nematoda; anisakidae) in runts of farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l.one hundred farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., were examined for the presence of nematodes by digestion of tissue in hcl-pepsin solution. all fish were sampled from one cage in a fish farm on the norwegian south-west coast. fifty harvest quality salmon, that is, salmon for human consumption (mean 5.4 kg, variation 3.0-7.6 kg), were sampled at the processing line while 50 salmon runts (mean 1.1 kg, variation 0.4-1.8 kg), discarded due to poor performance, were sampled from the discard bin af ...201423488892
anisakid nematodes of greenland halibut reinhardtius hippoglossoides from the barents sea.parasitic nematodes from the body cavity of 94 greenland halibut (reinhardtius hippoglossoides) caught in the barents sea were examined. nematode species were identified using both morphological and molecular methods. four morphospecies were found: anisakis simplex s.l., contracaecum osculatum s.l., pseudoterranova decipiens s.l., and hysterothylacium aduncum. the most prevalent were c. osculatum s.l. (89.4%) and a. simplex s.l. (86.2%). mean intensities for these 2 species were 7.8 and 45.2, re ...201323536987
brazilein from caesalpinia sappan l. antioxidant inhibits adipocyte differentiation and induces apoptosis through caspase-3 activity and anthelmintic activities against hymenolepis nana and anisakis simplex.brazilein, a natural, biologically active compound from caesalpinia sappan l., has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and to inhibit the growth of several cancer cells. this study verifies the antioxidant and antitumor characteristics of brazilein in skin cancer cells and is the first time to elucidate the inhibition mechanism of adipocyte differentiation, cestocidal activities against hymenolepis nana, and reduction of spontaneous movement in anisakis simplex. br ...201323554834
relationship between red vent syndrome and anisakid larvae burden in wild atlantic salmon (salmo salar).the pathogenesis of the recently recognized "red vent syndrome" in wild atlantic salmon (salmo salar) is not fully understood. pathologic observations indicate that this syndrome is associated with the presence of nonencapsulated larvae of the nematode anisakis simplex in the body wall, the lower intestinal wall, and the visceral cavity surrounding the vent region. we evaluated the relationship between the occurrence of red vent syndrome and intensity of infection with anisakis sp. larvae in nat ...201323568898
unusual cause of small intestine obstruction in a child: small intestine anisakiasis: report of a case.anisakiasis is caused by human infection by the anisakis larvae, a marine nematode found in undercooked or raw fish. infection with the parasite anisakis simplex is common in japan and northern european countries. with the increased popularity of eating sushi and raw fish infection with anisakis is expected to rise.201323596037
anisakis simplex: a new etiological agent of kounis syndrome. 201323639458
global assessment of molecularly identified anisakis dujardin, 1845 (nematoda: anisakidae) in their teleost intermediate hosts.here, we present the its ribosomal dna (rdna) sequence data on 330 larvae of nematodes of the genus anisakis dujardin, 1845 collected from 26 different bony fish species from 21 sampling locations and different climatic zones. new host records are provided for anisakis simplex (rudolphi, 1809) sensu stricto (s.s.) and a. pegreffli campana-rouget et biocca, 1955 from anoplopoma fimbria (pallas) (santa barbara, east pacific), a. typica (diesing, 1860) from caesio cuning (bloch), lepturacanthus sav ...201323724731
experimental comparison of pathogenic potential of two sibling species anisakis simplex s.s. and anisakis pegreffii in wistar rat.there are little data available on the pathology caused by the sibling species anisakis simplex s.s. and anisakis pegreffii. the differences shown in their ability to penetrate the muscle of fish may also be manifested in humans. the purpose of this study is to confirm possible differences in pathogenicity between a. simplex s.s. and a. pegreffii using an experimental model which simulates infection in humans.201323724976
comparative infectivity of three larval nematode species in three different salmonids.host specificity of parasites may depend both on ecological and physiological factors. basic descriptions of the susceptibility/resistance of fish to specific nematodes are needed in order to reveal mechanisms in the host-parasite relation. rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), brown trout (salmo trutta), and atlantic salmon (salmo salar) were orally infected with larval stages of three different anisakid nematodes-hysterothylacium aduncum, contracaecum osculatum, and anisakis simplex-and parasit ...201323733234
molecular characterization and comparison of four anisakis allergens between anisakis simplex sensu stricto and anisakis pegreffii from japan.it remains unclear whether allergens are the same among the sibling species of anisakis simplex sensu lato. this study was carried out to compare the amino acid sequences of three major (ani s 1, 2 and 12) and one minor (ani s 9) anisakis allergens between a. simplex s.s. and anisakis pegreffii. we found 2 (out of 163), 1 (out of 869), and 29 (out of 266) amino acid variable sites for ani s 1, 2, and 12, respectively. however, as both intra- and inter-species variations were present at the same ...201323742817
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