Publications

a new serine protease gene from trichoderma harzianum is expressed in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	serine proteases are highly conserved among fungi and considered to play a key role in different aspects of fungal biology. these proteases can be involved in development and have been related to biocontrol processes. difficulties in heterologous expression in a bacterial or yeast host have hampered engineering of these proteases for industrial application. we report here a successful expression of the serine protease sl41 from a biocontrol fungus trichoderma harzianum in saccharomyces cerevisia ...	2009	19235505
effect of entomopathogenic nematodes and trichoderma harzianum on the strawberry black root rot pathogens pratylenchus penetrans and rhizoctonia fragariae.	the effects of inundative releases of entomopathogenic steinernema carpocapsae and s. feltiae infective juveniles and applications of the biological control fungus trichoderma harzianum t-22 (rootshield) on pratylenchus penetrans and strawberry black root rot caused by rhizoctonia fragariae were determined in field microplots and small plots. entomopathogenic nematodes were applied as a soil drench at rates of 7.4 or 14.8 billion per ha in may or august for 3 years. rootshield was applied as cro ...	2002	19265955
trichoderma harzianum endochitinase does not provide resistance to meloidogyne hapla in transgenic tobacco.	eggs of meloidogyne hapla contain chitin, a substrate for chitinase. our goal was to determine if endochitinase from the biocontrol fungus t. harzianum expressed in transgenic tobacco increases resistance to this nematode. endochitinase-transgenic t tobacco seedlings expressing increased endochitinase activity in leaves (11 to 125 times over control) and roots (2 to 15 times over control) were transferred to quartz sand:loam soil mix (4:1 ratio) and inoculated with 5,000 m. hapla eggs/pot. tomat ...	2000	19270979
isolation of fungi from heterodera glycines and in vitro bioassays for their antagonism to eggs.	twenty fungi were assayed in vitro for antagonism to eggs of heterodera glycines. eight of the fungi were isolated from cysts or eggs of h. glycines during the current study, one was isolated from panagrellus redivivus, and eleven were obtained from other researchers or collections. the bioassays were conducted on eggs from nematodes that had been grown monoxenically on excised root tips. phoma chrysanthemicola, one strain of verticillium chlamydosporium, and one strain of v. lecanii caused a de ...	1990	19287754
biodiversity of trichoderma strains in tunisia.	trichoderma strains were sampled in 4 different bioclimatic zones of tunisia, a mediterranean north african country with strong climatic and edaphic variability from north to south, to assess the genetic diversity of endemic species of trichoderma and their relationship to the bioclimatic zones. in all, 53 strains were isolated and identified at the species level by analysis of their internal transcribed spacers regions 1 and 2 (its1 and its2) of the rdna cluster and (or) a fragment of the trans ...	2009	19295648
implications of cysteine metabolism in the heavy metal response in trichoderma harzianum and in three fusarium species.	we studied the ability of four different fungal species, trichoderma harzianum, fusarium antophyllum, fusarium compactum and fusarium phyllophilum, to grow in the presence of heavy metals, and monitored their cysteine and glutathione content and the activity of o-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (oastl), which is involved in cysteine biosynthesis. zn and pb did not affect fungal growth or sporulation at the concentrations used, whereas cd and hg did. in most cases, cysteine and glutathione content was h ...	2009	19298998
the influence of trichoderma harzianum on the root-knot fusarium wilt complex in cotton.	wilt-susceptible cultivar 'rowden' cotton was inoculated wilh meloidogyne incognita (n), trichoderma harzianum (t), and fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (f) alone and in all combinations in various time sequences. plants inoculated with f alone or in combination with t did not develop wilt, simultaneous inoculation of 7-day-old seedlings with all three organisms (ntf) produced earliest wilt. however, plants receiving nematodes at 7 days and fusarium and trichoderma at 2 or 4 weeks later (n- ...	1976	19308202
[molecular diagnosis of human histoplasmosis in whole blood samples].	to assess the value of using whole blood samples for the molecular diagnosis of histoplasmosis, we applied an in-house dna extraction method and a nested pcr targeting a 210 bp specific segment of the histoplasma capsulatum hcp100 gene. a whole blood volume of 2.5-3 milliliters was centrifuged and the cellular pellet was treated with trichoderma harzianum lyticase and proteinase k prior to applying a conventional phenol dna extraction. this procedure allowed complete cell lysis, high dna yield a ...	2009	19391520
factors affecting the production of trichoderma harzianum secondary metabolites during the interaction with different plant pathogens.	strains of trichoderma spp. produce numerous bioactive secondary metabolites. the in vitro production and antibiotic activities of the major compounds synthesized by trichoderma harzianum strains t22 and t39 against leptosphaeria maculans, phytophthora cinnamomi and botrytis cinerea were evaluated. moreover, the eliciting effect of viable or nonviable biomasses of rhizoctonia solani, pythium ultimum or b. cinerea on the in vitro production of these metabolites was also investigated.	2009	19413806
induced proteome of trichoderma harzianum by botrytis cinerea.	as a notable biocontrol agent, trichoderma harzianum can antagonize a diverse array of phytopathogenic fungi, including botrytis cinerea, rhizoctonia solani and fusarium oxysporum. elucidating the biocontrol mechanism of t. harzianum in response to the pathogens enables it to be exploited in the control of plant diseases. two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) was performed to obtain secreted protein patterns of t. harzianum ets 323, grown in media that contained glucose, a mixture of glucos ...	2009	19422913
a laboratory evaluation to determine the compatibility of microbiological control agents with the pollinator bombus terrestris.	this study was undertaken to identify any potential adverse side effects of the use of seven microbiological control agents (mcas) on the bumblebee, bombus terrestris l., in the context of combined use in integrated pest management (ipm). aq10 (ampelomyces quisqualis), binab-t-vector (hypocrea parapilulifera + t. atroviride; 1/1), prestop-mix (gliocladium catenulatum j1446), serenade (bacillus subtilis qst713), trianum-p (trichoderma harzianum t22), botanigard (beauveria bassiana gha) and granup ...	2009	19437453
genetic and metabolic biodiversity of trichoderma from colombia and adjacent neotropic regions.	the genus trichoderma has been studied for production of enzymes and other metabolites, as well as for exploitation as effective biological control agents. the biodiversity of trichoderma has seen relatively limited study over much of the neotropical region. in the current study we assess the biodiversity of 183 isolates from mexico, guatemala, panama, ecuador, peru, brazil and colombia, using morphological, metabolic and genetic approaches. a comparatively high diversity of species was found, c ...	2009	19439189
removal and recovery of uranium from aqueous solutions by ca-alginate immobilized trichoderma harzianum.	the ability of ca-alginate immobilized trichoderma harzianum has been explored for removal and recovery of uranium from aqueous streams. ca-alginate as polymeric support was selected after screening different matrices. immobilization of trichoderma harzianum to ca-alginate improved the stability as well as uranium biosorption capacity of biosorbent at 28+/-2 degrees c and 200 rpm. the suitability of packed bed column operations was illustrated by obtaining break through curves at different bed h ...	2009	19467596
biological conversion of olive pomace into compost by using trichoderma harzianum and phanerochaete chrysosporium.	olive pomace was composted by using a reactor for a period of 50 days in four bioreactors. urea was added to adjust c/n ration between 25-30. at the end of 50 days of composting using trichoderma harzianum and phanerochaete chrysosporium, cellulose and lignin were highly degraded. it was found that after 30 days, p. chrysosporium and t. harzianum degraded approximately 71.9% of the lignin and 59.25% of the cellulose, respectively. the percent of ash content in the raw waste mixture was 13%. this ...	2009	19467866
improvement of growth of eucalyptus globulus and soil biological parameters by amendment with sewage sludge and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal and saprobe fungi.	sewage sludge is widely used as an organic soil amendment to improve soil fertility. we investigated the effects of sewage sludge (ss) application on certain biological parameters of eucalyptus globulus labill. the plant was either uninoculated or inoculated with saprobe fungi (coriolopsis rigida and trichoderma harzianum) or arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi (glomus deserticola and gigaspora rosea). sewage sludge was applied to the surface of experimental plots at rates of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g 10 ...	2009	19515400
cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology of saprotrophs and the pathogen heterobasidion annosum in the presence of suillus bovinus metabolites.	ectomycorrhizal fungi are known to synthesize antifungal compounds both in vitro and in symbiosis with the host-plants. culture filtrates of the ectomycorrhizal fungus suillus bovinus (at phs of 2.5-6) showed antifungal activity towards saprotrophs trichoderma harzianum, and trichoderma virens and the pathogen heterobasidion annosum, by significantly suppressing their growth relative to sterile liquid medium at the same phs. in the presence of the culture filtrates, hyphae of the saprotrophs and ...	2009	19539761
biotransformation of steriodal saponins in dioscorea zingiberensis c. h. wright to diosgenin by trichoderma harzianum.	diosgenin is an important starting material in the steroidal hormone industry. traditionally, diosgenin is mainly produced by acid hydrolysis of dioscorea zingiberensis c. h. wright (dzw) tubers. this method yields numerous byproducts that can cause serious pollution. in this study, diosgenin was obtained by biotransformation of steroidal saponins in dzw afforded by trichoderma harzianum cgmcc 2979. the medium was optimized for maximum diosgenin production. the addition of phosphate buffer, surf ...	2010	19578845
the thpg1 endopolygalacturonase is required for the trichoderma harzianum-plant beneficial interaction.	considering the complexity of the in vivo interactions established by a mycoparasitic biocontrol agent at the plant rhizosphere, proteomic, genomic, and transcriptomic approaches were used to study a novel trichoderma gene coding for a plant cell wall (pcw)-degrading enzyme. a proteome analysis, using a three-component (trichoderma spp.-tomato plantlets-pathogen) system, allowed us to identify a differentially expressed trichoderma harzianum endopolygalacturonase (endopg). spot 0303 remarkably i ...	2009	19589077
toward understanding of carbohydrate binding and substrate specificity of a glycosyl hydrolase 18 family (gh-18) chitinase from trichoderma harzianum.	surface plasmon resonance (spr) has been used to assay the roles of amino acid residues in the substrate binding cleft of trichoderma harzianum chitinase chit42, which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 18 (gh-18). nine different chit42 variants having amino acid mutations along the binding site cleft at subsites -4 to +2 were created and characterized with regard to their affinity toward chitinous and non-chitinous oligosaccharides. the catalytically inactive chit42 mutant e172q was used ...	2009	19596709
contribution of the saprobic fungi trametes versicolor and trichoderma harzianum and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi glomus deserticola and g. claroideum to arsenic tolerance of eucalyptus globulus.	the presence of high concentrations of arsenic (as) decreased the shoot and root dry weight, chlorophyll and p and mg content of eucalyptus globulus colonized with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi glomus deserticola or g. claroideum, but these parameters were higher than in non-am plants. as increased the percentage of am length colonization and succinate dehydrogenase (sdh) activity in the root of e. globulus. trichoderma harzianum, but not trametes versicolor, increased the shoot and root ...	2009	19648001
study on the anthraquinones separated from the cultivation of trichoderma harzianum strain th-r16 and their biological activity.	the biocontrol fungal species of trichoderma, which colonizes plant roots, are well-known for their potential to control plant pathogens. six anthraquinones, of which four have been identified for the first time from trichoderma and two have already been reported in other strains, were purified from trichoderma harzianum strain th-r16 to evaluate their biological activities. the structures of the compounds were determined by one- and two-dimensional nmr. the compounds were shown to exhibit stron ...	2009	19650641
increase of laccase activity during interspecific interactions of white-rot fungi.	white-rot fungi are of interest due to their ability to degrade lignin. lignin-degrading enzymes such as laccase can also degrade xenobiotic compounds. the effects of interspecific interactions between white-rot fungi and other microorganisms on laccase activity was studied in laboratory cultures. laccase activity in cultures of trametes versicolor and pleurotus ostreatus increased significantly after the introduction of soil fungi, bacteria and yeasts or after contact with nonsterile soil. addi ...	2004	19712364
molecular cloning and expression of the trichoderma harzianum c4 endo-beta-1,4-xylanase gene in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	an endo-beta-1,4-xylanase (beta-xylanase) from trichoderma harzianum c4 was purified without cellulase activity by sequential chromatographies. the specific activity of the purified enzyme preparation was 430 units/mg on d-xylan. the complementary dna (cdna) encoding beta-xylanase (xynii) was amplified by pcr and isolated from cdna pcr libraries constructed from t. harzianum c4. the nucleotide sequence of the cdna fragment contained an open reading frame of 663 bp that encodes 221 amino acids, o ...	2009	19734721
molecular identification of trichoderma species associated with pleurotus ostreatus and natural substrates of the oyster mushroom.	green mold of pleurotus ostreatus, caused by trichoderma species, has recently resulted in crop losses worldwide. therefore, there is an emerging need for rapid means of diagnosing the causal agents. a pcr assay was developed for rapid detection of trichoderma pleurotum and trichoderma pleuroticola, the two pathogens causing green mold of p. ostreatus. three oligonucleotide primers were designed for identifying these species in a multiplex pcr assay based on dna sequences within the fourth and f ...	2009	19735461
trichoderma species form endophytic associations within theobroma cacao trichomes.	trichoderma species are usually considered soil organisms that colonize plant roots, sometimes forming a symbiotic relationship. recent studies demonstrate that trichoderma species are also capable of colonizing the above ground tissues of theobroma cacao (cacao) in what has been characterized as an endophytic relationship. trichoderma species can be re-isolated from surface sterilized cacao stem tissue, including the bark and xylem, the apical meristem, and to a lesser degree from leaves. sem a ...	2009	19765658
antifungal mechanism of a novel antifungal protein from pumpkin rinds against various fungal pathogens.	a novel antifungal protein (pr-2) was identified from pumpkin rinds using water-soluble extraction, ultrafiltration, cation exchange chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry indicated that the protein had a molecular mass of 14865.57 da. automated edman degradation showed that the n-terminal sequence of pr-2 was qgigvgdndgkrgkr-. the pr-2 protein strongly inhibited in vitro growth of bot ...	2009	19807165
gene expression analysis of the biocontrol fungus trichoderma harzianum in the presence of tomato plants, chitin, or glucose using a high-density oligonucleotide microarray.	it has recently been shown that the trichoderma fungal species used for biocontrol of plant diseases are capable of interacting with plant roots directly, behaving as symbiotic microorganisms. with a view to providing further information at transcriptomic level about the early response of trichoderma to a host plant, we developed a high-density oligonucleotide (hdo) microarray encompassing 14,081 expressed sequence tag (est)-based transcripts from eight trichoderma spp. and 9,121 genome-derived ...	2009	19825185
fungal spores: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting.	fungal spores are ubiquitous in the environment. however, exposure levels in workplaces where mouldy materials are handled are much higher than in common indoor and outdoor environments. spores of all tested species induced inflammation in experimental studies. the response to mycotoxin-producing and pathogenic species was much stronger. in animal studies, nonallergic responses dominated after a single dose. allergic responses also occurred, especially to mycotoxin-producing and pathogenic speci ...	2009	19863384
[agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase gene transformation for pinellia ternata].	to obtain transgenic pinellia ternata plants resistant to fungus by transfer chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase gene from trichoderma harzianum.	2009	19894502
harzianic acid, an antifungal and plant growth promoting metabolite from trichoderma harzianum.	a trichoderma harzianum strain, isolated from composted hardwood bark in western australia, was found to produce a metabolite with antifungal and plant growth promoting activity. the structure and absolute configuration of the fungal compound, harzianic acid (1), were determined by x-ray diffraction studies. harzianic acid showed antibiotic activity against pythium irregulare, sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and rhizoctonia solani. a plant growth promotion effect was observed at low concentrations of ...	2009	19894739
quantification of the biocontrol agent trichoderma harzianum with real-time taqman pcr and its potential extrapolation to the hyphal biomass.	the species of the genus trichoderma are used successfully as biocontrol agents against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi. among them, trichoderma harzianum is especially effective. however, to develop more effective fungal biocontrol strategies in organic substrates and soil, tools for monitoring the control agents are required. real-time pcr is potentially an effective tool for the quantification of fungi in environmental samples. the aim of this study consisted of the development and appl ...	2010	19897358
pyrene degradation and copper and zinc uptake by fusarium solani and hypocrea lixii isolated from petrol station soil.	this study aimed to isolate and identify potential polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah)-degrading and/or metal-tolerant fungi from pah-contaminated and metal-contaminated soils.	2010	19922595
trichoderma biocontrol: signal transduction pathways involved in host sensing and mycoparasitism.	fungi of the genus trichoderma are used as biocontrol agents against several plant pathogenic fungi like rhizoctonia spp., pythium spp., botrytis cinerea and fusarium spp. which cause both soil-borne and leaf- or flower-borne diseases of agricultural plants. plant disease control by trichoderma is based on complex interactions between trichoderma, the plant pathogen and the plant. until now, two main components of biocontrol have been identified: direct activity of trichoderma against the plant ...	2007	19936091
electrochemical dna biosensor for the detection of specific gene related to trichoderma harzianum species.	a new electrochemical biosensor is described for voltammetric detection of gene sequence related to trichoderma harzianum. the sensor involves immobilization of a 20 base single-stranded probe (ssdna), which is complementary to a specific gene sequence related to t. harzianum on a gold electrode through specific adsorption. the dna probe was used to determine the amount of target gene in solution using methylene blue (mb) as the electrochemical indicator. the covalently immobilized probe could s ...	2010	19945357
regeneration and molecular characterization of an intergeneric hybrid between graphium putredinis and trichoderma harzianum by protoplasmic fusion.	the fungal strains graphium putredinis and trichoderma harzianum were selected as parents for fusant development. protoplasts were isolated using the combination of lysing enzymes novozym 234 and cellulase with 0.6m kcl as osmotic stabilizer. the optimum conditions for release of viable protoplasts from the fungal mycelium viz. age of the mycelium, lytic enzymes, osmotic stabilizers, ph, incubation period and regeneration medium were determined. intergeneric protoplast fusion was carried out usi ...	2010	20064604
transgenic expression of the trichoderma harzianum hsp70 gene increases arabidopsis resistance to heat and other abiotic stresses.	the ability of some trichoderma strains, a biological control agent, to overcome extreme environmental conditions has previously been reported and related to heat-shock proteins (hsps). these proteins are induced environmentally and are involved in important processes, acting as molecular chaperones in all organisms. in a previous study, we demonstrated, by overexpression, that the trichoderma harzianum hsp70 gene conferred tolerance to heat and other abiotic stresses to this fungus. in this wor ...	2010	20080316
covalent selection of the thiol proteome on activated thiol sepharose: a robust tool for redox proteomics.	protein thiols contribute significantly to antioxidant defence and selective oxidation of cysteines is important in signal transduction even in sub-stress scenarios. however, cysteine is the second rarest residue in proteins and it can be difficult to target low-abundance thiol (-sh)-containing proteins in proteomic separations. activated thiol sepharose (ats) allows covalent selection of -sh-containing proteins which can then be recovered by reduction with mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. thi ...	2010	20082816
new insights in trichoderma harzianum antagonism of fungal plant pathogens by secreted protein analysis.	trichoderma harzianum all42 were capable of overgrowing and degrading rhizoctonia solani and macrophomina phaseolina mycelia, coiling around the hyphae with formation of apressoria and hook-like structures. hyphae of t. harzianum all42 did not show any coiling around fusarium sp. hyphae suggesting that mycoparasitism may be different among the plant pathogens. in this study, a secretome analysis was used to identify some extracellular proteins secreted by t. harzianum all42 after growth on cell ...	2010	20213103
transcriptome and metabolome profiling of field-grown transgenic barley lack induced differences but show cultivar-specific variances.	the aim of the present study was to assess possible adverse effects of transgene expression in leaves of field-grown barley relative to the influence of genetic background and the effect of plant interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. we conducted transcript profiling, metabolome profiling, and metabolic fingerprinting of wild-type accessions and barley transgenics with seed-specific expression of (1,3-1, 4)-beta-glucanase (glub) in baronesse (b) as well as of transgenics in golden promi ...	2010	20308540
the trichoderma harzianum demon: complex speciation history resulting in coexistence of hypothetical biological species, recent agamospecies and numerous relict lineages.	the mitosporic fungus trichoderma harzianum (hypocrea, ascomycota, hypocreales, hypocreaceae) is an ubiquitous species in the environment with some strains commercially exploited for the biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. although t. harzianum is asexual (or anamorphic), its sexual stage (or teleomorph) has been described as hypocrea lixii. since recombination would be an important issue for the efficacy of an agent of the biological control in the field, we investigated the phylogene ...	2010	20359347
solid-state cultivation of trichoderma harzianum nbri-1055 for modulating natural antioxidants in soybean seed matrix.	trichoderma harzianum nbri-1055 was used, as fungal candidate to enhance the antioxidant activities of soybean matrix by modulating polyphenolic substances during solid-state fermentation. trichoderma-fermented soybean (tfs) and unfermented soybean (ufs) products were extracted with water (w) and methanol (m). total phenolic content of tfs-w and tfs-m extracts were significantly higher than that of ufs-w and ufs-m extracts. the effectiveness of extracts for total flavonoid content, antioxidant a ...	2010	20363120
purification and characterization of an acid phosphatase from trichoderma harzianum.	an acid phosphatase from trichoderma harzianum was purified in a single step using a phenyl-sepharose chromatography column. a typical procedure showed 22-fold purification with 56% yield. the purified enzyme showed as a single band on sds-page with an apparent molecular weight of 57.8 kda. the ph optimum was 4.8 and maximum activity was obtained at 55 degrees c. the enzyme retained 60% of its activity after incubation at 55 degrees c for 60 min. the k (m) and v (max) values for p-nitrophenyl ph ...	2010	20364293
improved tolerance toward fungal diseases in transgenic cavendish banana (musa spp. aaa group) cv. grand nain.	the most devastating disease currently threatening to destroy the banana industry worldwide is undoubtedly sigatoka leaf spot disease caused by mycosphaerella fijiensis. in this study, we developed a transformation system for banana and expressed the endochitinase gene then-42 from trichoderma harzianum together with the grape stilbene synthase (stsy) gene in transgenic banana plants under the control of the 35s promoter and the inducible pr-10 promoter, respectively. the superoxide dismutase ge ...	2011	20397044
antifungal effects of the bioactive compounds enniatins a, a(1), b, b(1).	to produce enniatin (ens), fusarium tricinctum cect 20150 was grown in a liquid medium of potato (pdb), being mycotoxin purified by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) with a reverse phase semipreparative column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/water using gradient condition. the purity of the ens fractions was verified by analytical hplc and lc/ms-ms. the pure fractions of ens were utilized to study the biological activity on several mycotoxigenic moulds as fusarium verticilloides ...	2010	20417654
trichoderma harzianum ioc-4038: a promising strain for the production of a cellulolytic complex with significant β-glucosidase activity from sugarcane bagasse cellulignin.	sugarcane bagasse is an agroindustrial residue generated in large amounts in brazil. this biomass can be used for the production of cellulases, aiming at their use in second-generation processes for bioethanol production. therefore, this work reports the ability of a fungal strain, trichoderma harzianum ioc-4038, to produce cellulases on a novel material, xylan free and cellulose rich, generated from sugarcane bagasse, named partially delignified cellulignin. the extract produced by t. harzianum ...	2010	20455032
trichoderma harzianum and glomus intraradices modify the hormone disruption induced by fusarium oxysporum infection in melon plants.	the plant hormones salicylic acid (sa), jasmonic acid (ja), ethylene (et), and abscisic acid (aba) are known to play crucial roles in plant disease and pest resistance. changes in the concentrations of these plant hormones in melon plant shoots, as a consequence of the interaction between the plant, the pathogen fusarium oxysporum, the antagonistic microorganism trichoderma harzianum, and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices were investigated. attack by f. oxysporum activated a ...	2010	20528186
chitosan increases conidiation in fungal pathogens of invertebrates.	antifungal activity of chitosan on plant pathogenic fungi has been widely studied, but little is known about the effect of chitosan on fungal biocontrol agents. in this work, we characterize the increase of conidiation induced by chitosan in fungal pathogens of invertebrates (fpi). chitosan increased conidiation of fpi, including beauveria bassiana, widely used as mycoinsecticide, and did not affect conidia viability or pathogenicity. increased conidiation induced by chitosan is shown to be conc ...	2010	20532757
mycoparasitism of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a pathway for the entry of saprotrophic fungi into roots.	within the rhizosphere, arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi interact with a cohort of microorganisms, among which is the biological control agent, trichoderma spp. this fungus parasitizes a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi, a phenomenon also reported in the extraradical mycelium (erm) of am fungi. here, we question whether the mycoparasitism of the erm could be extended to the intraradical mycelium (irm), thus representing a pathway for the entry of trichoderma harzianum within the root. microc ...	2010	20533946
the effect of resource quantity and resource stoichiometry on microbial carbon-use-efficiency.	the carbon-use-efficiency (cue) of microorganisms is an important parameter in determining ecosystem-level carbon (c) cycling; however, little is known about how variance in resources affects microbial cue. to elucidate how resource quantity and resource stoichiometry affect microbial cue, we cultured four microorganisms - two fungi (aspergillus nidulans and trichoderma harzianum) and two bacteria (pectobacterium carotovorum and verrucomicrobium spinosum) - under 12 unique c, nitrogen (n) and ph ...	2010	20550579
an innovative brilliant blue fcf method for fluorescent staining of fungi and bacteria.	abstract most natural and synthetic dyes currently used for microbial fluorescent staining are toxic or carcinogenic and are harmful to animals, humans and the environment. a food dye for microbial staining, brilliant blue fcf, was used as an alternative to lactofuchsin and lactophenol blue. brilliant blue fcf shows pronounced microbial cell fluorescence staining of an array of pathogenic/toxigenic (fusarium granunearum 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotypes, and escherichia coli o157:h7) and ...	2010	20560873
differential expression of maize chitinases in the presence or absence of trichoderma harzianum strain t22 and indications of a novel exo- endo-heterodimeric chitinase activity.	the interaction of plants with endophytic symbiotic fungi in the genus trichoderma alters the plant proteome and transcriptome and results in enhanced plant growth and resistance to diseases. in a previous study, we identified the numerous chitinolytic enzyme families and individual enzymes in maize which are implicated in plant disease resistance and other plant responses.	2010	20594307
exposure to bioaerosols during the growth season of tomatoes in an organic greenhouse using supresivit (trichoderma harzianum) and mycostop (streptomyces griseoviridis).	in working environments, especially in confined spaces like greenhouses, elevated concentrations of airborne microorganisms may become a problem for workers' health. additionally, the use of microbial pest control agents (mpcas) may increase exposure to microorganisms. the aim of this study was to investigate tomato growers' exposure to naturally occurring bioaerosol components [dust, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, (1-->3)-beta-d-glucans, and endotoxin] and mpcas applied by drip irrigation. air ...	2010	20622135
a comparison of preservation methods for trichoderma harzianum cultures.		2012	20624479
seed treatment with trichoderma harzianum alleviates biotic, abiotic, and physiological stresses in germinating seeds and seedlings.	trichoderma spp. are endophytic plant symbionts that are widely used as seed treatments to control diseases and to enhance plant growth and yield. although some recent work has been published on their abilities to alleviate abiotic stresses, specific knowledge of mechanisms, abilities to control multiple plant stress factors, their effects on seed and seedlings is lacking. we examined the effects of seed treatment with t. harzianum strain t22 on germination of seed exposed to biotic stress (seed ...	2010	20649416
impact of biological control agents on fusaric acid secreted from fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (massey) snyder and hansen in gladiolus grandiflorus corms.	fusaric acid (fa) (5-n-butylpuridine 2-carboxyl acid), a highly toxic secondary metabolite produced by fusarium oxysporum strains, plays a significant role in disease development. the abilities of three f. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (massey) snyder and hansen isolates (g010; 649-91; and 160-57) to produce fa in infected gladiolus corm tissues was evaluated in vitro in relation to the presence of two biological control agents, trichoderma harzianum t22, and aneurinobacillus migulanus. pathogenicit ...	2011	20814727
purification and characterization of novel glucanases from trichoderma harzianum ets 323.	trichoderma harzianum ets 323 secretes two glucanases, a 23.5 kda endoglucanase (eg th1) and a 61 kda exoglucanase (exg th1). they were identified by their hydrolysis products and were purified to homogeneity. the optimal temperature and ph for both eg th1 (7.3-fold purification, 5.0% yield) and exg th1 (33.7-fold purification, 0.15% yield) were 50 °c and ph 4.5, respectively. the kinetic parameters of eg th1 (k(m) = 23 mg ml(-1), v(max) = 294 μm min(-1), specific activity = 7.4 u mg(-1)) and ex ...	2010	20815353
purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the catalytic domain of the extracellular cellulase cbhi from trichoderma harzianum.	the filamentous fungus trichoderma harzianum has a considerable cellulolytic activity that is mediated by a complex of enzymes which are essential for the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose. these enzymes were produced by the induction of t. harzianum with microcrystalline cellulose (avicel) under submerged fermentation in a bioreactor. the catalytic core domain (ccd) of cellobiohydrolase i (cbhi) was purified from the extracellular extracts and submitted to robotic crystallization. diffra ...	2010	20823521
further evidence from the effect of fungi on breaking opuntia seed dormancy.	recently, we found that fungi are involved in breaking seed dormancy of opuntia streptacantha, and that the effect of fungi on seeds is species-specific. however, the effect of fungi on seed germination from other opuntia spp has not been evaluated. thus, we evaluated the effect of four fungal species (penicillium chrysogenum, phoma sp., trichoderma harzianum, trichoderma koningii) on the germination of opuntia leucotricha, an abundant species in the chihuahuan desert, mexico. we found that seed ...	2010	20861689
isozyme analysis and relationships among three species in malaysian trichoderma isolates.	isozyme and protein electrophoresis data from mycelial extracts of 27 isolates of trichoderma harzianum, 10 isolates of t. aureoviride and 10 isolates of t. longibrachiatum from southern peninsular malaysia were investigated. the eight enzyme and a single protein pattern systems were analyzed. three isozyme and total protein patterns were shown to be useful for the detection of three trichoderma species. the isozyme and protein data were analyzed using the nei and li dice similarity coefficient ...	2010	20890090
agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of chiv gene to trichoderma harzianum.	as a soil-borne filamentous fungus, trichoderma harzianum exhibits biological control properties because it parasitizes a large variety of phytopathogenic fungi. in this study, the vectors pbi121 and pcambia1301 and cloning vector puc18 were used to successfully construct expression vector pca-gchiv for filamentous fungi transformation mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens.the chiv gene was successfully transferred into the biocontrol fungus t. harzianum with an efficiency of 90-110 transformant ...	2010	20936373
scanning electron microscopy observations of the interaction between trichoderma harzianum and perithecia of gibberella zeae.	chronological events associated with the interaction between a strain of trichoderma harzianum, t472, with known biological control activity against perithecial production of g. zeae, were studied with scanning electron microscopy to investigate the mechanisms of control. large clusters of perithecia consisting of 5-15 perithecia formed on the autoclaved, mulched wheat straw inoculated with g. zeae alone (control) with an average of 157 perithecia per plate. small clusters consisting of 3-6 and ...	2010	20943563
the rhizosphere-competent entomopathogen metarhizium anisopliae expresses a specific subset of genes in plant root exudate.	metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana are ubiquitous insect pathogens and possible plant symbionts, as some strains are endophytic or colonize the rhizosphere. we evaluated 11 strains of m. anisopliae and b. bassiana, and two soil saprophytes (the non-rhizospheric aspergillus niger and the rhizosphere-competent trichoderma harzianum) for their ability to germinate in bean root exudates (res). our results showed that some generalist strains of m. anisopliae were as good at germinating in ...	2010	20947574
trichoderma harzianum sqr-t037 rapidly degrades allelochemicals in rhizospheres of continuously cropped cucumbers.	to alleviate the stress of continuous cropping for cucumber continuous cropping (ccc) system, a beneficial fungus trichoderma harzianum sqr-t037 (sqr-t037) was isolated and applied to soil to degrade allelochemicals exuded from cucumber plants in a rhizobox experiment. the following phenolic acids (pas), classified as allelochemicals, were isolated and identified from cucumber rhizospheres: 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, and cinnamic aci ...	2011	20972783
qrt-pcr quantification of the biological control agent trichoderma harzianum in peat and compost-based growing media.	to ensure proper use of trichoderma harzianum in agriculture, accurate data must be obtained in population monitoring. the effectiveness of qrt-pcr to quantify t. harzianum in different growing media was compared to the commonly used techniques of colony counting and qpcr. results showed that plate counting and qpcr offered similar t. harzianum quantification patterns of an initial rapid increase in fungal population that decreased over time. however, data from qrt-pcr showed a population curve ...	2010	21030250
high-yield endoglucanase production by trichoderma harzianum ioc-3844 cultivated in pretreated sugarcane mill byproduct.	the low-cost production of cellulolytic complexes presenting high action at mild conditions and well-balanced cellulase activities is one of the major bottlenecks for the economical viability of the production of cellulosic ethanol. in the present paper, the filamentous fungus trichoderma harzianum ioc-3844 was used for the production of cellulases from a pretreated sugarcane bagasse (namely, cellulignin), by submerged fermentation. this fungal strain produced high contents of endoglucanase acti ...	2010	21048871
species diversity, distribution, and genetic structure of endophytic and epiphytic trichoderma associated with banana roots.	selective isolation, molecular identification and aflp were used to investigate the distribution of the various species of endophytic and epiphytic trichoderma associated with banana roots and to compare and contrast their genetic structure. three specific groups of trichoderma were observed in the roots of banana. group one, which made up the largest population, comprised t. asperellum, t. virens, and hypocrea lixii, which were isolated from both inside and on the surface of the banana roots, w ...	2010	21063870
the interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or trichoderma harzianum alters the shoot hormonal profile in melon plants.	arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) and trichoderma harzianum are known to affect plant growth and disease resistance through interaction with phytohormone synthesis or transport in the plant. cross-talk between these microorganisms and their host plants normally occurs in nature and may affect plant resistance. simultaneous quantification in the shoots of melon plants revealed significant changes in the levels of several hormones in response to inoculation with t. harzianum and two different amf ...	2011	21145086
trichoderma harzianum metabolites pre-adapt mushrooms to trichoderma aggressivum antagonism.	trichoderma spp. is the cause of green mold, a disorder that affects cultivated mushrooms. the aims of the study were to establish whether improvement of mushroom resistance to trichoderma aggressivum could be obtained by inducing reaction mechanisms before contact with the pathogen and whether this ability was species or strain dependent. twenty nine isolates of agaricus bisporus, 29 isolates of lentinula edodes and 18 isolates of pleurotus spp. were studied. the effect of t. harzianum metaboli ...	2003	21156605
long-term effects on other fungi are studied in biological and chemical stump treatments in the fight against heterobasidion annosum coll.	the effects on mycoflora of norway spruce stumps of biological and chemical treatments in the fight against heterobasidion annosum coll. were investigated two yr after applications of these treatments. the biological treatments were hypholoma fasciculare, phanerochaete velutina, vuilleminia comedens, trichoderma harzianum and both the conidial suspension and culture filtrate of verticillium bulbillosum; propiconazole was used as chemical treatment. samplings were performed on 130 stumps, includi ...	2003	21156626
solid-state fermentation of agro-industrial wastes to produce bioorganic fertilizer for the biocontrol of fusarium wilt of cucumber in continuously cropped soil.	agro-industrial wastes of cattle dung, vinegar-production residue and rice straw were solid-state fermented by inoculation with trichoderma harzianum sqr-t037 (sqr-t037) for production of bioorganic fertilizers containing sqr-t037 and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6pap) to control fusarium wilt of cucumber in a continuously cropped soil. fermentation days, temperature, inoculum and vinegar-production residue demonstrated significant effects on the sqr-t037 biomass and the yield of 6pap, based on fractional ...	2010	21190841
occupational exposure to microorganisms used as biocontrol agents in plant production.	exposure to bioaerosols containing fungi and bacteria may cause various deleterious respiratory health effects. fungi and bacteria are commercially produced and applied to the environment as microbiological pest control agents (mpcas). attention has been drawn towards the exposure and health risks due to the use of commercially important mpcas. as part of a risk evaluation this paper intends to review whether the exposure to mpcas (beauveria bassiana, verticillium lecanii, trichoderma harzianum, ...	2011	21196399
changes in hyphal morphology and activity of phenoloxidases during interactions between selected ectomycorrhizal fungi and two species of trichoderma.	patterns of phenoloxidase activity can be used to characterize fungi of different life styles, and changes in phenoloxidase synthesis were suspected to play a role in the interaction between ectomycorrhizal and two species of trichoderma. confrontation between the ectomycorrhizal fungi amanita muscaria and laccaria laccata with species of trichoderma resulted in induction of laccase synthesis, and the laccase enzyme was bound to mycelia of ectomycorrhizal fungi. tyrosinase release was noted only ...	2011	21286809
expression and characterization of two new alkane-inducible cytochrome p450s from trichoderma harzianum.	n-dodecane and fatty acids were good inducers of cytochrome p450 (cyp) and the ω-hydroxylase of lauric acid, which is a marker for ω-hydroxylation of n-alkanes, in trichoderma harzianum. a cdna, containing an orf of 1520 bp, encoding a cyp52 of 520 amino acids, was isolated by race. another n-alkane-inducible cyp was identified by llc-ms/ms analysis of a microsomal protein band induced by n-dodecane in a library of t. harzianum. this suggests that t. harzianum has a cyp-dependent conversion of a ...	2011	21327702
differential expression of oil palm pathology genes during interactions with ganoderma boninense and trichoderma harzianum.	the expression profiles of δ9 stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (sad1 and sad2) and type 3 metallothionein (mt3-a and mt3-b) were investigated in seedlings of oil palm (elaeis guineensis) artificially inoculated with the pathogenic fungus ganoderma boninense and the symbiotic fungus trichoderma harzianum. expression of sad1 and mt3-a in roots and sad2 in leaves were significantly up-regulated in g. boninense inoculated seedlings at 21 d after treatment when physical symptoms had not yet a ...	2011	21333381
strain-specific scar markers for the detection of trichoderma harzianum as12-2, a biological control agent against rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of rice sheath blight.	in order to identify a specific marker for t. harzianum as12-2, a strain capable of controlling rice sheath blight caused by rhizoctonia solani, up-pcr was performed using five universal primers (up) both separately and in pairwise combinations. the application of two up primers resulted in the amplification of unique fragments from the genomic dna of t. harzianum as12-2, clearly distinguishing it from other trichoderma strains. the unique fragments had no significant sequence homology with any ...	2011	21388921
role of the morphology and polyphosphate in trichoderma harzianum related to cadmium removal.	this study concerns the metabolism of polyphosphate in trichoderma harzianum, a biocontrol agent with innate resistance against most chemicals used in agriculture, including metals, when grown in the presence of different concentrations of cadmium. the biomass production was affected by the concentration of metal used. control cultures were able to accumulate polyphosphate under the conditions used. moreover, the presence of cadmium induced a reduction in polyphosphate content related to the con ...	2011	21407149
functional analysis of the trichoderma harzianum nox1 gene, encoding an nadph oxidase, relates production of reactive oxygen species to specific biocontrol activity against pythium ultimum.	the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ros) is one of the first events following pathogenic interactions in eukaryotic cells, and nadph oxidases are involved in the formation of such ros. the nox1 gene of trichoderma harzianum was cloned, and its role in antagonism against phytopathogens was analyzed in nox1-overexpressed transformants. the increased levels of nox1 expression in these transformants were accompanied by an increase in ros production during their direct confrontation with pythiu ...	2011	21421791
a novel l-amino acid oxidase from trichoderma harzianum ets 323 associated with antagonism of rhizoctonia solani.	trichoderma spp. are used as biocontrol agents against phytopathogens such as rhizoctonia solani, but their biocontrol mechanisms are poorly understood. a novel l-amino oxidase (th-laao) was identified from the extracellular proteins of trichoderma harzianum ets 323. here, we show a fad-binding glycoprotein with the best substrate specificity constant for l-phenylalanine. although the amino acid sequence of th-laao revealed limited homology (16-24%) to other laao members, a highly conserved fad- ...	2011	21456553
herbicidal activity of culture filtrates of trichoderma spp. against two problematic weeds of wheat.	the herbicidal potential of culture filtrates of four trichoderma spp., namely trichoderma harzianum rifai, trichoderma pseudokoningii rifai, trichoderma reesei simmons and trichoderma viride pers., was evaluated against two problematic weeds of wheat, phalaris minor l. and rumex dentatus l. in laboratory bioassays, generally, metabolites of all four trichoderma species significantly reduced various root and shoot growth parameters of the two target weed species. the original concentrations of t ...	2011	21462072
the overexpression in arabidopsis thaliana of a trichoderma harzianum gene that modulates glucosidase activity, and enhances tolerance to salt and osmotic stresses.	using the trichoest database, generated in a previous functional genomics project from the beneficial filamentous fungus trichoderma harzianum, a gene named thkel1, which codes for a putative kelch-repeat protein, was isolated and characterized. silencing of this gene in t. harzianum leads to a reduction of glucosidase activity and mycelial growth under abiotic stress conditions. expression of this gene in arabidopsis enhances plant tolerance to salt and osmotic stresses, accompanied by an incre ...	2011	21466906
trichoderma harzianum strain sqr-t37 and its bio-organic fertilizer could control rhizoctonia solani damping-off disease in cucumber seedlings mainly by the mycoparasitism.	damping-off disease is caused by rhizoctonia solani and leads to serious loss in many crops. biological control is an efficient and environmentally friendly way to prevent damping-off disease. optical micrographs, scanning electron micrographs, and the determination of hydrolytic enzymes were used to investigate the antagonism of trichoderma harzianum sqr-t37 (sqr-t37) against r. solani. experiments were performed in pots to assess the in vivo disease-control efficiency of sqr-t37 and bio-organi ...	2011	21484203
occurrence of soil- and tick-borne fungi and related virulence tests for pathogenicity to ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae).	ixodes scapularis say, the blacklegged tick, vectors borrelia burgdorferi johnson et al. 1984, the bacterium that causes lyme disease, the most important vector-borne disease in the united states. efforts to reduce i. scapularis populations are shifting toward the development of biological control methods. currently, only a few entomopathogenic fungal species are considered virulent to ticks. we hypothesized that these species may not represent the most abundant local taxa that would be pathogen ...	2011	21485371
co-entrapment of trichoderma harzianum and glomus sp. within alginate beads: impact on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi life cycle.	this study was performed to explore the compatibility and applicability of plant beneficial micro-organisms (i.e. trichoderma harzianum mucl 29707 and glomus sp. mucl 41833) co-entrapped in alginate beads.	2011	21518156
comparison of real-time pcr and microscopy to evaluate sclerotial colonisation by a biocontrol fungus.	the biocontrol agent trichoderma harzianum colonises sclerotia of the plant pathogenic fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum. plating of sclerotia typically has been used to determine the incidence of mycoparasitism, but does not quantify the extent to which individual sclerotia are colonised. we developed a specific pcr primer/probe set for the green fluorescent protein (gfp)-transformant t. harzianum thzid1-m3, which exhibited high precision and reproducibility. quantitative real-time pcr was evalua ...	2011	21530913
species delimitation in fungal endophyte diversity studies and its implications in ecological and biogeographic inferences.	the estimation of species diversity in fungal endophyte communities is based either on species counts or on the assignment of operational taxonomic units (otus). consequently, the application of different species recognition criteria affects not only diversity estimates but also the ecological hypotheses that arise from those observations. the main objective of the study was to examine how the choice and number of genetic markers and species delimitation criteria influence biodiversity estimates ...	2011	21557783
trichoderma harzianum might impact phosphorus transport by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.	trichoderma sp. is a biocontrol agent active against plant pathogens via mechanisms such as mycoparasitism. recently, it was demonstrated that trichoderma harzianum was able to parasitize the mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungus, thus affecting its viability. here, we question whether this mycoparasitism may reduce the capacity of glomus sp. to transport phosphorus ((33)p) to its host plant in an in vitro culture system. (33)p was measured in the plant and in the fungal mycelium in ...	2011	21609342
biotechnological applications of the gene transfer from the beneficial fungus trichoderma harzianum spp. to plants.	alternative and ecological strategies are necessary and demanded for disease management in order to reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture. thus, the use of biological control agents such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) or several strains of the beneficial fungus trichoderma spp. to combat plant diseases is the basis of biocontrol of plant pathogens and is a good approach to reach this healthy and environmentally adequate objective.	2011	21772122
identification of antibacterial mechanism of l-amino acid oxidase derived from trichoderma harzianum ets 323.	although l-amino oxidase (laao) has been reported to be a potent antibacterial agent, the mechanism behind its antibacterial activity has not been identified. this study attempted to identify the mechanism behind the antibacterial activity of th-laao, an laao recently isolated from the extracellular proteins of trichoderma harzianum ets 323, while elucidating the nature of this enzyme. the results indicate that the enzyme activity and structure of th-laao are stable at ph 6 to 8 and less stable ...	2011	21781279
expression of an optimized argopecten purpuratus antimicrobial peptide in e. coli and evaluation of the purified recombinant protein by in vitro challenges against important plant fungi.	antimicrobial peptides (amp) have been widely described in several organisms from different kingdoms. we recently designed and evaluated a synthetic version of an amp isolated and characterized from argopecten purpuratus hemocytes. this study describes the generation of a chimaeric gene encoding for ap-s, the use of this construct to transform e. coli strain bl21, and the evaluation of the purified recombinant ap-s (raps) as an antifungal agent. the proposed gene coding for rap-s consists of 93 ...	2011	21787820
cloning of a novel l-amino acid oxidase from trichoderma harzianum ets 323 and bioactivity analysis of overexpressed l-amino acid oxidase.	l-amino acid oxidases (laaos) have been isolated from many organisms, such as snake, and are known to have antibacterial activity. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the cloning of cdna encoding a novel trichoderma harzianum ets 323 l-amino acid oxidase (th-l-aao). the protein was overexpressed in escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. comparisons of its deduced amino acid sequence with the sequence of other l-aaos revealed the similarity to be between 9% and 24%. t ...	2011	21797276
hydroxylation modification and free radical scavenging activity of puerarin-7-o-fructoside.	puerarin-7-o-fructoside was transformed by trichoderma harzianum cgmcc 1523 into 3'-hydroxypuerarin-7-o-fructoside; this was identified by ms and nmr. however, puerarin-7-o-glucoside was not directly hydroxylated but hydrolyzed back into puerarin, which was transformed into 3'-hydroxypuerarin by the same fungi. comparative analysis of free radical scavenging activity of dpph showed that the free radical scavenging activity of puerarin-7-o-glucoside was reduced to approximately 1/2 of that of pue ...	2011	21818614
[Isolation and identification of dominant microorganisms in rhizosphere of continuous cropping with peanut].	We isolated and identified dominant microorganisms from the rhizosphere of continuous cropping with peanut, to study the relationship between dominant microorganisms and peanut continuous cropping.	2011	21866710
purification, and biochemical and biophysical characterization of cellobiohydrolase i from trichoderma harzianum ioc 3844.	because of its elevated cellulolytic activity, the filamentous fungus trichoderma harzianum has a considerable potential in biomass hydrolysis applications. trichoderma harzianum cellobiohydrolase i (thcbhi), an exoglucanase, is an important enzyme in the process of cellulose degradation. here, we report an easy single-step ion-exchange chromatographic method for purification of thcbhi and its initial biophysical and biochemical characterization. the thcbhi produced by induction with microcrysta ...	2011	21876370
the qid74 gene from trichoderma harzianum has a role in root architecture and plant biofertilization.	the trichoderma harzianum qid74 gene encodes a cysteine-rich cell wall protein that has an important role in adherence to hydrophobic surfaces and cellular protection; this gene was upregulated in trichoderma high-density oligonucleotide (hdo) microarrays in interaction with tomato roots. using a collection of qid74-overexpressing and disrupted mutants the role of this gene in cucumber and tomato root architecture was analysed in hydroponic and soil systems under greenhouse conditions. no signif ...	2012	21948047
L-amino acid oxidase-induced apoptosis in filamentous Botrytis cinerea.	As opposed to single-cell yeast and mammalian cell lines, apoptosis has not been greatly investigated in filamentous fungi because antibodies to the relevant fungal apoptosis-related proteins are not available commercially and because multicellular organisms cannot be studied using flow cytometry. Here we demonstrate how antibodies from a nonfungal source could be used to investigate this pathway. We show that apoptosis in the filamentous fungus Botrytis cinerea is triggered by the mitochondria- ...	2012	21951783
The antifungal, cytotoxic, antitermite and insecticidal activities of Zizyphus jujube.	Plants are very useful, self-generating machines, producing a variety of useful bioactive products. Keeping in view this idea, the crude methanolic extract and various fractions of Zizyphus jujuba were screened for antifungal, cytotoxic, antitermite and insecticidal activities. Low activity was shown by the crude methanolic extract (12%), n-hexane (9%), chloroform (20%) and ethyl acetate (14%) fraction against Penicillium notatum. Low activity was shown by the n-hexane fraction against Aspergill ...	2011	21959810
enhancement of metabolites productivity of penicillium pinophilum fki-5653, by co-culture with trichoderma harzianum fki-5655.	in the course of discovering new metabolites from co-culture of penicillium pinophilum fki-5653 and trichoderma harzianum fki-5655, a new compound, designated secopenicillide c, and four known compounds, penicillide, mc-141, pestalasin a and stromemycin were isolated. the production of these compounds, except pestalasin a, was enhanced in co-culture to be two to six times higher than in pure culture of penicillium pinophilum fki-5653, which was the producer of these compounds.	2011	22008698
effect of ph and temperature on the global compactness, structure, and activity of cellobiohydrolase cel7a from trichoderma harzianum.	due to its elevated cellulolytic activity, the filamentous fungus trichoderma harzianum (t. harzianum) has considerable potential in biomass hydrolysis application. cellulases from trichoderma reesei have been widely used in studies of cellulose breakdown. however, cellulases from t. harzianum are less-studied enzymes that have not been characterized biophysically and biochemically as yet. here, we examined the effects of ph and temperature on the secondary and tertiary structures, compactness, ...	2012	22048567
Disruption of Trichoderma reesei cre2, encoding an ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase, results in increased cellulase activity.	ABSTRACT:	2011	22070776
comparative study of trichoderma gene expression in interactions with tomato plants using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays.	trichoderma spp. are widely used as biopesticides and biofertilizers to control diseases and to promote positive physiological responses in plants. in vitro and in vivo assays with trichoderma harzianum cect 2413 (t34), trichoderma virens gv29-8 (t87) and trichoderma hamatum imi 224801 (t7) revealed that these strains affected the growth and development of lateral roots in tomato plants in different ways. the early expression profiles of these trichoderma strains were studied after 20 h of incub ...	2012	22075029