Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| a novel f-box protein involved in sexual development and pathogenesis in gibberella zeae. | gibberella zeae is an ascomyceteous fungus that causes serious diseases in cereal crops. severe epidemics require strains that are virulent and that can reproduce sexually. we characterized an insertional mutant (designated zh436) with a pleiotropic defect in both traits, and identified a novel f-box protein gene encoding fbp1 (f-box protein 1) that is similar to fungal f-box proteins including saccharomyces cerevisiae grr1, a well-characterized component of the skp1-cullin-f-box protein (scf(gr ... | 2007 | 17302802 |
| purification of deoxynivalenol from fusarium graminearum rice culture and mouldy corn by high-speed counter-current chromatography. | deoxynivalenol (don) is a mycotoxin produced by several fusarium species and is toxic to a wide range of organisms, including human beings and livestock. to produce large amounts of pure don for research purposes, a novel method using high-speed counter-current chromatography (hsccc) was developed. rice cultured with fusarium graminearum and field mouldy corn infected by f. graminearum were extracted with methanol and found to contain 1.16 and 1.30 mg don/g, respectively. the extracts were conce ... | 2007 | 17306807 |
| the evolutionary history of cytochrome p450 genes in four filamentous ascomycetes. | the cytochrome p450 system is important in fungal evolution for adapting to novel ecological niches. to elucidate the evolutionary process of cytochrome p450 genes in fungi with different life styles, we studied the patterns of gene gains and losses in the genomes of four filamentous ascomycetes, including two saprotrophs (aspergillus nidulans (an) and neurospora crassa (nc)) and two plant pathogens (fusarium graminearum (fg) and magnaporthe grisea (mg)). | 2007 | 17324274 |
| mgatr7, a new type of abc transporter from mycosphaerella graminicola involved in iron homeostasis. | the abc transporter-encoding gene mgatr7 from the wheat pathogen mycosphaerella graminicola was cloned based upon its high homology to abc transporters involved in azole-fungicide sensitivity. genomic and cdna sequences indicated that the n-terminus of this abc transporter contains a motif characteristic for a dityrosine/pyoverdine biosynthesis protein. this makes mgatr7 the first member of a new class of fungal abc transporters harboring both a transporter and a biosynthetic moiety. a homologue ... | 2007 | 17379549 |
| declining triazole sensitivity in gibberella zeae and advances in fungicide development. | 2006 | 17390830 | |
| wheat fusarium head blight and identification of dominant species in moghan area, iran. | in order to identify of head blight agents in moghan area and determine predominant species, totally 60 samples from affected wheat heads of atila 4, zagros, goadloop, izen green and gasquine cultivars that cultivated during 2004-2005, were collected from randomly selected commercial wheat fields in moghan. twenty randomly selected kernels and glumes from each sample were surface sterilized and were planted on synthesized nutrient agar medium (sna), potato dextrose agar (pda) and nash-snyder med ... | 2006 | 17390870 |
| mapping of fhb resistance qtls in tetraploid wheat. | triticum turgidum l var. durum is known to be particularly susceptible to infection by fusarium graminearum, the causal agent for fusarium head blight (fhb), which results in severe yield losses and grain contaminated with mycotoxins. this research was aimed at identifying fhb resistance in tetraploid wheat and mapping the location of fhb resistance genes. a tetraploid cross of durum wheat ('strongfield') x triticum carthlicum ('blackbird') was used to generate a doubled-haploid (dh) population. ... | 2006 | 17426773 |
| global molecular surveillance reveals novel fusarium head blight species and trichothecene toxin diversity. | to expand our knowledge of fusarium head blight (fhb) pathogen and trichothecene toxin diversity, a global collection of 2100 isolates was screened for novel genetic variation, resulting in the identification of 16 phylogenetically divergent fhb isolates. the affinities and taxonomic status of these novel isolates were evaluated via phylogenetic analyses of multilocus dna sequence data (13 genes; 16.3 kb/strain) together with analyses of their morphology, pathogenicity to wheat, and trichothecen ... | 2007 | 17451976 |
| crystal structure of the major malassezia sympodialis allergen mala s 1 reveals a beta-propeller fold: a novel fold among allergens. | atopic eczema (ae) is a chronic inflammatory disease in which genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as microorganisms contribute to the symptoms. the yeast malassezia sympodialis, part of the normal human cutaneous flora, can act as an allergen eliciting specific ige and t-cell reactivity in patients with ae. the major m. sympodialis allergen mala s 1 is localized mainly in the yeast cell wall and exposed on the cell surface. interestingly, mala s 1 does not exhibit any significa ... | 2007 | 17481656 |
| benomyl resistance of colletotrichum acutatum is caused by enhanced expression of beta-tubulin 1 gene regulated by putative leucine zipper protein caben1. | colletotrichum acutatum, the fungus causing anthracnose disease of various fruits and crops, has inherent resistance to benomyl. the mechanism underlying its resistance to benomyl remains unclear. we generated a benomyl-sensitive mutant cat7-150 by transformation-mediated insertional mutagenesis. subsequently, a caben1 gene was isolated from cat7-150 by plasmid rescue and sequenced. caben1 encodes a protein of 818 amino acids containing a leucine zipper motif, and the amino acid sequence has sig ... | 2007 | 17507270 |
| mutational analysis of endoxylanases xyla and xylb from the phytopathogen fusarium graminearum reveals comprehensive insights into their inhibitor insensitivity. | endo-beta-1,4-xylanases (ec 3.2.1.8; endoxylanases), key enzymes in the degradation of xylan, are considered to play an important role in phytopathogenesis, as they occupy a prominent position in the arsenal of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by phytopathogens to breach the cell wall and invade the plant tissue. plant endoxylanase inhibitors are increasingly being pinpointed as part of a counterattack mechanism. to understand the surprising xip-type endoxylanase inhibitor insensitivity of endoxylana ... | 2007 | 17513587 |
| the glk1 'regulon' encodes disease defense related proteins and confers resistance to fusarium graminearum in arabidopsis. | overexpression (oe) was used to study the role of the arabidopsis golden2-like (glk1) transcriptional activator in regulating gene expression. affymetrix gene chip and rt-pcr analyses indicated that glk1 oe in arabidopsis reprogrammed gene expression networks to enhance a high constitutive expression of genes encoding disease defense related proteins. these include pr10, isochorismate synthase, antimicrobial peptides, glycosyl hydrolases, mate efflux and other genes associated with pathogen resp ... | 2007 | 17533111 |
| study of the antifungal activity of acinetobacter baumannii lch001 in vitro and identification of its antifungal components. | an acinetobacter strain, given the code name lch001 and having the potential to be an endophytic antagonist, has been isolated from healthy stems of the plant cinnamomum camphora (l.) presl, guided by an in vitro screening technique. the bacterium inhibited the growth of several phytopathogenic fungi such as cryphonectria parasitica, glomerella glycines, phytophthora capsici, fusarium graminearum, botrytis cinerea, and rhizoctonia solani. biochemical, physiological, and 16s rdna sequence analysi ... | 2007 | 17534613 |
| phenolics in maize genotypes differing in susceptibility to gibberella stalk rot (fusarium graminearum schwabe). | the relationship between phenolic compounds and maize pith resistance to fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of gibberella stalk rot, was investigated. the phenolic acid profiles in the stalks of six maize inbred lines of varying susceptibility were evaluated from silking to grain maturity. four different fractions of phenolic compounds were extracted from inoculated and non-inoculated (control) pith tissues: insoluble cell-wall-bound, free, soluble ester-bound, and soluble glycoside-bound ph ... | 2007 | 17547419 |
| ras2 regulates growth and pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum is a ubiquitous pathogen of cereal crops, including wheat, barley, and maize. diseases caused by f. graminearum are of particular concern because harvested grains frequently are contaminated with harmful mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). in this study, we explored the role of ras gtpases in pathogenesis. the genome of f. graminearum contains two putative ras gtpase-encoding genes. the two genes (ras1 and ras2) showed different patterns of expression under different co ... | 2007 | 17555271 |
| gene expression shifts during perithecium development in gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum), with particular emphasis on ion transport proteins. | gibberella zeae, the causal agent of fusarium head blight, is a devastating pathogen of small grains worldwide. the sexual cycle is a crucial component of head blight epidemiology, as forcibly discharged ascospores serve as the primary inoculum. the recent development of an affymetrix genechip containing probesets representative of all predicted genes of g. zeae has opened the door to studies of differential gene expression during sexual development. using genechips, a developmental time course ... | 2007 | 17555994 |
| genetic study on js399-19 resistance in hyphal fusion of fusarium graminearum by using nitrate nonutilizing mutants as genetic markers. | twenty-two nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutants were recovered from five wild-type isolates of fusarium graminearum and fifty nit mutants were recovered from three js399-19-resistant mutants of f. graminearum cultured on mmc medium. some biological properties were compared between nit mutants and their parental isolates. the results showed that there were no significant differences in growth rate, cultural characters or pathogenicity between js399-19-resistant nit mutants and their parental isolat ... | 2007 | 17560533 |
| qtl associated with fusarium head blight resistance in the soft red winter wheat ernie. | fusarium head blight (fhb), mainly caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe [telomorph: gibberella zeae schw. (petch)], is an increasingly important disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). host-plant resistance provides the best hope for reducing economic losses associated with fhb, but new sources of resistance are limited. the moderately resistant winter wheat cultivar, ernie, may provide a source of resistance that differs from sumai 3 but these genes have not been mapped. also hindering resis ... | 2007 | 17569028 |
| in vitro antifungal activity of the tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil and its major components against plant pathogens. | the aim of this study was to examine the effect of melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (tto) and its principal components on four cereal-pathogenic fungi. | 2007 | 17576222 |
| quantitative fusarium spp. and microdochium spp. pcr assays to evaluate seed treatments for the control of fusarium seedling blight of wheat. | to develop sensitive quantitative pcr assays for the two groups of pathogens responsible for fusarium seedling blight in wheat: fusarium group (fusarium culmorum and fusarium graminearum) and microdochium group (microdochium nivale and microdochium majus); and to use the assays to assess performance of fungicide seed treatments against each group. | 2007 | 17578430 |
| intracellular siderophores are essential for ascomycete sexual development in heterothallic cochliobolus heterostrophus and homothallic gibberella zeae. | connections between fungal development and secondary metabolism have been reported previously, but as yet, no comprehensive analysis of a family of secondary metabolites and their possible role in fungal development has been reported. in the present study, mutant strains of the heterothallic ascomycete cochliobolus heterostrophus, each lacking one of 12 genes (nps1 to nps12) encoding a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps), were examined for a role in sexual development. one type of strain (del ... | 2007 | 17601875 |
| toxic effects of fusarium mycotoxin butenolide on rat myocardium and primary culture of cardiac myocytes. | mycotoxin toxicosis has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of keshan disease (kd), an endemic cardiomyopathy prevailing in some regions of china. butenolide (4-acetamido-4-hydroxy-2-butenoic acid gamma-lactone, cas no. 16275-44-8), a mycotoxin produced by several fusarium species such as fusarium tricinctum and fusarium graminearum, is frequently detected from the cereals in the endemic areas of kd. the present study is undertaken to investigate whether this mycotoxin can induce myocardial ... | 2007 | 17603091 |
| characterization of fusarium graminearum inhibitory lipopeptide from bacillus subtilis ib. | bacillus subtilis strain ib exhibiting inhibitory activity against the fusarium head blight disease fungus fusarium graminearum was isolated and identified. the major inhibitory compound was purified from the culture broth through anion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc) steps. it was a 1,463-da lipopeptide and had an amino acid composition consisting of ala, glx, ile, orn, pro, thr, and tyr at a molar ratio of 1:3:1:1:1:1:2. ele ... | 2007 | 17611753 |
| toxicities induced in cultured cells exposed to zearalenone: apoptosis or mutagenesis? | zearalenone (zen) is a fusarotoxin produced mainly by fusarium graminearum in temperate and warm countries. zen has several adverse effects on humans and animals. it has a strong estrogenic activity associated with hyperestrogenism and leads to several physiological alterations in the reproductive tract. even though the mutagenic and genotoxic proprieties of zen have been described recently, its molecular mechanisms of action are not completely understood. the aim of this study was to determine ... | 2007 | 17623888 |
| identification of multiple highly similar xip-type xylanase inhibitor genes in hexaploid wheat. | in hexaploid wheat, xip-i is the only xip-type xylanase inhibitor gene whose expression and function have been characterized in detail. here we demonstrate the existence of new xip-type genes with the identification of xip-r1 and xip-r2 in the root cdnas. southern blot analysis with the xip-r1 probe revealed that xip-type genes comprised a significantly greater gene family than previously speculated on in studies with the xip-i probe. the transcript level of xip-r genes was increased upon an ino ... | 2007 | 17631271 |
| molecular characterization of a dsrna mycovirus, fusarium graminearum virus-dk21, which is phylogenetically related to hypoviruses but has a genome organization and gene expression strategy resembling those of plant potex-like viruses. | fusarium graminearum causes a serious scab disease of small grains in korea. the nucleotide sequence of the genomic rna of a double-stranded rna (dsrna) virus, fusarium graminearum virus-dk21 (fgv-dk21), from f. graminearum strain dk21, which is associated with hypovirulence in f. graminearum, was determined and compared to the genome sequences of other mycoviruses, including cryponectria hypoviruses. the fgv-dk21 dsrna consists of 6,621 [corrected] nucleotides, excluding the 3'-terminal poly(a) ... | 2007 | 17646704 |
| physical and functional interaction of fgftr1-fgfet1 and fgftr2-fgfet2 is required for iron uptake in fusarium graminearum. | fgftr1 and fgftr2 are putative iron permeases, and fgfet1 and fgfet2 are putative ferroxidases of fusarium graminearum. they have high homologies with iron permease scftr1 and ferroxidase scfet3 of saccharomyces cerevisiae at the amino acid level. the genes encoding iron permease and ferroxidase were localized to the same chromosome in the manner of fgftr1/fgfet1 and fgftr2/fgfet2. the gfp (green fluorescent protein)-fused versions of fgftr1 and fgftr2 showed normal functions when compared with ... | 2007 | 17655522 |
| toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in mature corn silage. | to investigate the exposure of livestock and farm workers to mycotoxins during the last months of silage use, the mycoflora and the mycotoxins in a mature silage (11-months-old) were studied. a multimycotoxin method was developed to evaluate the toxigenic in vitro ability of fungal strains. the screening of potentially toxigenic fungi isolated from the mature silage showed that six fusaria (fusarium culmorum, fusarium equiseti, fusarium graminearum, fusarium oxysporum, fusarium solani and fusari ... | 2007 | 17655998 |
| new and efficient method using saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants for identification of siderophores produced by microorganisms. | the separation and identification of siderophores produced by microorganisms is a time-consuming and an expensive procedure. we have developed a new and efficient method to identify siderophores using well-established saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants. the deltafet3,arn strains fail to sustain growth, even when specific siderophores are supplied, and mutants are siderophore-specific: deltafet3,arn2 for triacetylfusarinine c (tafc), deltafet3,arn1,sit1 for ferrichrome (fc), and deltafet3, ... | 2007 | 17665200 |
| myrothecium roridum tri4 encodes a multifunctional oxygenase required for three oxygenation steps. | the biosyntheses of both macrocyclic trichothecenes in myrothecium roridum and simple trichothecenes in fusarium species begin with the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate to form the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon trichodiene. a previous study showed that myrothecium has a cluster of 3 genes that are homologous with fusarium trichothecene genes: tri4, a p450 oxygenase; tri5, the sesquiterpene cyclase; and tri6, a zinc-finger regulatory gene. fusarium graminearum tri4 (fgtri4) and m. roridum mrtri4 ... | 2007 | 17668015 |
| comparative proteomics of extracellular proteins in vitro and in planta from the pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. | high-throughput ms/ms was used to identify proteins secreted by fusarium graminearum (gibberella zeae) during growth on 13 media in vitro and in planta during infection of wheat heads. in vitro secreted proteins were collected from the culture filtrates, and in planta proteins were collected by vacuum infiltration. a total of 289 proteins (229 in vitro and 120 in planta) were identified with high statistical confidence. forty-nine of the in planta proteins were not found in any of the in vitro c ... | 2007 | 17676664 |
| development of a physical map of the soybean pathogen fusarium virguliforme based on synteny with fusarium graminearum genomic dna. | reference genome sequences within the major taxa can be used to assist the development of genomic tools for related organisms. a major constraint in the use of these sequenced and annotated genomes is divergent evolution. divergence of organisms from a common ancestor may have occurred millions of years ago, leading to apparently un-related and un-syntenic genomes when sequence alignment is attempted. | 2007 | 17683537 |
| molecular biology of fusarium mycotoxins. | as the 20th century ended, fusarium mycotoxicology entered the age of genomics. with complete genomes of fusarium graminearum and f. verticillioides and several fusarium gene expression sequence databases on hand, researchers worldwide are working at a rapid pace to identify mycotoxin biosynthetic and regulatory genes. seven classes of mycotoxin biosynthetic genes or gene clusters have been identified in fusarium to date; four are polyketide synthase gene clusters for equisetin, fumonisins, fusa ... | 2007 | 17707105 |
| genetically engineered fusarium as a tool to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on initiation of trichothecene biosynthesis. | fusarium graminearum was engineered for expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (egfp) as a reporter regulated in a manner similar to tri5, a key pathway gene in trichothecene biosynthesis. using the transgenic fungus, it was found that the reporter gene was induced to express in aerial hyphae developed on trichothecene noninducing medium yg solidified by agar. unexpectedly, the transcriptional activation of egfp was markedly suppressed by adding nacl that does not significantly af ... | 2007 | 17711459 |
| epidemiology of fusarium head blight on small-grain cereals. | fusarium head blight (fhb) is one of the most serious diseases affecting wheat and barley worldwide. it is caused by fusarium graminearum along with f. culmorum, f. avenaceum and other related fungi. these fungi also produce several mycotoxins. though the disease results in reduced seed quality and yield, the toxins which may accompany the disease are often a more serious problem. pathogen inoculum is usually very abundant, however production and dispersal of inoculum are weather-sensitive proce ... | 2007 | 17716761 |
| strategies for managing fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat. | many mycotoxigenic fungi infect plant hosts and cause disease in the field. therefore, control of field infection by these fungi is a critical step in managing mycotoxin accumulation in the harvested product. fusarium graminearum, also known as gibberella zeae, is the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb), or scab, in cereals and is also the primary agent responsible for contamination of grain with deoxynivalenol (don). research efforts worldwide are devoted to the development of strategies ... | 2007 | 17716767 |
| determination of the trichothecene mycotoxin chemotypes and associated geographical distribution and phylogenetic species of the fusarium graminearum clade from china. | a large number of isolates from the fusarium graminearum clade representing all regions in china with a known history of fusarium head blight (fhb) epidemics in wheat were assayed using pcr to ascertain their trichothecene mycotoxin chemotypes and associated phylogenetic species and geographical distribution. of the 299 isolates assayed, 231 are from f. asiaticum species lineage 6, which produce deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-acdon); deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-a ... | 2007 | 17716884 |
| inhibition of non-enzymatic glycation by silk extracts from a mexican land race and modern inbred lines of maize (zea mays). | non-enzymatic glycation and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (ages) are associated with various disease states, including complications of diabetes and aging. secondary metabolites from several plant species are known to inhibit non-enzymatic glycation and the formation of ages, including flavonoids found in the style (silk) of zea mays (maize). thirteen modern maize inbreds and one land race were tested for in vitro inhibition of non-enzymatic glycation of bovine serum albumi ... | 2008 | 17724765 |
| a novel erf transcription activator in wheat and its induction kinetics after pathogen and hormone treatments. | in this study, a pathogen-inducible erf (ethylene-response factor) gene in wheat, designated taerf3, was isolated and characterized in detail. the sequence of the taerf3 protein possesses all of the traits commonly associated with erfs, but its entire sequence shares low identity with other erfs of transcription factor families. the results of assays on subcelluar localization, gcc box-binding ability, and transactivation activity indicated that taerf3 is a nuclear targeting protein and function ... | 2007 | 17728298 |
| the fusarium graminearum genome reveals a link between localized polymorphism and pathogen specialization. | we sequenced and annotated the genome of the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum, a major pathogen of cultivated cereals. very few repetitive sequences were detected, and the process of repeat-induced point mutation, in which duplicated sequences are subject to extensive mutation, may partially account for the reduced repeat content and apparent low number of paralogous (ancestrally duplicated) genes. a second strain of f. graminearum contained more than 10,000 single-nucleotide polymorphism ... | 2007 | 17823352 |
| toxic alterations in chick embryonic liver and spleen by acute exposure to fusarium-producing mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. | food mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin, don) produced by fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum can induce rapid diminution of lymphoid tissues and lymphopenia in the growing chickens and mammals. we first investigated the direct acute effects of don on the chick immune-related embryo tissues such as embryonic liver and spleen. direct don administration into the embryonic eggs caused toxin accumulation in liver in a time-dependent manner. electron microscopic observation showed a notable accumul ... | 2007 | 17827746 |
| antifungal lactic acid bacteria with potential to prolong shelf-life of fresh vegetables. | the aim of this study was to isolate and identify antifungal lactic acid bacteria from fresh vegetables, and evaluate their potential in preventing fungal spoilage of vegetables. | 2007 | 17850302 |
| [analysis of simple sequence repeats in genomes of sclerotinia sclerotiorum and botrytis cinerea]. | simple sequence repeats or microsatellites have been used as genetic markers in population genetics because of their abundance and length variation between different individuals. this study examined the ssrs in the completely sequenced sclerotinia sclerotiorum and botrytis cinerea genomes. the occurrences, relative abundance, relative density, most common motifs, and the longest ssrs in the two species were analyzed, and compared with other plant pathogenic fungal species, such as fusarium grami ... | 2007 | 17855269 |
| synthesis, antiviral and antifungal bioactivity of 2-cyano-acrylate derivatives containing phosphonyl moieties. | alkyl 2-cyano-3-methylthio-3-phosphonylacrylates were synthesized by the reaction of alkyl 2-cyano-3,3-dimethylthioacrylates with dialkyl phosphites. the structures of the new compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, ir, 1h-, 13c- and 31p-nmr spectral data. these compounds were tested in vitro against pathogenic fungi, namely, fusarium graminearum, cytospora mandshurica and fusarium oxysporum. amongst all compounds, 2d and 2t were found to be effective against the tested fungi at 50 m ... | 2007 | 17873832 |
| population genetic structure of gibberella zeae isolated from wheat in argentina. | gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum) causes fusarium head blight of wheat. the authors used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (aflps) to characterize the genetic structure of two g. zeae populations from commercial wheat fields. the working hypothesis was that sufficient genetic exchange occurs between local populations to prevent significant partitioning of allelic variation. we analysed 216 aflp loci for 113 isolates collected during the 2002 harvest season. all strains had af ... | 2007 | 17886183 |
| involvement of the osmosensor histidine kinase and osmotic stress-activated protein kinases in the regulation of secondary metabolism in fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum produces trichothecenes in aerial hyphae, a process which is markedly suppressed by nacl without a significant effect on fungal growth. here we report on the involvement of kinases of the two-component osmotic signal transduction pathway in the regulation of secondary metabolism in f. graminearum. while a deletion null mutant of fgos1 (encoding the osmosensor histidine kinase) (deltafgos1) produced a reduced amount of the red pigment aurofusarin and was unaltered in its abil ... | 2007 | 17897620 |
| molecular and biochemical detection of fengycin- and bacillomycin d-producing bacillus spp., antagonistic to fungal pathogens of canola and wheat. | bacillus species are well known for their ability to control plant diseases through various mechanisms, including the production of secondary metabolites. bacillus subtilis dfh08, an antagonist of fusarium graminearum, and other bacillus spp. that are antagonists of common fungal pathogens of canola were screened for peptide synthetase biosynthetic genes of fengycin and bacillomycin d. specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers identified b. subtilis strains dfh08 and 49 for the presence o ... | 2007 | 17898845 |
| changing the substrate specificity of a chitooligosaccharide oxidase from fusarium graminearum by model-inspired site-directed mutagenesis. | chitooligosaccharide oxidase (chito) catalyzes the oxidation of c1 hydroxyl moieties on chitooligosaccharides and in this way displays a different substrate preference as compared to other known oligosaccharide oxidases. chito was identified in the genome of fusarium graminearum and a structural model revealed that one active site residue (q268) was likely to be involved in the recognition of the n-acetyl moiety on the chitooligosaccharide substrates. the substrate specificity of wild type chito ... | 2007 | 17900572 |
| glucosylceramide synthase is essential for alfalfa defensin-mediated growth inhibition but not for pathogenicity of fusarium graminearum. | antifungal defensins, msdef1 and mtdef4, from medicago spp., inhibit the growth of a fungal pathogen, fusarium graminearum, at micromolar concentrations. however, molecular mechanisms by which they inhibit the growth of this fungus are not known. we have characterized a functional role of the fungal sphingolipid glucosylceramide in regulating sensitivity of the fungus to msdef1 and mtdef4. a null mutation of the fggcs1 gene encoding glucosylceramide synthase results in a mutant lacking glucosylc ... | 2007 | 17908205 |
| tandem mass spectrometry for the detection of plant pathogenic fungi and the effects of database composition on protein inferences. | lc-ms/ms has demonstrated potential for detecting plant pathogens. unlike pcr or elisa, lc-ms/ms does not require pathogen-specific reagents for the detection of pathogen-specific proteins and peptides. however, the ms/ms approach we and others have explored does require a protein sequence reference database and database-search software to interpret tandem mass spectra. to evaluate the limitations of database composition on pathogen identification, we analyzed proteins from cultured ustilago may ... | 2007 | 17922518 |
| structural and functional characterization of the tri101 trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase from fusarium sporotrichioides and fusarium graminearum: kinetic insights to combating fusarium head blight. | fusarium head blight (fhb) is a plant disease with serious economic and health impacts. it is caused by fungal species belonging to the genus fusarium and the mycotoxins they produce. although it has proved difficult to combat this disease, one strategy that has been examined is the introduction of an indigenous fungal protective gene into cereals such as wheat barley and rice. thus far the gene of choice has been tri101 whose gene product catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl co ... | 2008 | 17923480 |
| xyr1 regulates xylanase but not cellulase formation in the head blight fungus fusarium graminearum. | fusarium graminearum is a plant pathogen that causes severe economical losses by infecting numerous agriculturally important plants and until now most culture plants have only low levels of fusarium resistance. the plant cell wall can be assumed as the first target that has to be overcome by plant pathogens. therefore pathogenic organisms are known to produce a complex cocktail of plant cell wall lytic enzymes. xylanases are besides cellulases the most prominent enzymes secreted by fusarium duri ... | 2007 | 17924109 |
| conidial germination in the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum. | the ascomycetous fungus fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen causing fusarium head blight disease of wheat and barley. to understand early developmental stages of this organism, we followed the germination of macroconidia microscopically to understand the timing of key events. these events, recorded after suspension of spores in liquid germination medium, included spore swelling at 2h, germination tube emergence and elongation from conidia at 8h and hyphal branching at 24h. to und ... | 2008 | 17950638 |
| characterization and fitness of carbendazim-resistant strains of fusarium graminearum (wheat scab). | carbendazim (mbc) has failed to control wheat scab, caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe, on the eastern coast of china in recent years after about 30 years of application. | 2007 | 17955449 |
| magnesium represses trichothecene biosynthesis and modulates tri5, tri6, and tri12 genes expression in fusarium graminearum. | growth and production of type-b trichothecenes mycotoxins by the fusarium graminearum strain cbs 185.32 were compared in gyep medium supplemented with mg(2+) at different concentrations (0-4 mm). mg(2+) led to a strong decrease in toxin accumulation without affecting the mycelial growth, suggesting a specific mg(2+) effect on fungal secondary metabolism. expression of tri5, tri6, and tri12 genes was followed throughout the time courses of type-b trichothecenes (tctb) yield in standard and 2 mm m ... | 2008 | 17968674 |
| transcriptome analysis of trichothecene-induced gene expression in barley. | fusarium head blight, caused primarily by fusarium graminearum, is a major disease problem on barley (hordeum vulgare l.). trichothecene mycotoxins produced by the fungus during infection increase the aggressiveness of the fungus and promote infection in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). loss-of-function mutations in the tri5 gene in f. graminearum result in the inability to synthesize trichothecenes and in reduced virulence on wheat. we examined the impact of pathogen-derived trichothecenes on viru ... | 2007 | 17977148 |
| a gene having sequence homology to isoamyl alcohol oxidase is transcribed during patulin production in penicillium griseofulvum. | the genes for the patulin biosynthetic pathway are most likely arranged in a cluster, as is often the case for other mycotoxins. with this in mind, genewalking has been performed to identify genes both upstream and downstream of the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) gene. a gene present in penicillium griseofulvum nrrl 2159a had high sequence homology to the isoamyl alcohol oxidase (iao) gene and was detected downstream of the idh gene and in the same orientation. by virtue of the presence of a si ... | 2008 | 18000703 |
| an adaptive evolutionary shift in fusarium head blight pathogen populations is driving the rapid spread of more toxigenic fusarium graminearum in north america. | analysis of fusarium head blight (fhb) pathogen diversity revealed that 3adon producing fusarium graminearum are prevalent in north america and identified significant population structure associated with trichothecene chemotype differences (f(st)>0.285; p<0.001). in addition, we identified a trichothecene chemotype cline in canada and documented a recent and significant shift in fhb pathogen composition by demonstrating that the 3adon chemotype frequency in western canada increased more than 14- ... | 2008 | 18035565 |
| antifungal activity of some diaryl ethers. | several diaryl ethers were synthesized and tested in vitro against seven phytopathogenic fungi, namely fusarium graminearum, alternaria alternate, helminthosporium sorokinianum, pyricularia oryzae, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumarinum and alternaria brassicae. compared to a commercial agricultural fungicide, hymexazol, especially compounds a, b, e, g and k were found to be more effective at 50 mug/ml against f. graminearum, f. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum ... | 2007 | 18057754 |
| expression analysis of defense-related genes in wheat in response to infection by fusarium graminearum. | fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by the fungi fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum, is a worldwide disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the chinese cultivar ning 7840 is one of a few wheat cultivars with resistance to fhb. genecalling, an open-architecture mrna-profiling technology, was used to identify differentially expressed genes induced or suppressed in spikes of ning 7840 after infection by f. graminearum. one hundred and twenty-five cdna fragments representing transcripts diff ... | 2007 | 18059549 |
| bacterial artificial chromosome-based physical map of gibberella zeae (fusarium graminearum). | fusarium graminearum is the primary causal pathogen of fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. to accelerate genomic analysis of f. graminearum, we developed a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac)-based physical map and integrated it with the genome sequence and genetic map. one bac library, developed in the hindiii restriction enzyme site, consists of 4608 clones with an insert size of approximately 107 kb and covers about 13.5 genome equivalents. the other library, developed in the bamhi re ... | 2007 | 18059558 |
| a guanylyl cyclase-like gene is associated with gibberella ear rot resistance in maize (zea mays l.). | gibberella ear rot, caused by the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum schwabe, is a serious disease of maize (zea mays l.) grown in northern climates. the infected maize grain contains toxins that are very harmful to livestock and humans. a maize gene that encodes a putative 267-amino acid guanylyl cyclase-like protein (zmgc1) was characterized and shown to be associated with resistance to this disease. the putative zmgc1 amino acid sequence is 53% identical and 65% similar to atgc1, an arabido ... | 2008 | 18074115 |
| fungistatic activity of flaxseed in potato dextrose agar and a fresh noodle system. | although numerous researchers have studied flaxseed as a food ingredient for its health benefits, flaxseed (linum usitatissimum) has never been considered as a food preservative. the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of flaxseed flour (ff) concentration (0, 6, 9, 12, and 15% wt/wt), cultivar ('omega' and brown) and source (four seed companies located in minnesota and north dakota) on flaxseed fungistatic activity. fungal radial growth was used to assess the fungistatic activi ... | 2008 | 18077042 |
| antifungal activity of lactobacillus paracasei ssp. tolerans isolated from a sourdough bread culture. | lactic acid bacteria were isolated from four different sourdough bread cultures previously investigated for antifungal activity. a total of 116 isolates were obtained and screened for antifungal activity against a battery of molds. the most inhibitory isolate obtained was identified by api 50 chl and 16s ribosomal rna genotyping and found to be lactobacillus paracasei ssp. tolerans. this isolate completely inhibited the growth of fusarium proliferatum m 5689, m 5991 and fusarium graminearum r 40 ... | 2008 | 18077044 |
| the l-type calcium ion channel cch1 affects ascospore discharge and mycelial growth in the filamentous fungus gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum). | cch1, a putative voltage-gated calcium ion channel, was investigated for its role in ascus development in gibberella zeae. gene replacement mutants of cch1 were generated and found to have asci which did not forcibly discharge spores, although morphologically ascus and ascospore development in the majority of asci appeared normal. additionally, mycelial growth was significantly slower, and sexual development was slightly delayed in the mutant; mutant mycelia showed a distinctive fluffy morpholog ... | 2008 | 18083828 |
| large-scale expressed sequence tag analysis for the chestnut blight fungus cryphonectria parasitica. | cryphonectria parasitica is the causal fungal agent responsible for the chestnut blight disease. we report the generation of 14,263 expressed sequence tags representing 6318 unisequences for the fungus. functional annotation of these unisequences revealed different gene expression patterns for wild-type and hypovirus-infected cultures at the sporulation stage and allowed the reconstruction of key c. parasitica signal transduction pathways conserved in the sorbidaryomycetes. a list of homologous ... | 2008 | 18166491 |
| fusarium graminearum gene deletion mutants map1 and tri5 reveal similarities and differences in the pathogenicity requirements to cause disease on arabidopsis and wheat floral tissue. | the ascomycete pathogen fusarium graminearum can infect all cereal species and lower grain yield, quality and safety. the fungus can also cause disease on arabidopsis thaliana. in this study, the disease-causing ability of two f. graminearum mutants was analysed to further explore the parallels between the wheat (triticum aestivum) and arabidopsis floral pathosystems. wild-type f. graminearum (strain ph-1) and two isogenic transformants lacking either the mitogen-activated protein kinase map1 ge ... | 2008 | 18179606 |
| fusarium mycotoxins: overlooked aquatic micropollutants? | deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are among the most prevalent toxins produced by fusarium spp. they have been investigated in food and feed products for decades but rarely in the environment. we therefore established solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms) methods to quantify these mycotoxins at trace concentrations in aqueous natural samples. in a model emission study, we inoculated a winter wheat field with fusarium graminearum and subsequently monitored deoxyn ... | 2008 | 18197623 |
| inhibition of fusarium graminearum growth and development by farnesol. | the isoprenoid farnesol was previously shown to induce morphological features characteristic of apoptosis in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. this study demonstrates that under similar liquid media growth conditions, farnesol also triggers apoptosis in the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. however, unlike a. nidulans, f. graminearum spores treated with farnesol exhibited altered germination patterns and most (>60%) lysed upon prolonged exposure. given the economic importa ... | 2008 | 18201191 |
| the discovery and analysis of a diverged family of novel antifungal moricin-like peptides in the wax moth galleria mellonella. | screening for components with antifungal activity in the hemolymph of immune-stimulated galleria mellonella larvae led to the identification of four novel moricin-like peptides (a, b, c3 and d). subsequently, eight moricin-like peptide genes (a, b, c1-5 and d) were isolated and shown to code for seven unique peptides (mature c4 and c5 are identical). these genes contained single introns which varied from 180 to 1090bp. the moricin-like peptides were particularly active against filamentous fungi, ... | 2008 | 18207081 |
| antifungal activity stability of flaxseed protein extract using response surface methodology. | the stability of the antifungal activity of flaxseed (linum usitatissimum) protein extract was evaluated in this study. response surface methodology (rsm) using box-behnken factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of treatment variables, that is, temperature (50 to 90 degrees c), time (1 to 29 min), and ph (2 to 8), on the residual antifungal activity (raa) against penicillium chrysogenum, fusarium graminearum, aspergillus flavus, and a penicillium sp. isolated from moldy noodles. regre ... | 2008 | 18211360 |
| identification of differentially expressed proteins in a mat1-2-deleted strain of gibberella zeae, using a comparative proteomics analysis. | gibberella zeae is a self-fertile ascomycetous fungus that causes important diseases of cereal crops. a comprehensive understanding of sexual reproduction in g. zeae is needed for disease control. to identify fungal proteins involved in this process, we compared the protein profiles of a wild-type strain and its self-sterile strain deleted for mat1-2, a master regulator of sexual reproduction in g. zeae. using 2-de and either maldi-tof or esi-q-tof ms, we identified 13 protein spots that showed ... | 2008 | 18214489 |
| functional analyses of heterotrimeric g protein g alpha and g beta subunits in gibberella zeae. | the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) is a major toxigenic plant pathogen that causes head blight disease on small-grain cereals. the fungus produces the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (don) and zearalenone (zea) in infected hosts, posing a threat to human and animal health. despite its agricultural and toxicological importance, the molecular mechanisms underlying its growth, development and virulence remain largely unknown. to better understand such mecha ... | 2008 | 18227243 |
| differential expression of proteins in response to the interaction between the pathogen fusarium graminearum and its host, hordeum vulgare. | using proteomic techniques, a study aimed at isolating and identifying proteins associated with resistance to fusarium head blight (fhb) was conducted on six barley genotypes of varying resistance. at anthesis, barley spikelets were point inoculated with fusarium graminearum macroconidial suspensions or mock inoculum. in total, 43 acidic protein spots out of 600 were detected 3 days postinoculation to be differentially expressed due to fhb and were identified. identification of proteins responsi ... | 2008 | 18232057 |
| a screening system for inhibitors of trichothecene biosynthesis: hydroxylation of trichodiene as a target. | fusarium tri4 encodes a key cytochrome p450 monooxygenase for hydroxylation of trichodiene early in the biosynthesis of trichothecenes. in this study, we established a system for screening for inhibitors of trichothecene biosynthesis using transgenic saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing tri4. for easy evaluation of the tri4 activity, trichodiene-11-one was used as a substrate and the formation of 2alpha-hydroxytrichodiene-11-one was monitored by hplc. using this system, tri4 proved to be inhibite ... | 2008 | 18239857 |
| gene expression in fusarium graminearum grown on plant cell wall. | fusarium graminearum is a phytopathogenic filamentous fungus attacking a wide range of plants including humulus lupulus (hop). transcriptional analysis of f. graminearum grown on minimal media containing hop cell wall or glucose as the sole carbon source was performed by applying a highly stringent method combining microarrays and a subtracted cdna library. in addition to genes coding for various cell wall degrading enzymes (cwde), several metabolic pathways were induced in response to the plant ... | 2008 | 18249015 |
| alignment of genetic and physical maps of gibberella zeae. | we previously published a genetic map of gibberella zeae (fusarium graminearum sensu lato) based on a cross between kansas strain z-3639 (lineage 7) and japanese strain r-5470 (lineage 6). in this study, that genetic map was aligned with the third assembly of the genomic sequence of g. zeae strain ph-1 (lineage 7) using seven structural genes and 108 sequenced amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. several linkage groups were combined based on the alignments, the nine original linkage g ... | 2008 | 18263740 |
| trichothecenes and mycoflora in wheat harvested in nine locations in buenos aires province, argentina. | a total of 120 freshly harvested wheat samples from the 2004 season in nine locations from northern buenos aires province, argentina, were analysed for trichothecene natural occurrence and associated mycoflora, and for determining the influence of commonly used fungicide field treatment and the cultivar type on trichothecene contamination. the trichothecenes t-2 tetraol, t-2 triol, ht-2 and t-2 toxin (ht-2, t-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (das), nivalenol (niv), deoxynivalenol (don), 3-acetyldeoxynival ... | 2008 | 18266077 |
| [purification and identification of iturin a from bacillus subtilis ja by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry]. | lipopeptides produced by bacillus subtilis ja antagonized a broad spectrum of plant fungal pathogens. the purification and identification of the lipopeptide antibiotics plays an important role for further research. crude lipopeptides were extracted with methanol from the precipitate, which was obtained by adding 6mol/l hcl to the cell-free culture broth and then stored at 4 degrees c overnight. the crude extract was run on reversed-phase hplc system with a diamonsil c18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, ... | 2008 | 18338587 |
| characterization of fusarium graminearum mes1 reveals roles in cell-surface organization and virulence. | the surfaces of fungal hyphae are mosaics of carbohydrates and cell-surface proteins. presently, very little is known about the role of these proteins and their organization at the cell surface. here, we characterize two fusarium graminearum genes implicated in cell-surface organization, mes1 (fgsg_06680) and pls1 (fgsg_08695). mes1 is a homologue of mesa, which is required for the formation of stable polarity axes in aspergillus nidulans. pls1 encodes a tetraspanin, which belongs to a class of ... | 2008 | 18339563 |
| the role of double covalent flavin binding in chito-oligosaccharide oxidase from fusarium graminearum. | chito (chito-oligosaccharide oxidase) from fusarium graminearum catalyses the regioselective oxidation of n-acetylated oligosaccharides. the enzyme harbours an fad cofactor that is covalently attached to his94 and cys154. the functional role of this unusual bi-covalent flavin-protein linkage was studied by site-directed mutagenesis. the double mutant (h94a/c154a) was not expressed, which suggests that a covalent flavin-protein bond is needed for protein stability. the single mutants h94a and c15 ... | 2008 | 18352858 |
| a polyketide macrolactone synthase from the filamentous fungus gibberella zeae. | resorcylic acid lactones represent a unique class of fungal polyketides and display a wide range of biological activities, such as nanomolar inhibitors of hsp90 and map kinase. the biosynthesis of these compounds is proposed to involve two fungal polyketide synthases (pks) that function collaboratively to yield a 14-membered macrolactone with a resorcylate core. we report here the reconstitution of gibberella zeae pks13, which is the nonreducing pks associated with zearalenone biosynthesis. usin ... | 2008 | 18427109 |
| proteomic analyses of fusarium graminearum grown under mycotoxin-inducing conditions. | non-gel-based quantitative proteomics technology was used to profile protein expression differences when fusarium graminearum was induced to produce trichothecenes in vitro. as f. graminearum synthesizes and secretes trichothecenes early in the cereal host invasion process, we hypothesized that proteins contributing to infection would also be induced under conditions favouring mycotoxin synthesis. protein samples were extracted from three biological replicates of a time course study and subjecte ... | 2008 | 18452225 |
| transgenic wheat expressing a barley class ii chitinase gene has enhanced resistance against fusarium graminearum. | fusarium head blight (fhb; scab), primarily caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat worldwide. fhb causes yield reductions and contamination of grains with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). the genetic variation in existing wheat germplasm pools for fhb resistance is low and may not provide sufficient resistance to develop cultivars through traditional breeding approaches. thus, genetic engineering provides an additional approach to enhance fhb resi ... | 2008 | 18467324 |
| mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in brazil. | commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. in dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. the aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (afs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of aspergillus flavus species was investigated. aspergillus ... | 2008 | 18477320 |
| spiroethers of german chamomile inhibit production of aflatoxin g and trichothecene mycotoxin by inhibiting cytochrome p450 monooxygenases involved in their biosynthesis. | the essential oil of german chamomile showed specific inhibition toward aflatoxin g(1) (afg(1)) production, and (e)- and (z)-spiroethers were isolated as the active compounds from the oil. the (e)- and (z)-spiroethers inhibited afg(1) production of aspergillus parasiticus with inhibitory concentration 50% (ic(50)) values of 2.8 and 20.8 microm, respectively, without inhibiting fungal growth. results of an o-methylsterigmatocystin (omst) conversion study indicated that the spiroethers specificall ... | 2008 | 18492060 |
| expression and function of sex pheromones and receptors in the homothallic ascomycete gibberella zeae. | in heterothallic ascomycete fungi, idiomorphic alleles at the mat locus control two sex pheromone-receptor pairs that function in the recognition and chemoattraction of strains with opposite mating types. in the ascomycete gibberella zeae, the mat locus is rearranged such that both alleles are adjacent on the same chromosome. strains of g. zeae are self-fertile but can outcross facultatively. our objective was to determine if pheromones retain a role in sexual reproduction in this homothallic fu ... | 2008 | 18503004 |
| pcr analysis of the tri13 gene to determine the genetic potential of fusarium graminearum isolates from iran to produce nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. | fusarium graminearum trichothecene producing isolates can be broadly divided into two chemotypes based on the production of the 8- ketotrichothecenes deoxynivalenol (don) and nivalenol (niv). functional tri13 gene required for the production of niv and 4- acetyl niv, whereas in the isolates producing don and its acetylated derivates, this gene is nonfunctional. in this study, a total of 57 isolates from different fields of mazandaran province, iran were identified as f. graminearum using classic ... | 2008 | 18523864 |
| the coiled-coil protein-binding motif in fusarium verticillioides fsr1 is essential for maize stalk rot virulence. | fusarium verticillioides (sacc.) nirenberg (teleomorph gibberella moniliformis wineland) is one of the key pathogens of maize stalk rot disease. however, a clear understanding of stalk rot pathogenesis is still lacking. previously, we identified the f. verticillioides fsr1 gene, which plays a key role in fungal virulence and sexual mating. the predicted fsr1 protein contains multiple protein-binding domains, namely a caveolin-binding domain, a coiled-coil structure, and a calmodulin-binding moti ... | 2008 | 18524918 |
| gibberella ear rot of maize (zea mays) in nepal: distribution of the mycotoxins nivalenol and deoxynivalenol in naturally and experimentally infected maize. | the fungus fusarium graminearum (sexual stage gibberella zeae) causes ear rot of maize (zea mays) and contamination with the 8-ketotrichothecenes nivalenol (1) or 4-deoxynivalenol (2), depending on diversity of the fungal population for the 4-oxygenase gene (tri13). to determine the importance of 1 and 2 in maize ear rot, a survey of naturally contaminated maize in nepal was combined with experiments in the field and in a plant growth room. in the survey, 1 contamination was 4-fold more frequent ... | 2008 | 18533662 |
| effects of different carbon sources on trichothecene production and tri gene expression by fusarium graminearum in liquid culture. | fusarium head blight caused by fusarium graminearum is a disease of cereal crops that not only reduces crop yield and quality but also results in contamination with trichothecenes such as nivalenol and deoxynivalenol (don). to analyze the trichothecene induction mechanism, effects of 12 carbon sources on the production of don and 3-acetyldexynivalenol (3adon) were examined in liquid cultures incubated with nine strains of 3adon-producing f. graminearum. significantly high levels of trichothecene ... | 2008 | 18564338 |
| a putative pheromone signaling pathway is dispensable for self-fertility in the homothallic ascomycete gibberella zeae. | gibberella zeae, a homothallic ascomycetous fungus, does not seek a partner for mating. here, we focused on the role(s) of putative pheromone and receptor genes during sexual development in g. zeae. orthologs of two pheromone precursor genes (gzppg1 and gzppg2), and their cognate receptor genes (gzpre2 and gzpre1) were transcribed during sexual development. the expression of these genes was controlled by the mating-type (mat) locus and a map kinase gene, but not in a mat-specific manner. targete ... | 2008 | 18567512 |
| genes for the biosynthesis of the fungal polyketides hypothemycin from hypomyces subiculosus and radicicol from pochonia chlamydosporia. | gene clusters for biosynthesis of the fungal polyketides hypothemycin and radicicol from hypomyces subiculosus and pochonia chlamydosporia, respectively, were sequenced. both clusters encode a reducing polyketide synthase (pks) and a nonreducing pks like those in the zearalenone cluster of gibberella zeae, plus enzymes with putative post-pks functions. introduction of an o-methyltransferase (omt) knockout construct into h. subiculosus resulted in a strain with increased production of 4-o-desmeth ... | 2008 | 18567690 |
| genome mining of cyanide-degrading nitrilases from filamentous fungi. | a variety of fungal species are known to degrade cyanide through the action of cyanide hydratases, a specialized subset of nitrilases which hydrolyze cyanide to formamide. in this paper, we report on two previously unknown and uncharacterized cyanide hydratases from neurospora crassa and aspergillus nidulans. recombinant forms of four cyanide hydratases from n. crassa, a. nidulans, gibberella zeae, and gloeocercospora sorghi were prepared after their genes were cloned with n-terminal hexahistidi ... | 2008 | 18587571 |
| analysis of deoxynivalenol, masked deoxynivalenol, and fusarium graminearum pigment in wheat samples, using liquid chromatography-uv-mass spectrometry. | tolerable limits set for deoxynivalenol (don) do not consider don conjugates such as don-3-glucoside. conjugates may be metabolized in vivo to don. such masked mycotoxins and the potentially toxic fusarium pigment are not routinely analyzed in cereals. we quantified don, don-3-glucoside, and a red fusarium pigment in hard red spring wheat, using a new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. extraction protocols using centrifugation and shaking, and methanol-methylene chloride (50:50 [vol ... | 2008 | 18592747 |
| dilution rate as a determinant of mycelial morphology in continuous culture. | the morphology of mycelial fungi in liquid culture effects culture rheology and this in turn may affect product yield. it is therefore important to understand how environmental factors influence mycelial morphology and this paper describes the effect of dilution rate on two strains of fusarium graminearum, the relatively sparsely branched parental strain (a3/5) and a relatively highly branched "colonial" variant (c106). at any given dilution rate, the concentration of mycelial fragments present ... | 1991 | 18600700 |
| nutrient-dependent selection of morphological mutants of fusarium graminearum a3/5 isolated from long-term continuous flow cultures. | highly branched (colonial) mutants (mc1-1-, cc1-1, and c106) of fusarium graminearum a3/5 were each grown with the parental strain (a3/5) in continuous flow cultures at high and low dilution rates using a variety of nutrient limitations. mc1-1 replaced a3/5 in all nutrient-limited cultures tested (glucose-, mg(2+)-, ammonium-, and sulphate-limited cultures), suggesting that it has a higher maximum specific growh rate than a3/5. compared with a3/5, c106 was positively selected for in mg(2+)-limit ... | 1992 | 18601069 |
| a novel activator-type erf of thinopyrum intermedium, tierf1, positively regulates defence responses. | thinopyrum intermedium is resistant to many different pathogens. to understand the roles of ethylene response factors (erfs) in defence responses, the first member of the erf family in t. intermedium, tierf1, was characterized and functionally analysed in this study. the tierf1 gene encodes a putative protein of 292 amino acids, belonging to the b3 subgroup of the erf transcription factor family. biochemical assays demonstrated that the tierf1 protein is capable of binding to the gcc box, a cis- ... | 2008 | 18611911 |
| ph oscillations and constant low ph delay the appearance of highly branched (colonial) mutants in chemostat cultures of the quorn(r) myco-protein fungus, fusarium graminearum a3/5. | at ph 5.8, highly branched (colonial) mutants appear in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of fusarium graminearum a3/5 after ca. 400 h (ca. 107 generations) of growth. the appearance of these mutants was delayed by up to 144 h (45 generations) when the culture was switched at intervals of 120 h between ph 4.8 and 6.6. the concentration of cycloheximide-resistant macroconidia in the culture was used as an indicator of the periodic selection of advantageous mutants and it was found that, in chemo ... | 1996 | 18627088 |
| efficient four fragment cloning for the construction of vectors for targeted gene replacement in filamentous fungi. | the rapid increase in whole genome fungal sequence information allows large scale functional analyses of target genes. efficient transformation methods to obtain site-directed gene replacement, targeted over-expression by promoter replacement, in-frame epitope tagging or fusion of coding sequences with fluorescent markers such as gfp are essential for this process. construction of vectors for these experiments depends on the directional cloning of two homologous recombination sequences on each s ... | 2008 | 18673530 |