Publications

adventitious root growth and cell-cycle induction in deepwater rice	deepwater rice (oryza sativa) is adapted to survive conditions of severe flooding over extended periods of time. during such periods adventitious roots develop to provide water, nutrients, and anchorage. in the present study the growth of adventitious roots was induced by treatment with ethylene but not auxin, cytokinin, or gibberellin. root elongation was enhanced between 8 and 10 h after submergence. the population of cells in the s phase and expression of the s-phase-specific histone h3 gene ...	1999	9880342
differential expression of genes for cyclin-dependent protein kinases in rice plants.	cyclin-dependent protein kinases (cdks) play key roles in regulating the eukaryotic cell cycle. we have analyzed the expression of four rice (oryza sativa) cdk genes, cdc2os1, cdc2os2, cdc2os3, and r2, by in situ hybridization of sections of root apices. transcripts of cdc2os1, cdc2os2, and r2 were detected uniformly in the dividing region of the root apex. cdc2os1 and cdc2os2 were also expressed in differentiated cells such as those in the sclerenchyma, pericycle, and parenchyma of the central ...	1999	9880343
temporal and spatial patterns of accumulation of the transcript of myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase and phytin-containing particles during seed development in rice.	myo-inositol-1-phosphate (i[1]p) synthase (ec 5.5.1.4) catalyzes the reaction from glucose 6-phosphate to i(1)p, the first step of myo-inositol biosynthesis. among the metabolites of i(1)p is inositol hexakisphosphate, which forms a mixed salt called phytin or phytate, a storage form of phosphate and cations in seeds. we have isolated a rice (oryza sativa l.) cdna clone, prino1, that is highly homologous to the i(1)p synthase from yeast and plants. northern analysis of total rna showed that the ...	1999	9880347
purification and molecular genetic characterization of zpu1, a pullulanase-type starch-debranching enzyme from maize.	this study identified and purified specific isoamylase- and pullulanase-type starch-debranching enzymes (dbes) present in developing maize (zea mays l.) endosperm. the cdna clone zpu1 was isolated based on its homology with a rice (oryza sativa l.) cdna coding for a pullulanase-type dbe. comparison of the protein product, zpu1, with 18 other dbes identified motifs common to both isoamylase- and pullulanase-type enzymes, as well as class-specific sequence blocks. hybridization of zpu1 to genomic ...	1999	9880368
cloning and sequencing of cdna encoding the rice methionyl-trna synthetase.	three overlapping clones of cdna, mos43, mos28 and mos60, coding for methionyl-trna synthetase were obtained by screening the oryza sativa lambda gt11 library. their nucleotide sequence of 2850 bp was determined. the deduced amino-acid sequence of the isolated clones contains a hlgn and kfsks motifs, which are conserved for this family of enzymes and have been proposed to be the signature sequences for class i aminoacyl-trna synthetases. a comparison of the rice metrs primary structure with thos ...	1998	9918493
isolation and characterization of a satellite dna family in the saccharum complex.	eacir1, a 371-bp erianthus-specific satellite dna sequence, was cloned from taqi restricted genomic dna after agarose-gel electrophoresis. this sequence has 77% homology with a 365-bp satellite of helictotrichon convolutum and 72% homology with a 353-bp tandem repeat sequence from oryza sativa. pcr primers defined in the conserved regions of these repetitive sequences were used to isolate other satellite dnas in different representatives of the saccharum complex: socir1 in saccharum officinarum, ...	1998	9924794
identification and characterization of novel retrotransposons of the gypsy type in rice.	we found that two dna fragments, which were obtained from oryza sativa l cv. ir36 by pcr using degenerate primers designed for amplification of a rice gene, showed homology with the rt gene encoding reverse transcriptase of the drosophila retrotransposon gypsy. we named the element from which they originated rire3 (for rice retrotransposon no. 3) and analyzed it further by isolating various clones containing segments of rire3. nucleotide sequencing of the clones revealed that rire3 has ltrs (231 ...	1999	9928939
identification of the gene structure and promoter region of h+-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase in rice (oryza sativa l. ).	in order to determine the gene structure and promoter region of vacuolar h+-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase (v-ppase), we isolated the genomic clones using a rice bac library and probes derived from rice v-ppase cdna (ovp1). the entire ovp1 gene is approx. 5.4 kb in length, and seven introns interrupt the coding sequence of ovp1. the first intron is extremely large (1869 bp), while the other introns are between 82 and 170 bp. a transcription initiation site, identified by a primer extens ...	1999	9931464
construction of a dna library from chromosome 4 of rice (oryza sativa) by microdissection.	a simple method to create a chromosome-specific dna library of rice, including microdissection, amplification, characterization and cloning, is described. rice chromosome 4 from a metaphase cell has been isolated and amplified by the linker adapter pcr (la-pcr). the pcr products were labeled as probes with dig-11-dutp using the random priming method. southern blot analysis with rice genomic dna and specific rflp markers demonstrated that the pcr products were derived from rice chromosome 4. a la ...	1998	9934536
the expression of the salt-responsive gene salt from rice is regulated by hormonal and developmental cues.	the expression pattern of the salt gene was analyzed in different cell types and organs of rice (oryza sativa l.) in response to saline and hormonal treatments to obtain detailed information on the physiological cues controlling gene expression. gel blot analysis of rna and in-situ hybridization performed on seedlings grown for 10 ds in the presence of 1% nacl revealed that salt was expressed mainly in the younger tissues of the plant. in contrast, 6-week-old plants exhibited maximal salt mrna a ...	1998	9951720
overexpression of rice phytochrome a partially complements phytochrome b deficiency in arabidopsis.	the red/far-red reversible phytochromes play a central role in regulating the development of plants in relation to their light environment. studies on the roles of different members of the phytochrome family have mainly focused on light-labile, phytochrome a and light-stable, phytochrome b. although these two phytochromes often regulate identical responses, they appear to have discrete photosensory functions. thus, phytochrome a predominantly mediates responses to prolonged far-red light, as wel ...	1999	9951735
quantitative intercellular localization of nadh-dependent glutamate synthase protein in different types of root cells in rice plants	the quantitative analysis with immunogold-electron microscopy using a single-affinity-purified anti-nadh-glutamate synthase (gogat) immunoglobulin g (igg) as the primary antibody showed that the nadh-gogat protein was present in various forms of plastids in the cells of the epidermis and exodermis, in the cortex parenchyma, and in the vascular parenchyma of root tips (<10 mm) of rice (oryza sativa) seedlings supplied with 1 mm nh4+ for 24 h. the values of the mean immunolabeling density of plast ...	1999	9952435
interactions between senescence and leaf orientation determine in situ patterns of photosynthesis and photoinhibition in field-grown rice	photosynthesis and photoinhibition in field-grown rice (oryza sativa l.) were examined in relation to leaf age and orientation. two varieties (ir72 and ir65598-112-2 [bsi206]) were grown in the field in the philippines during the dry season under highly irrigated, well-fertilized conditions. flag leaves were examined 60 and 100 d after transplanting. because of the upright nature of 60-d-old rice leaves, patterns of photosynthesis were determined by solar movements: light falling on the exposed ...	1999	9952451
loss-of-function mutations in the rice homeobox gene osh15 affect the architecture of internodes resulting in dwarf plants.	the rice homeobox gene osh15 (oryza sativa homeobox) is a member of the knotted1-type homeobox gene family. we report here on the identification and characterization of a loss-of-function mutation in osh15 from a library of retrotransposon-tagged lines of rice. based on the phenotype and map position, we have identified three independent deletion alleles of the locus among conventional morphological mutants. all of these recessive mutations, which are considered to be null alleles, exhibit defec ...	1999	10022841
jamu gendong, a kind of traditional medicine in indonesia: the microbial contamination of its raw materials and endproduct.	an examination on the microbiological quality of seven kinds of jamu gendong (jg) and their raw materials has been conducted according to the requirements of microbial contamination in traditional medicine, issued by the department of health of indonesia in 1986. samples of jg and their raw materials were taken from producers in three districts of surabaya. the samples were subject to the following examinations: total plate count (tpc), mpn coliform, the enumeration of molds and yeasts, the pres ...	1998	10030724
gene cloning and expression of cytosolic glutathione reductase in rice (oryza sativa l.).	we have isolated a cdna (rgrc2) encoding glutathione reductase (gr) from rice (oryza sativa l.). the comparison of deduced amino acid sequences from rgrc2 and other plant gr cdnas indicated that rgrc2 encodes a putative cytosolic isoform. the recombinant rgrc2 protein had enzymatic properties comparable to those of gr from rice embryo. subcellular fractionation showed that the rgrc2 protein is localized primarily in cytosol. mrna and protein of rgrc2 were observed mainly in roots and calli but l ...	1998	10050312
nitrate-ammonium synergism in rice. a subcellular flux analysis	many reports have shown that plant growth and yield is superior on mixtures of no3- and nh4+ compared with provision of either n source alone. despite its clear practical importance, the nature of this n-source synergism at the cellular level is poorly understood. in the present study we have used the technique of compartmental analysis by efflux and the radiotracer 13n to measure cellular turnover kinetics, patterns of flux partitioning, and cytosolic pool sizes of both no3- and nh4+ in seedlin ...	1999	10069842
organization of the 1.9-kb repeat unit rce1 in the centromeric region of rice chromosomes.	this paper presents the first report on the structure of a 14-kb centromere sequence in a cereal genome that includes 1.9-kb direct repeats. the cereal centromeric sequence (ccs1) conserved in some gramineae species contains a 17-bp motif similar to the cenp-b box, which serves as the binding site for the centromere-specific protein cenp-b in human. to isolate centromeric units from rice (oryza sativa l.), we performed pcr using the cenp-b box-like sequences (cbls) as primers. a 264-bp clone was ...	1999	10071204
non-ltr retrotransposons (lines) as ubiquitous components of plant genomes.	during the course of work aimed at isolating a rice gene from oryza australiensis by pcr, the oligonucleotide primers used were found to generate a fragment that showed sequence homology to the endonuclease (en) region of the maize non-ltr retrotransposon (line) cin4. we carried out further pcrs using oligonucleotide primers that hybridized to these sequences, and found that they amplified several fragments, each with homology to the en regions, from oryza sativa cv. nipponbare as well as o. aus ...	1999	10071212
phosphorylation of proteins in the stem section of etiolated rice seedling irradiated with red light.	the molecular mechanism of light signal perception was analyzed using stem sections of etiolated rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings irradiated with red light from a fluorescent lamp. the membrane and cytosol fractions were labeled by 40 nm [gamma-32p]atp for 10 s at 0 degrees c and proteins were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. phosphorylation of three proteins with molecular weights of 16, 17 and 18 kda in the rice increased with the intensity of red light irradiat ...	1999	10077428
isolation and characterization of an anther-specific gene, ra8, from rice (oryza sativa l.).	an anther-specific cdna clone of rice, ra8, was isolated from an anther cdna library by differential screening. rna blot analysis indicated that the ra8 transcript is present specifically in anthers and the transcript level increased as flowers matured, reaching the highest level in mature flowers. the ra8 clone contains an open reading frame of 264 amino acid residues with a hydrophobic n-terminal region. the deduced amino acid sequences did not show significant homology to any known sequences. ...	1999	10080707
molecular characterization of a gene for alanine aminotransferase from rice (oryza sativa).	a cdna clone encoding alanine aminotransferase (alaat) has isolated from randomly sequenced clones derived from a cdna library of maturing rice seeds by comparison to previously identified genes. the deduced amino acid sequence was 88% and 91% homologous to those of the enzymes from barley and broomcorn millet (panicum miliaceum), respectively. using this cdna as a probe, we isolated and sequenced the corresponding genomic clone. comparison of the sequences of the cdna and the genomic gene revea ...	1999	10080717
haemoglobin (erythrogen)-enhanced post-thaw growth of cryopreserved cells.	supplementation of semi-solid r2 culture medium with a commercial bovine haemoglobin (hb) solution (erythrogen) at 1:50-1:500 (v:v), had beneficial effects on the growth, following cryopreservation, of cells of the indica rice, oryza sativa cv. pusa basmati 1. the mean absorbance, as assessed by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction, of rice cells at 8 d post-thawing, was increased by up to 60% (p < 0.05), compared to cells recovered in the absence of hb. erythrogen (1:50-1:500 v:v) promoted ...	1999	10092937
expression of novel homeobox genes in early embryogenesis in rice.	we isolated four novel cdna clones of rice (oryza sativa l.), which encode predicted proteins with a kn1-like homeodomain. in situ hybridization and rt-pcr analysis with solid cdna libraries as templates showed that these genes are expressed in distinct patterns during the early stages of rice embryogenesis.	1999	10095070
iron fortification of rice seed by the soybean ferritin gene.	to improve the iron content of rice, we have transferred the entire coding sequence of the soybean ferritin gene into oryza sativa (l. cv. kita-ake) by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. the rice seed-storage protein glutelin promoter, glub-1, was used to drive expression of the soybean gene specifically in developing, self-pollinated seeds (t1 seeds) of transgenic plants, as confirmed by reverse transcription pcr analysis. stable accumulation of the ferritin subunit in the rice seed was dem ...	1999	10096297
molecular cloning and characterization of a cdna for an iron-superoxide dismutase in rice (oryza sativa l.).	we have isolated a cdna encoding fe-sod from rice (oryza sativa l.). the deduced amino acid sequence consists of a polypeptide with 255 amino acids, including a putative transit peptide (40 a.a.) in amino-terminal residues. this sequence is similar to the known plant fe-sods but not classified in the group of known fe-sods. the metal analysis and sod assays of the partial purified recombinant protein expressed in e. coli showed that this cdna encodes an iron-containing sod. however this sod acti ...	1999	10192910
dna sequence comparison considering both amino acid and nucleotide insertions/deletions because of evolution and experimental error.	amino acid similarity often needs to be considered in dna sequence comparison to elucidate gene functions. we propose a smith-waterman-like algorithm which considers amino acid similarity and insertions/deletions in sequences at the dna level and at the protein level in a hybrid manner. the algorithm is applied to cdna sequences of oryza sativa and those of arabidopsis thaliana. the results are compared with the results of application of ncbi's tblastx program (which compares the sequences in th ...	1999	10201112
separation and characterization of proteins from green and etiolated shoots of rice (oryza sativa l.): towards a rice proteome.	proteins extracted from green and etiolated shoots of rice were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and relative molecular weights and isoelectric points were determined. the separated proteins were electroblotted onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane and 85 proteins were analyzed by a gas-phase protein sequencer. the n-terminal amino acid sequences of 21 out of 85 proteins were determined in this manner. n-terminal regions of the remaining proteins could not be s ...	1999	10217180
culture of cells at perfluorocarbon-aqueous interfaces.	protoplasts (wall-less cells) isolated enzymatically from leaf tissues of manihot esculenta, passiflora edulis and petunia parodii, and from cell suspensions of oryza sativa, passiflora giberti, petunia hybrida and salpiglossis sinuata, were cultured for up to 35 d at an interface between the inert, oxygen-gassed perfluorocarbon (pfc) liquid, perfluorodecalin, overlaid with liquid or semi-solidified aqueous media. the maximum increase in mitotic division, as assessed by initial plating efficienc ...	1999	10226688
water stress inhibits hydraulic conductance and leaf growth in rice seedlings but not the transport of water via mercury-sensitive water channels in the root	the mechanisms by which moderate water stress (adding polyethylene glycol 6000 to the root medium) induces a sustained inhibition of growth in emerging first leaves of intact rice (oryza sativa) seedlings was investigated under growth-chamber conditions. early (24 h) inhibition of leaf growth was not related to changes in root size or in osmotic potential gradients and cell wall-yielding characteristics in the leaf-expansion zone of stressed seedlings. however, reductions in root-to-leaf hydraul ...	1999	10318692
identification of mutable slender glume gene in rice (oryza sativa l.).	the segregation pattern and chromosomal location of a slender glume mutation, induced by gamma-ray irradiation, was investigated. the mutation is genetically unstable: in the selfed progenies of slender glumed plants, not only plants with normal glumes but also plants that are chimeric for glume shape almost always appear at low frequency. the results showed that the mutation is controlled by a single recessive, mutable mutant gene slg. the frequency of reversion of slg to its wild-type state wa ...	1999	10323229
purification, characterization, and cdna structure of isoamylase from developing endosperm of rice.	isoamylase (ec 3.2.1.68) in rice (oryza sativa l.) was efficiently purified within a day to homogeneity, as confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), from developing endosperm by sequential use of q sepharose hp anion-exchange chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and tskgel g4000swxl and g3000swxl gel filtration chromatography. although the protein exhibited a molecular size of ca. 83 kda on sds-page, the apparent size of the native enzyme was ...	1999	10333591
ecological intensification of cereal production systems: yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture.	wheat (triticum aestivum l.), rice (oryza sativa l.), and maize (zea mays l.) provide about two-thirds of all energy in human diets, and four major cropping systems in which these cereals are grown represent the foundation of human food supply. yield per unit time and land has increased markedly during the past 30 years in these systems, a result of intensified crop management involving improved germplasm, greater inputs of fertilizer, production of two or more crops per year on the same piece o ...	1999	10339523
the evaluation of antianaphylactic effect of oryza sativa l. in rats.	this study was carried out to examine the effect of methanol extract of oryza sativa l. (dong-jin in korean, abbreviate as os-dj hereafter) on anaphylaxis. os-dj (10(-5) to 1 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 in rats. when os-dj was pretreated at concentration ranging from 10(-5) to 1 g/kg, the serum histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. os-dj (1 g/kg) also significantly inhibited local anaphylaxis activated by anti-dinitrophenyl ...	1999	10354818
the distribution and copy number of copia-like retrotransposons in rice (oryza sativa l.) and their implications in the organization and evolution of the rice genome.	we used 22 fragments corresponding to the reverse transcriptase domain of copia-like retrotransposons as representatives to study the organization and distribution of these elements in the rice genome. the loci detected by these 22 fragments were assigned to 47 locations in the molecular-linkage map involving all 12 chromosomes. the distributional features of copia-like retrotransposons found in the rice genome indicated that (i) the loci detected were located mainly in one arm of each chromosom ...	1999	10359797
rice enod40: isolation and expression analysis in rice and transgenic soybean root nodules.	the early nodulin enod40 has been proposed as playing a pivotal role in the organogenesis of legume root nodules. we have isolated the enod40 gene homologues obenod40 and osenod40 from the wild and cultivated rice genotypes oryza brachyantha and oryza sativa, respectively. rice enod40s contain a sequence at the 5' end (region i) for encoding an oligopeptide that is highly conserved in all legume enod40s. furthermore, at the 3' end (region ii), the nucleotide sequence of rice enod40s exhibited a ...	1999	10363365
expression of a gibberellin-induced leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase in deepwater rice and its interaction with kinase-associated protein phosphatase.	we identified in deepwater rice (oryza sativa l.) a gene encoding a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like transmembrane protein kinase, ostmk (o. sativa transmembrane kinase). the transcript levels of ostmk increased in the rice internode in response to gibberellin. expression of ostmk was especially high in regions undergoing cell division and elongation. the kinase domain of ostmk was enzymatically active, autophosphorylating on serine and threonine residues. a cdna encoding a rice ortholog of a k ...	1999	10364408
rapd mapping in a doubled haploid population of rice (oryza sativa l.).	to examine the distribution and genome coverage of rapds, a total of 242 random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers generated by 73 random decamer primers were mapped onto 12 rice chromosomes by linkage analysis using a doubled haploid population, developed from an indica x japonica cross. the rapd markers were derived from both parents equally and were well distributed over the rice genome. furthermore, multiple rapd markers generated from the same primer were dispersed over different chro ...	1999	10364828
the evaluation of the antianaphylactic effect of oryza sativa l. subsp. hsien ting in rats.	we studied the effect of the methanol extract of oryza sativa l. subsp. hsien ting (osht) on anaphylaxis. osht (0.001-1.0 mg g-1body weight (bw)) dose-dependently inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 in rats. when osht was pretreated at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1.0 mg g-1bw, the serum histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. osht (0. 001-1.0 mg g-1bw) also inhibited local anaphylaxis activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (dnp) ige. moreover, osht dose-d ...	1999	10378987
unusual inheritance of evolutionarily-related double-stranded rnas in interspecific hybrid between rice plants oryza sativa and oryza rufipogon.	endogenous, 14 kb double-stranded rnas (dsrnas) have been found in two ecospecies of cultivated rice (temperate japonica rice and tropical japonica rice, oryza sativa l.) and in wild rice (o. rufipogon, an ancestor of o. sativa). a comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the core regions of the rna-dependent rna polymerase domains found in these three dsrnas suggested that these dsrnas probably evolved independently within each host plant from a common ancestor. these ds ...	1999	10380800
molecular cloning and expression of the na+/h+ exchanger gene in oryza sativa.	na+/h+ exchanger catalyzes the countertransport of na+ and h+ across membranes. we isolated a rice cdna clone the deduced amino acid sequence of which had homology with a putative na+/h+ exchanger in saccharomyces cerevisiae, nhx1. the sequence contains 2330 bp with an open reading frame of 1608 bp. the deduced amino acid sequence is similar to that of nhx1 and nhe isoforms in mammals, and shares high similarity with the sequences within predicted transmembrane segments and an amiloride-binding ...	1999	10395929
characterization of specific binding sites for a mitogenic sulfated peptide, phytosulfokine-alpha, in the plasma-membrane fraction derived from oryza sativa l.	treatment of rice cells with an endogenous mitogenic peptide, phytosulfokine-alpha (psk-alpha), results in cell proliferation. in the present study, [3h]psk-alpha prepared by catalytic reduction of a psk-alpha analog containing tetradehydroisoleucine was employed to identify putative psk-alpha target molecules on rice plasma membranes. membrane binding of the ligand was found to be saturable, reversible and ph dependent. scatchard analysis demonstrated the existence of both high- and low-affinit ...	1999	10411626
random amplified polymorphic dna analysis of indian scented basmati rice (oryza sativa l.) germplasm for identification of variability and duplicate accessions, if any.	genetic variation among the seventeen basmati rice accessions collected from the farmers' fields located at different places in india was analyzed using ten arbitrary tenmer oligonucleotide primers by the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) method. the number of polymorphic/monomorphic bands among the pairwise combinations of the accessions and the total number of bands were determined to categorize all the accessions in different groups of similarity and dissimilarity at the genetic level. ...	1999	10435450
accumulation of soybean glycinin and its assembly with the glutelins in rice	saline-soluble glycinins and insoluble glutelins are the major storage proteins in soybean (glycine max) and rice (oryza sativa), respectively. in spite of their differences in solubility properties, both proteins are members of the 11s globulin gene family based on their similarities in primary sequences and processing of the coded protein. wild-type and methionine-modified glycinin coding sequences were expressed in transgenic rice plants under the control of the rice glutelin glub-1 promoter. ...	1999	10444090
determination of the motif responsible for interaction between the rice apetala1/agamous-like9 family proteins using a yeast two-hybrid system.	a mads family gene, osmads6, was isolated from a rice (oryza sativa l.) young flower cdna library using osamds1 as a probe. with this clone, various mads box genes that encode for protein-to-protein interaction partners of the osmads6 protein were isolated by the yeast two-hybrid screening method. on the basis of sequence homology, osmads6 and the selected partners can be classified in the apetala1/agamous-like9 (ap1/agl9) family. one of the interaction partners, osmads14, was selected for furth ...	1999	10444103
molecular characterization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase in rice leaves.	a full-length cdna (designated rcaii) encoding the rubisco activase (rca) of rice (oryza sativa l.) has been cloned from a cdna library constructed with mrna from green leaves. sequence analysis resulted in a reading frame of 432 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 47.9 kda and an estimated isoelectric point of 5.97. the deduced amino acid sequence showed 74-89% identity with other rubisco activases from higher plants. two highly conserved motifs were identified. southern blot analys ...	1999	10467032
transcript accumulation and utilization of alternate and non-consensus splice sites in rice granule-bound starch synthase are temperature-sensitive and controlled by a single-nucleotide polymorphism.	granule-bound starch synthase (gbss), a product of the waxy gene in rice (oryza sativa l.), is necessary for the synthesis of amylose in the endosperm. in an extended pedigree of 89 rice cultivars, we have previously shown that all cultivars with more than 18% amylose had the sequence aggtata at the leader intron 5' splice site, while all cultivars with a lower proportion of amylose had the sequence agttata. this single-nucleotide polymorphism reduces the efficiency of gbss pre-mrna processing. ...	1999	10480395
characterization of chimeric enzymes constructed between two distinct alpha-amylase cdnas from cultured rice cells.	cultured cells of rice (oryza sativa cv sasanishiki) produce two alpha-amylase isozymes, amy-i and amy-iii. using a bacterial expression system, eight chimeric genes constructed with various combination of amy-i and amy-iii cdna fragments were expressed, and each recombinant chimeric protein was characterized. four of the eight recombinant enzymes having region c (one of the four regions having unconserved base sequences between amy-i and amy-iii cdnas) of amy-i showed the same enzyme characteri ...	1999	10500994
anaerobic conversion of carbon dioxide to methane, acetate and propionate on washed rice roots.	washed excised roots of rice (oryza sativa) produced h(2), ch(4), acetate, propionate and butyrate when incubated under anoxic conditions. acetate production was most pronounced with a maximum rate (mean+/-standard error; four different root preparations) of 3.4+/-0.6 µmol h(-1) g-dry weight(-1) roots, compared to 0.45+/-0.13, 0.06+/-0.03, and 0.04+/-0.01 µmol h(-1) g-dw(-1) for propionate, butyrate and ch(4)1 kpa after one day of incubation. then it decreased and reached more or less constant c ...	1999	10508939
metaphase chromosome accumulation and flow karyotypes in rice (oryza sativa l.) root tip meristem cells.	highly efficient cell synchronization and metaphase chromosome accumulation in rice root tip cells were achieved. flow cytometric analysis was performed for obtaining optimal parameters to synchronize the cell cycles. high mitotic indices (about 57.6% in root tip meristemic area) were obtained by treating seedlings with 0.5 cm length using 0.5 mm hydroxyurea at 30 degrees c for 4 h, incubating in a hydroxyurea-free solution for 30 min, and then treating with 0.3 microm trifluralin for 3 h. after ...	1999	10515609
the starch-debranching enzymes isoamylase and pullulanase are both involved in amylopectin biosynthesis in rice endosperm	the activities of the two types of starch debranching enzymes, isoamylase and pullulanase, were greatly reduced in endosperms of allelic sugary-1 mutants of rice (oryza sativa), with the decrease more pronounced for isoamylase than for pullulanase. however, the decrease in isoamylase activity was not related to the magnitude of the sugary phenotype (the proportion of the phytoglycogen region of the endosperm), as observed with pullulanase. in the moderately mutated line em-5, the pullulanase act ...	1999	10517831
large-scale statistical analyses of rice ests reveal correlated patterns of gene expression.	large, publicly available collections of expressed sequence tags (ests) have been generated from arabidopsis thaliana and rice (oryza sativa). a potential, but relatively unexplored application of this data is in the study of plant gene expression. other est data, mainly from human and mouse, have been successfully used to point out genes exhibiting tissue- or disease-specific expression, as well as for identification of alternative transcripts. in this report, we go a step further in showing th ...	1999	10523523
differential expression of rice alpha-amylase genes during seedling development under anoxia.	the unique capability of rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings to grow under anoxic conditions may result in part from their ability to express alpha-amylase and maintain the supply of sugar needed for energy metabolism. previous studies have demonstrated that under aerobic conditions the amy1 and amy2 subfamily genes are regulated primarily by phytohormones while the amy3 subfamily genes are induced during sugar starvation. the expression patterns for these alpha-amylase genes were considerably diff ...	1999	10527416
molecular characterization of oryza sativa 16.9 kda heat shock protein.	a rice class i low-molecular-mass heat shock protein (lmm hsp) oshsp 16.9 was overexpressed in escherichia coli. oligomerized complexes of oshsp16.9 were harvested and electron microscopic observations of purified complexes revealed globular structures of 10-20 nm in diameter (with majority of 15-18 nm) and calculated to comprise approx. 12 monomers per complex. in comparison, complexes from native rice class i lmm hsps were observed as larger ellipsoid- or globular-like random aggregated hetero ...	1999	10548530
volatile components in stored rice [oryza sativa (l.)] of varieties with and without lipoxygenase-3 in seeds.	lipoxygenase (lox) is thought to play an important role in the formation of desirable or undesirable flavor and aroma in many plant products. in rice seeds, lox activity is localized in the bran fraction and lox-3 is the major isozyme component. we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine whether the degree of staleness in the flavor of stored brown rice was related to the presence of lox-3. we found that the amount of hexanal, pentanal, and pentanol in normal raw lox-3 rice marked ...	1999	10552425
differentially and developmentally regulated expression of three rice sucrose synthase genes.	the spatial and temporal distribution of sucrose synthase (rsus) in rice (oryza sativa l.) was studied by western and immunohistochemical analyses using the monospecific antibodies for three rsus isoforms. in leaf tissues, rsus1 was localized in the mesophyll while rsus2 was in the phloem in addition to the mesophyll. in the roots, only rsus1 was found in the phloem. no rsus3 could be detected in any parts of etiolated seedlings. the expression of each rsus gene is closely linked to the seed dev ...	1999	10555303
okadaic acid mimics nitrogen-stimulated transcription of the nadh-glutamate synthase gene in rice cell cultures.	okadaic acid (oka), a potent and specific inhibitor of protein serine/threonine phosphatases 1 and 2a, induced the accumulation of nadh-glutamate synthase (gogat) mrna within 4 h in rice (oryza sativa l.) cell cultures. in contrast to the transient accumulation of nadh-gogat mrna by nh(4)(+), oka caused a continuous accumulation for at least 24 h. the induction of nadh-gogat mrna by oka was not inhibited in the presence of methionine sulfoximine, which inhibited the nh(4)(+)-induced accumulation ...	1999	10557228
oryza sativa psk gene encodes a precursor of phytosulfokine-alpha, a sulfated peptide growth factor found in plants.	phytosulfokine-alpha [psk-alpha, tyr(so(3)h)-ile-tyr(so(3)h)-thr-gln], a sulfated mitogenic peptide found in plants, strongly promotes proliferation of plant cells in culture at very low concentrations. oryza sativa psk (ospsk) cdna encoding a psk-alpha precursor has been isolated. the cdna is 725 base pairs long, and the 89-aa product, preprophytosulfokine, has a 22-aa hydrophobic region that resembles a cleavable leader peptide at its nh(2) terminus. the psk-alpha sequence occurs only once wit ...	1999	10557360
structural features of a gene encoding the vacuolar h+-atpase c subunit from a marine red alga, porphyra yezoensis.	we report the nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding the c ('16 kda') subunit of the vacuolar-type h+-atpase (v-atpase) from a marine red alga, porphyra yezoensis. a cdna clone was isolated from a leafy gametophyte cdna library and analyzed for the sequence. the genomic dna sequence was directly determined by nested pcr. the structural gene contained four introns within a coding sequence of 483 base pairs which encodes a polypeptide of 161-amino acids with four hydrophobic transmembrane-spanning ...	1999	10574457
rire2, a novel gypsy-type retrotransposon from rice.	the 441-bp dna segment in a pcr-amplified fragment from oryza sativa cv. ir36 was found to have a sequence with features characteristic of ltrs of retroelements, which was named rire2 (rice retroelement #2) and further analyzed. cloning and sequencing analyses of the dna segments connected to ltr-like sequence showed that rire2 has a long internal region almost 10 kb long that is flanked by ltr-like sequences. this internal region carries a primer binding site (pbs) and polypurine tract (ppt) wh ...	1999	10586517
[molecular mapping of the s-a locus for f1 pollen sterility in cultivated rice (oryza sativa l.)].	f1 pollen sterility in cultivated rice (oryza sativa l.) was found to be caused by at least six loci of f1 pollen sterility genes. at the s-a locus, one of the six loci for f1 pollen sterility, the allelic interaction of s-ai and s-aj causes the male gametes carrying s-aj allele abortive. to map the s-a locus, taichung 65(t65), a keng (japonica) variety with s-aj/s-aj, its isogenic f1 sterile line tisl4 with s-ai/s-ai from chin-tsao, a hsien (indica) variety, and the f2 population from cross t65 ...	1999	10589160
a tourist element in the 5'-flanking region of the catalase gene cata reveals evolutionary relationships among oryza species with various genome types.	tourist-osacata, a transposable element, was found in the 5'-flanking region of the rice gene cata. the characteristics of this element are similar to those of the other tourist elements so far found in oryza sativa. pcr and sequence analyses of 37 accessions of 18 species revealed that all the oryza species examined, except for one accession, have either a full-length or a partial tourist element at this locus. unlike the tourist elements previously reported, this tourist element is found in al ...	1999	10589837
characterization of two fungal-elicitor-induced rice cdnas encoding functional homologues of the rab-specific gdp-dissociation inhibitor.	by using the mrna differential display approach to isolate defense signaling genes active at the early stage of fungal infection two cdna fragments with high sequence homology to rab-specific gdp-dissociation inhibitors (gdis) were identified in rice (oryza sativa l.) suspension cells. using polymerase-chain-reaction products as probes, two full-length cdna clones were isolated from a cdna library of fungal-elicitor-treated rice, and designated as osgdi1 and osgdi2. the deduced amino acid sequen ...	1999	10592042
cloning and characterization of the chloroplast elongation factor ef-tu cdna of oryza sativa l.	from the rice leaf cdna library, we have cloned a cdna encoding rice chloroplast translational elongation factor ef-tu (tufa). the rice tufa cdna clone contains 1678 nucleotides and codes for a 467 amino acid protein including a putative chloroplast transit peptide of 59 amino acid residues. the predicted molecular mass of the mature protein is approximately 45 kda. this cdna clone contains the 61 nucleotides of the 5' untranslated region (utr) and the 213 nucleotides of 3' utr. amino acid seque ...	1999	10597036
plant low-molecular-weight phospholipase a2s (pla2s) are structurally related to the animal secretory pla2s and are present as a family of isoforms in rice (oryza sativa).	recently, we purified to homogeneity and characterized a low-molecular-weight calcium-dependent phospholipase a2 (pla2) from developing elm seed endosperm. this represented the first purified and characterized pla2 from a plant tissue. the full sequences of two distinct but homologous rice (oryza sativa) cdnas are given here. these encode mature proteins of 1 19 amino acids (pla2-i, preceded by a 19 amino acid signal peptide) and 128 amino acids (pla2-ii. preceded by a 25 amino acid signal pepti ...	1999	10608658
separation of proteins from stressed rice (oryza sativa l.) leaf tissues by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: induction of pathogenesis-related and cellular protectant proteins by jasmonic acid, uv irradiation and copper chloride.	we have used three kinds of stresses, including the signaling compound jasmonic acid, an environmental stressor, uv irradiation, and a heavy metal salt copper chloride, to study changes in the protein patterns in rice (oryza sativa l.) leaf tissues using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. however, instead of using lysis buffer containing urea (o'farrell, j. biol. chem. 1975, 250, 4007-4021) for extraction of proteins from rice seedling tissues, we used tris-hcl buffer (commonly ...	1999	10608717
developmentally regulated expression of a peptide:n-glycanase during germination of rice seeds (oryza sativa) and its purification and characterization.	peptide:n-glycanase (pngase; ec 3.5.1.52) activity was detected in dormant rice seeds (oryza sativa) and the imbibed rice grains. time-course studies revealed that the enzyme activity remained almost constant until about 30 h after imbibition in both of endosperm- and embryo tissue-containing areas, and started to increase only in growing germ part, reached a peak at about 3-day stage, followed by a gradual decrease concomitant with a sharp increase in the coleoptile. the specific activity incre ...	2000	10617595
evolutionally conserved plant homologue of the bax inhibitor-1 (bi-1) gene capable of suppressing bax-induced cell death in yeast(1).	the plant homologue of bax inhibitor-1, a gene described to suppress the cell death induced by bax gene expression in yeast, was isolated from oryza sativa l. (rice) and arabidopsis. the amino acid sequence of the predicted protein was well conserved in both animal and plant (45% in amino acids) and contained six or seven membrane-spanning segments. northern blot analysis showed that osbi-1 transcripts were present in all tissues examined. the osbi-1 cdna suppressed cell death induced by mammali ...	1999	10618494
identification, cloning, and properties of cytosolic d-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase from higher plants.	plant cells contain a complete oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in the chloroplasts, but an incomplete pathway was proposed to be present in the cytosol, with cytosolic (cyt) isoforms of ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase (rpease) and other non-oxidative branch enzymes being undetectable. here we present for the first time the identification, cloning, and properties of a cyt-rpease in rice (oryza sativa) and presence of its homologues in other plant species. recombinant cyt-rpease is a homodime ...	2000	10625676
ac-mediated trans-activation of the ds element in rice (oryza sativa l.) cells as revealed by gus assay.	a method using particle bombardment and beta-glucuronidase (gus) assay was applied to rice callus for detecting the excision of the maize ds element trans-activated by the ac transposase source. excision of ds biolistically introduced into rice callus resulted in the restoration of the interrupted gus gene expression, allowing visual detection of trans-activation two days after bombardment. only the transgenic callus lines expressing the ac transposase gene and the wild-type callus co-transforme ...	1999	10628294
isolation of rice allergenic cdna clones from a rice cdna library by immunoscreening with a polyclonal antibody specific to 16 kd rice allergenic protein.	clinical cases of type-1 hypersensitive reaction to rice (oryza sativa) have been reported in western countries as well as in japan. among rice proteins, 14-16 kd globulin proteins encoded by multiple gene family have been identified as major rice allergens. in this study, a rice cdna library was constructed using lambda unizap vector and screened with a rat anti-16 kd globulin protein polyclonal antibody in order to isolate korean rice allergenic cdna clones. five independent cdna clones, terme ...	1999	10630372
multiple mode regulation of a cysteine proteinase gene expression in rice.	in many plants, cysteine proteinases play essential roles in a variety of developmental and physiological processes. in rice (oryza sativa), rep-1 is a primary cysteine proteinase responsible for the digestion of seed storage proteins to provide nutrients to support the growth of young seedlings. in the present study, the gene encoding rep-1 was isolated, characterized, and designated as osep3a. an osep3a-specific dna probe was used to study the effect of various factors on the expression of ose ...	2000	10631249
organizational complexity of a rice transgene locus susceptible to methylation-based silencing.	molecular analyses of a rice (oryza sativa l.) transgene locus introduced using biolistic techniques revealed the presence of multiple copies of rearranged fragments, as well as an intact copy of the supplied constructs. both the gene of interest (35s-btt cryiiia) and the selectable marker used (ubi1-bar) were methylated and silenced. additionally, vector sequences were present in great abundance and were also highly methylated, indicating that the entire transgene insert was marked for methylat ...	1999	10632579
engineering the provitamin a (beta-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm.	rice (oryza sativa), a major staple food, is usually milled to remove the oil-rich aleurone layer that turns rancid upon storage, especially in tropical areas. the remaining edible part of rice grains, the endosperm, lacks several essential nutrients, such as provitamin a. thus, predominant rice consumption promotes vitamin a deficiency, a serious public health problem in at least 26 countries, including highly populated areas of asia, africa, and latin america. recombinant dna technology was us ...	2000	10634784
changes in cell structure during the formation of root aerenchyma insagittaria lancifolia (alismataceae).	in many wetland species, root aerenchyma is produced by the predictable collapse of root cortex cells, indicating a programmed cell death (pcd). the objective of this study was to characterize the cellular changes that accompany this pcd in the marsh species sagittaria lancifolia. structural changes in membranes and organelles were examined during development of root cortex cells to compare with previous examples of pcd. the organization of cortical microtubule (cmt) arrays in root cells from s. ...	2000	10636825
molecular cloning and characterization of calreticulin, a calcium-binding protein involved in the regeneration of rice cultured suspension cells.	a full-length cdna clone encoding a phosphoprotein (pp56) involved in the regeneration of rice (oryza sativa l.)-cultured suspension cells was isolated by screening a rice cultured suspension cell cdna library. the 1558-bp cdna sequence contains an orf encoding an acidic (pi 4.38) protein of 424 amino acids (47.9 kda), sharing 70-93% and 50-53% homology with other plant and mammalian calreticulins, respectively. sequence analysis of the cdna clone revealed several significant conserved motifs, i ...	2000	10651810
technical advance: transcript profiling in rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings using serial analysis of gene expression (sage)	serial analysis of gene expression (sage) was applied for profiling expressed genes in rice seedlings. in the sage method, a 9-11 bp fragment (tag) represents each transcript, and frequency of a tag in the sample directly reflects the abundance of the respective mrna. we studied 10 122 tags derived from 5921 expressed genes in rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings, among which only 1367 genes (23.1%) matched the rice cdna or est sequences in the dna database. sage showed that most of the highly expre ...	1999	10652144
molecular analysis of the nac gene family in rice.	genes that encode products containing a nac domain, such as no apical meristem (nam) in petunia, cup-shaped cotyledon2 (cuc2) and nap in arabidopsis thaliana, have crucial functions in plant development. we describe here molecular aspects of the osnac genes that encode proteins with nac domains in rice (oryza sativa l.). sequence analysis revealed that the nac genes in plants can be divided into several subfamilies, such as the nam, ataf, and osnac3 subfamilies. in rice, osnac1 and osnac2 are cl ...	2000	10660065
characterization of two cdna clones encoding isozymes of the f(1)f(0)-atpase inhibitor protein of rice mitochondria.	two cdna clones encoding f(1)f(0)-atpase inhibitor proteins, which are loosely associated with the f(1) part of the mitochondrial f(1)f(0)-atpase, were characterized from rice (oryza sativa l. cv. nipponbare). a northern hybridization showed that the two genes (designated as if(1)-1 and if(1)-2) are transcribed in all the organs examined. however, the steady-state mrna levels varied among organs. a comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of the two if(1) genes and the amino acid sequence ...	2000	10664124
characterisation of extracellular polysaccharides from suspension cultures of members of the poaceae.	microscopic examination of suspension- cultured cells of phleum pratense l., panicum miliaceum l., phalarisaquatica l. and oryza sativa l. showed that they were comprised of numerous root primordia. polysaccharides secreted by these suspension cultures contained glycosyl linkages consistent with the presence of high proportions of root mucilage-like polysaccharides. in contrast, suspension-cultured cells of hordeum vulgare l. contained mostly undifferentiated cells more typical of plant cells in ...	2000	10664132
characterization of a cdna encoding a rice mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel and its gene expression studied upon plant development and osmotic stress.	the voltage-dependent anion channel (vdac) of mitochondria forms a large pore in the outer envelope membrane. here, the full oryza sativa osvdac1 cdna was sequenced and is shown to belong to a small multigene family in the rice genome. this cdna is 1093 bp long and codes for a protein of 274 amino acids. expression studies of the osvdac1 gene show a regulation of its level in function of the plantlets maturation and organs. in contrast with several bacterial porins, osmotic stress does not have ...	2000	10675523
cloning and functional characterization of a constitutively expressed nitrate transporter gene, osnrt1, from rice.	elucidating how rice (oryza sativa) takes up nitrate at the molecular level could help improve the low recovery rate (<50%) of nitrogen fertilizer in rice paddies. as a first step toward that goal, we have cloned a nitrate transporter gene from rice called osnrt1. osnrt1 is a new member of a growing transporter family called ptr, which consists not only of nitrate transporters from higher plants that are homologs of the arabidopsis chl1 (atnrt1) protein, but also peptide transporters from a wide ...	2000	10677431
nucleoside diphosphate kinase required for coleoptile elongation in rice.	although several nucleoside diphosphate (ndp) kinase genes have been cloned in plants, little is known about the functional significance of this enzyme during plant growth and development. we introduced a chimeric gene encoding an antisense rna of ndp kinase under the control of the arabidopsis heat shock protein hsp81-1 promoter into rice (oryza sativa l.) plants using the agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation system. the expression of antisense rna down-regulated the accumulation of mrna, r ...	2000	10677437
development of pcr-based markers for thermosensitive genetic male sterility gene tms3(t) in rice (oryza sativa l.).	development of simple and reliable pcr-based markers is an important component of marker-aided selection (mas) activities for agronomically important genes in rice breeding. in order to develop pcr-based markers for a rice thermosensitive genetic male sterility gene tms3(t), located on chromosome 6, the nucleotide sequences of four linked rapd markers opf18(2600), opac3(640), opb19(750) and opm7(550) were used to design and synthesize several pairs of specific primers for pcr amplification of th ...	1999	10680295
the xylem of rice (oryza sativa) is colonized by azorhizobium caulinodans.	following inoculation with azorhizobium caulinodans ors571 (pxlgd4), lateral root development of rice and colonization of lateral root cracks by bacteria were shown to be stimulated by the flavonoid naringenin. rice seedlings growing aseptically in the presence of naringenin were inoculated with ors571 (pxlgd4), carrying the lacz reporter gene. by microscopic analysis of sections of inoculated rice roots, it has been demonstrated that the xylem of rice roots can be colonized by azorhizobium caul ...	2000	10687813
distribution and characterization of enzymes causing starch degradation in rice (oryza sativa cv. koshihikari).	the thermal dependency and stability of enzymes producing reducing sugar (rs) were examined in bran, the exterior 13% part (outer endosperm), and the remaining inner endosperm of rice grains. rs-producing enzymes in the inner endosperm showed a higher optimum temperature than those in other parts of the rice grain. diethylaminoethyl-sephacel chromatography of crude extracts revealed two peaks of rs-producing activity with different optimum temperatures (60 and 37 degrees c) in all three parts. a ...	2000	10691623
quantitative trait loci for root-penetration ability and root thickness in rice: comparison of genetic backgrounds.	drought is the major abiotic stress limiting rice (oryza sativa) production and yield stability in rainfed lowland and upland ecosystems. root systems play an important role in drought resistance. incorporation of root selection criteria in drought resistance improvement is difficult due to lack of reliable and efficient screening techniques. using a wax-petrolatum layer system simulated to compacted soil layers, root traits were evaluated in a doubled haploid (dh) population derived from the cr ...	2000	10701113
resistance gene analogs within an introgressed chromosomal segment derived from triticum ventricosum that confers resistance to nematode and rust pathogens in wheat.	a resistance (r) gene-rich 2s chromosomal segment from triticum ventricosum contains a cereal cyst nematode (ccn; heterodera avenae) r gene locus crex and a closely linked group of genes (sr38, yr17, and lr37) that confer resistance to stem rust (puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici), stripe rust (p. striiformis f. sp. tritici), and leaf rust (p. recondita f. sp. tritici) when introgressed into wheat. the 2s chromosomal segment from t. ventricosum is further delineated in translocations onto chromos ...	2000	10707359
syringolin-mediated activation of the pir7b esterase gene in rice cells is suppressed by phosphatase inhibitors.	inoculation of rice plants (oryza sativa) with the nonhost pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae leads to the activation of defense-related genes and ultimately to induced resistance against the rice blast fungus pyricularia oryzae. one of the molecular determinants of p. syringae pv. syringae that is recognized by the plant cells and evokes these defense responses is syringolin a, an elicitor that is secreted by the bacteria under appropriate conditions. in order to investigate signal tran ...	2000	10707360
a novel gibberellin-induced gene from rice and its potential regulatory role in stem growth.	os-grf1 (oryza sativa-growth-regulating factor1) was identified in a search for genes that are differentially expressed in the intercalary meristem of deepwater rice (oryza sativa l.) internodes in response to gibberellin (ga). os-grf1 displays general features of transcription factors, contains a functional nuclear localization signal, and has three regions with similarities to sequences in the database. one of these regions is similar to a protein interaction domain of swi2/snf2, which is a su ...	2000	10712532
characterization of xet-related genes of rice.	to elucidate the mechanism of internodal elongation in rice (oryza sativa l.), we analyzed genes encoding xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (xet), a cell wall-loosening enzyme essential for cell elongation. four rice xet-related (xtr) genes, osxtr1, osxtr2, osxtr3, and osxtr4, were isolated and their expression patterns in rice plants determined. the expression of the four xtr genes showed different patterns of organ specificity and responses to several plant hormones. osxtr1 and osxtr3 were up-re ...	2000	10712549
a second functional delta5 fatty acid desaturase in the cellular slime mould dictyostelium discoideum.	a cdna with homology to fatty acid desaturases was selected by searching the cdna data bank of dictyostelium discoideum (http://www. csm.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/cdnaproject.html) with conserved histidine box motifs. using this sequence, genomic dna encoding the delta5 desaturase was amplified from the genomic dna of d. discoideum, and its desaturase activity was confirmed by the overexpression mutation in d. discoideum and the gain-of-function mutation in yeast. the cloned cdna is 1565 nucleotides in ...	2000	10712614
international rice genome sequencing project: the effort to completely sequence the rice genome.	the international rice genome sequencing project (irgsp) involves researchers from ten countries who are working to completely and accurately sequence the rice genome within a short period. sequencing uses a map-based clone-by-clone shotgun strategy; shared bacterial artificial chromosome/p1-derived artificial chromosome libraries have been constructed from oryza sativa ssp. japonica variety 'nipponbare'. end-sequencing, fingerprinting and marker-aided pcr screening are being used to make sequen ...	2000	10712951
expression of the chloroplast-localized small heat shock protein by oxidative stress in rice.	a rice (oryza sativa l. cv. nakdong) cdna clone, oshsp26, encoding the chloroplast-localized small heat shock protein (smhsp) was isolated. southern blot analysis of genomic dna and the result of screening of a cdna library indicated that the oshsp26 gene is encoded by a single gene in the rice genome. the oshsp26 gene was expressed following heat stress: the transcript level was highest when rice leaves were treated at high temperatures for 2h at 42 degrees c, and the transcripts became detecta ...	2000	10717479
molecular cloning of a novel water channel from rice: its products expression in xenopus oocytes and involvement in chilling tolerance.	water channel proteins, aquaporins, play a fundamental role in transmembrane water movements in plants. we isolated rice cdna, rwc1, by screening a rice (oryza sativa cv. josaeng tongil) cdna library using a conserved motif of aquaporins. like other aquaporin genes, rwc1 encodes a 290-residue protein with six putative transmembrane domains. the derived amino acid sequence of rwc1 shows high homology with pip1 (plasma membrane intrinsic protein 1) subfamily members, which suggest it is localized ...	2000	10725557
mapping of centromeric regions on the molecular linkage map of rice (oryza sativa l.) using centromere-associated sequences.	genetic mapping of centromeres has been a challenge for plant geneticists. the objective of this study was to develop a new strategy for determining the locations of centromeric regions on genetic maps by mapping centromere-associated sequences, to make it possible to define the centromeric region of each chromosome as a single mendelian locus on the molecular linkage map. two dna probes containing sequences specifically associated with the centromeres of grass species were used for genetic mapp ...	2000	10732686
differences in the sensitivity to uvb radiation of two cultivars of rice (oryza sativa l.) based on observation of long-lived radicals.	free radicals with a long lifetime were observed in the leaves of two rice cultivars (oryza sativa l.), sasanishiki (uvb resistant) and norin-1 (uvb sensitive), by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. the leaves of both cultivars grown with visible light show very similar esr spectra composed of radical 1 (r1) and radical 2 (r2), which may be attributable to p700 cation radicals in the reaction center of photosystem i, and tyrosine cation radicals in the reaction center of photosystem ii, respe ...	1999	10748576
identification of multi-gene families encoding isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase in plants by heterologous complementation in escherichia coli.	two cdnas encoding isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (ipi) in adonis aestivalis, arabidopsis thaliana, and lactuca sativa, and single examples from oryza sativa and tagetes erecta were identified. an analysis of these and other ipi leads us to suggest a separate origin for green algal and plant genes and propose that a single gene encodes plastid and cytosolic ipi in plants.	2000	10750717
identification of rice blast fungal elicitor-responsive genes by differential display analysis.	in order to study molecular interactions that occur between rice and rice blast fungus upon infection, we isolated fungal elicitor-responsive genes from rice (oryza sativa cv. milyang 117) suspension-cultured cells treated with fungal elicitor prepared from the rice blast fungus (magnaporthe grisea) employing a method that combined mrna differential display and cdna library screening. data base searches with the isolated cdna clones revealed that the oserg1 and oserg2 cdnas share significant sim ...	2000	10755311
transcriptional activation of the rice tungro bacilliform virus gene is critically dependent on an activator element located immediately upstream of the tata box.	to investigate the transcriptional mechanisms of rice tungro bacilliform virus, we have systematically analyzed an activator element located immediately upstream of the tata box in the rice tungro bacilliform virus promoter and its cognate trans-acting factors. using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we showed that rice nuclear proteins bind to the activator element, forming multiple specific dna-protein complexes via protein-protein interactions. copper-phenanthroline footprinting and dna ...	2000	10766804