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betulin complex in γ-cyclodextrin derivatives: properties and antineoplasic activities in in vitro and in vivo tumor models.given the present high incidence of melanoma and skin cancer, interest in potential drugs of plant origin has increased significantly. pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenes are widely distributed in plants, offering numerous pharmacological benefits. betulin is an important compound in the bark of betula pendula roth and has important therapeutic properties, including antitumor activities. its biological effect is limited by its poor water solubility, which can be improved by cyclodextrin complexa ...201223203108
elevated co2 enrichment induces a differential biomass response in a mixed species temperate forest plantation.in a free-air carbon dioxide (co(2)) enrichment study (bangorface), alnus glutinosa, betula pendula and fagus sylvatica were planted in areas of one-, two- and three-species mixtures (n = 4). the trees were exposed to ambient or elevated co(2) (580 μmol mol(-1)) for 4 yr, and aboveground growth characteristics were measured. in monoculture, the mean effect of co(2) enrichment on aboveground woody biomass was + 29, + 22 and + 16% for a. glutinosa, f. sylvatica and b. pendula, respectively. when t ...201323356474
effects of tree species richness and composition on moose winter browsing damage and foraging selectivity: an experimental study.the optimal foraging theory, the nutrient balance hypothesis, and the plant association theories predict that foraging decisions and resulting tree damage by large mammalian browsers may be influenced by the species richness and species composition of forest stands. this may lead to either associational susceptibility (increased damage on a focal plant in a mixed stand) or associational resistance (reduced damage in a mixed stand). better understanding of the mechanisms and the relative importan ...201323363076
forest floor leachate fluxes under six different tree species on a metal contaminated site.trees play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of metals, although the influence of different tree species on the mobilization of metals is not yet clear. this study examined effects of six tree species on fluxes of cd, zn, doc, h(+) and base cations in forest floor leachates on a metal polluted site in belgium. forest floor leachates were sampled with zero-tension lysimeters in a 12-year-old post-agricultural forest on a sandy soil. the tree species included were silver birch (betul ...201323376521
nutrient supply has greater influence than sink strength on photosynthetic adaptation to co2 elevation in white birch seedlings.to study the effects of source-sink ratio and nutrient supply on photosynthetic acclimation to co(2) elevation, we subjected white birch seedlings to two levels of nutrient supply (high vs. low) and co(2) concentrations (ambient vs. doubled [co(2)]) for two months and then shaded the lower canopy on half of the seedlings to reduce source/sink ratio for an additional month. the co(2) elevation significantly increased p(n) and iwue at both nutrient levels but the increase was greater in the high t ...201223415328
carbohydrate concentrations and freezing stress resistance of silver birch buds grown under elevated temperature and ozone.the effects of slightly elevated temperature (+0.8 °c), ozone (o3) concentration (1.3 × ambient o3 concentration) and their combination on over-wintering buds of betula pendula roth were studied after two growing seasons of exposure in the field. carbohydrate concentrations, freezing stress resistance (fsr), bud dry weight to fresh weight ratio, and transcript levels of cytochrome oxidase (cox), alternative oxidase (aox) and dehydrin (lti36) genes were studied in two clones (clones 12 and 25) in ...201323425688
metal uptake and allocation in trees grown on contaminated land: implications for biomass production.phytostabilization aims to reduce environmental and health risks arising from contaminated soil. to be economically attractive, plants used for phytostabilization should produce valuable biomass. this study investigated the biomass production and metal allocation to foliage and wood of willow (salix viminalis l.), poplar (populus monviso), birch (betula pendula), and oak (quercus robur) on five different soils contaminated with trace elements (te), with varying high concentrations of cu, zn, cd, ...201323487987
combination treatment of elevated uvb radiation, co2 and temperature has little effect on silver birch (betula pendula) growth and phytochemistry.elevations of carbon dioxide, temperature and ultraviolet-b (ubv) radiation in the growth environment may have a high impact on the accumulation of carbon in plants, and the different factors may work in opposite directions or induce additive effects. to detect the changes in the growth and phytochemistry of silver birch (betula pendula) seedlings, six genotypes were exposed to combinations of ambient or elevated levels of co2 , temperature and uvb radiation in top-closed chambers for 7 weeks. t ...201323496144
tree species diversity interacts with elevated co2 to induce a greater root system response.as a consequence of land-use change and the burning of fossil fuels, atmospheric concentrations of co2 are increasing and altering the dynamics of the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems. in a number of studies using single tree species, fine root biomass has been shown to be strongly increased by elevated co2 . however, natural forests are often intimate mixtures of a number of co-occurring species. to investigate the interaction between tree mixture and elevated co2 , alnus glutinosa, betula pen ...201223504733
visualizing water-filled versus embolized status of xylem conduits by desktop x-ray microtomography.the hydraulic conductivity of the stem is a major factor limiting the capability of trees to transport water from the soil to transpiring leaves. during drought conditions, the conducting capacity of xylem can be reduced by some conduits being filled with gas, i.e. embolized. in order to understand the dynamics of embolism formation and repair, considerable attention has been given to developing reliable and accurate methods for quantifying the phenomenon. in the past decade, non-destructive ima ...201323566373
nutrient status: a missing factor in phenological and pollen research?phenology ranks among the best ecosystem processes for fingerprinting climate change since temperature explains a high percentage of the interannual or spatial variation in phenological onset dates. however, roles of other environmental variables, such as foliar nutrient concentrations, are far from adequately understood. this observational study examined the effects of air temperature and 11 nutrients on spring phenology of betula pendula roth (birch) along an urban-rural gradient in munich, ge ...201323630329
from soil to leaves--aluminum fractionation by single step extraction procedures in polluted and protected areas.the paper presents the fractionation of aluminum in the samples of soil and plants of different species using a selective single-step extraction method. the study was conducted in the area located near a chemical plant, which for many years served as a post-crystallization leachate disposal site storing chemical waste (sector i), and in the area around the site: in wielkopolski national park, rogalin landscape park and toward the infiltration ponds at the "dębina" groundwater well-field for the ...201323651943
suitability of different pollen as alternative food for the predatory mite amblyseius swirskii (acari, phytoseiidae).the predacious mite amblyseius swirskii athias-henriot is used as a biological control agent against various pests in greenhouses. pollen offered as supplementary food is reported to improve their fast establishment and performance. however, the nutritional suitability of different pollens for a. swirskii is not sufficiently known yet. pollens of 21 plant species were offered to the mites as exclusive food during preimaginal development. preimaginal mortality and developmental time have been ass ...201323670826
daily dynamics of leaf and soil-to-branch hydraulic conductance in silver birch (betula pendula) measured in situ.daily dynamics of leaf (k(l)) and soil-to-branch hydraulic conductance (ks-b) was investigated in silver birch (betula pendula roth.) using evaporative flux method in situ: water potential drop was measured with a pressure chamber and evaporative flux was estimated as sap flux density measured with sap flow gauges. canopy position had a significant (p < 0.001) effect on both k(l) and k(s-b). upper-canopy leaves exhibited 1.7 and soil-to-branch pathway 2.3 times higher hydraulic efficiency than t ...201323681117
cultivable actinomycetes from rhizosphere of birch (betula pendula) growing on a coal mine dump in silets, ukraine.five actinomycete strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of birch, one of a few native tree forms capable of thriving on the upper level of a coal mine dump near the village of silets (lvivska region, ukraine). no such strains were isolated from surrounding gangue, or from nearby grass calamagrostis epigeios. using 16s rdna sequencing and analysis of cell wall aminoacids, four of these strains were shown to belong to genus streptomyces and one to be amycolatopsis. the isolates were able to p ...201423686352
transcriptomic analysis of purple leaf determination in birch.'purple rain', a purple cultivar of betula pendula, has dark purple leaves throughout the vegetative period. in this study, b. pendula 'purple rain' was found to have a higher anthocyanidin level compared with b. pendula, transcriptome analysis revealed numerous changes in gene expression that could be attributed to color change, including the upregulation of 2467 unigenes and the downregulation of 2299 unigenes in 'purple rain'. furthermore, anthocyanidin synthesis and transcriptional regulatio ...201323732291
effects of species-specific leaf characteristics and reduced water availability on fine particle capture efficiency of trees.trees can improve air quality by capturing particles in their foliage. we determined the particle capture efficiencies of coniferous pinus sylvestris and three broadleaved species: betula pendula, betula pubescens and tilia vulgaris in a wind tunnel using nacl particles. the importance of leaf surface structure, physiology and moderate soil drought on the particle capture efficiencies of the trees were determined. the results confirm earlier findings of more efficient particle capture by conifer ...201323735814
litter supply as a driver of microbial activity and community structure on decomposing leaves: a test in experimental streams.succession of newly created landscapes induces profound changes in plant litter supplied to streams. grasses dominate inputs into open-land streams, whereas tree litter is predominant in forested streams. we set out to elucidate whether the activity and structure of microbial communities on decomposing leaves are determined by litter quality (i.e., grass or tree leaves colonized) or whether changes during riparian succession affecting litter standing stocks on the stream bed play an overriding r ...201323770903
inhaled birch pollen extract induces airway hyperresponsiveness via oxidative stress but independently of pollen-intrinsic nadph oxidase activity, or the tlr4-trif pathway.oxidative stress in allergic asthma may result from oxidase activity or proinflammatory molecules in pollens. signaling via tlr4 and its adaptor toll-il-1r domain-containing adapter inducing ifn-β (trif) has been implicated in reactive oxygen species-mediated acute lung injury and in th2 immune responses. we investigated the contributions of oxidative stress and tlr4/trif signaling to experimental asthma induced by birch pollen exposure exclusively via the airways. mice were exposed to native or ...201323776177
establishing correspondence in wood: the challenge and some solutions?establishing correspondence between the upper portion of a white birch sapling, a suspected weapon, and a potential source from a stand of trees was posed to one of us (gmc). a bending force shattered the sapling, precluding physical matching. three white birch saplings were taken from the same stand of trees in a similar manner. correspondence was achieved by measuring the width of the annual rings along four radii from a disk cut above and below the break. the regression coefficient of the dat ...201323899411
interactions and competition processes among tree species in young experimental mixed forests, assessed with chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf morphology.chlorophyll a fluorescence (chlf) and leaf morphology were assessed in two sites in europe (kaltenborn, germany, and satakunta, finland) within a forest diversity experiment. trees at satakunta, planted in 1999, form a stratified canopy, while in kaltenborn the trees are 7 years old, with no apparent canopy connection among broadleaf species. the following chlf parameters from measured ojip transient curves were examined: f(v)/f(m) (a proxy for maximum quantum yield); ψeo (a proxy for efficiency ...201423926925
photosynthetic response of early and late leaves of white birch (betula platyphylla var. japonica) grown under free-air ozone exposure.betula platyphylla var. japonica (white birch) has heterophyllous leaves (i.e., early and late leaves) and is a typical pioneer tree species in northern japan. seedlings of white birch were exposed to ozone during two growing seasons, and measurements were carried out in the second year. early leaves did not show an ozone-induced reduction in photosynthesis because of lower stomatal conductance resulting in higher avoidance capacity for ozone-induced stress. also, an ozone-related increase in le ...201323938447
influence of experience on intake and feeding behavior of dairy sheep when offered forages from woody plants in a multiple-choice situation.a satisfactory intake of novel low-quality forages by ruminants may require previous experience with this feed. therefore, this study tested in sheep whether experience with forages from woody plants had an influence on feed intake, feeding behavior, and nutrient supply when offered in a multiple-choice arrangement. two sheep experiments were conducted, 1 in syria (mediterranean region; exp. 1) and the other in switzerland (central europe; exp. 2), that investigated 5 and 6 woody test plants, re ...201323989878
rapid gc/ms determination of botanical precursors of eurasian propolis.in this work, ether extracts of propolises from 11 countries of europe and asia together with extracts of the buds of their principal plant precursors were prepared and investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. for the first time, chemical compositions of the exudates of aspen, white birch and silver birch buds were determined. basing on the data on the content of individual components and their groups, the method of rapid examination of plant precursors of propolis was developed. th ...201424001818
transcriptomic analysis of incised leaf-shape determination in birch.plant researchers have focused much attention on leaf shape because of its importance in the identification. to evaluate the impact of intraspecies leaf-shape variation on the transcriptome, a series of betula pendula 'dalecarlica' and b. pendula saplings were generated through tissue culture. the leaf shapes and transcriptomes of b. pendula 'dalecarlica' clones were compared with those of b. pendula clones. the leaf shape of b. pendula 'dalecarlica' was incised and that of b. pendula was ovate. ...201324013080
morphological plasticity of ectomycorrhizal short roots in betula sp and picea abies forests across climate and forest succession gradients: its role in changing environments.morphological plasticity of ectomycorrhizal (ecm) short roots (known also as first and second order roots with primary development) allows trees to adjust their water and nutrient uptake to local environmental conditions. the morphological traits (mts) of short-living ecm roots, such as specific root length (srl) and area, root tip frequency per mass unit (rtf), root tissue density, as well as mean diameter, length, and mass of the root tips, are good indicators of acclimation. we investigated t ...201324032035
do elevations in temperature, co2, and nutrient availability modify belowground carbon gain and root morphology in artificially defoliated silver birch seedlings?climate warming increases the risk of insect defoliation in boreal forests. losses in photosynthetically active surfaces cause reduction in net primary productivity and often compromise carbon reserves of trees. the concurrent effects of climate change and removal of foliage on root growth responses and carbohydrate dynamics are poorly understood, especially in tree seedlings. we investigated if exposures to different combinations of elevated temperature, co2, and nutrient availability modify be ...201324101972
growth performance of hybrid families by crossing selfed lines of betula pendula roth.hybrid breeding is an effective approach in many agricultural crops. in allogamous tree species severe inbreeding depression and long reproductive cycles generally prohibit its use. however, three generations of selfing in silver birch (betula pendula roth) were obtained by forcing trees to flowering under greenhouse conditions. hybrids were produced by crossing first-, second and third-generation selfed lines. the effects of different levels of parental inbreeding on the growth performance of h ...199624166273
allozyme variation in populations, full-sib families and selfed lines in betula pendula roth.changes in genetic variability in populations (stand origins), full-sib (fs) families and three generations of selfed lines of betula pendula were observed based on 15 allozyme loci. growth vigour, measured as stem volume, and its relationship with heterozygosity was studied to determine the effect of inbreeding. pooled fs families showed a higher percentage of polymorphic loci (p) and allelic numbers per locus (a) than those of natural populations, but no difference in heterozygosity. there was ...199624166635
can spatial data substitute temporal data in phenological modelling? a survey using birch flowering.in addition to the evaluation of long-term series, the analysis of spatial gradients, such as urbanization gradients, may be helpful in assessing phenological responses to global warming. but are phenological responses of birch (betula pendula roth) assessed by temperature variations comparable over time and space and can spatially calibrated models predict long-term phenological data adequately? we calibrated and tested linear regression models and the process-based dormphot model on phenologic ...201324169102
overexpression of bpap1 induces early flowering and produces dwarfism in betula platyphylla × betula pendula.the involvement of apetala1 (ap1) in the flowering transition has been the focus of much research. here, we produced betula platyphylla × betula pendula (birch) lines that overexpressed bpap1 using agrobacterium-mediated transformation; we obtained five independent 35s::bpap1 transgenic lines. polymerase chain reaction (pcr), southern, northern and western analyses were used to identify the transformants. as determined by quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr), bpap1 expression in roots, shoots, l ...201424200078
effect of birch (betula pendula) bark and food protein level on root voles (microtus oeconomus): i. food consumption, growth, and mortality.the effect of protein and birch bark powder (bbp) content of forage on food consumption and growth of root voles (microtus oeconomus) was studied by feeding young voles with eight different diets for two weeks. voles ate more when the protein content of forage was moderate (6%) or low (3%), and when bbp was added to the diets, as compared to a high (12%) protein diet without bbp addition. on high and moderate protein diets voles gained weight, whereas on low protein diets they lost weight. addit ...199624227579
effect of birch (betula pendula) bark and food protein level on root voles (microtus oeconomus): ii. detoxification capacity.the effect of protein and birch bark powder (bbp) content of forage on detoxification capacity of root voles (microtus oeconomus) was studied. young voles were fed with eight different diets for two weeks. individuals on low (3%) protein diets had significantly lighter livers and kidneys than those on moderate (6%) or high (12%) protein diets. birch bark powder addition did not have significant effect on organ weight. detoxification was significantly induced, apparently due to secondary compound ...199624227580
effects of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) litter on seed germination and early seedling growth of four boreal tree species.laboratory and greenhouse bioassays were used to test for inhibitory effects of senescent and decomposed leaves and aqueous extract from bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) against seed germination and seedling growth of aspen (populus tremula l.), birch (betula pendula roth.), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), and norway spruce [picea abies (l.) karst.]. aqueous extracts from bilberry leaves were inhibitory to aspen seed germination and seedling growth and also induced root damage and growth abno ...199624227618
mitochondrial toxin betulinic acid induces in vitro eryptosis in human red blood cells through membrane permeabilization.betulinic acid (ba), a compound isolated from the bark of white birch (betula pubescens), was reported to induce apoptosis in many types of cancer through mitochondrial dysfunction with low side effects in normal cells. because of these features, ba is regarded as a potential anti-cancer agent. however, the effect of ba on the induction of cell death in human erythrocytes remains unknown. given that ba is a mitochondrial toxin and mitochondria are the central cell death regulator, we hypothesize ...201424241250
composition of larval secretion ofchrysomela lapponica (coleoptera, chrysomelidae) and its dependence on host plant.the defensive secretion ofchrysomela lapponica larvae, which is produced by nine pairs of exocrine dorsal glands, has been chemically analyzed. thec. lapponica larvae were kept in the laboratory on leaves of either birch (betula pendula), alder (alnus glutinosa), or willow (salix fragilis). larvae developed normally on birch and willow, whereas those on alder died within a few days. gc-ms analyses of the secretion of larvae on birch and willow revealed that the composition of this secretion diff ...199424242305
a parenchymatic medium solidifier for plant in vitro culture.a new material for the solidification of liquid culture media was prepared from plant parenchyma tissues by mechanical subdivision, solute extration and dessication from ethanol. it is suitable for in vitro culture and propagation of callus as well as shoot tip cultures. the following plant materials have been grown by means of the new medium solidifier: shoot cultures of betula pendula roth, gerbera jamesonii h. bolus ex hook and floribunda rose "triumph", callus tissues of daucus carota l. and ...198724248936
combining microtomy and confocal laser scanning microscopy for structural analyses of plant-fungus associations.the serious problem of extended tissue thickness in the analysis of plant-fungus associations was overcome using a new method that combines physical and optical sectioning of the resin-embedded sample by microtomy and confocal microscopy. improved tissue infiltration of the fungal-specific, high molecular weight fluorescent probe wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to alexa fluor® 633 resulted in high fungus-specific fluorescence even in deeper tissue sections. if autofluorescence was insufficient, ...201424249491
phenolic biosynthesis, leaf damage, and insect herbivory in birch (betula pendula).the effect of both caterpillar herbivory and artificial damage on phenylalanine ammonia lysase (pal) activity of birch foliage was measured, using an intact cell assay. after artificial damage there was a small increase in pal activity in damaged leaves but no change in adjacent undamaged ones. insect grazing produced a larger increase in pal activity, and the enzyme activity was also increased in adjacent undamaged leaves. artificial damage increased the phenolic levels of the damaged leaves. i ...198924271442
chemical defense in birch. platyphylloside: a phenol frombetula pendula inhibiting digestibility.extracts of scandinavian birch (betula pendula roth) buds and internodes of varying twig diameters have been investigated for their inhibitory effect on ruminant digestibility in vitro. the predominant inhibitory effect was observed in extracts containing the phenol platyphylloside, 5-hydroxy-1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-3-heptan-one-3-o-β-d-glucopyranoside. isolation of the pure compound and incubation with rumen inocula showed that digestibility was negatively related to the concentration. signi ...198824276001
water permeability of betula periderm.the water permeability of periderm membranes stripped from mature trees of betula pendula roth was investigated. the diffusion of water was studied using the system water/membrane/water, and transpiration was measured using the system water/membrane/water vapor. betula periderm consists of successive periderm layers each made up of about 5 heavily suberized cell layers and a varying number of cell layers that are little suberized, if at all. it is shown that these layers act as resistances in se ...198024311086
effect of air pollutant no₂ on betula pendula, ostrya carpinifolia and carpinus betulus pollen fertility and human allergenicity.pollen of betula pendula, ostrya carpinifolia and carpinus betulus was exposed in vitro to two levels of no2 (about 0.034 and 0.067 ppm) - both below current atmospheric hour-limit value acceptable for human health protection in europe (0.11 ppm for no2). experiments were performed under artificial solar light with temperature and relative humidity continuously monitored. the viability, germination and total soluble proteins of all the pollen samples exposed to no2 decreased significantly when c ...201424361564
effect of betulin-containing extract from birch tree bark on α-amylase activity in vitro and on weight gain of broiler chickens in vivo.in vitro effect of betulin-containing extract from betula pendula roth. bark on alpha-amylase activity was studied, the kinetic mechanism of interaction was proposed and in vivo effect of betulin-containing extract on weight gain and meat quality of broiler chickens was evaluated. the highest level of inhibitory activity (20%) was detected in extract concentration of 1,000 mg/l. increased extract concentration did not lead to increased enzyme inhibition. using dixon and cornish-bowden coordinate ...201424445672
naturally-occurring growth regulators in leaf washings of picea sitchensis (bong.) carr and betula pendula roth.leaf washings were collected during and immediately after periods of rainfall ('natural') from picea sitchensis (bong.) carr and betula pendula roth., growing in the field. they contained acidic and non-acidic ethyl acetate-soluble growth regulating factors, including a gibberellin-like compound and an inhibitor resembling abscisic acid (aba). similar ranges of growth regulators were obtained when needles of picea sitchensis were intermittently sprayed with a fine water mist ('artificial') in gl ...197424458991
effects of elevated co2 on litter chemistry and subsequent invertebrate detritivore feeding responses.elevated atmospheric co2 can change foliar tissue chemistry. this alters leaf litter palatability to macroinvertebrate detritivores with consequences for decomposition, nutrient turnover, and food-web structure. currently there is no consensus on the link between co2 enrichment, litter chemistry, and macroinvertebrate-mediated leaf decomposition. to identify any unifying mechanisms, we presented eight invertebrate species from aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems with litter from alnus glutinosa ( ...201424465985
arsenic (as), antimony (sb), and lead (pb) availability from au-mine technosols: a case study of transfer to natural vegetation cover in temperate climates.soils from old au-mine tailings (la petite faye, france) were investigated in relation to the natural vegetation cover to evaluate the risk of metals and metalloids (pb, as, sb) mobilizing and their potential transfer to native plants (graminea, betula pendula, pteridium aquilinum, equisetum telmateia). the soils are classified as technosols with high contamination levels of as, pb, and sb. the single selective extractions tested to evaluate available fraction (cacl2, acetic acid, a-rhizo, and d ...201424474610
medicinal plant extracts can variously modify biofilm formation in escherichia coli.low concentrations of black tea and water extracts from medicinal plants arctostaphylos uva-ursi, vaccinium vitis-idaea, tilia cordata, betula pendula and zea mays stimulated biofilm formation in escherichia coli bw25113 up to three times. similar effect was observed for tannic acid and low concentrations of quercetin. in contrast, the extract from urtica dioica reduced biofilm production. pretreatment with plant extracts variously modified antibiotic effects on specific biofilm formation (sbf). ...201424500005
co 2 elevation improves photosynthetic performance in progressive warming environment in white birch seedlings.white birch (betula paperifera mash) seedlings were exposed to progressively warming in greenhouses under ambient and elevated co 2 concentrations for 5 months to explore boreal tree species' potential capacity to acclimate to global climate warming and co 2 elevation. in situ foliar gas exchange, in vivo carboxylation characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured at temperatures of 26 (o)c and 37 (o)c. elevated co 2 significantly increased net photosynthetic rate (pn) at both measu ...201324555025
contrasting responses of silver birch voc emissions to short- and long-term herbivory.there is a need to incorporate the effects of herbivore damage into future models of plant volatile organic compound (voc) emissions at leaf or canopy levels. short-term (a few seconds to 48 h) changes in shoot voc emissions of silver birch (betula pendula roth) in response to feeding by geometrid moths (erannis defoliaria hübner) were monitored online by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ptr-tof-ms). in addition, two separate field experiments were established to study ...201424627262
rapid and long-term effects of water deficit on gas exchange and hydraulic conductance of silver birch trees grown under varying atmospheric humidity.effects of water deficit on plant water status, gas exchange and hydraulic conductance were investigated in betula pendula under artificially manipulated air humidity in eastern estonia. the study was aimed to broaden an understanding of the ability of trees to acclimate with the increasing atmospheric humidity predicted for northern europe. rapidly-induced water deficit was imposed by dehydrating cut branches in open-air conditions; long-term water deficit was generated by seasonal drought.201424655599
process-based models not always better than empirical models for simulating budburst of norway spruce and birch in europe.budburst models have mainly been developed to capture the processes of individual trees, and vary in their complexity and plant physiological realism. we evaluated how well eleven models capture the variation in budburst of birch and norway spruce in germany, austria, the united kingdom and finland. the comparison was based on the models performance in relation to their underlying physiological assumptions with four different calibration schemes. the models were not able to accurately simulate t ...201424700779
genetic and environmental determinants of insect herbivore community structure in a betula pendula population.a number of recent studies have shown that intraspecific genetic variation of plants may have a profound effect on the herbivorous communities which depend on them. however less is known about the relative importance of intraspecific variation compared to other ecological factors, for example environmental variation or the effects of herbivore damage. we randomly selected 22 betula pendula genotypes from a local population (< 0.9 ha), cloned them and planted cloned seedlings on two study sites s ...201424715977
predicting impacts of climate change on the aboveground carbon sequestration rate of a temperate forest in northeastern china.the aboveground carbon sequestration rate (acsr) reflects the influence of climate change on forest dynamics. to reveal the long-term effects of climate change on forest succession and carbon sequestration, a forest landscape succession and disturbance model (landis pro7.0) was used to simulate the acsr of a temperate forest at the community and species levels in northeastern china based on both current and predicted climatic data. on the community level, the acsr of mixed korean pine hardwood f ...201424763409
signaling events during macrophage activation with betula pendula roth pectic polysaccharides.we studied the effect of two pectic polysaccharides ps-b1-ag and ps-b2-rg that were contained in total polysaccharides extracted from betula pendula leaves on no production by mouse macrophages and the contribution of signaling molecules to macrophage activation by the test substances. unlike the total sample, pectins produced a no-stimulating effect on macrophages. the effect of ps-b2-rg (10 μg/ml) did not differ from the effect of lps, while ps-b1-ag produced this effect only in a concentratio ...201424771428
influence of partial cutting on parasitism of endemic spruce budworm (lepidoptera: tortricidae) populations.silvicultural treatments such as thinning have been suggested as management tools against the spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana (clemens) (lepidoptera: tortricidae). among other things, parasitoids are also proposed to be influenced by silvicultural procedures, but the effect of thinning on spruce budworm's natural enemies has not been tested yet. in this study, the influence of partial cutting on parasitism of endemic spruce budworm populations has been investigated in mature balsam fir- ...201424780195
forecasting plant phenology: evaluating the phenological models for betula pendula and padus racemosa spring phases, latvia.a historical phenological record and meteorological data of the period 1960-2009 are used to analyse the ability of seven phenological models to predict leaf unfolding and beginning of flowering for two tree species-silver birch betula pendula and bird cherry padus racemosa-in latvia. model stability is estimated performing multiple model fitting runs using half of the data for model training and the other half for evaluation. correlation coefficient, mean absolute error and mean squared error a ...201524789346
functionalized para-substituted benzenes as 1,8-cineole production modulators in an endophytic nodulisporium species.a nodulisporium species (designated ti-13) was isolated as an endophyte from cassia fistula. the fungus produces a spectrum of volatile organic compounds (vocs) that includes ethanol, acetaldehyde and 1,8-cineole as major components. initial observations of the fungal isolate suggested that reversible attenuation of the organism via removal from the host and successive transfers in pure culture resulted in a 50 % decrease in cineole production unrelated to an overall alteration in fungal growth. ...201424836622
indication of airborne pollution by birch and spruce in the vicinity of copper smelter.the aim of the study was determination of air pollution impact of the copper smelter in bor and its surroundings (serbia) by assessing the suitability of birch (betula pendula roth.) and spruce (picea abies l.) for the purposes of biomonitoring and comparing it with previously published data from the same study area. the concentrations of cu, zn, pb and mn in leaves/needles, branches, roots and soil were determined. sampling was performed during 2009 in two zones with high load of air pollution ...201424910312
quality evaluation of different preparations of dry extracts of birch (betula pendula roth) leaves.qualitatively prepared dry extracts are advantaged over conventional fluid extracts. extracts of betula pendula roth leaves possess mild diuretic effects and anti-inflammatory activity. in this work, the spray-drying and lyophilisation processes were evaluated for producing dry extracts of birch leaves. the purpose was to identify the best drying method that provides the highest content of phenolic compounds and possesses greatest antioxidant activity. predominant compounds hyperoside and chloro ...201424934103
development of lymantria dispar affected by manganese in food.we studied the response of gypsy moth (lymantria dispar (linnaeus) (lepidoptera: lymantriidae)) to the content of manganese in food in the laboratory breeding of caterpillars. the food of the caterpillars {betula pendula roth (fagales: betulaceae) leaves} was contaminated by dipping in the solution of mncl2 · 4h2o with manganese concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5 and 10 mg ml(-1), by which differentiated manganese contents (307; 632; 4,087 and 8,124 mg kg(-1)) were reached. parameters recorded during t ...201425028315
how does solar ultraviolet-b radiation improve drought tolerance of silver birch (betula pendula roth.) seedlings?we hypothesized that solar ultraviolet (uv) radiation would protect silver birch seedlings from the detrimental effects of water stress through a coordinated suite of trait responses, including morphological acclimation, improved control of water loss through gas exchange and hydraulic sufficiency. to better understand how this synergetic interaction works, plants were grown in an experiment under nine treatment combinations attenuating ultraviolet-a and ultraviolet-b (uvb) from solar radiation ...201525041067
sap-feeding insects on forest trees along latitudinal gradients in northern europe: a climate-driven patterns.knowledge of the latitudinal patterns in biotic interactions, and especially in herbivory, is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that govern ecosystem functioning and for predicting their responses to climate change. we used sap-feeding insects as a model group to test the hypotheses that the strength of plant-herbivore interactions in boreal forests decreases with latitude and that this latitudinal pattern is driven primarily by midsummer temperatures. we used a replicated sampling design ...201525044643
effects of atmospheric pollutants (co, o3, so2) on the allergenicity of betula pendula, ostrya carpinifolia, and carpinus betulus pollen.pollen of betula pendula, ostrya carpinifolia, and carpinus betulus was exposed in vitro to relatively low levels of the air pollutants, namely carbon monoxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. the allergenicity of the exposed pollen was compared with that of non-exposed pollen samples to assess if air pollution exposition affects the allergenicity potential of pollen. the immunodetection assays indicated higher ige recognition by all sera of allergic patients to the pollen protein extracts in all exp ...201525055718
soil application of biochar produced from biomass grown on trace element contaminated land.trace element (te) contamination of soils is a worldwide problem. however, although not considered safe anymore for food production without clean-up, many of these soils may still be used to produce biomass for non-food purposes such as biochar. exploring the suitability of such biochar for the amendment of low-fertility soil, we investigated growth and metal accumulation of ryegrass (lolium perenne, var. calibra) as well as soil microbial abundance on a non-contaminated soil after amendment wit ...201425163600
betula pendula: a promising candidate for phytoremediation of tce in northern climates.betula pendula (silver birch) trees growing on two contaminated sites were evaluated to assess their capacity to phytoscreen and phytoremediate chlorinated aliphatic compounds and heavy metals. both locations are industrially-contaminated properties in central sweden. the first was the site of a trichloroethylene (tce) spill in the 1980s while the second was polluted with heavy metals by burning industrial wastes. in both cases, sap and sapwood from silver birch trees were collected and analyzed ...201525174420
integration of bpmads4 on various linkage groups improves the utilization of the rapid cycle breeding system in apple.rapid cycle breeding in apple is a new approach for the rapid introgression of agronomically relevant traits (e.g. disease resistances) from wild apple species into domestic apple cultivars (malus × domestica borkh.). this technique drastically shortens the long-lasting juvenile phase of apple. the utilization of early-flowering apple lines overexpressing the bpmads4 gene of the european silver birch (betula pendula roth.) in hybridization resulted in one breeding cycle per year. aiming for the ...201525370729
functional characterization of ccr in birch (betula platyphylla × betula pendula) through overexpression and suppression analysis.we cloned a cinnamoyl-coa reductase gene (bpccr1) from an apical meristem and first internode of betula platyphylla and characterized its functions in lignin biosynthesis, wood formation and tree growth through transgenic approaches. we generated overexpression and suppression transgenic lines and analyzed them in comparison with the wild-type in terms of lignin content, anatomical characteristics, height and biomass. we found that bpccr1 overexpression could increase lignin content up to 14.6%, ...201525393559
medicinal plants of the genus betula--traditional uses and a phytochemical-pharmacological review.trees and shrubs of the genus betula (betulaceae) inhabit various ecosystems in temperate and boreal climate zones of the northern hemisphere. the healing properties of betula bark and bark extracts have been known for a long time in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. several species of betula have traditionally been used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases including arthritis. the purpose of this review is to provide updated, comprehensive and categorized infor ...201525449458
phenolic compounds and expression of 4cl genes in silver birch clones and pt4cl1a lines.a small multigene family encodes 4-coumarate:coa ligases (4cls) catalyzing the coa ligation of hydroxycinnamic acids, a branch point step directing metabolites to a flavonoid or monolignol pathway. in the present study, we examined the effect of antisense populus tremuloides 4cl (pt4cl1) to the lignin and soluble phenolic compound composition of silver birch (betula pendula) pt4cl1a lines in comparison with non-transgenic silver birch clones. the endogenous expression of silver birch 4cl genes w ...201425502441
shotgun bisulfite sequencing of the betula platyphylla genome reveals the tree's dna methylation patterning.dna methylation plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression. most studies of dna methylation have been performed in herbaceous plants, and little is known about the methylation patterns in tree genomes. in the present study, we generated a map of methylated cytosines at single base pair resolution for betula platyphylla (white birch) by bisulfite sequencing combined with transcriptomics to analyze dna methylation and its effects on gene expression. we obtained a detailed view of t ...201425514241
genetic and metal analyses of fragmented populations of betula papyrifera (marsh) in a mining reclaimed region: identification of population-diagnostic molecular marker.white birch (betula papyrifera) is an open pollinate species that is, dominant in the northern ontario after land reclamation. in fact, this species represents 65% of all trees in the region. we hypothesized that the exchange of genetic information between fragmented populations by range-wide paternal introgression is possible in wind-pollinated species such as b. papyrifera. on the other hand, the effects of heavy metal contamination from the mining activities on plant growth and population dyn ...201425535559
tree species composition affects the abundance of rowan (sorbus aucuparia l.) in urban forests in finland.recent studies have shown a considerable increase in the abundance of rowan (sorbus aucuparia) saplings in urban forests in finland, yet the reasons for this increase are not well understood. here we investigated whether canopy cover or tree species composition, i.e., the basal areas of different tree species in norway spruce dominated urban forests, affects the abundances of rowan seedlings, saplings and trees. altogether 24 urban forest patches were investigated. we sampled the number of rowan ...201525588119
decreased anthocyanidin reductase expression strongly decreases silver birch (betula pendula) growth and alters accumulation of phenolics.phenolics, formed via a complex phenylpropanoid pathway, are important defensive agents in plants and are strongly affected by nitrogen (n) fertilization. proanthocyanidins (pas) are one possible endpoint of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and anthocyanidin reductase (anr) represents a key enzyme in pa biosynthesis. in this study, the expression of silver birch (betula pendula) anthocyanidin reductase bpanr was inhibited using the rna interference (rnai) method, in three consequent bpanr rnai (anri ...201525611902
genotype × herbivore effect on leaf litter decomposition in betula pendula saplings: ecological and evolutionary consequences and the role of secondary metabolites.plant genetic variation and herbivores can both influence ecosystem functioning by affecting the quantity and quality of leaf litter. few studies have, however, investigated the effects of herbivore load on litter decomposition at plant genotype level. we reduced insect herbivory using an insecticide on one half of field-grown betula pendula saplings of 17 genotypes, representing random intrapopulation genetic variation, and allowed insects to naturally colonize the other half. we hypothesized t ...201525622034
vulnerability to cavitation differs between current-year and older xylem: non-destructive observation with a compact magnetic resonance imaging system of two deciduous diffuse-porous species.development of xylem embolism during water stress in two diffuse-porous hardwoods, katsura (cercidiphyllum japonicum) and japanese white birch (betula platyphylla var. japonica), was observed non-destructively under a compact magnetic resonance imaging (mri) system in addition to conventional quantitation of hydraulic vulnerability to cavitation from excised stem segments. distribution of white and dark areas in mr images corresponded well to the distribution of water-filled/embolized vessels ob ...201525630712
breeding increases the efficacy of chondrostereum purpureum in the sprout control of birch.we tested whether the pairing of selected isolates could be used to increase the efficiency of a decay fungus chondrostereum purpureum (pers. ex fr.) pouzar to control hardwood sprouting in finland. we paired c. purpureum strains efficient in sprout control or highly active in laccase production, and tested the efficacy of their progeny in spout control experiments. this procedure resulted in a strain with an efficacy superior to that of the parental strains. the mortality of birch (betula pendu ...201525674794
mesophyll conductance in leaves of japanese white birch (betula platyphylla var. japonica) seedlings grown under elevated co2 concentration and low n availability.to test the hypothesis that mesophyll conductance (gm ) would be reduced by leaf starch accumulation in plants grown under elevated co2 concentration [co2 ], we investigated gm in seedlings of japanese white birch grown under ambient and elevated [co2 ] with an adequate and limited nitrogen supply using simultaneous gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. both elevated [co2 ] and limited nitrogen supply decreased area-based leaf n accompanied with a decrease in the maximum rate o ...201525690946
antimicrobial activity of natural products from the flora of northern ontario, canada.the number of multidrug resistant (mdr) microorganisms is increasing and the antimicrobial resistance expressed by these pathogens is generating a rising global health crisis. in fact, there are only a few antimicrobial agents left that can be used against mdr bacteria and fungi.201525697605
measuring feeding traits of a range of litter-consuming terrestrial snails: leaf litter consumption, faeces production and scaling with body size.plant litter decomposition is an essential ecosystem function that contributes to energy and nutrient cycling above- and belowground. terrestrial gastropods can affect this process in various ways: they consume and fragment leaf litter and create suitable habitats for microorganisms through the production of faeces and mucus. we assessed the contributions of ten litter-feeding terrestrial snail species to leaf litter mass loss and checked whether consumption rate and faeces production scale with ...201525698139
[developmental instability of the organism as a result of pessimization of environment under anthropogenic transformation of natural landscapes].the value of fluctuating asymmetry is considered to be an indicator of the developmental instability of the organism. the consequences of activities of the mining industry plants, which are characterized by alienation and transformation of large areas of natural landscapes, are analyzed as an anthropogenic factor. the objects of study were small mammals (northern red-backed (clethrionomys rutilus) and gray red-backed (clethrionomys rufocanus) voles, tundra vole (microtus oeconomus), laxmann's (s ...201525720274
leaf surface lipophilic compounds as one of the factors of silver birch chemical defense against larvae of gypsy moth.plant chemical defense against herbivores is a complex process which involves a number of secondary compounds. it is known that the concentration of leaf surface lipophilic compounds (slcs), particularly those of flavonoid aglycones are increased with the defoliation treatment of silver birch betula pendula. in this study we investigated how the alteration of slcs concentration in the food affects the fitness and innate immunity of the gypsy moth lymantria dispar. we found that a low slcs concen ...201525816371
ectomycorrhizal community structure of salix and betula spp. at a saline site in central poland in relation to the seasons and soil parameters.saline stress is one of the most important abiotic factors limiting the growth and development of plants and associated microorganisms. while the impact of salinity on associations of arbuscular fungi is relatively well understood, knowledge of the ectomycorrhizal (em) fungi of trees growing on saline land is limited. the main objective of this study was to determine the density and diversity of em fungi associated with three tree species, salix alba, salix caprea and betula pendula, growing in ...201725821257
[report of quambalaria cyanescens associated with birch].long-term microbiological investigation of the pollen of silver birch (betula pendula) in the mos- cow, and moscow region areas revealed that: almost one-third of the analyzed samples, contained the fungus identified by morphological, cultural, and molecular genetic techniques as quambalaria cyanescens (de hoog & g. a. de vries) z.w. de beer, begerow & r. bauer. this species was previously known mostly as a syrmbiont of tropical plants of the generaeucalyptus and cortyminbia and has not been iso ...201525844472
bioconversion of birch wood hemicellulose hydrolyzate to xylitol.a sugar solution containing 42.9 g l(-1) of xylose was prepared from the wood of japanese white birch (betula platyphylla var. japonica) by hydrolysis with 3 % sulfuric acid with a liquor-to-solid ratio of 4 (g g(-1)) at 120 °c for 1 h. during the acid hydrolysis, undesirable by-products were generated, such as acetic acid, furfural, and low-molecular-weight phenols, which inhibit bioconversion of xylose to xylitol. these inhibitors were successfully removed from the hydrolyzate by sorption onto ...201525894947
development of ssr markers and genetic diversity in white birch (betula platyphylla).in order to study genetic diversity of white birch (betula platyphylla), 544 primer pairs were designed based on the genome-wide solexa sequences. among them, 215 primer pairs showed polymorphism between five genotypes and 111 primer pairs that presented clear visible bands in genotyping 41 white birch plants that were collected from 6 different geographical regions. a total of 717 alleles were obtained at 111 loci with a range of 2 to 12 alleles per locus. the results of statistic analysis show ...201525923698
two new species of oobius trjapitzin (hymenoptera, encyrtidae) egg parasitoids of agrilus spp. (coleoptera, buprestidae) from the usa, including a key and taxonomic notes on other congeneric nearctic taxa.oobius trjapitzin (hymenoptera, encyrtidae) species are egg parasitoids that are important for the biological control of some buprestidae and cerambycidae (coleoptera). two species, oobiusagrili zhang & huang and oobiuslongoi (siscaro), were introduced into north america for classical biocontrol and have successfully established. two new native north american species that parasitize eggs of agrilus spp. (buprestidae) are described and illustrated from the usa: oobiusminusculus triapitsyn & petri ...201525931963
[the use of the parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction for assessment of plant state under anthropogenic load].the technique for recording of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics has been used for assessment of the physiological state of leaves of tillet (tilia cordata), pendent white birch (betula pendula), american arborvitae (thuja occidentalis) in urban environments. different sensitivity of plants to adverse growing conditions was observed. the most sensitive jip test parameters such as pi(abs), f(v)/f(0), f(v)/f(m), r(fd) are determined to be used as indicators of the physiological state o ...201526016029
correction: development of ssr markers and genetic diversity in white birch (betula platyphylla). 201526030921
transpiration of urban trees and its cooling effect in a high latitude city.an important ecosystem service provided by urban trees is the cooling effect caused by their transpiration. the aim of this study was to quantify the magnitude of daytime and night-time transpiration of common urban tree species in a high latitude city (gothenburg, sweden), to analyse the influence of weather conditions and surface permeability on the tree transpiration, and to find out whether tree transpiration contributed to daytime or nocturnal cooling. stomatal conductance and leaf transpir ...201626048702
volatile organic compounds emitted from silver birch of different provenances across a latitudinal gradient in finland.climate warming is having an impact on distribution, acclimation and defence capability of plants. we compared the emission rate and composition of volatile organic compounds (vocs) from silver birch (betula pendula (roth)) provenances along a latitudinal gradient in a common garden experiment over the years 2012 and 2013. micropropagated silver birch saplings from three provenances were acquired along a gradient of 7° latitude and planted at central (joensuu 62°n) and northern (kolari 67°n) sit ...201526093370
asynchrony between host plant and insects-defoliator within a tritrophic system: the role of herbivore innate immunity.the effects of asynchrony in the phenology of spring-feeding insect-defoliators and their host plants on insects' fitness, as well as the importance of this effect for the population dynamics of outbreaking species of insects, is a widespread and well-documented phenomenon. however, the spreading of this phenomenon through the food chain, and especially those mechanisms operating this spreading, are still unclear. in this paper, we study the effect of seasonally declined leafquality (estimated i ...201526115118
can serum white birch (betula verrucosa) pollen antigen (bet v 1) immunoglobulin e measurement distinguish between sensitization and allergy?in clinical practice, it is fundamental to distinguish between sensitization and allergy, mainly with respect to polysensitized patients. the aim of this study was to evaluate whether serum immunoglobulin e (ige) to white birch (betula verrucosa) pollen antigen (bet v 1) assessment might be able to differentiate simple sensitization from true allergy.201526250401
identification of genes associated with male sterility in a mutant of white birch (betula platyphylla suk.).white birch (betula platyphylla suk.) is a monoecious tree species with unisexual flowers. in this study, we used a spontaneous mutant genotype that produced normal-like male (nlm) inflorescences and mutant male (mm) inflorescences at different locations within the tree to investigate the genes necessary for pollen development. a cdna-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cdna-aflp) analysis was used to identify genes differentially expressed between the two types of inflorescences. of approxi ...201526260014
coupled enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation: ionic liquid pretreatment for enhanced yields.pretreatment is a vital step upon biochemical conversion of lignocellulose materials into biofuels. an acid catalyzed thermochemical treatment is the most commonly employed method for this purpose. alternatively, ionic liquids (ils), a class of neoteric solvents, provide unique opportunities as solvents for the pretreatment of a wide range of lignocellulose materials. in the present study, four ionic liquid solvents (ils), two switchable ils (sils) dbu-mea-so2 and dbu-mea-co2, as well as two 'cl ...201526339292
effects of a major tree invader on urban woodland arthropods.biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity; however, the degree of impact can vary depending on the ecosystem and taxa. here, we test whether a top invader at a global scale, the tree robinia pseudoacacia (black locust or false acacia), which is known to profoundly change site conditions, significantly affects urban animal diversity. as a first multi-taxon study of this kind, we analyzed the effects of robinia dominance on 18 arthropod taxa by pairwise comparisons of woodlands in be ...201526359665
aluminum uptake and migration from the soil compartment into betula pendula for two different environments: a polluted and environmentally protected area of poland.this paper presents the impact of soil contamination on aluminum (al) concentrations in plant parts of betula pendula and a possible way of migration and transformation of al in the soil-root-stem-twig-leaf system. a new procedure of al fractionation based on extraction in water phase was applied to obtain and measure the most available forms of al in soils and b. pendula samples. in addition, total al content was determined in biological samples and pseudo total al content in soil samples colle ...201626370811
waterlogging in late dormancy and the early growth phase affected root and leaf morphology in betula pendula and betula pubescens seedlings.the warmer winters of the future will increase snow-melt frequency and rainfall, thereby increasing the risk of soil waterlogging and its effects on trees in winter and spring at northern latitudes. we studied the morphology of roots and leaves of 1-year-old silver birch (betula pendula roth) and pubescent birch (betula pubescens ehrh.) seedlings exposed to waterlogging during dormancy or at the beginning of the growing season in a growth-chamber experiment. the experiment included 4-week dorman ...201626420790
elevated air humidity affects hydraulic traits and tree size but not biomass allocation in young silver birches (betula pendula).as changes in air temperature, precipitation, and air humidity are expected in the coming decades, studies on the impact of these environmental shifts on plant growth and functioning are of major importance. greatly understudied aspects of climate change include consequences of increasing air humidity on forest ecosystems, predicted for high latitudes. the main objective of this study was to find a link between hydraulic acclimation and shifts in trees' resource allocation in silver birch (betul ...201526528318
online measurement of real-time cytotoxic responses induced by multi-component matrices, such as natural products, through electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ecis).natural products are complex matrices of compounds that are prone to interfere with the label-dependent methods that are typically used for cytotoxicity screenings. here, we developed a label-free electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ecis)-based cytotoxicity assay that can be applied in the assessment of the cytotoxicity of natural extracts. the conditions to measure the impedance using ecis were first optimized in mice immortalized hypothalamic neurons gt1-7 cells. the performance of four ...201526569236
deconstruction of nordic hardwood in switchable ionic liquids and acylation of the dissolved cellulose.nordic hardwood (betula pendula) was fractionated in a batch autoclave equipped with a custom-made spinchem(®) rotating bed reactor, at 120 °c using co2 and cs2-based switchable ionic liquids systems. analyses of the non-dissolved wood after treatment showed that 64 wt% of hemicelluloses and 70 wt% of lignin were removed from the native wood. long processing periods or successive short-time treatments using fresh sils further decreased the amount of hemicelluloses and lignin in the non-dissolved ...201626572376
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