Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| serological evidence of h9n2 avian influenza virus exposure among poultry workers from fars province of iran. | since the 1990s, influenza a viruses of the h9n2 subtype have been causing infections in the poultry population around the globe. this influenza subtype is widely circulating in poultry and human cases of ai h9n2 have been sporadically reported in countries where this virus is endemic in domestic birds. the wide circulation of h9n2 viruses throughout europe and asia along with their ability to cause direct infection in mammals and humans, raises public health concerns. h9n2 ai was reported for t ... | 2016 | 26817813 |
| evaluation of immune response against inactivated avian influenza (h9n2) vaccine, by using chitosan nanoparticles. | influenza a is a virus that affects a wide range of animals and also human beings. avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h9n2 has the potential to create influenza pandemic and vaccination is a common solution for this problem. the vaccine, used for rapid intervention, should be safe to use and highly effective, after a single administration. chitosan nanoparticles (cnp) have already been recommended as a new adjuvant for inactivated aiv h9n2 vaccine immunization. | 2015 | 26865942 |
| the effect of the hexanic extracts of fig (ficus carica) and olive (olea europaea) fruit and nanoparticles of selenium on the immunogenicity of the inactivated avian influenza virus subtype h9n2. | influenza is a contagious viral disease that is seen in avian, human and other mammals, so its control is important. vaccination against influenza virus subtype h9n2 is one of the ways in controlling program, for this reason several vaccines has been produced. recently, application of inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines in poultry for controlling low pathogenic avian influenza is increasing. at present, oils that are used as adjuvant in commercial vaccines are mineral oils, which not only lack imm ... | 2015 | 26893813 |
| deterioration of eggshell quality in laying hens experimentally infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus. | this study aimed to determine the mechanism by which h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) affects eggshell quality. thirty-week-old specific pathogen free egg-laying hens were inoculated with the chicken-origin h9n2 aiv strain (a/chicken/shaanxi/01/2011) or with inoculating media without virus by combined intraocular and intranasal routes. the time course for the appearance of viral antigen and tissue lesions in the oviduct was coincident with the adverse changes in egg production in the infected he ... | 2016 | 26915662 |
| emergence and development of h7n9 influenza viruses in china. | the occurrence of human infections with avian h7n9 viruses since 2013 demonstrates the continuing pandemic threat posed by the current influenza ecosystem in china. influenza surveillance and phylogenetic analyses showed that these viruses were generated by multiple interspecies transmissions and reassortments among the viruses resident in domestic ducks and the h9n2 viruses enzootic in chickens. a large population of domestic ducks hosting diverse influenza viruses provided the precondition for ... | 2016 | 26922715 |
| genotypic evolution and antigenicity of h9n2 influenza viruses in shanghai, china. | h9n2 influenza viruses have been circulating in china since 1994, but a systematic investigation of h9n2 in shanghai has not previously been undertaken. here, using 14 viruses we isolated from poultry and pigs in shanghai during 2002 and 2006-2014, together with the commercial vaccine a/chicken/shanghai/f/1998 (ck/sh/f/98), we analyzed the evolution of h9n2 influenza viruses in shanghai and showed that all 14 isolates originated from ck/sh/f/98 antigenically. we evaluated the immune protection e ... | 2016 | 26935915 |
| prevalence of avian respiratory viruses in broiler flocks in egypt. | in this study, respiratory viral pathogens were screened using real-time rt-pcr in 86 broiler chicken flocks suffering from respiratory diseases problems in 4 egyptian governorates between january 2012 and february 2014. the mortality rates in the investigated flocks ranged from 1 to 47%. results showed that mixed infection represented 66.3% of the examined flocks. mixed infectious bronchitis (ibv) and avian influenza (ai)-h9n2 viruses were the most common infection (41.7%). lack of ai-h9n2 vacc ... | 2016 | 26976895 |
| chicken igy fc expressed by eimeria mitis enhances the immunogenicity of e. mitis. | eimeria species are obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites, causing great economic losses in the poultry industry. currently wild-and attenuated- type anticoccidial vaccines are used to control coccidiosis. however, their use in fast growing broilers is limited by vaccination side effects caused by medium and/or low immunogenic eimeria spp. there is, therefore, a need for a vaccine with high immunogenicity for broilers. | 2016 | 27000834 |
| assessment of the safety and efficacy of low pathogenic avian influenza (h9n2) virus in inactivated oil emulsion vaccine in laying hens. | in korea, several outbreaks of low pathogenic ai (h9n2) viral infections leading to decreased egg production and increased mortality have been reported on commercial farms since 1996, resulting in severe economic losses. to control the h9n2 lpai endemic, the korea veterinary authority has permitted the use of the inactivated h9n2 lpai vaccine since 2007. in this study, we developed a killed vaccine using a low pathogenic h9n2 ai virus (a/chicken/korea/adl0401) and conducted safety and efficacy t ... | 2016 | 27051337 |
| partial heterologous protection by low pathogenic h9n2 virus against natural h9n2-pb1 gene reassortant highly pathogenic h5n1 virus in chickens. | low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 and highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses continue to co-circulate in chickens. prior infection with low pathogenic avian influenza can modulate the outcome of h5n1 infection. in india, low pathogenic h9n2 and highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses are co-circulating in poultry. herein, by using chickens with prior infection of a/chicken/india/04ti05/2012 (h9n2) virus we explored the outcome of infection with h5n1 virus a/turkey/india/10ca03/2 ... | 2016 | 27057675 |
| inactivation of avian influenza viruses on porous and non-porous surfaces is enhanced by elevating absolute humidity. | this study was to evaluate the effect of absolute humidity (ah), a combined factor of temperature and relative humidity (rh), on inactivation of avian influenza viruses (aivs) on surfaces. suspensions of the h9n2 or h6n2 aiv were deposited onto carrier surfaces that were either porous (pine wood) or non-porous (stainless steel, synthetic rubber and glass). the inoculated carriers were incubated at 23, 35 or 45°c with 25% or 55% rh for up to 28 days. after incubation, virus was recovered and quan ... | 2016 | 27059695 |
| identification of amino acids in h9n2 influenza virus neuraminidase that are critical for the binding of two mouse monoclonal antibodies. | neuraminidase (na) is one of the major glycoproteins on the surface of influenza virus. it cleaves the linkage between haemagglutinin and cell surface receptors, and thus helps the release and spread of influenza virus. despite the importance of h9n2 virus in influenza pandemic preparedness, the antigenic characteristics of its surface glycoproteins, especially na, remains to be investigated. in the present study, we characterized two monoclonal antibodies (mabs), 1d1 and 1g8, which are against ... | 2016 | 27066709 |
| genome wide host gene expression analysis in chicken lungs infected with avian influenza viruses. | the molecular pathogenesis of avian influenza infection varies greatly with individual bird species and virus strain. the molecular pathogenesis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) or the low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) infection in avian species remains poorly understood. thus, global immune response of chickens infected with hpai h5n1 (a/duck/india/02ca10/2011) and lpai h9n2 (a/duck/india/249800/2010) viruses was studied using microarray to identify crucial host ... | 2016 | 27071061 |
| characterization of immune responses to an inactivated avian influenza virus vaccine adjuvanted with nanoparticles containing cpg odn. | avian influenza virus (aiv), a mucosal pathogen, gains entry into host chickens through respiratory and gastrointestinal routes. most commercial aiv vaccines for poultry consist of inactivated, whole virus with adjuvant, delivered by parenteral administration. recent advances in vaccine development have led to the application of nanoparticle emulsion delivery systems, such as poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (plga) nanoparticles to enhance antigen-specific immune responses. in chickens, the to ... | 2016 | 27077969 |
| the replication of bangladeshi h9n2 avian influenza viruses carrying genes from h7n3 in mammals. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses are continuously monitored by the world health organization because they are endemic; they continually reassort with h5n1, h7n9 and h10n8 viruses; and they periodically cause human infections. we characterized h9n2 influenza viruses carrying internal genes from highly pathogenic h7n3 viruses, which were isolated from chickens or quail from live-bird markets in bangladesh between 2010 and 2013. all of the h9n2 viruses used in this study carried mammalian host-specific ... | 2016 | 27094903 |
| isolation and genetic characterization of novel reassortant h6n6 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from chickens in eastern china. | h6 subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) possess the ability to cross the species barrier to infect mammals and pose a threat to human health. from june 2014 to july 2015, 12 h6n6 aivs were isolated from chickens in live-poultry markets in zhejiang province, eastern china. phylogenetic analysis showed that these isolates received their genes from h6 and h9n2 subtype aivs of poultry in china. these novel reassortant viruses showed moderate pathogenicity in mice and were able to replicate in mice ... | 2016 | 27101069 |
| recombinant newcastle disease virus expressing h9 ha protects chickens against heterologous avian influenza h9n2 virus challenge. | in order to produce an efficient poultry h9 avian influenza vaccine that provides cross-protection against multiple h9 lineages, two newcastle disease virus (ndv) lasota vaccine strain recombinant viruses were generated using reverse genetics. the recombinant ndv-h9con virus expresses a consensus-h9 hemagglutinin (ha) that is designed based on available h9n2 sequences from chinese and middle eastern isolates. the recombinant ndv-h9chi virus expresses a chimeric-h9 ha in which the h9 ectodomain o ... | 2016 | 27102817 |
| pre-immune state induced by chicken interferon gamma inhibits the replication of h1n1 human and h9n2 avian influenza viruses in chicken embryo fibroblasts. | interferon gamma (ifn-γ), an immunoregulatory cytokine, is known to control many microbial infections. in a previous study, chicken interferon gamma (chifn-γ) was found to be up-regulated following avian influenza virus (aiv) infection in specific pathogen-free chickens. we aimed to investigate whether the pre-immune state induced by chifn-γ could generate an antiviral response against influenza virus. | 2016 | 27121613 |
| multiple introductions of a reassortant h5n1 avian influenza virus of clade 2.3.2.1c with pb2 gene of h9n2 subtype into indian poultry. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses are a threat to poultry in asia, europe, africa and north america. here, we report isolation and characterization of h5n1 viruses isolated from ducks and turkeys in kerala, chandigarh and uttar pradesh, india between november 2014 and march 2015. genetic and phylogenetic analyses of haemagglutinin gene identified that the virus belonged to a new clade 2.3.2.1c which has not been detected earlier in indian poultry. the virus possessed molecula ... | 2016 | 27174088 |
| [genomic characteristics of 2 strains of influenza a(h9n2)virus isolated from human infection cases in anhui province]. | to understand genomic characteristics of 2 strains of influenza a(h9n2)virus isolated from human infection cases in anhui province in 2015. | 2016 | 27188368 |
| cytokine expression in three chicken host systems infected with h9n2 influenza viruses with different pathogenicities. | sd/818 and sd/196 are h9n2 influenza virus strains isolated from chickens from the same farm at different times that exhibited similar genetic evolution. however, strain sd/818 exhibited higher pathogenicity in chickens than strain sd/196 and other h9n2 influenza virus epidemic strains from china. the expression of cytokines is an important host defence mechanism following viral infection and their intensity is a major determinant of viral pathogenicity. to elucidate the mechanism underlying the ... | 2016 | 27215697 |
| sero-survey of avian influenza in backyard poultry and wild bird species in iran-2014. | in almost all villages in iran backyard birds, especially chickens, are kept for egg and meat production. ai h9n2 subtype is endemic in iran. therefore, estimation of ai prevalence among these birds is important to determine the risk of transmission of infection to commercial farms. the aim of this study was to estimate subclinical infections or previous exposure to h5, h7, and h9 subtypes and to identify potentially important determinants of prevalence of this infectious at premises level in ba ... | 2016 | 27237384 |
| low pathogenic avian influenza (h9n2) in chicken: evaluation of an ancestral h9-mva vaccine. | modified vaccinia ankara (mva) has proven its efficacy as a recombinant vector vaccine for numerous pathogens including influenza virus. the present study aimed at evaluating a recombinant mva candidate vaccine against low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 in the chicken model. as the high genetic and antigenic diversity of h9n2 viruses increases vaccine design complexity, one strategy to widen the range of vaccine coverage is to use an ancestor sequence. we therefore generated a rec ... | 2016 | 27259828 |
| host genetics determine susceptibility to avian influenza infection and transmission dynamics. | host-genetic control of influenza virus infection has been the object of little attention. in this study we determined that two inbred lines of chicken differing in their genetic background , lines 0 and c-b12, were respectively relatively resistant and susceptible to infection with the low pathogenicity influenza virus a/turkey/england/647/77 as defined by substantial differences in viral shedding trajectories. resistant birds, although infected, were unable to transmit virus to contact birds, ... | 2016 | 27279280 |
| evaluation of a smartphone-based rapid fluorescent diagnostic system for h9n2 virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens. | repeated interspecies transmission of h9n2 virus from poultry to humans and human infections transmitted via aerosols highlight the need for a highly sensitive, rapid diagnostic system for the detection of this virus. however, no such test exhibiting high performance has been developed. in this study, the performance of a smartphone-based rapid fluorescent diagnostic system (srfds) was optimized for the diagnosis of an h9n2-virus-infected animal. to suppress the nonspecific reactivity of the bio ... | 2016 | 27287435 |
| [isolation and identification of a quail-origin h9n2 subtype of the influenza virus and its biologic characterization]. | a quail-origin subtype of the influenza virus was isolated from a human-infecting h7n9 subtype of the avian influenza virus found in a live poultry market and was given the name a/quail/hangzhou/1/ 2013 (h9n2). we analyzed the whole genome of this virus and its biologic characteristics. sequence analyses suggested that the: ha and ns genes belonged to a ck/bj/1/94-like lineage; na, np, pa and pb1 genes belonged to a sh/f/98-like lineage; m and pb2 genes belonged to a g1-like lineage. analyses of ... | 2016 | 27295886 |
| reverse genetics based rgh5n2 vaccine provides protection against high dose challenge of h5n1 avian influenza virus in chicken. | an inactivated vaccine was developed using the rgh5n2 virus (6 + 2 reassortant) generated by plasmid based reverse genetics system (rgs) with wsn/33/h1n1 as backbone virus. following mutation of the basic amino acid cleavage site rrrkkr*glf to ietr*glf, the h5-ha (haemagglutinin) gene of the selected donor h5n1 virus (a/chicken/west bengal/80995/2008) of antigenic clade 2.2 was used along with the n2-na gene from h9n2 field isolate (a/chicken/uttar pradesh/2543/2004) for generation of the rgh5n2 ... | 2016 | 27296706 |
| [genetic evolution and substitution frequency of avian influenza virus ha gene in chicken h9n2 subtype in china in the last 20 years]. | low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 subtype virus has been prevalent in domestic poultry in china over two decades. this study was to determine the genetic evolution trend of h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) under immune pressure of vaccine. | 2016 | 27305778 |
| the continuing evolution of h5n1 and h9n2 influenza viruses in bangladesh between 2013 and 2014. | in 2011, avian influenza surveillance at the bangladesh live bird markets (lbms) showed complete replacement of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus of clade 2.2.2 (qinghai-like h5n1 lineage) by the hpai h5n1 clade 2.3.2.1. this clade, which continues to circulate in bangladesh and neighboring countries, is an intra-and interclade reassortant; its ha, polymerase basic 1 (pb1), polymerase (pa), and nonstructural (ns) genes come from subclade 2.3.2.1a; the polymerase basic 2 (pb ... | 2016 | 27309046 |
| antigenic cartography of h9 avian influenza virus and its application to vaccine selection. | vaccination is frequently used as a control method for the h9 subtype of low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (aiv), which is widespread in asia and the middle east. one of the most important factors for selecting an effective vaccine strain is the antigenic match between the hemagglutinin protein of the vaccine and the strain circulating in the field. to demonstrate the antigenic relationships among h9 aivs, with a focus on israeli h9 isolates, antigenic cartography was used to develop a map ... | 2016 | 27309058 |
| comparative effectiveness of two oil adjuvant-inactivated avian influenza h9n2 vaccines. | low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 virus infection has been an important risk to the egyptian poultry industry since 2011. economic losses have occurred from early infection and co-infection with other pathogens. therefore, h9n2 vaccination of broiler chicks as young as 7 days old was recommended. the current inactivated h9n2 vaccines (0.5 ml/bird) administered at a reduced dose (0.25 ml/bird) do not guarantee the delivery of an effective dose for broilers. in this study, the efficacy of the re ... | 2016 | 27309059 |
| a dose-response study of inactivated low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 virus in specific-pathogen-free and commercial broiler chickens. | since the first report of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 virus in egypt in 2011, the egyptian poultry industry has suffered from unexpected economic losses as a result of the wide spread of lpai h9n2. hence, inactivated h9n2 vaccines have been included in the vaccination programs of different poultry production sectors. the optimal antigen content of avian influenza virus vaccines is essential to reach protective antibody titers. in this study, the correlation between antigen content ... | 2016 | 27309065 |
| experimental infection of chickens with intercontinental reassortant h9n2 influenza viruses from wild birds. | the h9n2 subtype of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) virus is the most prevalent lpai in domestic poultry. we previously reported the natural reassortant h9n2 viruses between north american and eurasian lineages isolated from wild birds in korea. these viruses were identified in china and alaska, providing evidence of intercontinental dispersal. in this study, we evaluated the infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenic potential of these h9n2 viruses and eurasian h9n2 virus identified fr ... | 2016 | 27309293 |
| prevalence and diversity of h9n2 avian influenza in chickens of northern vietnam, 2014. | despite their classification as low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaiv), a/h9n2 viruses cause significant losses in poultry in many countries throughout asia, the middle east and north africa. to date, poultry surveillance in vietnam has focused on detection of influenza h5 viruses, and there is limited understanding of influenza h9 epidemiology and transmission dynamics. we determined prevalence and diversity of influenza a viruses in chickens from live bird markets (lbm) of 7 norther ... | 2016 | 27340015 |
| pathogenicity of reassortant h9 influenza viruses with different na genes in mice and chickens. | to better understand the influence of different na genes on pathogenicity of h9 viruses, three reassortant h9 viruses (rh9n1, h9n2 and rh9n3) were generated and characterized. all three viruses replicated efficiently in eggs and mdck cells, whereas the rh9n1 and rh9n3 replicated more efficiently than h9n2 in a549 cells. the rh9n3 replicated more efficiently than rh9n1 and h9n2 viruses in mice, however, rh9n3 replicated and shed less efficiently than the h9n2 virus in chickens. further studies in ... | 2016 | 27342800 |
| antiviral activity of the oseltamivir and melissa officinalis l. essential oil against avian influenza a virus (h9n2). | lemon balm derivatives are going to acquire a novelty as natural and potent remedy for treatment of viral infections since the influenza viruses are developing resistance to the current antivirals widely. oseltamivir, melissa officinalis essential oil (moeo) and their synergistic efficacy against avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h9n2 were evaluated in vitro in mdck cells at different time exposure by using tcid50, ha, real time pcr and hi assay. the results showed that moeo could inhibit repl ... | 2016 | 27366768 |
| chlamydia psittaci infection increases mortality of avian influenza virus h9n2 by suppressing host immune response. | avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 (h9n2) and chlamydia psittaci (c. psittaci) are frequently isolated in chickens with respiratory disease. however, their roles in co-infection remain unclear. we tested the hypothesis that c. psittaci enhances h9n2 infection through suppression of host immunity. thus, 10-day-old spf chickens were inoculated intra-tracheally with a high or low virulence c. psittaci strain, and were simultaneously vaccinated against newcastle disease virus (ndv). significant decr ... | 2016 | 27405059 |
| intense circulation of a/h5n1 and other avian influenza viruses in cambodian live-bird markets with serological evidence of sub-clinical human infections. | surveillance for avian influenza viruses (aivs) in poultry and environmental samples was conducted in four live-bird markets in cambodia from january through november 2013. through real-time rt-pcr testing, aivs were detected in 45% of 1048 samples collected throughout the year. detection rates ranged from 32% and 18% in duck and chicken swabs, respectively, to 75% in carcass wash water samples. influenza a/h5n1 virus was detected in 79% of samples positive for influenza a virus and 35% of all s ... | 2016 | 27436362 |
| detection of influenza a virus from live-bird market poultry swab samples in china by a pan-iav, one-step reverse-transcription fret-pcr. | the persistent public health threat of animal to human transmission of influenza a virus (iav) has stimulated interest in rapid and accurate detection of all iav subtypes in clinical specimens of animal origin. in this study, a new set of primers and probes was designed for one-step pan-iav reverse-transcription fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret)-pcr. the detection limit of one-step pan-iav rt fret-pcr was 10 copies of the matrix gene per reaction, and proved to be equivalent or super ... | 2016 | 27445010 |
| the mrna and proteins expression levels analysis of tc-1 cells immune response to h9n2 avian influenza virus. | since 1994, the h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) has spread widely in mainland china, causing great economic losses to the poultry industry there. subsequently, it was found that the h9n2 aiv had the ability to infect mammals, which gave rise to great panic. in order to investigate the immune response of a host infected with h9n2 aiv, tc-1 cells were set as a model in this research. quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods were used to study ... | 2016 | 27446066 |
| generation and protective efficacy of a cold-adapted attenuated avian h9n2 influenza vaccine. | to prevent h9n2 avian influenza virus infection in chickens, a long-term vaccination program using inactivated vaccines has been implemented in china. however, the protective efficacy of inactivated vaccines against antigenic drift variants is limited, and h9n2 influenza virus continues to circulate in vaccinated chicken flocks in china. therefore, developing a cross-reactive vaccine to control the impact of h9n2 influenza in the poultry industry remains a high priority. in the present study, we ... | 2016 | 27457755 |
| molecular identification and comparative transcriptional analysis of myxovirus resistance gtpase (mx) gene in goose (anser cygnoide) after h9n2 aiv infection. | interferon (ifn)-induced myxovirus resistance (mx) gtpases belong to the family of dynamin-like gtpases and control a diverse range of viruses. in this study, the identified goose mx (gomx) mrna is 2009bp long, shares partially conserved exons with other homologues, and shares highly conserved domains in its primary structure. the amino acid position 629 (629aa) of the gomx protein was identified as serine (ser), in contrast to the ser located at 631aa in chicken mx, which is considered to be re ... | 2016 | 27477505 |
| influenza a virus in backyard pigs and poultry in rural cambodia. | surveillance of influenza virus in humans and livestock is critical, given the worldwide public health threats and livestock production losses. livestock farming involving close proximity between humans, pigs and poultry is often practised by smallholders in low-income countries and is considered an important driver of influenza virus evolution. this study determined the prevalence and genetic characteristics of influenza a virus (iav) in backyard pigs and poultry in cambodia. a total of 751 ani ... | 2016 | 27484711 |
| effects of simple and microencapsulated lactobacillus acidophilus with or without inulin on the broiler meat quality infected by avian influenza virus (h9n2). | the aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of simple and microencapsulated lactobacillus acidophilus as probiotic with or without inulin as prebiotic on meat quality of broiler infected by avian influenza virus (h9n2). two hundred-day-old chicks were randomly allocated into 14 groups based on simple, microencapsulated probiotic and prebiotic and based on vaccination and challenge with h9n2 virus. groups 1-7 contained 20 chicks, and groups 8-12 and 14 contained 10 chicks. group ... | 2016 | 27503361 |
| first outbreaks and phylogenetic analyses of avian influenza h9n2 viruses isolated from poultry flocks in morocco. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses continue to spread in poultry and wild birds worldwide. morocco just faced its first h9n2 influenza virus outbreaks early 2016 affecting different types of poultry production. after its introduction, the virus spread very rapidly throughout the country. | 2016 | 27527708 |
| reassortant h5n1 avian influenza viruses containing pa or np gene from an h9n2 virus significantly increase the pathogenicity in mice. | reassortment between different influenza viruses is a crucial way to generate novel influenza viruses with unpredictable virulence and transmissibility, which may threaten the public health. as currently in china, avian influenza viruses (aivs) of h9n2 and h5n1 subtypes are endemic in poultry in many areas, while they are prone to reassort with each other naturally. in order to evaluate the risk of the reassortment to public health, a/goose/jiangsu/k0403/2010 [gs/10(h5n1)] virus was used as a ba ... | 2016 | 27527770 |
| complete genome sequence of influenza virus h9n2 associated with a fatal outbreak among chickens in dubai. | we report the complete genome sequence of influenza virus h9n2 associated with a fatal outbreak among chickens in dubai. all segments are clustered with avian h9n2 viruses circulating in the middle east but distinct from those in southeast asia. it is not a reassortant virus or transmitted from other regions. | 2016 | 27540055 |
| delivery of an inactivated avian influenza virus vaccine adjuvanted with poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) encapsulated cpg odn induces protective immune responses in chickens. | in poultry, systemic administration of commercial vaccines consisting of inactivated avian influenza virus (aiv) requires the simultaneous delivery of an adjuvant (water-in-oil emulsion). these vaccines are often limited in their ability to induce quantitatively better local (mucosal) antibody responses capable of curtailing virus shedding. therefore, more efficacious adjuvants with the ability to provide enhanced immunogenicity and protective anti-aiv immunity in chickens are needed. while the ... | 2016 | 27543454 |
| influenza a virus pb1-f2 protein prolongs viral shedding in chickens lengthening the transmission window. | avian influenza is a significant economic burden on the poultry industry in geographical regions where it is enzootic. it also poses a public health concern when avian influenza subtypes infect humans, often with high mortality. understanding viral genetic factors which positively contribute to influenza a virus (iav) fitness - infectivity, spread and pathogenesis - is of great importance both for human and livestock health. pb1-f2 is a small accessory protein encoded by iav and in mammalian hos ... | 2016 | 27558742 |
| susceptibility of primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells for low pathogenic avian influenza virus and velogenic viscerotropic newcastle disease virus. | avian influenza virus (aiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) share a high tropism for the avian respiratory epithelium and may cause severe clinical disease associated with high mortality. both viruses have different pathotypes, which may lead to differences in the severity of the disease. respiratory epithelial cells were shown to be the primary target cells for infection and replication. nevertheless, intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) were also suggested as target cells for both viruses in a ... | 2016 | 27596739 |
| isolation of h5n6, h7n9 and h9n2 avian influenza a viruses from air sampled at live poultry markets in china, 2014 and 2015. | zoonotic infections by avian influenza viruses occur at the human-poultry interface, but the modes of transmission have not been fully investigated. we assessed the potential for airborne and fomite transmission at live poultry markets in guangzhou city and in hong kong special administrative region (sar), china, during 2014 and 2015. viral genome and infectious avian influenza a viruses of h5n6, h7n9, and h9n2 subtypes were detected predominantly from particles larger or equal to 1 μm in diamet ... | 2016 | 27608369 |
| investigating the potential role of vitamin e in modulating the immunosuppressive effects of tylvalosin and florfenicol in broiler chickens. | tylvalosin (tvs) is a third-generation macrolide drug used for prophylaxis and treatment of mycoplasma, however; it is supposed to possess an immunosuppressive effect. in the current study, the immunosuppressive effect of tvs and florfenicol (ffc) and the potential immunomodulatory role of vit e were investigated. the experiment included one day old chick groups treated with either tvs, ffc, vit e, tvs/vit e, ffc/vit e and control non-treated group. chicks were vaccinated with inactivated h9n2 a ... | 2016 | 27663366 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus induces cytokine dysregulation with suppressed maturation of chicken monocyte-derived dendritic cells. | one of the major causes of death in highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection in chickens is acute induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm), which leads to severe pathology and acute mortality. dcs and respiratory tract macrophages are the major antigen presenting cells that are exposed to mucosal pathogens. we hypothesized that chicken dcs are a major target for induction of cytokine dysregulation by h5n1 hpaiv. it was found that infection of chicken peripheral b ... | 2016 | 27730669 |
| differential nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the nucleoprotein of influenza a viruses and association with host tropism. | the nucleoprotein (np) of influenza a virus plays a crucial role in virus replication, infectivity, and host adaptation. as a major component of the viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vrnp), np initiates vrnp shuttling between the nucleus and cytoplasm in the host cell. however, the characteristics of the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of np from h1n1 influenza a virus still remain unclear. in the present study, the subcellular localization and the related key residues of the h1n1 influenza virus n ... | 2017 | 27862840 |
| novel h7n2 and h5n6 avian influenza a viruses in sentinel chickens: a sentinel chicken surveillance study. | in 2014, a sentinel chicken surveillance for avian influenza viruses was conducted in aquatic bird habitat near wuxi city, jiangsu province, china. two h7n2, one h5n6, and two h9n2 viruses were isolated. sequence analysis revealed that the h7n2 virus is a novel reassortant of h7n9 and h9n2 viruses and h5n6 virus is a reassortant of h5n1 clade 2.3.4 and h6n6 viruses. substitutions v186 and l226 (h3 numbering) in the hemagglutinin (ha) gene protein was found in two h7n2 viruses but not in the h5n6 ... | 2016 | 27899915 |
| the ns1 protein of avian influenza virus h9n2 induces oxidative-stress-mediated chicken oviduct epithelial cells apoptosis. | the pathogenesis of h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus infection (aiv) in hens is often related to oviduct tissue damage. the viral non-structural ns1 protein is thought to play a key role in regulating the pathogenicity of aiv, but its exact function in this process remains elusive. in this study, the pro-apoptosis effect of h9n2 ns1 protein was examined on chicken oviduct epithelial cells (coecs) and our data indicated that ns1-induced oxidative stress was a contributing factor in apoptosis. o ... | 2016 | 27902334 |
| novel reassortant h9n2 viruses in pigeons and evidence for antigenic diversity of h9n2 viruses isolated from quails in egypt. | the endemicity of avian influenza viruses (aivs) among egyptian poultry represents a public health risk. co-circulation of low pathogenic aiv h9n2 subtype with highly pathogenic aiv h5n1 subtype in egyptian farms potentiates the possibility to generate novel reassortant viruses. herein, the genetic characteristics of surface glycoproteins of 59 egyptian h9n2 viruses, isolated between 2013 and 2015, were analyzed. to elucidate the potential of genetic reassortment, 10 h9n2 isolates were selected ... | 2016 | 27902350 |
| endemic variation of h9n2 avian influenza virus in china. | forty-two h9n2 subtype aiv strains were isolated from vaccinated commercial chickens in china from 2012 to 2015. their ha genes had nucleotide sequence homology from 86.7% to 99.7%, and similarity to the classic vaccine strain was 88.6%-92.6%. a comparison was carried out with published ha genes (410 h9 strains) and whole genomes (306 strains) isolated in china during 2012-2015. interestingly, 99.1% (448/452) of chinese h9n2 aiv belonged to lineage h9.4.2, and 98.5% (445/452) of the viruses belo ... | 2016 | 27902899 |
| modulation of the innate immune-related genes expression in h9n2 avian influenza virus-infected chicken macrophage-like cells (hd11) in response to escherichia coli lps stimulation. | macrophages play important roles in mediating virus-induced innate immune responses and are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of bacterial superinfections. the innate immune response initiated by both low pathogenicity aiv and bacterial superinfection in their avian host is not fully understood. we therefore determine the transcripts of innate immune-related genes following avian h9n2 aiv virus infection and e. coli lps co-stimulation of avian macrophage-like cell line hd11 cells. more ... | 2017 | 27914220 |
| genesis, evolution and prevalence of h5n6 avian influenza viruses in china. | constant surveillance of live poultry markets (lpms) is currently the best way to predict and identify emerging avian influenza viruses (aivs) that pose a potential threat to public health. through surveillance of lpms from 16 provinces and municipalities in china during 2014-2016, we identified 3,174 aiv-positive samples and isolated and sequenced 1,135 aivs covering 31 subtypes. our analysis shows that h5n6 has replaced h5n1 as one of the dominant aiv subtypes in southern china, especially in ... | 2016 | 27916476 |
| virus-like particles displaying h5, h7, h9 hemagglutinins and n1 neuraminidase elicit protective immunity to heterologous avian influenza viruses in chickens. | avian influenza (ai) viruses circulating in wild birds pose a serious threat to public health. human and veterinary vaccines against ai subtypes are needed. here we prepared triple-subtype vlps that co-localized h5, h7 and h9 antigens derived from h5n1, h7n3 and h9n2 viruses. vlps also contained influenza n1 neuraminidase and retroviral gag protein. the h5/h7/h9/n1/gag vlps were prepared using baculovirus expression. biochemical, functional and antigenic characteristics were determined including ... | 2017 | 27936463 |
| impact of a potential glycosylation site at neuraminidase amino acid 264 of influenza a/h9n2 virus. | to determine the role of the potential glycosylation site na264n, which has been shown to be prevalent in recent chinese h9n2 isolates, four reverse genetic viruses, rgws1-na264n, rgws1-na264h, rgbj-na264h and rgbj-na264n, were rescued. growth kinetics showed that viruses with na264h grew faster than viruses with na264n. mouse studies revealed that rgbj-na264h replicated to a significantly higher titer than rgbj-na264n at 3dpi. notably, in contact chickens, rgbj-na264h and rgws1-na264h shed sign ... | 2016 | 27939162 |
| biological characteristics of h9n2 avian influenza viruses from healthy chickens in shanghai, china. | background h9n2 avian influenza viruses that circulate in domestic poultry in eastern china pose challenges to human health. however, few studies have compared the biological characteristics of h9n2 viruses isolated from healthy chickens in shanghai. material and methods three h9n2 viruses - ck/sh/y1/07, ck/sh/y1/02, and ck/sh/23/13 - isolated from healthy chickens in shanghai between 2002 and 2013, were selected and their biological characteristics were determined. results all 3 h9n2 viruses sh ... | 2016 | 27941707 |
| trim25 identification in the chinese goose: gene structure, tissue expression profiles, and antiviral immune responses in vivo and in vitro. | the retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) and the rig-i-like receptor (rlr) protein play a critical role in the interferon (ifn) response during rna virus infection. the tripartite motif containing 25 proteins (trim25) was reported to modify caspase activation and rig-i recruitment domains (cards) via ubiquitin. these modifications allow trim25 to interact with mitochondrial antiviral signaling molecules (mavs) and form card-card tetramers. goose trim25 was cloned from gosling lungs, which poss ... | 2016 | 27995135 |
| vaccine efficacy of inactivated, chimeric hemagglutinin h9/h5n2 avian influenza virus and its suitability for the marker vaccine strategy. | in order to produce a dually effective vaccine against h9 and h5 avian influenza viruses that aligns with the diva (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) strategy, we generated a chimeric h9/h5n2 recombinant vaccine that expressed the whole ha1 region of a/ck/korea/04163/04 (h9n2) and the ha2 region of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a/md/korea/w452/14 (h5n8) viruses. the chimeric h9/h5n2 virus showed in vitro and in vivo growth properties and virulence that were simi ... | 2017 | 28077631 |
| single pa mutation as a high yield determinant of avian influenza vaccines. | human infection with an avian influenza virus persists. to prepare for a potential outbreak of avian influenza, we constructed a candidate vaccine virus (cvv) containing hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of a h5n1 virus and evaluated its antigenic stability after serial passaging in embryonated chicken eggs. the passaged cvv harbored the four amino acid mutations (r136k in pb2; e31k in pa; a172t in ha; and r80q in m2) without changing its antigenicity, compared with the parental cv ... | 2017 | 28084423 |
| molecular characterization of a novel reassortant h7n6 subtype avian influenza virus from poultry in eastern china, in 2016. | during the surveillance for avian influenza viruses (aivs) in live poultry markets in eastern china, in 2016, a novel reassortant h7n6 aiv was isolated from a chicken. phylogenetic analysis showed that this strain received its genes from h9n2, h7n9 and h5n6 aivs infecting poultry in china. this strain showed moderate pathogenicity in mice and was able to replicate in mice without prior adaptation. considering that this novel reassorted h7n6 virus was isolated from poultry in this study, it is po ... | 2017 | 28105530 |
| m gene reassortment in h9n2 influenza virus promotes early infection and replication: contribution to rising virus prevalence in chickens in china. | segment reassortment and base mutagenesis of influenza a viruses are the primary routes to the rapid evolution of high-fitness virus genotypes. we recently described a predominant g57 genotype of avian h9n2 viruses that caused countrywide outbreaks in chickens in china during 2010 to 2013, which led to the zoonotic emergence of h7n9 viruses. one of the key features of the g57 genotype is the replacement of the earlier a/chicken/beijing/1/1994 (bj/94)-like m gene with the a/quail/hong kong/g1/199 ... | 2017 | 28148803 |
| genetic and antigenic evolution of h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus in domestic chickens in southwestern china, 2013-2016. | h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) has caused significant losses in chicken flocks throughout china in recent years. there is a limited understanding of the genetic and antigenic characteristics of the h9n2 virus isolated in chickens in southwestern china. in this study a total of 12 field strains were isolated from tissue samples from diseased chickens between 2013 and 2016. phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) nucleotide sequences from the 12 field isolates and ... | 2017 | 28158271 |
| h9n2-specific igg and cd4+cd25+ t cells in broilers fed a diet supplemented with organic acids. | organic acids have long been known for their beneficial effects on growth performance in domestic animals. however, their impact on immune responses against viral antigens in chickens is unclear. the present study aimed to investigate immunological parameters in broilers immunized with a h9n2 vaccine and/or fed a diet containing organic acids (citric, formic, and lactic acids). we allotted 1-day-old broilers into 4 groups: control (c), fed a diet supplemented with organic acids (o), administered ... | 2017 | 28158799 |
| insight into live bird markets of bangladesh: an overview of the dynamics of transmission of h5n1 and h9n2 avian influenza viruses. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 viruses have been recognized as threats to public health in bangladesh since 2007. although live bird markets (lbms) have been implicated in the transmission, dissemination, and circulation of these viruses, an in-depth analysis of the dynamics of avian transmission of h5n1 and h9n2 viruses at the human-animal interface has been lacking. here we present and evaluate epidemiological findings from active s ... | 2017 | 28270655 |
| mucosal vaccination of conserved sm2, ha2 and cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) fusion protein with poly gamma-glutamate/chitosan nanoparticles (pc nps) induces protection against divergent influenza subtypes. | to develop a safe and effective mucosal vaccine that broad cross protection against seasonal or emerging influenza a viruses, we generated a mucosal influenza vaccine system combining the highly conserved matrix protein-2 (sm2), fusion peptide of hemagglutinin (ha2), the well-known mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-pga)-chitosan nanoparticles (pc nps), which are safe, natural materials that are able to target the mucosal membrane as a mucosal adjuvant. ... | 2017 | 28284616 |
| efficacy of an inactivated bivalent vaccine against the prevalent strains of newcastle disease and h9n2 avian influenza. | newcastle disease (nd) and avian influenza subtype h9n2 (h9n2 ai) are two of the most important diseases of poultry, causing severe economic losses in the global poultry industry. vaccination is an effective way to prevent and control the spread of nd virus (ndv) and h9n2 ai virus (aiv), but the antigenic differences between the current circulating strains and the vaccine strains might account for recent nd and h9n2 ai outbreaks in vaccinated poultry flocks. | 2017 | 28302119 |
| preparation of mucosal nanoparticles and polymer-based inactivated vaccine for newcastle disease and h9n2 ai viruses. | to develop a mucosal inactivated vaccines for newcastle disease (nd) and h9n2 viruses to protect against these viruses at sites of infections through mucosal immunity. | 2017 | 28344402 |
| protection of chickens against h9n2 avian influenza virus challenge with recombinant lactobacillus plantarum expressing conserved antigens. | avian influenza virus (aiv) is spreading worldwide and is a serious threat to the health of poultry and humans. in many countries, low pathogenic aivs, such as h9n2, have become an enormous economic burden on the commercial poultry industry because they cause mild respiratory disease and decrease egg production. a recombinant lactobacillus plantarum nc8 strain expressing np-m1-dcpep from h9n2 aiv has been studied in a mouse model. however, it remains unknown whether this l. plantarum strain can ... | 2017 | 28353000 |
| synergy or interference of a h9n2 avian influenza virus with a velogenic newcastle disease virus in chickens is dose dependent. | field observations indicate that the impact of velogenic newcastle disease virus (vndv) is more severe in countries with concomitant circulation of low pathogenicity avian influenza virus, as is the case in the middle east, in particular in israel, where h9n2 and ndv are endemic. in our study, we evaluated how the exposure of chickens to an h9n2 challenge either favours or interferes with a subsequent vndv infection and its transmission to sentinels. for this purpose, single vndv and sequential ... | 2017 | 28417679 |
| immune escape variants of h9n2 influenza viruses containing deletions at the hemagglutinin receptor binding site retain fitness in vivo and display enhanced zoonotic characteristics. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses are enzootic in poultry across asia and north africa, where they pose a threat to human health as both zoonotic agents and potential pandemic candidates. poultry vaccination against h9n2 viruses has been employed in many regions; however, vaccine effectiveness is frequently compromised due to antigenic drift arising from amino acid substitutions in the major influenza virus antigen hemagglutinin (ha). using selection with ha-specific monoclonal antibodies, we previou ... | 2017 | 28468875 |
| genetics and biological property analysis of korea lineage of influenza a h9n2 viruses. | h9n2 influenza viruses have been detected from wild and domestic avian species including chickens and ducks worldwide. few studies have compared the biological properties of different h9n2 lineages or determined whether certain lineages might pose a higher risk to mammals, especially h9n2 viruses of korean lineage. the objective of this study was to characterize the genetic and biological properties of 22 korean h9n2 viruses and assess their potential risks to mammals. their complete genomes wer ... | 2017 | 28532813 |
| heterologous post-infection immunity against egyptian avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2 modulates the course of subsequent infection by highly pathogenic aiv h5n1, but vaccination immunity does not. | in egypt, zoonotic a/goose/guangdong/1/96 (gs/gd-like) highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 of clade 2.2.1.2 is entrenched in poultry populations and has co-circulated with low-pathogenic avian influenza virus h9n2 of the g1 lineage since 2010. here, the impact of h9n2 infection or vaccination on the course of consecutive infection with a lethal egyptian hpaiv h5n1 is studied. three-week-old chickens were infected with h9n2 or vaccinated with inactivated h9n2 or h5n1 antigens and ... | 2017 | 28590242 |
| co-infection of h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus decreases sp-a expression level in chickens. | chicken surfactant protein a (csp-a) is a collectin believed to play an important role in antiviral immunity. however, csp-a expression in the respiratory tract of chickens after viral co-infection remains unclear. the aim of this study was the detection and characterization of csp-a in co-infected chickens. for this purpose, four-week-old specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens were divided into five groups and inoculated intranasally with h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv), infectious bron ... | 2017 | 28619132 |
| decreased egg production in laying hens associated with infection with genotype 3 avian hepatitis e virus strain from china. | to determine the relationship between decreased egg production and avian hev infection, thirty healthy 23-week-old hy-line variety brown layer hens were randomly divided into 3 groups with 10 hens per group. next, a genotype 3 avian hev strain from china was used to inoculate laying hens via oronasal or intravenous routes using a 50% chicken infectious dose of 500. all hens were necropsied at 14 weeks postinoculation (wpi). fecal virus shedding, viremia, seroconversion, serum alanine aminotransf ... | 2017 | 28619140 |
| single gene reassortment of highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5n1 in the low pathogenic h9n2 backbone and its impact on pathogenicity and infectivity of novel reassortant viruses. | avian influenza a h5n1 and h9n2 viruses have been extensively circulating in various avian species and frequently infect mammals, including humans. the synchronous circulation of both viruses in egypt provides an opportunity for possible genetic assortment, posing a probable threat to global public health. to assess the potential risk of the iav reassortants derived from co-circulation of these two ai subtypes, reverse genetics technology was used to generate a set of iav reassortants carrying s ... | 2017 | 28620809 |
| preexisting salmonella-specific immunity interferes with the subsequent development of immune responses against the salmonella strains delivering h9n2 hemagglutinin. | recombinant salmonella strains expressing foreign heterologous antigens have been extensively studied as promising live vaccine delivery vehicles. in this study, we constructed attenuated smooth (s-ha) and rough (r-ha) salmonella strains expressing hemagglutinin (ha) of h9n2, a low pathogenic avian influenza a virus. we then investigated the ha-specific immune responses following oral immunization with either s-ha or r-ha strain in chicken model. we further examined the effects of the preexistin ... | 2017 | 28622853 |
| efficacy of live-attenuated h9n2 influenza vaccine candidates containing ns1 truncations against h9n2 avian influenza viruses. | h9n2 avian influenza virus is a zoonotic agent with a broad host range that can contribute genetic information to h5 or h7n9 subtype viruses, which are significant threats to both humans and birds. thus, there is a great need for a vaccine to control h9n2 avian influenza. three mutant viruses of an h9n2 virus a/chicken/taixing/10/2010 (rtx-ns1-73, rtx-ns1-100, and rtx-ns1-128) were constructed with different ns1 gene truncations and confirmed by western blot analysis. the genetic stability, path ... | 2017 | 28659900 |
| suspension culture process for h9n2 avian influenza virus (strain re-2). | h9n2 avian influenza virus has caused huge economic loss for the chinese poultry industry since it was first identified. vaccination is frequently used as a control method for the disease. meanwhile suspension culture has become an important tool for the development of influenza vaccines. to optimize the suspension culture conditions for the avian influenza h9n2 virus (re-2 strain) in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, we studied the culture conditions for cell growth and proliferation para ... | 2017 | 28685290 |
| experimental co-infection of infectious bronchitis and low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 viruses in commercial broiler chickens. | in this study, commercial broilers were experimentally infected with single (classical ibv, variant ibv or aiv-h9n2) or mixed aiv-h9n2 with classical, variant or vaccine strains of ibv. birds were monitored for clinical and pathological outcomes and virus shedding for 10days post infection (dpi). clinical signs were limited to the respiratory tract in all challenged groups and varied from mild to moderate mouth breathing to severe respiratory signs with snorting sound and extended head. mortalit ... | 2017 | 28692924 |
| transgenic chickens expressing the 3d8 single chain variable fragment protein suppress avian influenza transmission. | the 3d8 single chain variable fragment (scfv) is a mini-antibody that causes unusual sequence-independent nuclease activity against all types of nucleic acids. we used recombinant lentiviruses to generate transgenic chickens expressing the 3d8 scfv gene under the control of the chicken β-actin promoter. from 420 injected embryos, 200 chicks (g0) hatched and were screened for the 3d8 scfv using pcr, and 15 chicks were identified as transgenic birds expressing the transgene in their semen. the g0 ... | 2017 | 28724948 |
| influenza virus-like particles harboring h9n2 ha and na proteins induce a protective immune response in chicken. | avian influenza viruses represent a growing threat of an influenza pandemic. the co-circulation of multiple h9n2 genotypes over the past decade has been replaced by one predominant genotype-g57 genotype, which displays a changed antigenicity and improved adaptability in chickens. effective h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus vaccines for poultry are urgently needed. | 2017 | 28752641 |
| mutation signature in neuraminidase gene of avian influenza h9n2/g1 in egypt. | the low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 subtype has become the most prevalent and widespread in many asian and middle eastern countries. it causes an enzootic situation in commercial poultry and known as a potential facilitator virus that can be transmitted to human from birds. the neuraminidase (na) gene plays an important role the release and spread of the virus from infected cells and throughout the bird. the complete nucleotide sequences of the na gene of seven h9n2 viruses collected ... | 2017 | 28770242 |
| assessing evidence for avian-to-human transmission of influenza a/h9n2 virus in rural farming communities in northern vietnam. | rural farming communities in northern vietnam do not routinely practice vaccination for influenza a viruses (iav) for either humans or poultry, which enables us to study transmission intensity via seroepidemiology. using samples from a longitudinal cohort of farming households, we determined the number of symptomatic and asymptomatic human infections for seasonal iav and avian a/h9 over 2 years. as expected, we detected virologically confirmed acute cases of seasonal iav in humans, as well as la ... | 2017 | 28771136 |
| interaction of influenza a viruses with oviduct explants of different avian species. | infection of poultry with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) is often associated with mild respiratory symptoms but may also lead to loss in egg production in laying birds. in vivo susceptibility of the reproductive tract for lpaiv infection was reported for turkeys and chickens, but virus-interaction with epithelial cells of the oviduct and possible stimulation of the local antiviral immune responses have not been characterized. in this study, we wanted to investigate the suitabilit ... | 2017 | 28775714 |
| evaluation of the timing of the escherichia coli co-infection on pathogenecity of h9n2 avian influenza virus in broiler chickens. | bacterial co-infections can probably influence the pathogenicity of h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv). this study aimed to evaluate the effect of exposure time to escherichia coli (o:2) on the pathogenicity of h9n2 aiv in broiler chickens. three hundred and sixty broiler chickens were randomly allocated to six equal groups. at the age of 26 days, all chicks except groups 5 and 6 were inoculated intra-nasally with h9n2 virus. at the same time, the birds in groups 1 and 5 were infect ... | 2017 | 28775746 |
| n-glycan profiles in h9n2 avian influenza viruses from chicken eggs and human embryonic lung fibroblast cells. | n-glycosylation can affect the host specificity, virulence and infectivity of influenza a viruses (iavs). in this study, the distribution and evolution of n-glycosylation sites in the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) of h9n2 virus were explored using phylogenetic analysis. then, one strain of the h9n2 subtypes was proliferated in the embryonated chicken eggs (ece) and human embryonic lung fibroblast cells (mrc-5) system. the proliferated viral n-glycan profiles were analyzed by a glycom ... | 2017 | 28797655 |
| natural reassortants of potentially zoonotic avian influenza viruses h5n1 and h9n2 from egypt display distinct pathogenic phenotypes in experimentally infected chickens and ferrets. | the cocirculation of zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) of subtype h5n1 and avian influenza virus (aiv) of subtype h9n2 among poultry in egypt for at least 6 years should render that country a hypothetical hot spot for the emergence of reassortant, phenotypically altered viruses, yet no reassortants have been detected in egypt. the present investigations proved that reassortants of the egyptian h5n1 clade 2.2.1.2 virus and h9n2 virus of the g1-b lineage can be generated by ... | 2017 | 28931674 |
| isolation and characterization of avian influenza viruses from raw poultry products illegally imported to japan by international flight passengers. | the transportation of poultry and related products for international trade contributes to transboundary pathogen spread and disease outbreaks worldwide. to prevent pathogen incursion through poultry products, many countries have regulations about animal health and poultry product quarantine. however, in japan, animal products have been illegally introduced into the country in baggage and confiscated at the airport. lately, the number of illegally imported poultry and the incursion risk of transb ... | 2017 | 29034617 |
| development of a multiplex probe combination-based one-step real-time reverse transcription-pcr for na subtype typing of avian influenza virus. | nine influenza virus neuraminidase (na) subtypes have been identified in poultry and wild birds. few methods are available for rapid and simple na subtyping. here we developed a multiplex probe combination-based one-step real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (rrt-pcr) to detect nine avian influenza virus na subtypes. nine primer-probe pairs were assigned to three groups based on the different fluorescent dyes of the probes (fam, hex, or texas red). each probe detected only one na subtype, without ... | 2017 | 29044197 |
| co-infection of chlamydia psittaci with h9n2, ort and aspergillus fumigatus contributes to severe pneumonia and high mortality in spf chickens. | since 2007, most areas of china have seen outbreaks of poultry airsacculitis, which causes hugely economic losses to the poultry industry. however, there are no effective measures to combat the problem. in this study, 105 rations were collected to isolate aspergillus spp. from the diseased farms. in subsequent experiments, spf chickens were inoculated with ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ort), chlamydia psittaci (c. psittaci) and aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus), and mortality rate, body we ... | 2017 | 29070907 |
| internal gene cassette from a genotype s h9n2 avian influenza virus attenuates the pathogenicity of h5 viruses in chickens and mice. | h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) of genotype s frequently donate internal genes to facilitate the generation of novel reassortants such as h7n9, h10n8, h5n2 and h5n6 aivs, posing an enormous threat to both human health and poultry industry. however, the pathogenicity and transmission of reassortant h5 viruses with internal gene cassette of genotype s h9n2-origin in chickens and mice remain unknown. in this study, four h5 reassortants carrying the ha and na genes from different clades of h5 virus ... | 2017 | 29075244 |
| recombinant lactobacillus plantarum expressing ha2 antigen elicits protective immunity against h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens. | low pathogenic h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) can lead to moderate respiratory symptoms and low egg production rates in poultry. due to its immunologic suppression, other various infectious pathogens give rise to the co-infection of hosts, causing heavy economic losses in the commercial poultry industry in both china and worldwide. therefore, it is time to explore a novel, safe, and effective vaccine. we have already made use of the surface of lactobacillus plantarum to display aiv ha2 ... | 2017 | 29090342 |
| inter-species host gene expression differences in response to human and avian influenza a virus strains. | low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses are a source of sporadic human infections and could also contribute to future pandemic outbreaks but little is known about inter-species differences in the host responses to these viruses. here, we studied host gene expression signatures of cell lines from three species (human, chicken, and canine) in response to six different viruses (h1n1/wsn, h5n2/f59, h5n2/f118, h5n2/f189, h5n3 and h9n2). comprehensive microarray probe set re-annotation and ortho ... | 2017 | 29104227 |