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identification of two stably expressed qtls for fat content in rice (oryza sativa).fat content (fc) is an important component of the nutritional quality of the rice (oryza sativa l.) grain and a partial determinant of grain quality. three fc qtls were identified from an analysis of a set of rice 'kasalath'/'koshihikari' backcross inbred lines, which were grown in three independent environments. two of these qtls (qfc7.1 and qfc7.2) were located on chromosome 7, and they were detected in all three environments. the presence of qfc7.1 and qfc7.2 was further confirmed by testing ...201222849582
identification and fine mapping of qcth4, a quantitative trait loci controlling the chlorophyll content from tillering to heading in rice (oryza sativa l.).the chlorophyll content is one of the most important traits selected by breeders, and it is controlled by quantitative trait loci (qtls) derived from natural variations in rice. we analyzed the qtl controlling chlorophyll content by using 94 rils derived from a cross between 2 japonica rice cultivars, lijiangxintuanheigu (lth) and shennong265 (sn265). twenty-two qtls controlling chlorophyll content at tillering stage, heading stage, and maturity stage were detected, respectively. among them, ric ...201522851681
bioinformatic cis-element analyses performed in arabidopsis and rice disclose bzip- and myb-related binding sites as potential auxre-coupling elements in auxin-mediated transcription.in higher plants, a diverse array of developmental and growth-related processes is regulated by the plant hormone auxin. recent publications have proposed that besides the well-characterized auxin response factors (arfs) that bind auxin response elements (auxres), also members of the bzip- and myb-transcription factor (tf) families participate in transcriptional control of auxin-regulated genes via bzip response elements (zres) or myb response elements (mres), respectively.201222852874
heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of food crops and fruits in owerri, south eastern, nigeria.this study assessed lead, cadmium, and nickel level in food crops, fruits and soil samples from ohaji and umuagwo and owerri in south eastern nigeria and estimated the potential health risks of metals. samples were washed, oven-dried at 70-80°c for 24 h and powdered. samples were digested with perchloric acid and nitric acid. metals were analysed with unicam atomic absorption spectrophotometer.201222853175
genome-wide identification, evolutionary and expression analyses of putative fe-s biogenesis genes in rice (oryza sativa).iron-sulfur (fe-s) proteins are ubiquitous in nature and carry fe-s clusters (iscs) as prosthetic groups that are essential in maintaining basic biological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation, and dna repair. in the present investigation, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis was carried out to find all the genes involved in the formation of iscs in rice ( oryza sativa l.) through a systematic est and genomic dna sequence data mining. this analysis profiled 44 rice is ...201222856514
the rice rad51c gene is required for the meiosis of both female and male gametocytes and the dna repair of somatic cells.the reca/rad51 family of rice (oryza sativa) consists of at least 13 members. however, the functions of most of these members are unknown. here the functional characterization of one member of this family, rad51c, is reported. knockout (ko) of rad51c resulted in both female and male sterility in rice. transferring rad51c to the rad51c-ko line restored fertility. cytological analyses showed that the sterility of rad51c-ko plants was associated with abnormal early meiotic processes in both megaspo ...201222859673
high-throughput two-dimensional root system phenotyping platform facilitates genetic analysis of root growth and development.high-throughput phenotyping of root systems requires a combination of specialized techniques and adaptable plant growth, root imaging and software tools. a custom phenotyping platform was designed to capture images of whole root systems, and novel software tools were developed to process and analyse these images. the platform and its components are adaptable to a wide range root phenotyping studies using diverse growth systems (hydroponics, paper pouches, gel and soil) involving several plant sp ...201322860896
mapping and characterization of the major quantitative trait locus qss7 associated with increased length and decreased width of rice seeds.seed shape in rice (oryza sativa) is an important factor that determines grain appearance, cooking quality and grain yield. here, we report a major quantitative trait locus qss7 on the long arm of chromosome 7 for seed length, seed width and the ratio of seed length to width, identified using a segregating population derived from a cross between an indica variety zhenshan97 and a chromosomal segment substitution line of a japonica variety cypress within the genetic background of zhenshan97. the ...201222864386
osdmi3 is a novel component of abscisic acid signaling in the induction of antioxidant defense in leaves of rice.ca(2+) and calmodulin (cam) have been shown to play an important role in abscisic acid (aba)-induced antioxidant defense. however, it is unknown whether ca(2+)/cam-dependent protein kinase (ccamk) is involved in the process. in the present study, the role of rice ccamk, osdmi3, in aba-induced antioxidant defense was investigated in leaves of rice (oryza sativa) plants. treatments with aba, h(2)o(2), and polyethylene glycol (peg) induced the expression of osdmi3 and the activity of osdmi3, and h( ...201222869603
the organelle genomes of hassawi rice (oryza sativa l.) and its hybrid in saudi arabia: genome variation, rearrangement, and origins.hassawi rice (oryza sativa l.) is a landrace adapted to the climate of saudi arabia, characterized by its strong resistance to soil salinity and drought. using high quality sequencing reads extracted from raw data of a whole genome sequencing project, we assembled both chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) genomes of the wild-type hassawi rice (hassawi-1) and its dwarf hybrid (hassawi-2). we discovered 16 indels (insertions and deletions) but no snp (single nucleotide polymorphism) is present ...201222870184
lysin motif-containing proteins lyp4 and lyp6 play dual roles in peptidoglycan and chitin perception in rice innate immunity.plant innate immunity relies on successful detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) of invading microbes via pattern recognition receptors (prrs) at the plant cell surface. here, we report two homologous rice (oryza sativa) lysin motif-containing proteins, lyp4 and lyp6, as dual functional prrs sensing bacterial peptidoglycan (pgn) and fungal chitin. live cell imaging and microsomal fractionation consistently revealed the plasma membrane localization of these proteins in rice c ...201222872757
reaction specificities of the ε-ionone-forming lycopene cyclase from rice (oryza sativa) elucidated in vitro.lycopene cyclases responsible for the formation of ε-ionone rings (lcye) mark a plant-specific bifurcation of carotenogenesis. we investigated purified rice lcye (oslcye) in a liposome-based biphasic assay system. oslcye depends on reduced flavin cofactors stabilizing a transient state formed during the non-redox cyclization reaction. in contrast to oslcyb, oslcye produces predominantly monocyclic products and monocyclic carotene intermediates are not suitable substrates. determination of the os ...201222874758
phylogenetic analysis of k(+) transporters in bryophytes, lycophytes, and flowering plants indicates a specialization of vascular plants.as heritage from early evolution, potassium (k(+)) is absolutely necessary for all living cells. it plays significant roles as stabilizer in metabolism and is important for enzyme activation, stabilization of protein synthesis, and neutralization of negative charges on cellular molecules as proteins and nucleic acids. land plants even enlarged this spectrum of k(+) utilization after having gone ashore, despite the fact that k(+) is far less available in their new oligotrophic habitats than in se ...201222876252
qtl analysis of novel genomic regions associated with yield and yield related traits in new plant type based recombinant inbred lines of rice (oryza sativa l.).rice is staple food for more than half of the world's population including two billion asians, who obtain 60-70% of their energy intake from rice and its derivatives. to meet the growing demand from human population, rice varieties with higher yield potential and greater yield stability need to be developed. the favourable alleles for yield and yield contributing traits are distributed among two subspecies i.e., indica and japonica of cultivated rice (oryza sativa l.). identification of novel fa ...201222876968
interdomain disulfide bridge in the rice granule bound starch synthase i catalytic domain as elucidated by x-ray structure analysis.the catalytic domain of rice (oryza sativa japonica) granule bound starch synthase i (osgbssi-cd) was overexpressed and the three-dimensional structures of the ligand-free and adp-bound forms were determined. the structures were similar to those reported for bacterial and archaeal glycogen synthases, which belong to glycosyltransferase family 5. they had rossmann fold n- and c-domains connected by canonical two-hinge peptides, and an interdomain disulfide bond that appears to be conserved in the ...201222878205
an improved agrobacterium-mediated transformation of recalcitrant indica rice (oryza sativa l.) cultivars.agrobacterium-mediated transformation of indica rice varieties has been quite difficult as these are recalcitrant to in vitro responses. in the present study, we established a high-efficiency agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system of rice (oryza sativa l. ssp. indica) cv. ir-64, lalat, and iet-4786. agrobacterium strain eha-101 harboring binary vector pig121-hm, containing a gene encoding for β-glucuronidase (gus) and hygromycin resistance, was used in the transformation experi ...201322878598
the rice wall-associated receptor-like kinase gene osdees1 plays a role in female gametophyte development.the wall-associated kinase (wak) gene family is a unique subfamily of receptor-like kinases (rlks) in plants. wak-rlks play roles in cell expansion, pathogen resistance, and metal tolerance in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). rice (oryza sativa) has far more wak-rlk genes than arabidopsis, but the functions of rice wak-rlks are poorly understood. in this study, we found that one rice wak-rlk gene, defect in early embryo sac1 (osdees1), is involved in the regulation of early embryo sac develop ...201222885936
physiological basis of genetic variation in leaf photosynthesis among rice (oryza sativa l.) introgression lines under drought and well-watered conditions.to understand the physiological basis of genetic variation and resulting quantitative trait loci (qtls) for photosynthesis in a rice (oryza sativa l.) introgression line population, 13 lines were studied under drought and well-watered conditions, at flowering and grain filling. simultaneous gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were conducted at various levels of incident irradiance and ambient co(2) to estimate parameters of a model that dissects photosynthesis into stomatal co ...201222888131
oself3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice.heading date is a critical trait that determines cropping seasons and regional adaptability in rice (oryza sativa). research efforts during the last decade have identified some important photoperiod pathway genes that are conserved between arabidopsis and rice. in this study, we identified a novel gene, oryza sativa elf3 (oself3), which is a putative homolog of the elf3 gene in arabidopsis thaliana. oself3 was required for the control of heading date under long-day conditions. its tos17-tagging ...201322888152
overexpression of rice sphingosine-1-phoshpate lyase gene osspl1 in transgenic tobacco reduces salt and oxidative stress tolerance.sphingolipids, including sphingosine-1-phosphate (s1p), have been shown to function as signaling mediators to regulate diverse aspects of plant growth, development, and stress response. in this study, we performed functional analysis of a rice (oryza sativa) s1p lyase gene osspl1 in transgenic tobacco plants and explored its possible involvement in abiotic stress response. overexpression of osspl1 in transgenic tobacco resulted in enhanced sensitivity to exogenous abscisic acid (aba), and decrea ...201222889013
chimeric floral organs1, encoding a monocot-specific mads box protein, regulates floral organ identity in rice.the control of floral organ identity by homeotic mads box genes is well established in eudicots. however, grasses have highly specialized outer floral organs, and the identities of the genes that regulate the highly specialized outer floral organs of grasses remain unclear. in this study, we characterized a mikc-type mads box gene, chimeric floral organs (cfo1), which plays a key role in the regulation of floral organ identity in rice (oryza sativa). the cfo1 mutant displayed defective marginal ...201222891238
the histone methyltransferase sdg724 mediates h3k36me2/3 deposition at mads50 and rft1 and promotes flowering in rice.chromatin modifications affect flowering time in the long-day plant arabidopsis thaliana, but the role of histone methylation in flowering time regulation of rice (oryza sativa), a short-day plant, remains to be elucidated. we identified a late-flowering long vegetative phase1 (lvp1) mutant in rice and used map-based cloning to reveal that lvp1 affects the set domain group protein 724 (sdg724). sdg724 functions as a histone methyltransferase in vitro and contributes to a major fraction of global ...201222892321
histone acetyltransferases in rice (oryza sativa l.): phylogenetic analysis, subcellular localization and expression.histone acetyltransferases (hats) play an important role in eukaryotic transcription. eight hats identified in rice (oshats) can be organized into four families, namely the cbp (oshac701, oshac703, and oshac704), tafii250 (oshaf701), gnat (oshag702, oshag703, and oshag704), and myst (osham701) families. the biological functions of hats in rice remain unknown, so a comprehensive protein sequence analysis of the hat families was conducted to investigate their potential functions. in addition, the ...201222894565
dwarf and deformed flower 1, encoding an f-box protein, is critical for vegetative and floral development in rice (oryza sativa l.).recent studies have shown that f-box proteins constitute a large family in eukaryotes, and play pivotal roles in regulating various developmental processes in plants. however, their functions in monocots are still obscure. in this study, we characterized a recessive mutant dwarf and deformed flower 1-1 (ddf1-1) in oryza sativa (rice). the mutant is abnormal in both vegetative and reproductive development, with significant size reduction in all organs except the spikelet. ddf1 controls organ size ...201222897567
oscillation regulation of ca2+ /calmodulin and heat-stress related genes in response to heat stress in rice (oryza sativa l.).the ca ( 2+) /calmodulin (cam) signaling pathway mediates the heat stress (hs) response and acquisition of thermotolerance in plants. we showed that the rice cam1-1 isoform can interpret a ca ( 2+) signature difference in amplitude, frequency, and temporal-spatial properties in regulating transcription of nucleoplasmic small heat-shock protein gene (shspc/n) during hs. ca ( 2+) and a23187 treatments under hs generated an intense and sustained increase in [ca ( 2+) ]cyt and accelerated the expres ...201222899079
transcriptional regulation of phosphate acquisition by higher plants.phosphorus (p), an essential macronutrient required for plant growth and development, is often limiting in natural and agro-climatic environments. to cope with heterogeneous or low phosphate (pi) availability, plants have evolved an array of adaptive responses facilitating optimal acquisition and distribution of pi. the root system plays a pivotal role in pi-deficiency-mediated adaptive responses that are regulated by a complex interplay of systemic and local pi sensing. cross-talk with sugar, p ...201222899310
red strain oryza sativa-unpolished thai rice prevents oxidative stress and colorectal aberrant crypt foci formation in rats.oxidative stress has been proposed to be involved in colorectal cancer development. many dark pigments of plants have potent oxidative stress preventive properties. in this study, unpolished thai rice was assessed for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (abts) methods. red strain unpolished thai rice was also administered to rats exposed to azoxymethane (aom) for induction of aberrant crypt foci (acf). serum mal ...201222901149
micrornas as promising tools for improving stress tolerance in rice.rice (oryza sativa) represents one of the most important food crops in the world, since it feeds more than two billion people. the increased rice production can play significant roles in upgrading the economic status of countries like india and china. a great deal of research has been carried out in the recent past on the molecular biology, genomics and biotechnology of rice. by employing recombinant dna technology, remarkable progress had been made towards production of rice plants with increas ...201222902689
pip kinases and their role in plant tip growing cells.phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate, [ptdins(4,5)p 2], is a signaling lipid involved in many important processes in animal cells such as cytoskeleton organization, intracellular vesicular trafficking, secretion, cell motility, regulation of ion channels, and nuclear signaling pathways. in the last years ptdins(4,5)p 2 and its synthesizing enzyme, phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (pipk), has been intensively studied in plant cells, revealing a key role in the control of polar tip growth. ...201222902694
crystal structures of rice (oryza sativa) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase complexes with nad and sulfate suggest involvement of phe37 in nad binding for catalysis.cytosolic oryza sativa glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (osgapdh), the enzyme involved in the ubiquitous glycolysis, catalyzes the oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (bpg) using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad) as an electron acceptor. we report crystal structures of osgapdh in three conditions of nad-free, nad-bound and sulfate-soaked forms to discuss the molecular determinants for coenzyme specificity. the structure of osgapdh showe ...201222903596
emerging roots alter epidermal cell fate through mechanical and reactive oxygen species signaling.a central question in biology is how spatial information is conveyed to locally establish a developmental program. rice (oryza sativa) can survive flash floods by the emergence of adventitious roots from the stem. epidermal cells that overlie adventitious root primordia undergo cell death to facilitate root emergence. root growth and epidermal cell death are both controlled by ethylene. this study aimed to identify the signal responsible for the spatial control of cell death. epidermal cell deat ...201222904148
purification and characterization of lipoxygenase from aromatic and non-aromatic rice (oryza sativa l.).lipoxygenase (lox) has been extensively purified from aromatic (bas-370) and non-aromatic (pusa-834) rice varieties. crude isolates of lox from the aromatic varieties (bas-370 and pb-1) showed higher specific activity (4-fold) when compared to non-aromatic varieties (pusa-677 and pusa-834). the activity was optimum at ph 8.0 in all four varieties. anionic page of lox from three days old seedlings revealed one extra band (rm 0.48) in aromatic varieties, besides the presence of a major band (rm 0. ...200222905398
phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by pteris vittata l. ii. effect on arsenic uptake and rice yield.a greenhouse experiment evaluated the effect of phytoextraction of arsenic from a contaminated soil by chinese brake fern (pteris vittata l.) and its subsequent effects on growth and uptake of arsenic by rice (oryza sativa l.) crop. pteris vittata was grown for one or two growing cycles of four months each with two phosphate sources, using single super phosphate (ssp) and di-ammonium phosphate (dap). rice was grown on phytoextracted soils followed by measurements of biomass yield (grain, straw, ...201222908631
oself3-1, an ortholog of arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering.arabidopsis thaliana early flowering 3 (elf3) as a zeitnehmer (time taker) is responsible for generation of circadian rhythm and regulation of photoperiodic flowering. there are two orthologs (oself3-1 and oself3-2) of elf3 in rice (oryza sativa), but their roles have not yet been fully identified. here, we performed a functional characterization of oself3-1 and revealed it plays a more predominant role than oself3-2 in rice heading. our results suggest oself3-1 can affect rice circadian systems ...201222912900
the minor spliceosomal protein u11/u12-31k is an rna chaperone crucial for u12 intron splicing and the development of dicot and monocot plants.u12 intron-specific spliceosomes contain u11 and u12 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins and mediate the removal of u12 introns from precursor-mrnas. among the several proteins unique to the u12-type spliceosomes, an arabidopsis thaliana atu11/u12-31k protein has been shown to be indispensible for proper u12 intron splicing and for normal growth and development of arabidopsis plants. here, we assessed the functional roles of the rice (oryza sativa) osu11/u12-31k protein in u12 intron splicing and d ...201222912901
osarf16, a transcription factor, is required for auxin and phosphate starvation response in rice (oryza sativa l.).plant responses to auxin and phosphate (pi) starvation are closely linked. however, the underlying mechanisms connecting auxin to phosphate starvation (-pi) responses are largely unclear. here, we show that osarf16, an auxin response factor, functions in both auxin and -pi responses in rice (oryza sativa l.). the knockout of osarf16 led to primary roots (pr), lateral roots (lr) and root hair losing sensitivity to auxin and -pi response. osarf16 expression and osarf16::gus staining in pr and lr o ...201322913536
mil2 (microsporeless2) regulates early cell differentiation in the rice anther.the formation of diverse, appropriately patterned cell types is critical in the development of all complex multicellular organisms. in flowering plants, anther patterning is a complex process essential for successful sexual reproduction. however, few genes regulating this process have been characterized to date. we report here that the gene microsporeless2 (mil2) regulates early anther cell differentiation in rice (oryza sativa). the anthers of mil2 mutants were characterized using molecular mar ...201222913653
ddm1 (decrease in dna methylation) genes in rice (oryza sativa).regulation of cytosine methylation in the plant genome is of pivotal in determining the epigenetic states of chromosome regions. relative tolerance of plant to deficiency in cytosine methylation provides unparalleled opportunities to study the mechanism for regulation of cytosine methylation. the decrease in dna methylation 1 (ddm1) of arabidopsis thaliana is one of the best characterized plant epigenetic regulators that are necessary for maintenance of cytosine methylation in genomic dna. altho ...201222915302
increased leaf photosynthesis caused by elevated stomatal conductance in a rice mutant deficient in slac1, a guard cell anion channel protein.in rice (oryza sativa l.), leaf photosynthesis is known to be highly correlated with stomatal conductance; however, it remains unclear whether stomatal conductance dominantly limits the photosynthetic rate. slac1 is a stomatal anion channel protein controlling stomatal closure in response to environmental [co(2)]. in order to examine stomatal limitations to photosynthesis, a slac1-deficient mutant of rice was isolated and characterized. a tilling screen of n-methyl-n-nitrosourea-derived mutant l ...201222915747
selenium in soil inhibits mercury uptake and translocation in rice (oryza sativa l.).a great number of studies have confirmed that mercury-selenium (hg-se) antagonism is a widespread phenomenon in microorganisms, fish, poultry, humans, and other mammals. however, by comparison, little attention has been paid to plants. to investigate the influence of se on the uptake and translocation of methylhg/inorganic hg (mehg/ihg) in the rice-soil system, we determined the levels of se, ihg, and mehg in different parts of rice plants (including the root, stem, leaf, husk, and grain (brown ...201222916794
arsenate and arsenite exposure modulate antioxidants and amino acids in contrasting arsenic accumulating rice (oryza sativa l.) genotypes.carcinogenic arsenic (as) concentrations are found in rice due to irrigation with contaminated groundwater in south-east asia. the present study evaluates comparative antioxidant property and specific amino acid accumulation in contrasting rice genotypes corresponding to differential as accumulation during arsenate (as(v)) and arsenite (as(iii)) exposures. the study was conducted on two contrasting as accumulating rice genotypes selected from 303 genotype accessions, in hydroponic conditions. ma ...201322917495
effect of long-term paddy-upland yearly rotations on rice (oryza sativa) yield, soil properties, and bacteria community diversity.a 10-year-long field trial (between 2001 and 2010) was conducted to investigate the effect of paddy-upland rotation on rice yield, soil properties, and bacteria community diversity. six types of paddy-upland crop rotations were evaluated: rice-fallow (control; ck), rice-rye grass (rr), rice-potato with rice straw mulches (rp), rice-rapeseed with straw incorporated into soil at flowering (rof), rice-rapeseed incorporated in soil after harvest (rom), and rice-chinese milk vetch (rc). analysis of t ...201222919301
germination and plantlet regeneration of encapsulated microshoots of aromatic rice (oryza sativa l. cv. mrq 74).plant tissues such as somatic embryos, apical shoot tips, axillary shoot buds, embryogenic calli, and protocom-like bodies are potential micropropagules that have been considered for creating synthetic seeds. in the present study, 3-5 mm microshoots of oryza sativa l. cv. mrq 74 were used as explant sources for obtaining synthetic seeds. microshoots were induced from stem explants on murashige and skoog (ms) medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l benzylaminopurine (bap). they were encapsulated in 3% ...201222919338
overexpression of ostlp27 in rice improves chloroplast function and photochemical efficiency.the thylakoid lumen proteins are highly associated with photosynthesis functionally. in this study, we characterized the ostlp27 gene from rice (oryza sativa), which encodes a 27-kda of 257-amino acid with 53% homology to the attlp gene from arabidopsis thaliana. ostlp27 was predicted to encode a thylakoid lumen protein of unknown function in chloroplast, and chloroplast targeting of ostlp27 was confirmed by transient expression of a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein (gfp). ostlp27 t ...201222921006
photosynthetic and physiological analysis of the rice high-chlorophyll mutant (gc).chlorophyll (chl) molecules are essential for harvesting light energy in photosynthesis. a rice high-chlorophyll mutant (gc) with significantly increased chl b was identified previously in zhenshan 97b (oryza sativa indica). however, the mechanism underlying this higher chl b content and its effects on photosynthetic efficiency are still unclear. immunoblot and blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (bn-page) with a second dimension electrophoresis followed by the matrix-assisted laser-d ...201222922107
comparative analysis of swirm domain-containing proteins in plants.chromatin-remodeling complexes affect gene expression by using the energy of atp hydrolysis to locally disrupt or alter the association of histones with dna. swirm (swi3p, rsc8p, and moira) domain is an alpha-helical domain of about 85 residues in chromosomal proteins. swirm domain-containing proteins make up large multisubunit complexes by interacting with other chromatin modification factors and may have an important function in plants. however, little is known about swirm domain-containing pr ...201222924025
arsenic contamination in soil-water-plant (rice, oryza sativa l.) continuum in central and sub-mountainous punjab, india.in the present study, arsenic (as) concentrations in underground water, soil, and plants (rice) and their inter-relationships in central and sub-mountainous punjab, india were studied. approximately, 32% of the tubewell water samples had as concentrations greater than the maximum permissible limit (10 μg as l(-1)) set by the world health organization (who) whereas in hand pump waters, as concentrations were within the safe range (i.e. <10 μg as l(-1)). as concentrations in tubewell waters were s ...201222926503
reactive oxygen species, ascorbate-glutathione pool, and enzymes of their metabolism in drought-sensitive and tolerant indica rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings subjected to progressing levels of water deficit.water deficit for rice is a worldwide concern, and to produce drought-tolerant varieties, it is essential to elucidate molecular mechanisms associated with water deficit tolerance. in the present study, we investigated the differential responses of nonenzymatic antioxidants ascorbate (asa), glutathione (gsh), and their redox pool as well as activity levels of enzymes of ascorbate-glutathione cycle in seedlings of drought-sensitive rice (oryza sativa l.) cv. malviya-36 and drought-tolerant cv. br ...201322926745
regulation of atg6/beclin-1 homologs by abiotic stresses and hormones in rice (oryza sativa l.).autophagy, a complex and conserved mechanism, serving as a defense response in all eukaryotic organisms, is regulated by several proteins, among which atg proteins are the most important due to their involvement in autophagosome formation. atg6/beclin-1 proteins, reported to be essential for autophagosome formation and assigned as a conserved domain, were subjected to database searches. we found three homologs in the rice (oryza sativa) genome. a phylogeny tree was constructed to establish their ...201222930426
a tfiiia-type zinc finger protein confers multiple abiotic stress tolerances in transgenic rice (oryza sativa l.).the tfiiia-type zinc finger transcription factors are involved in plant development and abiotic stress responses. most tfiiia-type zinc finger proteins are transcription repressors due to existence of an ear-motif in their amino acid sequences. in this work, we found that zfp182, a tfiiia-type zinc finger protein, forms a homodimer in the nucleus and exhibits trans-activation activity in yeast cells. the deletion analysis indicated that a leu-rich region at c-terminus is required for the trans-a ...201222930448
characterization of osmads6-5, a null allele, reveals that osmads6 is a critical regulator for early flower development in rice (oryza sativa l.).agl6-clade genes are a subfamily of mads-box genes and preferentially expressed in floral organs. osmads6 and osmads17 are two agl6-like genes in rice. osmads17 has been shown to play a minor role in floral development and appears to result from a duplication of osmads6. osmads6 was initially named as mfo1 for mosaic floral organs based on its moderate mutant phenotypes. so far, four moderate or weak mutant alleles of osmads6 have been described, providing valuable insights into its role in flow ...201222933119
a putative gene sbe3-rs for resistant starch mutated from sbe3 for starch branching enzyme in rice (oryza sativa l.).foods high in resistant starch (rs) are beneficial to prevent various diseases including diabetes, colon cancers, diarrhea and chronic renal or hepatic diseases. elevated rs in rice is important for public health since rice is a staple food for half of the world population. a japonica mutant 'jiangtangdao 1' (rs = 11.67%) was crossed with an indica cultivar 'miyang 23' (rs = 0.41%). the mutant sbe3-rs that explained 60.4% of rs variation was mapped between rm6611 and rm13366 on chromosome 2 (lod ...201222937009
[occurrence and ecological consequences of transgenic rice gene flow: a review].china is one of the origin centers of rice (oryza sativa), with a distribution of abundant wild rice germplasm resources. since the biosafety certificates were issued to bt transgenic rice containing cry1ac gene against lepidopteran pests, concerns are raised on the gene flow from transgenic rice to its wild relatives. this paper reviewed the occurrence of transgenic rice gene flow and its potential ecological consequences. most studies suggested that transgenic rice could successfully hybridize ...201222937665
arsenic uptake in upland rice inoculated with a combination or single arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.a pot trial was conducted to investigate the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) on arsenic (as) uptake of upland rice (oryza sativa l.) cultivar, zhonghan 221; where the following 3 species of glomus geosporum (gg), g. mosseae (gm) and g. versiforme (gv) were applied as single or combined inoculations. in general, gm significantly enhanced (p<0.05) total as concentration in zhonghan 221 when compared to the non mycorrhizal (nm) treatment. the treatment inoculated with gg + gm increased t ...201322940287
comparative mapping reveals similar linkage of functional genes to qtl of yield-related traits between brassica napus and oryza sativa.oryza sativa and brassica napus-two important crops for food and oil, respectively-share high seed yield as a common breeding goal. as a model plant, o. sativa genomics have been intensively investigated and its agronomic traits have been advanced. in the present study, we used the available information on o. sativa to conduct comparative mapping between o. sativa and b. napus, with the aim of advancing research on seed-yield and yield-related traits in b. napus. firstly, functional markers (fro ...201222942086
lesser grain borers, rhyzopertha dominica, select rough rice kernels with cracked hulls for reproduction.tests were conducted to determine whether the lesser grain borer, rhyzopertha dominica (f.) (coleoptera: bostrychidae), selects rough rice (oryza sativa l. (poales: poaceae)) kernels with cracked hulls for reproduction when these kernels are mixed with intact kernels. differing amounts of kernels with cracked hulls (0, 5, 10, and 20%) of the varieties francis and wells were mixed with intact kernels, and the number of adult progeny emerging from intact kernels and from kernels with cracked hulls ...201222943499
arsenite transporters expression in rice (oryza sativa l.) associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) colonization under different levels of arsenite stress.as a silicon hyperaccumulator, lowland rice takes up higher levels of as than many other plants due to silicic acid and arsenite sharing the same transporters (lsi1 and lsi2). glomus intraradices (ah01) was inoculated to rice under different arsenite concentrations (0, 2 and 8 μm) in order to investigate the interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and rice on the accumulation of arsenite. the relative mrna expressions of lsi1 and lsi2 resulted in a down-regulating trend in mycorrhizal ...201222944255
serpins in rice: protein sequence analysis, phylogeny and gene expression during development.most members of the serpin family of proteins are potent, irreversible inhibitors of specific serine or cysteine proteinases. inhibitory serpins are distinguished from members of other families of proteinase inhibitors by their metastable structure and unique suicide-substrate mechanism. animal serpins exert control over a remarkable diversity of physiological processes including blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, innate immunity and aspects of development. relatively little is known about the com ...201222947050
sequence variations in osagpase significantly associated with amylose content and viscosity properties in rice (oryza sativa l.).sequence-based variations in starch synthesis-related genes (ssrgs) exert a basic influence on the determination of eating quality in rice (oryza sativa l.). this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the sequence variations from parts of 10 ssrgs and the amylose content (ac) plus rapid viscosity analysis (rva) profiles in a heuristic rice core set by association mapping (am). in total, 86 sequence variations were found in 10 sequenced amplicons, including 79 single-nucleotide poly ...201222950899
sui-family genes encode phosphatidylserine synthases and regulate stem development in rice.in vascular plants, the regulation of stem cell niche determines development of aerial shoot which consists of stems and lateral organs. intercalary meristem (im) controls internode elongation in rice and other grasses, however little attention has been paid to the underlying mechanism of stem cell maintenance. here, we investigated the stem development in rice and showed that the shortened uppermost internode 1 (sui1) family of genes are pivotal for development of rice stems. we demonstrated th ...201322956125
prediction of methyl mercury uptake by rice plants ( oryza sativa l.) using the diffusive gradient in thin films technique.rice consumption is the primary pathway for methyl mercury (mehg) exposure at inland mercury (hg) mining areas of sw china. mechanistic information on mehg accumulation in rice is, however, limited. the process of mehg exchange between paddy soil and rice plants predominantly occurs in pore water. the detection of bioavailable mehg in pore water is therefore important to predict mehg uptake by rice plants ( oryza sativa l.). this study investigated mehg dynamics and spatial mehg trends in pore w ...201222957473
different isoforms of starch-synthesizing enzymes controlling amylose and amylopectin content in rice (oryza sativa l.).starch, composed of amylose and amylopectin, greatly influences rice cooking and textural quality, which in turn is controlled by various isoforms of several enzymes. activity of one or more isoforms of starch-synthesizing enzymes results in various forms of starch structure based on the amylopectin chain length and average external, internal and core chain length distribution and hence results in varying physicochemical and cooking quality. since the synthesis of starch is highly complex, it is ...201522960619
increased polyamine biosynthesis enhances stress tolerance by preventing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species: t-dna mutational analysis of oryza sativa lysine decarboxylase-like protein 1.a highly oxidative stress-tolerant japonica rice line was isolated by t-dna insertion mutation followed by screening in the presence of 50 mm h(2)o(2). the t-dna insertion was mapped to locus os09g0547500, the gene product of which was annotated as lysine decarboxylase-like protein (genbank accession no. ak062595). we termed this gene osldc-like 1, for oryza sativa lysine decarboxylase-like 1. the insertion site was in the second exon and resulted in a 27 amino acid n-terminal deletion. despite ...201222965749
suppression of α-amylase genes improves quality of rice grain ripened under high temperature.high temperature impairs rice (oryza sativa) grain filling by inhibiting the deposition of storage materials such as starch, resulting in mature grains with a chalky appearance, currently a major problem for rice farming in asian countries. such deterioration of grain quality is accompanied by the altered expression of starch metabolism-related genes. here we report the involvement of a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme, α-amylase, in high temperature-triggered grain chalkiness. in developing seeds, hig ...201222967050
rice domestication: histories and mysteries.domesticated rice (oryza sativa) is one of the world's most important food crops, culturally, nutritionally and economically (khush 1997). thus, it is no surprise that there is intense curiosity about its genetic and geographical origins, its response to selection under domestication, and the genetic structure of its wild relative, oryza rufipogon. studies of oryza attempting to answer these questions have accompanied each stage of the development of molecular markers, starting with allozymes an ...201222967059
qtls associated with root traits increase yield in upland rice when transferred through marker-assisted selection.altering root morphology of rice (oryza sativa l.) cultivars could improve yields in drought-prone upland ecosystems. marker-assisted backcross breeding was used to introgress four qtls for root traits into an upland rice cultivar. the qtls had previously been identified under experimental conditions in a different genetic background. the introgressed lines and the recurrent parent were grown for 6 years by resource-poor farmers in upland sites in eastern india and yields recorded. in combinatio ...201322968512
hdt701, a histone h4 deacetylase, negatively regulates plant innate immunity by modulating histone h4 acetylation of defense-related genes in rice.histone acetylation and deacetylation play an important role in the modification of chromatin structure and regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. chromatin acetylation status is modulated antagonistically by histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (hdacs). in this study, we characterized the function of histone deacetylase701 (hdt701), a member of the plant-specific hd2 subfamily of hdacs, in rice (oryza sativa) innate immunity. transcription of hdt701 is increased in the comp ...201222968716
heart of endosymbioses: transcriptomics reveals a conserved genetic program among arbuscular mycorrhizal, actinorhizal and legume-rhizobial symbioses.to improve their nutrition, most plants associate with soil microorganisms, particularly fungi, to form mycorrhizae. a few lineages, including actinorhizal plants and legumes are also able to interact with nitrogen-fixing bacteria hosted intracellularly inside root nodules. fossil and molecular data suggest that the molecular mechanisms involved in these root nodule symbioses (rns) have been partially recycled from more ancient and widespread arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis. we used a comp ...201222970303
mutation in oslms, a gene encoding a protein with two double-stranded rna binding motifs, causes lesion mimic phenotype and early senescence in rice (oryza sativa l.).the rice (oryza sativa l.) lesion mimic and senescence (lms) ems-mutant, identified in a japonica cultivar hitomebore, is characterized by a spontaneous lesion mimic phenotype during its vegetative growth, an accelerated senescence after flowering, and enhanced resistance to rice blast (magnaporthe oryzae). to isolate the oslms gene, we crossed the lms mutant to kasalath (indica), and used mutant f(2) plants to initially map the candidate region to about 322-kb on the long arm of chromosome 2. i ...201222976392
a comparative study of ethylene growth response kinetics in eudicots and monocots reveals a role for gibberellin in growth inhibition and recovery.time-lapse imaging of dark-grown arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) hypocotyls has revealed new aspects about ethylene signaling. this study expands upon these results by examining ethylene growth response kinetics of seedlings of several plant species. although the response kinetics varied between the eudicots studied, all had prolonged growth inhibition for as long as ethylene was present. in contrast, with continued application of ethylene, white millet (panicum miliaceum) seedlings had a rap ...201222977279
efficient delivery of small interfering rna to plant cells by a nanosecond pulsed laser-induced stress wave for posttranscriptional gene silencing.small interfering rna (sirna) induced posttranscriptional gene silencing (ptgs) has been an efficient method for genetic and molecular analysis of certain developmental and physiological processes and represented a potential strategy for both controlling virus replication and developing therapeutic products. however, there are limitations for the methods currently used to deliver sirna into cells. we report here, to our knowledge, the first efficient delivery of sirna to plant cells by a nanosec ...200622980207
plant science: the key to preventing slow cadmium poisoning.practically all human populations are environmentally exposed to cadmium (cd), mostly through plant-derived food. a growing body of epidemiological evidence suggests that there is no margin of safety between current cd exposure levels and the threshold for adverse health effects and, hence, there is an urgent need to lower human cd intake. here we review recent studies on rice (oryza sativa) and cd-hyperaccumulating plants that have led to important insights into the processes controlling the pa ...201322981394
in silico identification of novel hevein-like peptide precursors.lectins are proteins with ability to bind reversibly and non-enzymatically to a specific carbohydrate. they are involved in numerous biological processes and show enormous biotechnological potential. among plant lectins, the hevein domain is extremely common, being observed in several kinds of lectins. moreover, this domain is also observed in an important class of antimicrobial peptides named hevein-like peptides. due to higher cysteine residues conservation, hevein-like peptides could be mined ...201222981805
a killer-protector system regulates both hybrid sterility and segregation distortion in rice.hybrid sterility is a major form of postzygotic reproductive isolation that restricts gene flow between populations. cultivated rice (oryza sativa l.) consists of two subspecies, indica and japonica; inter-subspecific hybrids are usually sterile. we show that a killer-protector system at the s5 locus encoded by three tightly linked genes [open reading frame 3 (orf3) to orf5] regulates fertility in indica-japonica hybrids. during female sporogenesis, the action of orf5+ (killer) and orf4+ (partne ...201222984070
transgenerational inheritance of modified dna methylation patterns and enhanced tolerance induced by heavy metal stress in rice (oryza sativa l.).dna methylation is sensitive and responsive to stressful environmental conditions. nonetheless, the extent to which condition-induced somatic methylation modifications can impose transgenerational effects remains to be fully understood. even less is known about the biological relevance of the induced epigenetic changes for potentially altered well-being of the organismal progenies regarding adaptation to the specific condition their progenitors experienced.201222984395
abscisic acid interacts antagonistically with classical defense pathways in rice-migratory nematode interaction.studies involving plant-nematode interactions provide an opportunity to unravel plant defense signaling in root tissues. in this study, we have characterized the roles of salicylate (sa), jasmonate (ja), ethylene (et) and abscisic acid (aba) in plant defense against the migratory nematode hirschmanniella oryzae in the monocot model plant rice (oryza sativa). experiments with exogenous hormone applications, biosynthesis inhibition and mutant/transgenic lines were executed to test the effect on h. ...201222985247
transcriptional reprogramming by root knot and migratory nematode infection in rice.rice is one of the most important staple crops worldwide, but its yield is compromised by different pathogens, including plant-parasitic nematodes. in this study we have characterized specific and general responses of rice (oryza sativa) roots challenged with two endoparasitic nematodes with very different modes of action. local transcriptional changes in rice roots upon root knot (meloidogyne graminicola) and root rot nematode (rrn, hirschmanniella oryzae) infection were studied at two time poi ...201222985291
a global identification and analysis of small nucleolar rnas and possible intermediate-sized non-coding rnas in oryza sativa.accumulating evidence suggests that non-coding rnas (ncrnas) are both widespread and functionally important in many eukaryotic organisms. in this study, we employed a special size fractionation and cdna library construction method followed by 454 deep sequencing to systematically profile rice intermediate-size ncrnas. our analysis resulted in the identification of 1349 ncrnas in total, including 754 novel ncrnas of an unknown functional category. chromosome distribution of all identified ncrnas ...201322986792
computational analysis and characterization of uce-like elements (ules) in plant genomes.ultraconserved elements (uces), stretches of dna that are identical between distantly related species, are enigmatic genomic features whose function is not well understood. first identified and characterized in mammals, uces have been proposed to play important roles in gene regulation, rna processing, and maintaining genome integrity. however, because all of these functions can tolerate some sequence variation, their ultraconserved and ultraselected nature is not explained. we investigated whet ...201222987666
domestication and geographic origin of oryza sativa in china: insights from multilocus analysis of nucleotide variation of o. sativa and o. rufipogon.previous studies have indicated that china is one of the domestication centres of asian cultivated rice (oryza sativa), and common wild rice (o. rufipogon) is the progenitor of o. sativa. however, the number of domestication times and the geographic origin of asian cultivated rice in china are still under debate. in this study, 100 accessions of asian cultivated rice and 111 accessions of common wild rice in china were selected to examine the relationship between o. sativa and o. rufipogon and t ...201222989375
cis-regulatory signatures of orthologous stress-associated bzip transcription factors from rice, sorghum and arabidopsis based on phylogenetic footprints.the potential contribution of upstream sequence variation to the unique features of orthologous genes is just beginning to be unraveled. a core subset of stress-associated bzip transcription factors from rice (oryza sativa) formed ten clusters of orthologous groups (cog) with genes from the monocot sorghum (sorghum bicolor) and dicot arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). the total cis-regulatory information content of each stress-associated cog was examined by phylogenetic footprinting to reveal o ...201222992304
silicon nutrition increases grain yield, which, in turn, exerts a feed-forward stimulation of photosynthetic rates via enhanced mesophyll conductance and alters primary metabolism in rice.silicon (si) is not considered to be an essential element for higher plants and is believed to have no effect on primary metabolism in unstressed plants. in rice (oryza sativa), si nutrition improves grain production; however, no attempt has been made to elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying such responses. here, we assessed crop yield and combined advanced gas exchange analysis with carbon isotope labelling and metabolic profiling to measure the effects of si nutrition on rice photo ...201222994889
functional analysis of oshsbp1 and oshsbp2 revealed their involvement in the heat shock response in rice (oryza sativa l.).the heat shock response (hsr) induces the production of heat shock proteins (hsps) through the activation of heat shock factors (hsf). hsf binding protein (hsbp) is reported to modulate the function of hsf by binding to their trimer and hence to regulate hsr. this report describes the role of oshsbp1 and oshsbp2 in the regulation of the hsr and seed development of rice. both genes expressed ubiquitously in all tissues under normal growth conditions while their expression levels were significantl ...201222996677
down-regulation of the tagw2 gene by rna interference results in decreased grain size and weight in wheat.for important food crops such as wheat and rice, grain yield depends on grain number and size. in rice (oryza sativa), gw2 was isolated from a major quantitative trait locus for yield and encodes an e3 ring ligase that negatively regulates grain size. wheat (triticum aestivum) has tagw2 homologues in the a, b, and d genomes, and polymorphisms in tagw2-a were associated with grain width. here, to investigate tagw2 function, rna interference (rnai) was used to down-regulate tagw2 transcript levels ...201222996678
strain-dependent effects of inoculation of lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum on fermentation quality of paddy rice (oryza sativa l. subsp. japonica) silage.paddy rice has been of particular interest as a forage crop in japan. in this study, the isolated strains to1000, to1001, to1002, and to1003 were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic approaches. these strains were identified as lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum by species-specific pcr. phenotypic characteristics varied among different strains of the same subspecies, and the strains represented unique and diverse phenotypes related to fermentation factors, such as carbohydrate assimil ...201223003205
overexpression of rice lrk1 restricts internode elongation by down-regulating osko2.rice (oryza sativa) has the potential to undergo rapid internodal elongation which determines plant height. gibberellin is involved in internode elongation. leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (lrr-rlks) are the largest subfamily of transmembrane receptor-like kinases in plants. lrr-rlks play important functions in mediating a variety of cellular processes and regulating responses to environmental signals. lrk1, a psk receptor homolog, is a member of the lrr-rlk family. in the present stud ...201323007447
aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) superfamily in plants: gene nomenclature and comparative genomics.in recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of completely sequenced plant genomes. the comparison of fully sequenced genomes allows for identification of new gene family members, as well as comprehensive analysis of gene family evolution. the aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) gene superfamily comprises a group of enzymes involved in the nad(+)- or nadp(+)-dependent conversion of various aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. aldh enzymes are involved in processin ...201323007552
functional characterization of wheat copalyl diphosphate synthases sheds light on the early evolution of labdane-related diterpenoid metabolism in the cereals.two of the most agriculturally important cereal crop plants are wheat (triticum aestivum) and rice (oryza sativa). rice has been shown to produce a number of diterpenoid natural products as phytoalexins and/or allelochemicals--specifically, labdane-related diterpenoids, whose biosynthesis proceeds via formation of an eponymous labdadienyl/copalyl diphosphate (cpp) intermediate (e.g., the ent-cpp of gibberellin phytohormone biosynthesis). similar to rice, wheat encodes a number of cpp synthases ( ...023009878
functional characterization of wheat ent-kaurene(-like) synthases indicates continuing evolution of labdane-related diterpenoid metabolism in the cereals.wheat (triticum aestivum) and rice (oryza sativa) are two of the most agriculturally important cereal crop plants. rice is known to produce numerous diterpenoid natural products that serve as phytoalexins and/or allelochemicals. specifically, these are labdane-related diterpenoids, derived from a characteristic labdadienyl/copalyl diphosphate (cpp), whose biosynthetic relationship to gibberellin biosynthesis is evident from the relevant expanded and functionally diverse family of ent-kaurene syn ...023009879
biochemical and structural characterization of recombinant human serum transferrin from rice (oryza sativa l.).the fe(3+) binding protein human serum transferrin (htf) is well known for its role in cellular iron delivery via the transferrin receptor (tfr). a new application is the use of htf as a therapy and targeted drug delivery system for a number of diseases. recently, production of htf in plants has been reported; such systems provide a relatively inexpensive, animal-free (eliminating potential contamination by animal pathogens) method to produce large amounts of recombinant proteins for such biopha ...201223010327
ysl16 is a phloem-localized transporter of the copper-nicotianamine complex that is responsible for copper distribution in rice.cu is an essential element for plant growth, but the molecular mechanisms of its distribution and redistribution within the plants are unknown. here, we report that yellow stripe-like16 (ysl16) is involved in cu distribution and redistribution in rice (oryza sativa). rice ysl16 was expressed in the roots, leaves, and unelongated nodes at the vegetative growth stage and highly expressed in the upper nodes at the reproductive stage. ysl16 was expressed at the phloem of nodes and vascular tissues o ...201223012434
hydrogen peroxide-mediated growth of the root system occurs via auxin signaling modification and variations in the expression of cell-cycle genes in rice seedlings exposed to cadmium stress.the link between root growth, h₂o₂, auxin signaling, and the cell cycle in cadmium (cd)-stressed rice (oryza sativa l. cv. zhonghua no. 11) was analyzed in this study. exposure to cd induced a significant accumulation of cd, but caused a decrease in zinc (zn) content which resulted from the decreased expression of oshma9 and oszip. analysis using a cd-specific probe showed that cd was mainly localized in the meristematic zone and vascular tissues. formation and elongation of the root system were ...201223013333
nuclear ubiquitin proteasome degradation affects wrky45 function in the rice defense program.the transcriptional activator wrky45 plays a major role in the salicylic acid/benzothiadiazole-induced defense program in rice. here, we show that the nuclear ubiquitin-proteasome system (ups) plays a role in regulating the function of wrky45. proteasome inhibitors induced accumulation of polyubiquitinated wrky45 and transient up-regulation of wrky45 target genes in rice cells, suggesting that wrky45 is constantly degraded by the ups to suppress defense responses in the absence of defense signal ...201323013464
molecular characterization of two evolutionarily distinct endornaviruses co-infecting common bean (phaseolus vulgaris).two high-molecular-mass dsrnas of approximately 14 and 15 kbp were isolated from the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) cultivar black turtle soup. these dsrnas did not appear to cause obvious disease symptoms, and were transmitted through seeds at nearly 100% efficiency. sequence information indicates that they are the genomes of distinct endornavirus species, for which the names phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus 1 (pvev-1) and phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus 2 (pvev-2) are proposed. the pvev-1 gen ...201323015743
heteroexpression of the wheat phytochelatin synthase gene (tapcs1) in rice enhances cadmium sensitivity.phytochelatin synthase (pcs) (ec 2.3.2.15) catalyzes the final step of phytochelatins (pcs) biosynthesis. pcs are a family of cysteine-rich thiol-reactive and heavy metal-binding peptides that play an important role in sequestration and detoxification of heavy metals in plants. previous studies have indicated that plants that overexpressed pcs displayed contrasting phenotypes, ranging from enhanced cadmium (cd) tolerance to cd hypersensitivity in arabidopsis thaliana. in this study, the wheat ph ...201223017837
osmiox, a myo-inositol oxygenase gene, improves drought tolerance through scavenging of reactive oxygen species in rice (oryza sativa l.).myo-inositol oxygenase (miox), a unique monooxygenase, catalyzes the oxidation of myo-inositol to d-glucuronic acid. however, the protective role of miox in plants against oxidative stress or drought stress remains unknown. in this study, the functional characterization of miox obtained from the cdna library of upland rice (oryza sativa l. cv. irat109), was performed. osmiox was expressed predominantly in the roots and induced by drought, h₂o₂, salt, cold and abscisic acid. the transgenic rice l ...201223017909
gibberellin indirectly promotes chloroplast biogenesis as a means to maintain the chloroplast population of expanded cells.chloroplast biogenesis needs to be well coordinated with cell division and cell expansion during plant growth and development to achieve optimal photosynthesis rates. previous studies showed that gibberellins (gas) regulate many important plant developmental processes, including cell division and cell expansion. however, the relationship between chloroplast biogenesis with cell division and cell expansion, and how ga coordinately regulates these processes, remains poorly understood. in this stud ...201223020316
eukaryotic genomes may exhibit up to 10 generic classes of gene promoters.the main function of gene promoters appears to be the integration of different gene products in their biological pathways in order to maintain homeostasis. generally, promoters have been classified in two major classes, namely tata and cpg. nevertheless, many genes using the same combinatorial formation of transcription factors have different gene expression patterns. accordingly, we tried to ask ourselves some fundamental questions: why certain genes have an overall predisposition for higher ge ...201223020586
does growth under elevated co₂ moderate photoacclimation in rice?acclimation of plant photosynthesis to light irradiance (photoacclimation) involves adjustments in levels of pigments and proteins and larger scale changes in leaf morphology. to investigate the impact of rising atmospheric co₂ on crop physiology, we hypothesize that elevated co₂ interacts with photoacclimation in rice (oryza sativa). rice was grown under high light (hl: 700 µmol m⁻²  s⁻¹), low light (ll: 200 µmol m⁻²  s⁻¹), ambient co₂ (400 µl l⁻¹) and elevated co₂ (1000 µl l⁻¹). leaf six was m ...201323020599
effort and contribution of t-dna insertion mutant library for rice functional genomics research in china: review and perspective.with the completion of the rice (oryza sativa l.) genome-sequencing project, the rice research community proposed to characterize the function of every predicted gene in rice by 2020. one of the most effective and high-throughput strategies for studying gene function is to employ genetic mutations induced by insertion elements such as t-dna or transposons. since 1999, with support from the ministry of science and technology of china for rice functional genomics programs, large-scale t-dna insert ...201223020748
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