Publications

foodborne and indicator bacteria in farmed molluscan shellfish before and after depuration.	galicia's coast (northwestern spain) is a major producer of bivalve molluscs. over an 18-month period, the presence of salmonella, aeromonas, plesiomonas shigelloides, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and clostridium botulinum was determined by pcr methods in mussels (22 batches) and infaunal bivalves (31 batches of clams and cockles) before and after depuration. all batches were harvested from galician class b harvesting areas where bivalve molluscs must not exceed 4,600 escherichia coli per 100 g of f ...	2009	19681267
serogroup, virulence, and genetic traits of vibrio parahaemolyticus in the estuarine ecosystem of bangladesh.	forty-two strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated from bay of bengal estuaries and, with two clinical strains, analyzed for virulence, phenotypic, and molecular traits. serological analysis indicated o8, o3, o1, and k21 to be the major o and k serogroups, respectively, and o8:k21, o1:kut, and o3:kut to be predominant. the k antigen(s) was untypeable, and pandemic serogroup o3:k6 was not detected. the presence of genes toxr and tlh were confirmed by pcr in all but two strains, which also ...	2009	19684167
ecology of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in brackish environments of the sada river in shimane prefecture, japan.	while there are several studies on the ecology of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in estuarine water environments around the world, there is little information on the distribution of both organisms during the cold-weather months. thus, we conducted a multi-year study on the ecology of both organisms in brackish environments of the sada river, a drainage canal flowing slowly into the japan sea from lake shinji in shimane prefecture, japan. water samples were collected twice a month ...	2004	19712405
multiplexed bead-based mesofluidic system for detection of food-borne pathogenic bacteria.	in the present study, a simple and rapid multiplexed bead-based mesofluidic system (bms) was developed for simultaneous detection of food-borne pathogenic bacteria, including staphylococcus aureus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella, enterobacter sakazakii, shigella, escherichia coli o157:h7, and campylobacter jejuni. this system is based on utilization of isothiocyanate-modified microbeads that are 250 mum in diameter, which were immobilized with specific amino-modified ...	2009	19717622
growth and survival differences of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus strains during cold storage.	vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus are the most common vibrio species associated with seafood illness in the united states. our study was conducted to determine if strain-to-strain differences exist in the growth and survival of 8 different v. vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus strains at low temperatures. by day 10, v. vulnificus strain 515-4c2 had significantly higher counts (p < 0.05) (1.97 log cfu/g) compared with strains 3315, 1007, 29306 at 5 degrees c, which reached nondetectab ...	2009	19723217
occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrios in final effluents of a wastewater treatment facility in a rural community of the eastern cape province of south africa.	we assessed the occurrence of vibrio pathogens in the final effluents of a rural wastewater treatment facility in the eastern cape province of south africa as free or plankton-associated (180 microm, 60 microm and 20 microm plankton sizes) entities using standard culture-based and molecular techniques. the free-living vibrio densities varied from 0 to 3.45 x 10(1) cfu ml(-1), while the plankton-associated vibrio densities vary with plankton sizes as follows: 180 microm (0-4.50 x 10(3) cfu ml(-1) ...	2009	19732825
alterations of outer membrane proteins and virulence genes expression in gamma-irradiated vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus.	gamma-irradiation technology sterilizes microorganisms and thereby prevents decay and improves the safety and shelf stability of food products. in this study we treated the foodborne pathogens vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus with gamma-irradiation (0.5 kgy) to evaluate their adaptative response. outer membrane protein patterns of irradiated bacteria were found altered when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. these modifications were manifested ...	2009	19735197
change of protein profiles in the induction of the viable but nonculturable state of vibrio parahaemolyticus.	this work reports on the metabolic response in the induction of the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state of the seafood enteropathogen vibrio parahaemolyticus, as determined by analyzing the corresponding change in protein profiles. v. parahaemolyticus st550 was incubated at 4 degrees c in the morita mineral salt-0.5% nacl medium to induce the vbnc state in six weeks. starving the cells by incubation at 25 degrees c for 24 h prior to 4 degrees c incubation inhibited the cells from entering vbnc ...	2009	19735955
presence of t3ss2 and other virulence-related genes in tdh-negative vibrio parahaemolyticus environmental strains isolated from marine samples in the area of the venetian lagoon, italy.	vibrio parahaemolyticus-mediated disease has traditionally been associated with two virulence factors, thermostable direct haemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related haemolysin (trh), which are present in most clinical isolates. recently, it has been suggested that other virulence-related factors, such as some type iii secretion system (t3ss) proteins, urease and dna-methyltransferase, among others, might also play a role in disease caused by this bacterial species and have been shown to be carried by cli ...	2009	19744242
extraintestinal vibrio infections in mauritius.	few extraintestinal vibrio infections have been reported in the african region. we report 3 cases from mauritius: one case of vibrio alginolyticus otitis externa; one case of soft tissue infection caused by non-o1 vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus; and one fatal case of non-o1 v. cholerae cellulitis and septicaemia.	2008	19745511
structural analysis of sensor domains from the tmao-responsive histidine kinase receptor tors.	histidine kinase receptors respond to diverse signals and mediate signal transduction across the plasma membrane in all prokaryotes and certain eukaryotes. each receptor is part of a two-component system that regulates a particular cellular process. organisms that use trimethylamine-n-oxide (tmao) as a terminal electron acceptor typically control their anaerobic respiration through the tmao reductase (tor) pathway, which the tors histidine kinase activates when sensing tmao in the environment. w ...	2009	19748340
rapid identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus by whole-cell matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is a pathogenic marine bacterium that is the main causative agent of bacterial seafood-borne gastroenteritis in the united states. an increase in the frequency of v. parahaemolyticus-related infections during the last decade has been attributed to the emergence of an o3:k6 pandemic clone in 1995. the diversity of the o3:k6 pandemic clone and its serovariants has been examined using multiple molecular techniques including multilocus sequence analysis, pulsed-field gel elec ...	2009	19749061
development of a predictive program for vibrio parahaemolyticus growth under various environmental conditions.	in this study, we developed a predictive program for vibrio parahaemolyticus growth under various environmental conditions. raw growth data was obtained with a v. parahaemolyticus o3:k6 strain cultured at a variety of broth temperatures, ph, and salt concentrations. data were analyzed with our logistic model and the parameter values of the model were analyzed with polynomial equations. a prediction program consisting of the growth model and the polynomial equations was then developed. after the ...	2009	19785287
detection of the tdh and trh genes in vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates in fish and mussels from middle black sea coast of turkey.	the aim of this study was to demonstrate the occurrence of potential pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafoods using dna-based techniques in comparison with bacteriological methods.	2009	19793194
proteomic identification of membrane proteins regulating antimicrobial peptide resistance in vibrio parahaemolyticus.	to identify proteins regulating antimicrobial peptide (amp) resistance in vibrio parahaemolyticus using membrane subproteome analysis.	2010	19796120
fulminant necrotizing fasciitis due to vibrio parahaemolyticus.	necrotizing soft-tissue infection due to vibrio parahaemolyticus is unusual. we report a case of necrotizing fasciitis due to v. parahaemolyticus in a 92-year-old woman with a history of chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus and malnutrition. clinical evolution was fulminant and the patient died 6 h after admission. a review of all cases previously reported showed that the infection occurred in patients with underlying diseases through ingestion of raw oysters or inoculation via traumatic inj ...	2010	19797463
dynamics of clinical and environmental vibrio parahaemolyticus strains during seafood-related summer diarrhea outbreaks in southern chile.	seafood consumption-related diarrhea became prevalent in chile when the pandemic strain of vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype o3:k6 reached a region in the south of chile (region de los lagos) where approximately 80% of the country's seafood is produced. in spite of the large outbreaks of clinical infection, the load of v. parahaemolyticus in shellfish of this region is relatively low. the pandemic strain constitutes a small but relatively stable group of a diverse v. parahaemolyticus population, ...	2009	19801458
detection and identification of tdh- and trh-positive vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from four species of cultured bivalve molluscs on the spanish mediterranean coast.	presented here is the first report describing the detection of potentially diarrheal vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from cultured bivalves on the mediterranean coast, providing data on the presence of both tdh- and trh-positive isolates. potentially diarrheal v. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from four species of bivalves collected from both bays of the ebro delta, spain.	2009	19801467
[vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteremia: case report and literature review].	vibrio parahaemolyticus is a facultative anaerobic gram negative rod responsible of sea food-associated diarrhoea. although less common, it also causes wound infections and bacteraemia. we present a case of bacteraemia by this agent and a review of the literature.	2009	19802406
effect of temperature on uptake and survival of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters (crassostrea plicatula).	this study investigated accumulation of vibrio parahaemolyticus in zhe oyster (crassostrea plicatula) from culture water and effectiveness of frozen and chilled storage on reducing v. parahaemolyticus in oysters. freshly harvested oysters were placed in artificial seawater containing v. parahaemolyticus (10(4)cfu/ml) at 16, 20, 26, and 32 degrees c for 96 h. contaminated oysters were stored at chilled temperatures (0, 5, and 15 degrees c) and frozen at -18 and -30 degrees c and changes of v. par ...	2009	19818520
vibrioferrin, an unusual marine siderophore: iron binding, photochemistry, and biological implications.	vibrioferrin (vf) is a member of the carboxylate class of siderophores originally isolated from vibrio parahaemolyticus, an enteropathogenic estuarine bacterium often associated with seafood-borne gastroenteritis. recently we have also isolated this siderophore from several species of marinobacter, which are closely associated or "symbiotic" with toxic, bloom-forming dinoflagellates such as gymnodinium catenatum. we have measured the overall metal-ligand binding constant for iron-vibrioferrin (f ...	2009	19821595
evaluation of dna colony hybridization and real-time pcr for detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in postharvest-processed oysters.	the applicability of real-time pcr was examined for detection of vibrios from postharvest-processed (php) oysters to allow for a more rapid assay and higher sample throughput than currently used. during june to october 2004, 68 php oyster samples were collected directly from php firms or from retail markets across the united states. php oysters were examined to determine the effectiveness of treatments in the reduction of vibrio levels and to compare the analytical methods utilized. the latter i ...	2009	19833033
survey of postharvest-processed oysters in the united states for levels of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus.	from june through october 2004, the u.s. food and drug administration collected oysters (61 samples) that had been subjected to postharvest processing (php) methods, including mild heat treatment, freezing, and high hydrostatic pressure, from processors and retail markets in various states to determine vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus levels. presence in a 25-g sample and most probable number (mpn) using standard enrichment and selective isolation procedures were utilized. suspect colon ...	2009	19833034
effect of x-ray treatments on inoculated escherichia coli o157: h7, salmonella enterica, shigella flexneri and vibrio parahaemolyticus in ready-to-eat shrimp.	this study was conducted to evaluate the inactivation effect of x-ray treatments on escherichia coli o157: h7, salmonella enteric (s. enterica), shigella flexneri (s. flexneri) and vibrio parahaemolyticus (v. parahaemolyticus) artificially inoculated in ready-to-eat (rte) shrimp. a mixed culture of three strains of each tested pathogen was used to inoculate rte shrimp. the shrimp samples were inoculated individually with selected pathogenic bacteria then aseptically placed in sterile plastic cup ...	2009	19835772
the mannitol operon repressor mtlr belongs to a new class of transcription regulators in bacteria.	many bacteria express phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase systems (pts). the mannitol-specific pts catalyze the uptake and phosphorylation of d-mannitol. the uptake system comprises several genes encoded in the single operon. the expression of the mannitol operon is regulated by a proposed transcriptional factor, mannitol operon repressor (mtlr) that was first studied in escherichia coli. here we report the first crystal structures of mtlr from vibrio parahemeolyticus (vp-mtlr) and ...	2009	19840941
[type iii secretion system of vibrio parahaemolyticus--a review].	vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophilic gram-negative bacterium that causes food borne acute gastroenteritis in human being or certain diseases in aquatic species. in addition to thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin (trh), two sets of type iii secretion systems (t3ss) were recently found to be associated closely with virulence. t3ss1 located on chromosome 1 is involved in cytotoxicity to host cells and orchestrates a multifaceted host cell infection by induction of autop ...	2009	19873746
isolation of lytic bacteriophage against vibrio harveyi.	the isolation of lytic bacteriophage of vibrio harveyi with potential for phage therapy of bacterial pathogens of phyllosoma larvae from the tropical rock lobster panulirus ornatus.	2010	19886890
simultaneous differential detection of human pathogenic and nonpathogenic vibrio species using a multiplex pcr based on gyrb and pnta genes.	to develop a multiplex pcr targeting the gyrb and pnta genes for vibrio species differentiation.	2010	19891709
validation of a method for the detection of five species, serogroups, biotypes and virulence factors of vibrio by multiplex pcr in fish and seafood.	in this work a sequential multiplex pcr system was designed and validated for the detection of most frequent foodborne pathogen vibrio species in fish and seafood (vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, vibrio alginoliticus and vibrio mimicus). the method proposed functions in a hierarchical way, being composed of an end-point multiplex pcr to detect the presence of dna belonging to the studied species, followed by multiplex pcr and fragment analysis allowing the viability ...	2010	19913702
defensin from disk abalone haliotis discus discus: molecular cloning, sequence characterization and immune response against bacterial infection.	gene-encoded antimicrobial peptides (amps) serve a major role in host defense systems against pathogens. in this study, cdna of a new mollusk defensin was identified from a normalized cdna library constructed from whole tissues of disk abalone. abalone defensin peptide (pro-defensin) has a 198-bp coding sequence comprised of a putative 66 amino acids with a mature defensin consisting of 48 amino acid residues. the presence of an invertebrate defensin family domain, an arrangement of six cysteine ...	2010	19922800
solution nmr structures of proteins vpa0419 from vibrio parahaemolyticus and yiis from shigella flexneri provide structural coverage for protein domain family pfam 04175.		2010	19927321
factors influencing survival of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, salmonella enterica (serovar typhimurium) and vibrio parahaemolyticus in marine environments.	the presence and persistence of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is poorly investigated in marine habitats. here we compared etec with the more studied fecal contaminant, salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (s. enterica) and the marine bacteria vibrio parahaemolyticus. all three species of bacteria were culturable on agar plates during 8 weeks of incubation in seawater. however, the culturability of etec was positively affected by low temperature whereas v. parahaemolyticus was negat ...	2010	19930458
association of vibrio parahaemolyticus thermostable direct hemolysin with lipid rafts is essential for cytotoxicity but not hemolytic activity.	thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), a major virulence factor of vibrio parahaemolyticus, induces cytotoxicity in cultured cells. however, the mechanism of tdh's cytotoxic effect including its target molecules on the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells remains unclear. in this study, we identified the role of lipid rafts, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched microdomains, in tdh cytotoxicity. treatment of cells with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (mbetacd), a raft-disrupting agent, inhibited tdh cyt ...	2010	19933828
retention of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster tissues after chlorine dioxide treatment.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important food-borne bacterium that is closely related to food poisoning from consumption of raw or lightly-cooked oysters. therefore, intensive efforts must be taken to depurate the contaminated oysters. chlorine dioxide (clo2) is considered to be a safe and effective disinfectant and is routinely applied for treatment of drinking water and seafood. however, the retention of v. parahaemolyticus in oyster tissues has not yet been explored after using clo2 as a disin ...	2010	19939486
development of a haemolysin gene-based multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection of vibrio campbellii, vibrio harveyi and vibrio parahaemolyticus.	to develop a haemolysin (hly) gene-based species-specific multiplex pcr for simple and rapid detection of vibrio campbellii, v. harveyi and v. parahaemolyticus.	2010	19943887
identification and characterization of the pathogenic effect of a vibrio parahaemolyticus-related bacterium isolated from clam meretrix meretrix with mass mortality.	a mass mortality of clam, meretrix meretrix, occurred in jiangsu province of china in the late september of 2007. of the isolates obtained from the diseased clams, mm21 had the strongest virulence to the clam in the virulence test, with a ld50 value of approximately 6 x 10(6)cfu ml(-1). mm21 was identified as vibrio parahaemolyticus by the vitek 2 compact system and 16s rdna sequencing. detection of virulence-associated genes by pcr indicated that mm21 was positive for toxr and tlh, and negative ...	2010	19945463
american oyster, crassostrea virginica, expresses a potent antibacterial histone h2b protein.	an antibacterial protein was purified from acidified gill extract of a bivalve mollusk, the american oyster (crassostrea virginica). protein isolation was best accomplished by briefly boiling the tissues in a weak acetic acid solution. adding protease inhibitors while boiling did not have a major effect on activity recovery. in contrast, use of only protease inhibitors (without boiling) resulted in virtually no recovery of this activity. the amino acid sequence of this antibacterial protein was ...	2010	19949827
[development of taqman real-time pcr in detection of aeromonas hydrophila].	to develop a taqman real-time pcr for the detection of aeromonas hydrophila.	2009	19954074
the low-salt stimulon in vibrio parahaemolyticus.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis and is a moderately halophilic, salt-requiring bacterium. global gene expression profiles of v. parahaemolyticus grown under 2% and 0.66% nacl were compared to define the low-salt stimulon. the ectabc-lysc operon for synthesis of the compatible solute ectoine, as well as three compatible solute transport systems, namely prou (glycine betaine), opud1 (glycine betaine) and pot2 (spermidine), was up-regulat ...	2010	19954854
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for sensitive and rapid detection of the tdh and trh genes of vibrio parahaemolyticus and related vibrio species.	thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin (trh) are the major virulence determinants of vibrio parahaemolyticus. trh is further differentiated into trh1 and trh2 on the basis of genetic and phenotypic differences. we developed a novel and highly specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for sensitive and rapid detection of the tdh, trh1, and trh2 genes of v. parahaemolyticus. the lamp assay was designed for both combined and individual detection of the tdh, ...	2010	19966027
purification and characterization of phocaecin pi80: an anti-listerial bacteriocin produced by streptococcus phocae pi80 isolated from the gut of peneaus indicus (indian white shrimp).	a bacteriocin-producing strain pi80 was isolated from the gut of penaeus indicus (indian white shrimp) and identified as streptococcus phocae pi80. the bacteriocin was purified from a culture supernatant to homogeneity as confirmed by tricine sds-page. reverse-phase hplc analysis revealed a single active fraction eluted at 12.94 min, and maldi-tof mass spectrometry analysis showed the molecular mass to be 9.244 kda. this molecular mass does not correspond to previously described streptococcal ba ...	2009	19996693
temperature-dependency urease activity in vibrio parahaemolyticus is related to transcriptional activator urer.	vibrio parahaemolyticus possessing urease-positive property is relatively rare, but such strains consistently exhibit the tdh-related hemolysin (trh) gene. in this study, we examined the effects of incubation temperature on urease activity expression, using the th3996 and aq4673 strains where the enzyme activity is known to be temperature-dependent and -independent, respectively. in the th3996 strain, beta-galactosidase activity was 4.4-fold lower after 30 degrees c cultivation than after 37 deg ...	2009	19996701
evaluation of bactericidal activity of weakly acidic electrolyzed water (waew) against vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus.	vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibriovulnificus cause severe foodborne illness in humans; thus, to reduce outbreaks of disease, it is clearly important to reduce food contamination by these pathogens. although electrolyzed oxidizing (eo) water has been reported to exhibit strong bactericidal activities against many pathogens, it has never been tested against v. vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of weakly acidic electrolyzed water ...	2010	20004034
correlation between environmental factors and prevalence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters harvested in the southern coastal area of sao paulo state, brazil.	the presence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in 123 oyster samples collected from an estuary on the southern coast of sao paulo state, brazil, was investigated. of the 123 samples, 99.2% were positive with densities ranging from < 3 to 10(5) most probable number (mpn)/g. densities correlated significantly with water temperature (r = 0.48; p < 0.001) but not with salinity (r = -0.09; p = 0.34). the effect of harvest site on counts was not significant (p > 0.05). these data provide information for the ...	2010	20023076
rapid identification and characterization of vibrio species using whole-cell maldi-tof mass spectrometry.	vibrio identification by means of traditional microbiological methods is time consuming because of the many biochemical tests that have to be performed to distinguish closely related species. this work aimed at evaluating the use of maldi-tof mass spectrometry for the rapid identification of vibrio (v.) spp. as an advantageous application to rapidly discriminate the most important vibrio spp. and distinguish vibrio spp. from closely related bacterial species like photobacterium damselae and grim ...	2010	20059616
disk abalone (haliotis discus discus) expresses a novel antistasin-like serine protease inhibitor: molecular cloning and immune response against bacterial infection.	a novel antistasin-like cdna homologue named as ab-antistasin was isolated from the disk abalone haliotis discus discus normalized cdna library. the ab-antistasin (1398-bp) consisted of an 1185-bp open reading frame encoding 395 amino acid (aa) residues. the predicted molecular mass and isoelectric point of ab-antistasin was 44 kda and 8.5, respectively, and showed highest identity (23.1%) to hydra magnipapillata antistasin. the most striking feature of ab-antistasin is the 12-fold internal repe ...	2010	20060477
two regulators of vibrio parahaemolyticus play important roles in enterotoxicity by controlling the expression of genes in the vp-pai region.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen causing food-borne disease worldwide. an 80-kb pathogenicity island (vp-pai), which contains two tdh (thermostable direct hemolysin) genes and a set of genes for the type iii secretion system (t3ss2), is closely related to the pathogenicity of this bacterium. however, the regulatory mechanisms of vp-pai's gene expression are poorly understood. here we report that two novel toxr-like transcriptional regulatory proteins (vtra and vtrb) regulate the ...	2010	20084267
contribution of vibrio parahaemolyticus virulence factors to cytotoxicity, enterotoxicity, and lethality in mice.	vibrio parahaemolyticus, one of the human-pathogenic vibrios, causes three major types of clinical illness: gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia. thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) secreted by this bacterium has been considered a major virulence factor of gastroenteritis because it has biological activities, including cytotoxic and enterotoxic activities. previous reports revealed that v. parahaemolyticus strain rimd2210633, which contains tdh, has two sets of type iii secretion sy ...	2010	20086084
ecology of pathogenic and non-pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus on the french atlantic coast. effects of temperature, salinity, turbidity and chlorophyll a.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the principal bacterial causes for seafood-borne gastroenteritis in the world. in the present study, three sites located on the french atlantic coast were monitored monthly for environmental parameters over 1 year. the presence of total and pathogenic v. parahaemolyticus in sediment, water and mussel samples was detected following enrichment by culture and real-time pcr (toxr gene, tdh, trh1 and trh2 virulence genes). using generalized linear models, we showed t ...	2010	20100246
a new group of cosmopolitan bacteriophages induce a carrier state in the pandemic strain of vibrio parahaemolyticus.	a clonal population of pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus o3 : k6 serovar has spread in coastal waters, causing outbreaks worldwide since 1996. bacteriophage infection is one of the main factors affecting bacterial strain concentration in the ocean. we studied the occurrence and properties of phages infecting this v. parahaemolyticus pandemic strain in coastal waters. analysing 143 samples, phages were found in 13. all isolates clustered in a closely related group of podophages with at least 90% ...	2010	20105216
[effect of ultra high pressure treatment on vibrio parahaemolyticus].	we explored the mechanism of the microbial inactivation by high hydrostatic pressure.	2009	20112678
[a multipathogen selective enrichment broth (svv) for simultaneous growth of salmonella, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio cholerae].	we formulated a selective enrichment broth (svv) for simultaneous growth of salmonella, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio cholerae by single factor experiment and response surface method. we evaluated the enrichment effect of svv by conventional culture method and real-time pcr assay. we obtained the svv broth by supplementting the buffered peptone water (bpw) with bile salt no. 3, potassium tellurite, and sodium citrate as inhibitors, and glucose, mannitol, snhydrous sodium sulfite and sodium ...	2009	20112694
distribution of genes encoding four pathogenicity islands (vpais), t6ss, biofilm, and type i pilus in food and clinical strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus in china.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in china, japan, and other countries. the pandemic o3:k6 clone, which harbors thermostable direct hemolysin [tdh] gene and toxrs/new gene, is mainly responsible for the foodborne outbreaks after 1995. previous studies showed that genes in the pathogenicity island-1 (vpai-1) and vpai-5 are harbored only by pandemic strains, whereas genes in vpai-7 and type iii secretion system 2 are closely associated with tdh-positive strains ...	2010	20132020
[etiological analysis of enteric infectious diseases during beijing olympic games].	to understand pathogen patterns of enteric infectious diseases and its impact on this pattern due to aggregation of a great deal of foreign visitors during beijing olympic games.	2009	20137562
occurrence of vibrio parahaemolyticus and its specific phages from shrimp ponds in east coast of india.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is a natural microflora of marine and coastal water bodies and associated with mortality of larval shrimp in penaeid shrimp in ponds. bacteriophages occur virtually in all places where their hosts exist. in this study, total distribution of v. parahaemolyticus and its phages were examined in shrimp ponds, seawater, estuary, animal surface, and tissues. total vibrio count in sediments of two ponds was found to be 2.6 × 10(3) and 5.6 × 10(3) cfu/g. incidence of v. parahaemo ...	2010	20140436
predicting the distribution of vibrio spp. in the chesapeake bay: a vibrio cholerae case study.	vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a naturally occurring inhabitant of the chesapeake bay and serves as a predictor for other clinically important vibrios, including vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. a system was constructed to predict the likelihood of the presence of v. cholerae in surface waters of the chesapeake bay, with the goal to provide forecasts of the occurrence of this and related pathogenic vibrio spp. prediction was achieved by driving an available mul ...	2010	20145974
development of a toxr-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detecting vibrio parahaemolyticus.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-related bacterial gastroenteritis and outbreaks worldwide. sensitive and specific detection methods are needed to better control v. parahaemolyticus infections. this study aimed at developing a highly specific and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for detecting v. parahaemolyticus in oysters. a set of five lamp primers, two outer, two inner, and one loop were designed based on the published v. parahaemolyticus toxr ...	2010	20146814
immunoproteomic identification of polyvalent vaccine candidates from vibrio parahaemolyticus outer membrane proteins.	bacterium is still a major cause of many infectious diseases and a global threat to human health, aquaculture, and animal feeding. prevention by vaccination is the most efficient and economical way of fighting bacterial diseases, but one of the persistent challenges to prevent bacterial infections and disease transmissions is the existence of multiple bacterial species, families, and genera and the lack of efficient polyvalent vaccines against them. the information on candidate immunogens for po ...	2010	20148598
isolation, gene cloning and expression profile of a pathogen recognition protein: a serine proteinase homolog (sp-sph) involved in the antibacterial response in the crab scylla paramamosain.	to identify the frontline defense molecules against microbial infection in the crab scylla paramamosain, a live crab pathogenic microbe, vibrio parahaemolyticus, was recruited as an affinity matrix to isolate innate immune factors from crab hemocytes lysate. interestingly, a serine proteinase homolog (sp-sph) was obtained together with an antimicrobial peptide-antilipopolysaccharide factor (sp-alf). we then determined the full-length cdna sequence of sp-sph, which contained 1298bp with an open r ...	2010	20153768
molecular evidence for the existence of lipopolysaccharide-induced tnf-alpha factor (litaf) and rel/nf-kb pathways in disk abalone (haliotis discus discus).	the lipopolysaccharide-induced tnf-alpha factor (litaf) and rel family nuclear factor kappab (rel/nf-kb) are two important transcription factors which play major roles in the regulating inflammatory cytokine, apoptosis and immune related genes. here, we report the discovery of disk abalone litaf (ablitaf) and rel/nf-kb (abrel/nf-kb) homologues and their immune responses. full-length cdna of ablitaf consists of 441 bp open reading frame (orf) that translates into putative peptide of 147 aa. analy ...	2010	20153832
guaiane sesquiterpenes from seaweed ulva fasciata delile and their antibacterial properties.	two new guaiane sesquiterpene derivatives, guai-2-en-10alpha-ol (1) and guai-2-en-10alpha-methanol (2), were chromatographically purified as major constituents of the chcl3/ch3oh (1:1, v/v) soluble fraction of ulva fasciata. acetylation of 2 furnished guai-2-en-10alpha-methyl methanoate (3) with acetyl group at c11 position. the structures of the compounds were elucidated using one and two-dimensional nmr and mass spectrometric analysis. compounds 2 and 3 exhibited significant inhibition to the ...	2010	20163893
a shared antigen among vibrio species: outer membrane protein-ompk as a versatile vibriosis vaccine candidate in orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides).	the outer membrane protein-ompk has been considered as a vaccine candidate for the prevention of infections due to vibrio harveyi, vibrio alginolyticus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in fish. interestingly, the polyclonal antibody raised against the recombinant ompk from v. harveyi strain ecgs020802 recognized the ompk homologues from other strains of vibrio species by immunoblotting. the ompk genes from 19 vibrio strains including v. harveyi (11), v. alginolyticus (6) and v. parahaemolyticus (2) w ...	2010	20170736
bacterial and viral pathogens in live oysters: 2007 united states market survey.	two samples of market oysters, primarily from retail establishments, were collected twice each month in each of nine states during 2007. samples were shipped refrigerated overnight to five u.s. food and drug administration laboratories on a rotating basis and analyzed by most probable number (mpn) for total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus numbers and for the presence of toxigenic v. cholerae, salmonella spp., norovirus (nov), and hepatitis a virus (hav). levels of indica ...	2010	20190085
[isolation and characterization of shewanella spp. from patients of food poisoning].	to identify the isolates of shewanella spp. from specimens of food poisoning based on biological and biochemical analysis.	2009	20193210
prevalence and quantification of vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw salad vegetables at retail level.	the purpose of this study was to investigate the biosafety of vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw salad vegetables at wet market and supermarket in malaysia. a combination of most probable number - polymerase chain reaction (mpn-pcr) method was applied to detect the presence of v. parahaemolyticus and to enumerate their density in the food samples. the study analyzed 276 samples of common vegetables eaten raw in malaysia (wild cosmos = 8; japanese parsley = 21; cabbage = 30; lettuce = 16; indian penn ...	2010	20208446
structural basis of o6-alkylguanine recognition by a bacterial alkyltransferase-like dna repair protein.	alkyltransferase-like proteins (atls) are a novel class of dna repair proteins related to o(6)-alkylguanine-dna alkyltransferases (agts) that tightly bind alkylated dna and shunt the damaged dna into the nucleotide excision repair pathway. here, we present the first structure of a bacterial atl, from vibrio parahaemolyticus (vpatl). we demonstrate that vpatl adopts an agt-like fold and that the protein is capable of tightly binding to o(6)-methylguanine-containing dna and disrupting its repair b ...	2010	20212037
[analysis of tdh gene and its adjacent loci of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from seafoods].	to analyze the structural characteristics of tdh gene and its adjacent loci of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from seafoods.	2009	20222441
vibrio parahaemolyticus-associated gastroenteritis in italy: persistent occurrence of o3:k6 pandemic clone and emergence of o1:kut serotype.	we report 2 cases of o3:k6 and o1:kut vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with consumption of local mussels in italy in 2008. serotypic, antibiogram, toxigenic, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of these strains were compared to those of other isolates collected from local clinical and seafood samples in 2007 to 2008. we underline the recurrent presence of o3:k6 pandemic clone and the emergence of trh-positive o1:kut serotype in italy.	2010	20226338
[etiologic and molecular characteristics of vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from diarrheal patients in shenzhen, in 2007 - 2008.].	to study the infection status and the molecular characteristics of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from diarrheal patients in shenzhen, in 2007 to 2008 and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of diarrheal diseases caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus.	2010	20302699
[preparation of a 96-microwell plate dna diagnostic chip for detection of foodborne bacteria and its application in an incident of food poisoning].	to develop a 96-microwell plate dna diagnostic chip for simultaneous detection of 9 major foodborne bacteria.	2010	20335099
structure and functional characterization of vibrio parahaemolyticus thermostable direct hemolysin.	thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) is a major virulence factor of vibrio parahaemolyticus that causes pandemic foodborne enterocolitis mediated by seafood. tdh exists as a tetramer in solution, and it possesses extreme hemolytic activity. here, we present the crystal structure of the tdh tetramer at 1.5 a resolution. the tdh tetramer forms a central pore with dimensions of 23 a in diameter and approximately 50 a in depth. pi-cation interactions between protomers comprising the tetramer were ind ...	2010	20335168
presence of typical and atypical virulence genes in vibrio isolates belonging to the harveyi clade.	the study was aimed at investigating the presence of typical and atypical virulence genes in isolates belonging to the harveyi clade (vibrio harveyi and vibrio campbellii).	2010	20345385
the sodium/galactose symporter crystal structure is a dynamic, not so occluded state.	the recent elucidation of the sodium/galactose symporter structure from the vibrio parahaemolyticus bacterium, vsglt, has revealed a similarity in the core architecture with transporters from different gene families, including the leucine transporter (leut). even though several transporters sharing this core have been structurally determined over the past few years, vsglt is the only one crystallized in the substrate-bound inward-facing conformation so far. in this study, we report the first ins ...	2010	20358053
characterization of chitinolytic bacteria and histological aspects of shell disease syndrome in european spiny lobsters (palinurus elephas) (fabricius 1787).	the present research reports the first description of shell disease syndrome in european spiny lobsters palinurus elephas (fabricius 1787), which occurred in an experimental aquaculture facility in sicily (italy). both bacterial characterization and histopathological examination of the exoskeleton at site of lesions was carried out. infected specimens showed tail fan erosions, and in one case uropod ulceration and complete loss of periods. identified species included: listonella anguillarum 50.5 ...	2010	20361978
the primitive immune system of amphioxus provides insights into the ancestral structure of the vertebrate immune system.	amphioxus is considered to be the basal chordate. however, the structural and anatomical features of the amphioxus immune system are still elusive. here we report a profile of structural studies of the amphioxus gill and gut, the first line of defending against microbes, through optical and electron microscopy. the amphioxus gut and gill are characterized by the following morphological criteria compared with vertebrates: primary and secondary lymphoid-like tissue clustered in the gill, a thicker ...	2010	20363248
multiplexed real-time pcr amplification of tlh, tdh and trh genes in vibrio parahaemolyticus and its rapid detection in shellfish and gulf of mexico water.	in this study, we have developed a sybr green i-based real-time multiplexed pcr assay for the detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus in gulf of mexico water (gulf water), artificially seeded and natural oysters targeting three hemolysin genes, tlh, tdh and trh in a single reaction. post-amplification melt-temperature analysis confirmed the amplification of all three targeted genes with high specificity. the detection sensitivity was 10 cfu (initial inoculum) in 1 ml of gulf water or oyster tissue ...	2010	20376562
pathogenic vibrio species in dutch shellfish destined for direct human consumption.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is a common cause of shellfish-related gastroenteritis all over the world. v. parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus have previously been detected in water samples from the oosterschelde, a large inlet on the north sea, which is used for both recreational purposes and shellfish production. in 2006, oysters (crassostrea gigas) from a noncommercial oyster bed in the oosterschelde and oysters bought in dutch fish shops were tested for the presence of pathogenic vibrio spe ...	2010	20377964
[fabrication and evaluation of the enzyme immunosensor for rapid detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus based on chitosan-sio2 hybrid membrane].	to improve the key technology of immunesensors in immobilizing bio-sensitive element and keeping its bioactivity, an enzyme immunosensor based on chitosan-sio(2) (cs-sio(2)) hybrid membrane was fabricated. to estimate the new immunosensor vibrio parahaemolyticus which was the main pathogens of aquatic products.	2010	20388366
study of the efficacy of a closed cycle depuration system on bivalve molluscs.	the aim of this study was to develop and apply protocols for the microbiological depuration of bivalve molluscs (chamelea gallina and mitylus galloprovincialis). the study was divided into the following phases: preparation of two closed-circuit tanks fitted with mechanical, chemical and biological filtration systems for the depuration of bivalve molluscs, mollusc contamination and depuration, analyses of molluscs and depuration waters (biometric and microbiological tests) and statistical process ...	2009	20391418
serological and molecular characterization of vibrio parahaemolyticus marine strains carrying pandemic genetic markers.	in 2005, pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus was reported to have been introduced in europe: o3:k6 strains were isolated from clinical cases in france and spain, and were found to be associated with consumption of contaminated seafood. on the contrary, pandemic strains were not isolated from seafood or from the environment itself. analysis of two v. parahaemolyticus strains isolated in may 2007 from northern italy seawater and plankton samples revealed the presence of the virulence gene tdh and the ...	2010	20393570
species-specific pcr detection of the food-borne pathogen vibrio parahaemolyticus using the irgb gene identified by comparative genomic analysis.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is an enteric pathogen, which can cause acute gastroenteritis in humans after consumption of raw or partially cooked seafood, and specific molecular markers are necessary for its accurate identification by pcr methods. in the present study, 23 protein-coding sequences were identified by the comparative genomics method as v. parahaemolyticus-specific candidate markers. we targeted the irgb gene (vp2603), coding for iron-regulated virulence regulatory protein irgb, in order ...	2010	20402781
distribution of type iii secretion systems in vibrio parahaemolyticus from the northern gulf of mexico.	two well-characterized vibrio parahaemolyticus pathogenicity factors - thermostable direct haemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related haemolysin - are produced by strains containing the tdh and trh genes, respectively. most strains of v. parahaemolyticus contain two nonredundant type iii secretion systems (t3ss), t3ss1 and t3ss2, both of which contribute to pathogenicity. furthermore, a recent study has revealed two distinct lineages of the v. parahaemolyticus t3ss2: t3ss2α and t3ss2β. the aim of this stu ...	2010	20408916
kinetic and structural insights into the mechanism of ampylation by vops fic domain.	the bacterial pathogen vibrio parahemeolyticus manipulates host signaling pathways during infections by injecting type iii effectors into the cytoplasm of the target cell. one of these effectors, vops, blocks actin assembly by ampylation of a conserved threonine residue in the switch 1 region of rho gtpases. the modified gtpases are no longer able to interact with downstream effectors due to steric hindrance by the covalently linked amp moiety. herein we analyze the structure of vops and its evo ...	2010	20410310
detection of pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus through biochemical and molecular-based methodologies in coastal waters of the gulf of trieste (north adriatic sea).	culturable vibrios were isolated from seawater collected during an annual sampling study performed along the gulf of trieste coast (northern adriatic sea), and conventional culturing and identification methods were used to investigate the presence of vibrio parahaemolyticus. biochemically selected vibrio strains were subjected to phenotypical identification performed using alsina's scheme, api 20e and api 20ne. pcr and sequence analysis of the 16s rrna gene and detection of the species-specific ...	2010	20412305
vp1659 is a vibrio parahaemolyticus type iii secretion system 1 protein that contributes to translocation of effector proteins needed to induce cytolysis, autophagy, and disruption of actin structure in hela cells.	vibrio parahaemolyticus harbors two type iii secretion systems (t3sss; t3ss1 and t3ss2), of which t3ss1 is involved in host cell cytotoxicity. t3ss1 expression is positively regulated by exsa, and it is negatively regulated by exsd. we compared the secretion profiles of a wild-type strain (ny-4) of v. parahaemolyticus with those of an exsd deletion mutant (deltaexsd) and with a strain of ny-4 that overexpresses t3ss1 (ny-4:pexsa). from this comparison, we detected a previously uncharacterized pr ...	2010	20418402
characterization and expression analysis of ef hand domain-containing calcium-regulatory gene from disk abalone: calcium homeostasis and its role in immunity.	the complete amino acid sequence of a calcium-regulatory gene (denoted as ab-careg i) was identified from the disk abalone haliotis discus discus cdna library. the ab-careg i is composed of 176 amino acids and the calculated molecular mass and isoelectric point were 20 and 4.2, respectively. the sequence homology of ab-careg i was 28-30 and 18-27% of known calmodulin and troponin c, respectively. four characteristic calcium-binding ef hand motifs with some modifications at conserved positions of ...	2010	20420919
raw oysters can be a risk for infections.	the aims of this study were to count and identify sucrose positive and negative vibrios isolated from cultivated crassostrea rhizophorae oysters during their growing cycle. every month for 12 months, 10 to 18 oysters were collected for study. collections occurred at the center for studies of coastal aquaculture (csca), which is associated with the institute of marine science, labomar, located in euzebio, ceará, brazil. approximately 150 oysters and their intervalvular liquor were studied. vibrio ...	2010	20428657
new angucyclines and antimicrobial diketopiperazines from the marine mollusk-derived actinomycete saccharothrix espanaensis an 113.	two new angucyclines, saccharothrixmicines a (2) and b (3), together with three known diketopiperazines 4-6 were isolated from the actinomycete saccharothrix espanaensis an 113 associated with the marine mollusk anadara broughtoni. their structures were determined by hresi-ms and 1d and 2d nmr. compounds 2 and 3 differ in aglycone and glycosidic bond type. 2 is an alpha-l-6-deoxyaltrose-phenylglycoside of a benz[a]anthraquinone aglycone, while 3 is an o-glycoside of the same sugar linked to c-7 ...	2010	20433079
structural characterization of the predominant family of histidine kinase sensor domains.	histidine kinase (hk) receptors are used ubiquitously by bacteria to monitor environmental changes, and they are also prevalent in plants, fungi, and other protists. typical hk receptors have an extracellular sensor portion that detects a signal, usually a chemical ligand, and an intracellular transmitter portion that includes both the kinase domain itself and the site for histidine phosphorylation. while kinase domains are highly conserved, sensor domains are diverse. hk receptors function as d ...	2010	20435045
allograft inflammatory factor-1 in disk abalone (haliotis discus discus): molecular cloning, transcriptional regulation against immune challenge and tissue injury.	here, we report the identification and characterization of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (aif-1) from disk abalone haliotis discus discus that was denoted as abaif-1. the full-length cdna of abaif-1 consists of a coding region (453 bp) for 151 amino acids with a 17 kda molecular mass. analysis of abaif-1 sequence showed that it shares characteristic two ef hand ca(+2)-binding motifs. results from phylogenetic analysis further confirm that abaif-1 is a member of the aif-1 family similar to inve ...	2010	20435145
vibriocidal activity of certain medicinal plants used in indian folklore medicine by tribals of mahakoshal region of central india.	screening of the medicinal plants and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) against vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus.	2009	20442821
molecular characterization of ran gene up-regulated in large yellow croaker (pseudosciaena crocea) immunity.	rangtpase, one family of small g protein superfamily, has been widely demonstrated to be involved in transport system between cytoplasm and nucleus. however the knowledge about the function of rangtpase in immunity remains limited. in this report, ran gene (named lycran) cdna was cloned from the large yellow croaker, pseudosciaena crocea, a marine fish. the full-length cdna of lycran was of 1033 bp, including a 5'-terminal untranslated region (utr) of 43 bp, 3'-terminal utr of 338 bp and an open ...	2010	20447461
marine bacillus spp. associated with the egg capsule of concholepas concholepas (common name "loco") have an inhibitory activity toward the pathogen vibrio parahaemolyticus.	the pandemic bacterium vibrio parahaemolyticus, isolated from seawater, sediment, and marine organisms, is responsible for gastroenteric illnesses in humans and also cause diseases in aquaculture industry in chile and other countries around the world. in this study, bacterial flora with inhibitory activity against pathogenic v. parahaemolyticus were collected from egg capsules of concholepas concholepas and evaluated. the 16s rrna fragment was sequenced from each isolated strain to determine its ...	2010	20454959
expression, purification, physicochemical characterization and structural analysis of cytochrome c554 from vibrio parahaemolyticus strain rimd2210633.	the function of cytochrome c(554) of vibrio parahaemolyticus has not yet been determined. we have determined the physicochemical properties and crystal structure of cytochrome c(554) at 1.8 a in order to help elucidate its function. the physicochemical properties and the tertiary structure of cytochrome c(554) resemble those of dimeric cytochrome c(552) from pseudomonas nautica, but the vibrio genus contains no gene for nitrite reductase, cytochrome cd(1), in its genome dna. these results raise ...	2010	20460700
modulation of responses of vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 to ph and temperature stresses by growth at different salt concentrations.	vibrio parahaemolyticus inhabits marine, brackish, and estuarine waters worldwide, where fluctuations in salinity pose a constant challenge to the osmotic stress response of the organism. vibrio parahaemolyticus is a moderate halophile, having an absolute requirement for salt for survival, and is capable of growth at 1 to 9% nacl. it is the leading cause of seafood-related bacterial gastroenteritis in the united states and much of asia. we determined whether growth in differing nacl concentratio ...	2010	20472729
effect on human cells of environmental vibrio parahaemolyticus strains carrying type iii secretion system 2.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is an inhabitant of estuarine and marine environments that causes seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. recently, a type 3 secretion system (t3ss2) able to secrete and translocate virulence factors into the eukaryotic cell has been identified in a pathogenicity island (vp-pai) located on the smaller chromosome. these virulence-related genes have previously been detected only in clinical strains. classical virulence genes for this species (tdh, trh) are rarely detected ...	2010	20479084
foodborne pathogens in retail oysters in south china.	to investigate the occurrence of important foodborne pathogens in shellstock pacific oysters in the food markets in south china.	2010	20486433
enumeration of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster tissues following artificial contamination and depuration.	to evaluate enumeration of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster tissues following artificial contamination and depuration.	2010	20497494
[detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus by pcr method with internal amplification control].	the aim of the study was to explore a new detective target in vibrio parahaemolyticus, which was more specific than others at present, to construct an internal amplification control (iac), and finally to develop a new pcr system which could effectively eliminate false-negative results.	2010	20499645
role of mrkj, a phosphodiesterase, in type 3 fimbrial expression and biofilm formation in klebsiella pneumoniae.	klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen that has been shown to adhere to human extracellular matrices using the type 3 fimbriae. introduction of plasmids carrying genes known to alter intracellular cyclic-di-gmp pools in vibrio parahaemolyticus revealed that these genes also altered type 3 fimbrial surface expression in k. pneumoniae. immediately adjacent to the type 3 fimbrial gene cluster is a gene, mrkj, that is related to a family of bacterial genes encoding phosphodiesterases. we ...	2010	20511505