Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| the yersinia pseudotuberculosis ypla phospholipase differs in its activity, regulation and secretion from that of the yersinia enterocolitica ypla. | analysis of the yersinia pseudotuberculosis and yersinia pestis genomes indicates that both species carry an identical copy of a gene that is predicted to encode a protein which shares 80% similarity to the yersinia enterocolitica ypla, a secreted phospholipase that has been shown to contribute to virulence. in contrast to well tolerated production of the y. enterocolitica ypla in escherichia coli, y. pseudotuberculosis ypla expression was found to be toxic; however, cell viability could be rest ... | 2009 | 19397992 |
| oculoglandular syndrome caused by yersinia pseudotuberculosis in a dairy goat. | an outbreak of ocular disease in a herd of housed dairy goats was characterized by severe granulomatous conjunctivitis and ipsilateral parotid and submandibular lymphadenopathy. in one case submitted for post-mortem examination, yersinia pseudotuberculosis was isolated from both the conjunctiva and submandibular lymph node. histopathological examination identified severe chronic active suppurative and lymphoplasmacytic conjunctivitis and suppurative and necrotizing lymphadenitis associated with ... | 2009 | 19410261 |
| ompr positively regulates urease expression to enhance acid survival of yersinia pseudotuberculosis. | yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an enteric bacterium which must overcome the acidic stress in host organs for successful colonization, but how this bacterium survives in acidic conditions remains largely unknown. in the present study, the importance of ompr in acid survival of y. pseudotuberculosis ypiii was confirmed by the fact that mutation of ompr (strain deltaompr) greatly reduced cell survival at ph 4.5 or lower. to characterize the regulatory role of ompr in this acid survival process, pro ... | 2009 | 19443542 |
| small rna identification in enterobacteriaceae using synteny and genomic backbone retention ii. | small rnas are bacterial counterparts of noncoding rnas. increasing evidence being added in the literature indicates that these small rnas play major roles in prokaryotes both at the transcriptome and proteome levels. based on comparative genomic studies, we present manually curated small rna regions in 25 recently completed genomes from enterobacteriaceae. the study is a continuation of our earlier work that uses the presence of small rnas sandwiched between specific conserved flanking genes re ... | 2009 | 19445646 |
| [influence of cultivation temperature of yersinia pseudotuberculosis on the immunobiological properties of lipopolysaccharide]. | to study relationship between yersinia pseudotuberculosis cultivation temperature and immunobiological properties of lypopolysaccharide (lps). | 2009 | 19459469 |
| chaperone skp from yersinia pseudotuberculosis exhibits immunoglobulin g binding ability. | a low-molecular-weight cationic protein that can bind human and rabbit immunoglobulins g has been isolated from yersinia pseudotuberculosis cells. this immunoglobulin binding protein (ibp) interacts with igg fc-fragment, the association constant of the resulting complex being 3.1 microm(-1). maldi-tof mass spectrometry analysis of ibp revealed its molecular mass of 16.1 kda, and capillary isoelectrofocusing analysis showed pi value of 9.2. n-terminal sequence determination by edman degradation r ... | 2009 | 19463094 |
| inhibition of cytokinesis by clostridium difficile toxin b and cytotoxic necrotizing factors--reinforcing the critical role of rhoa in cytokinesis. | low molecular weight gtp-binding proteins of the rho family control the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells. rhoa governs the formation of actin stress fibers and is responsible for the formation of the contractile ring in cytokinesis. cytokinesis completion requires rhoa inactivation resulting in disassembly of the contractile ring. cytokinesis thus requires switching of rhoa activity. this switch of rhoa activity is blocked by rho-modifying bacterial protein toxins that ... | 2009 | 19504561 |
| the o-specific polysaccharide structure and biosynthetic gene cluster of yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype o:11. | in the yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotyping scheme, 21 serotypes are present originating from about 30 different o-factors distributed within the species. with regard to the chemical structures of lipopolysaccharides (lpss) and the genetic basis of their biosynthesis, a number, but not all, of y. pseudotuberculosis strains representing different serotypes have been investigated. in order to present an overall picture of the relationship between genetics and structures, we have been working on ... | 2009 | 19505680 |
| a new member of a growing toxin family--escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 3 (cnf3). | the escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factors, cnf1, cnf2 and cnfy from yersinia pseudotuberculosis belong to a family of deamidating toxins. cnfs deamidate glutamine 63/61 in the switch ii region of rho gtpases that is essential for gtpase activity. recently, a novel member of the cnf family has been described in necrotoxigenic e. coli (ntec) from sheep and goats which shares about 70% sequence identity with cnf1. here we cloned, expressed, purified and characterized the toxin with respect ... | 2009 | 19520097 |
| [comparative analysis of distribution of pseudogenes in the genome of strains of basic and supplementary species of the plague infection agent]. | comparative analysis of distribution of pseudogenes (ypo1582, ypo1728, ypo1967, and ypo4008) of strains of basic and supplementary species of the plague infection agent and pseudotuberculosis infection agent was performed. the genome of basic subspecies of plague infection agent species strain contains 3 different variants: intact genes, genes with is-element inserts, or individual fragments. the pseudogene profile can be used as genetic marker of the y. pestis strains of basic subspecies from n ... | 2009 | 19522066 |
| the activities of the yersinia protein kinase a (ypka) and outer protein j (yopj) virulence factors converge on an eif2alpha kinase. | the yersinia protein kinase a (ypka) and outer protein j (yopj) are co-expressed from a single transcript and are injected directly into eukaryotic cells by the plague bacterium yersinia pestis. when overexpressed in vertebrate or yeast cells, ypka disrupts the actin-based cytoskeletal system by an unknown mechanism, whereas yopj obstructs inductive chemokine expression by inhibiting mapk and nf-kappab signaling. previously, we showed that the fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe was sensitiv ... | 2009 | 19553678 |
| isolation of yersinia spp. from cases of diarrhoea in iraqi infants and children. | all 250 children presenting with diarrhoea at 2 teaching hospitals in mosul, iraq over a 9-month period were studied for the presence of yersinia spp. in stools by cold-enrichment culture at 4 degrees c for 21 days. pathogenicity of the isolated yersinia was determined. antibodies to y. enterocolitica were raised for rapid yersinia detection in the stool. yersinia spp. were isolated from the stools of only 4 patients; 3 isolates were identified as y. enterocolitica and 1 was y. pseudotuberculosi ... | 2009 | 19554973 |
| prevalence of enteropathogenic yersinia in estonian, latvian, and russian (leningrad region) pigs. | tonsils of 457 fattening pigs from estonia (n = 151), latvia (n = 109), and the leningrad region of russia (n = 197) were collected between 2004 and 2007 to study the prevalence of enteropathogenic yersinia in slaughter pigs. yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia pseudotuberculosis were isolated by selective and cold enrichment. pathogenic y. enterocolitica and y. pseudotuberculosis were identified by pcr targeting the chromosomal genes ail and inv, respectively. the presence of the virulence pla ... | 2009 | 19580449 |
| oral vaccination with lcrv from yersinia pestis kim delivered by live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium elicits a protective immune response against challenge with yersinia pseudotuberculosis and yersinia enterocolitica. | the use of live recombinant attenuated salmonella vaccines (rasv) synthesizing yersinia proteins is a promising approach for controlling infection by yersinia species. in this study, we constructed attenuated salmonella strains which synthesize a truncated form of lcrv, lcrv196 and evaluated the immune response and protective efficacy elicited by these strains in mice against two other major species of yersinia: yersinia pseudotuberculosis and yersinia enterocolitica. surprisingly, we found that ... | 2009 | 19596407 |
| yersinia outer protein yope affects the actin cytoskeleton in dictyostelium discoideum through targeting of multiple rho family gtpases. | all human pathogenic yersinia species share a virulence-associated type iii secretion system that translocates yersinia effector proteins into host cells to counteract infection-induced signaling responses and prevent phagocytosis. dictyostelium discoideum has been recently used to study the effects of bacterial virulence factors produced by internalized pathogens. in this study we explored the potential of dictyostelium as model organism for analyzing the effects of ectopically expressed yersin ... | 2009 | 19602247 |
| elucidating the formation of 6-deoxyheptose: biochemical characterization of the gdp-d-glycero-d-manno-heptose c6 dehydratase, dmha, and its associated c4 reductase, dmhb. | 6-deoxyheptose is found within the surface polysaccharides of several bacterial pathogens. in yersinia pseudotuberculosis, it is important for the barrier function of the o-antigen in vitro and for bacterial dissemination in vivo. the putative c6 dehydratase dmha and c4 reductase dmhb, that were identified as responsible for 6-deoxyheptose synthesis based on genetics data, represent potential therapeutical targets. their detailed biochemical characterization is presented herein. the substrate, g ... | 2009 | 19610666 |
| [oxygen deficiency increases invasive activity and resistance of yersinia pseudotuberculosis to heat stress]. | to study effects of oxygen availability and presence of glucose in growth medium on adhesive and invasive properties of yersinia pseudotuberculosis as well as its resistance to heat stress during sharp rise of temperature from 8 degrees c to 37 degrees c. | 2009 | 19621813 |
| positive regulation of flhdc expression by ompr in yersinia pseudotuberculosis. | ompr has been demonstrated to negatively regulate the expression of the flagellar master operon flhdc in a wide variety of bacterial species. here we report the positive regulation of flhdc expression by ompr in yersinia pseudotuberculosis. a sigma(70)-dependent promoter was identified by primer extension analysis and an active region with two conserved ompr-binding sites around the flhdc promoter was confirmed. to confirm the regulation of flhdc expression by ompr, flhdc as well as the downstre ... | 2009 | 19643764 |
| role of yersinia pseudotuberculosis outer proteins (yops) in murine humoral immune response. | the infection of mice with the wild-type (wt) strain of y. pseudotuberculosis did not induce polyclonal activation of b lymphocytes. suppression in the production of certain isotypes of ig was observed, provoked mainly by yoph, yopj and ypka. the wt strain induced a progressive increase in the serum-specific igg, which peaked after 4 weeks after infection, igm being produced only after 1 week. autoantibodies against phosphorylcholine, myelin, thyroglobulin and cardiolipin could be detected in th ... | 2009 | 19649742 |
| cell invasion of yersinia pseudotuberculosis by invasin and yada requires protein kinase c, phospholipase c-gamma1 and akt kinase. | the outer membrane proteins yada and invasin of yersinia pseudotuberculosis promote invasion into mammalian cells through beta(1)-integrins and trigger the production of interleukin (il)-8. fak, c-src and the pi3 kinase were previously found to be important for both yada- and invasin-promoted uptake. here, we demonstrate that two different downstream effectors of pi3 kinase, akt and phospholipase cgamma1 are required for efficient cell invasion. inhibition of akt or phospholipase c-gamma (plc-ga ... | 2009 | 19681907 |
| cell type-specific effects of yersinia pseudotuberculosis virulence effectors. | one important feature of yersinia pseudotuberculosis that enables resistance against the host immune defence is delivery of the antiphagocytic effectors yoph and yope into phagocytic cells. the tyrosine phosphatase yoph influences integrin signalling, and yope impairs cytoskeletal dynamics by inactivating rho gtpases. here, we report the impact of these effectors on internalization by dendritic cells (dcs), which internalize antigens to orchestrate host immune responses. we found that this patho ... | 2009 | 19681909 |
| the membrane localization domain is required for intracellular localization and autoregulation of yope in yersinia pseudotuberculosis. | recent work has shown that a domain of yope of yersinia pseudotuberculosis ranging from amino acids 54 to 75 (r. krall, y. zhang, and j. t. barbieri, j. biol. chem. 279:2747-2753, 2004) is required for proper localization of yope after ectopic expression in eukaryotic cells. this domain, called the membrane localization domain (mld), has not been extensively studied in yersinia. therefore, an in cis mld deletion mutant of yope was created in y. pseudotuberculosis. the mutant was found to secrete ... | 2009 | 19687205 |
| small molecule dnak modulators targeting the beta-domain. | the molecular chaperone dnak is essential for the survival of bacterial pathogens in the hostile environment of the host. hence, it is in principle a promising target for drug design but for which no current inhibitors are available apart from certain antimicrobial peptides. to this end, we have screened libraries of small molecules for their ability to interact with the substrate-binding domain of dnak. the most promising hit from the screen was synthesized and along with its analogs subjected ... | 2009 | 19694756 |
| n-hydroxybenzimidazole inhibitors of the transcription factor lcrf in yersinia: novel antivirulence agents. | lcrf, a multiple adaptational response (mar) transcription factor, regulates virulence in yersinia pestis and yersinia pseudotuberculosis. in a search for small molecule inhibitors of lcrf, an acrylic amide series of n-hydroxybenzimidazoles was synthesized and the sar (structure-activity relationship) was examined. selected test compounds demonstrated inhibitory activity in a primary cell-free lcrf-dna binding assay as well as in a secondary whole cell assay (type iii secretion system dependent ... | 2009 | 19708663 |
| typing methods for the plague pathogen, yersinia pestis. | phenotypic and genotypic methodologies have been used to differentiate the etiological agent of plague, yersinia pestis. historically, phenotypic methods were used to place isolates into one of three biovars based on nitrate reduction and glycerol fermentation. classification of y. pestis into genetic subtypes is problematic due to the relative monomorphic nature of the pathogen. resolution into groups is dependent on the number and types of loci used in the analysis. the last 5-10 years of rese ... | 2009 | 19714987 |
| [the autoagglutination factor of plague pathogen--cross-reacting antigen]. | an antigen similar to the autoagglutination factor (af) of plague pathogen in immunochemical specificity was sought in 22 bacterial species. for this, an immunoglobulin anti-af diagnosticum that is the sheep erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit immune serum to the af preparation isolated from the plasmid-free variant of the yersinia pestis strain ev76. the bacteriological study applying a passive hemagglutination assay revealed af-like antigens not only in all study strains (n = 30) of y. pestis, ... | 2009 | 19718822 |
| yersinia pseudotuberculosis virulence determinants invasin, yope, and yopt modulate rhog activity and localization. | the yersinia pseudotuberculosis surface protein invasin binds to multiple beta1 integrins with high affinity, leading to misregulation of rac1 activity. upon host cell binding, alteration of rho gtpase activity results from the action of several yersinia outer proteins (yops) that are translocated into the cytoplasm. we report here that three virulence determinants encoded by y. pseudotuberculosis manipulate the rho gtpase rhog. y. pseudotuberculosis binding to cells caused robust recruitment of ... | 2009 | 19720752 |
| prevalence of pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia pseudotuberculosis in wild boars in switzerland. | between october 2007 and march 2008, 153 wild boars shot in the canton of geneva in switzerland were sampled. fifty-one percent of the animals were males and 49% were females. the age of most (81%) animals varied between 6months and 2years. prevalence of enteropathogenic yersinia in tonsils and faeces was studied using culture and pcr methods and in tissue fluid of tonsils using an elisa system. prevalence of anti-yersinia antibodies in tissue fluid was 65%. detection rate of enteropathogenic ye ... | 2009 | 19723600 |
| characterization of the specific o-polysaccharide structure and biosynthetic gene cluster of yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype o:15. | yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotyping scheme contains 21 serotypes based on the distribution of about 30 different o-factors within the species. the chemical structures of lpss and the genetic basis of their biosynthesis has been determined for a number of y. pseudotuberculosis strains representing different serotypes; thus, an overall picture of the relationship between genetics and structures is emerging. in this work, we have performed a structural and genetic analysis of the y. pseudotuberc ... | 2009 | 19723831 |
| retraction: wang yao, et al. the flhdc gene affects motility and biofilm formation in yersinia pseudotuberculosis. sci china ser c-life sci, 2007, 50(6): 814-821. | 2009 | 19727599 | |
| cd8(+) t cells restrict yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection: bypass of anti-phagocytosis by targeting antigen-presenting cells. | all yersinia species target and bind to phagocytic cells, but uptake and destruction of bacteria are prevented by injection of anti-phagocytic yop proteins into the host cell. here we provide evidence that cd8(+) t cells, which canonically eliminate intracellular pathogens, are important for restricting yersinia, even though bacteria are primarily found in an extracellular locale during the course of disease. in a model of infection with attenuated y. pseudotuberculosis, mice deficient for cd8(+ ... | 2009 | 19730693 |
| innate immune response during yersinia infection: critical modulation of cell death mechanisms through phagocyte activation. | yersinia pestis, the etiological agent of plague, is one of the most deadly pathogens on our planet. this organism shares important attributes with its ancestral progenitor, yersinia pseudotuberculosis, including a 70-kb virulence plasmid, lymphotropism during growth in the mammalian host, and killing of host macrophages. infections with both organisms are biphasic, where bacterial replication occurs initially with little inflammation, followed by phagocyte influx, inflammatory cytokine producti ... | 2009 | 19734471 |
| superantigen-presentation by rat major histocompatibility complex class ii molecules rt1.bl and rt1.dl. | rat major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii molecules rt1.b(l) (dq-like) and rt1.d(l) (dr-like) were cloned from the lew strain using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and expressed in mouse l929 cells. the transduced lines bound mhc class ii-specific monoclonal antibodies in an mhc-isotype-specific manner and presented peptide antigens and superantigens to t-cell hybridomas. the t-cell-hybridomas responded well to all superantigens presented by human mhc class ii, whereas ... | 2009 | 19740318 |
| the pathogenic properties of a novel and conserved gene product, kerv, in proteobacteria. | identification of novel virulence factors is essential for understanding bacterial pathogenesis and designing antibacterial strategies. in this study, we uncover such a factor, termed kerv, in proteobacteria. experiments carried out in a variety of eukaryotic host infection models revealed that the virulence of a pseudomonas aeruginosa kerv null mutant was compromised when it interacted with amoebae, plants, flies, and mice. bioinformatics analyses indicated that kerv is a hypothetical methyltra ... | 2009 | 19779606 |
| n255 is a key residue for recognition by a monoclonal antibody which protects against yersinia pestis infection. | mab7.3 to yersinia pestis lcrv antigen (lcrv(ype)) protected j774a.1 macrophages in vitro from killing by a yersinia pseudotuberculosis strain expressing lcrv(ype). of 4 site-directed mutations in the coiled-coil region (148-169) and 7 mutations in the 225-255 sequence of lcrv(ype), only the mutation of n255 to d255, abrogated the binding of mab7.3 and reduced its protective capacity against plague. since the mab7.3 epitope in lcrv(ype) (135-275) encompasses a region (136-180) thought to be expo ... | 2009 | 19786138 |
| [yersiniosis in poland in 2007]. | the total number of 233 yersiniosis cases were reported in 2007 in poland. the incidence rate was 0.62 per 100,000 population. in this year 182 cases of enteric yersiniosis and 51 cases of extra intestinal yersiniosis were notified. about 61% of patients were hospitalized. no death linked to yersiniosis were reported. the most frequent clinical manifestations of intestinal yersiniosis were diarrhoea (100% of cases), high temperature (79%), abdominal pain (38%) and vomits (31%). out of 51 extra i ... | 2009 | 19799249 |
| revision of the o-polysaccharide structure of yersinia pseudotuberculosis o:1b. | the o-polysaccharide of yersinia pseudotuberculosis o:1b was reinvestigated using (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy, and the anomeric configuration of the mannose residue at the branching point was revised. the following is the revised structure of the o-polysaccharide: [structure: see the text] where par stands for 3,6-dideoxy-d-ribo-hexose (paratose). the revised structure of the main chain is shared by the o-polysaccharide of y. pseudotuberculosis o:11, which differs in the presence of a latera ... | 2009 | 19800615 |
| interaction of yersinia with the gut: mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune evasion. | yersinia entercolitica and yersinia pseudotuberculosis are human foodborne pathogens that interact extensively with tissues of the gut and the host's immune system to cause disease. as part of their pathogenic strategies, the yersinia have evolved numerous ways to invade host tissues, gain essential nutrients, and evade host immunity. technological advances over the last 10 years have revolutionized our understanding of host-pathogen interactions. the application of these new technologies has al ... | 2009 | 19812980 |
| diagnostic bioluminescent phage for detection of yersinia pestis. | yersinia pestis is the etiological agent of the plague. because of the disease's inherent communicability, rapid clinical course, and high mortality, it is critical that an outbreak, whether it is natural or deliberate, be detected and diagnosed quickly. the objective of this research was to generate a recombinant luxab ("light")-tagged reporter phage that can detect y. pestis by rapidly and specifically conferring a bioluminescent signal response to these cells. the bacterial luxab reporter gen ... | 2009 | 19828743 |
| pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica 2/o:9 and yersinia pseudotuberculosis 1/o:1 strains isolated from human and non-human sources in the plateau state of nigeria. | foodborne yersiniosis, caused by enteropathogenic yersinia, especially yersinia enterocolitica, is an important cause of diarrhea in developed countries, especially in temperate zones. since studies concerning the presence of enteropathogenic yersinia in humans and foods are rare in developing countries and tropical areas, human and non-human samples were studied in plateau state of nigeria to obtain information on the epidemiology of y. enterocolitica and yersinia pseudotuberculosis. surprising ... | 2009 | 19835774 |
| steps toward broad-spectrum therapeutics: discovering virulence-associated genes present in diverse human pathogens. | new and improved antimicrobial countermeasures are urgently needed to counteract increased resistance to existing antimicrobial treatments and to combat currently untreatable or new emerging infectious diseases. we demonstrate that computational comparative genomics, together with experimental screening, can identify potential generic (i.e., conserved across multiple pathogen species) and novel virulence-associated genes that may serve as targets for broad-spectrum countermeasures. | 2009 | 19874620 |
| wild boars as an important reservoir for foodborne pathogens. | one hundred fifty-three wild boars shot in the canton of geneva, switzerland, were studied for the occurrence of foodborne pathogens. tonsils and fecal samples of the animals were examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay, and cultural methods. the detection rate of salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, yersinia pseudotuberculosis, stx-positive escherichia coli, and listeria monocytogenes was 12%, 35%, 20%, 9%, and 17%, respectively, when tonsi ... | 2010 | 19899962 |
| yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia in a beaver from washington state. | an emaciated, free-ranging, sub-adult, male beaver (castor canadensis) was found dead and was necropsied. microscopically, the beaver had acute necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis with florid lobulated colonies of extracellular coccobacilli. intravascular septic emboli were identified in lung, small intestine, and kidney, and discrete ulcers with scattered superficial extracellular accumulation of coccobacilli were noted on tail margins and plantar surfaces of the hind feet. yersinia pseudotuber ... | 2009 | 19901394 |
| immunogenic characteristics of recombinant ompf-like porin from yersinia pseudotuberculosis outer membrane. | we studied the capacity of outer membrane pore-forming recombinant protein from yersinia pseudotuberculosis to initiate the development of immune response in cba mice. immunization with the recombinant protein induces the production of igg antibodies with and without adjuvants. high-avidity immune serum was obtained as a result of immunization. bactericidal activity of peritoneal macrophages from mice immunized with recombinant protein was significantly higher than that of intact mouse macrophag ... | 2009 | 19902101 |
| cellular fatty acids as chemical markers for differentiation of yersinia pestis and yersinia pseudotuberculosis. | gas chromatography (gc) was utilized to investigate the cellular fatty acids (cfas) composition of 141 yersinia pestis isolates from different plague foci of china, and 20 yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains as well. | 2010 | 19912526 |
| growth model of a plasmid-bearing virulent strain of yersinia pseudotuberculosis in raw ground beef. | the growth kinetics of virulence plasmid-bearing yersinia pseudotuberculosis (ypst) in sterile ground beef were studied at temperatures ranging from 0 to 30°c. in irradiated sterile ground beef, ypst replicated from 0 to 30°c, with corresponding growth rates (gr) ranging from 0.023 to 0.622 log cfu/h at 0-25°c, and the gr was 0.236 log cfu/h at 30°c. the maximum population densities (mpd) ranged from 8.7 to 11.0 log cfu/g. the growth and mpd of ypst were reduced significantly at 30°c. models for ... | 2011 | 19912603 |
| innate immune recognition of yersinia pseudotuberculosis type iii secretion. | specialized protein translocation systems are used by many bacterial pathogens to deliver effector proteins into host cells that interfere with normal cellular functions. how the host immune system recognizes and responds to this intrusive event is not understood. to address these questions, we determined the mammalian cellular response to the virulence-associated type iii secretion system (t3ss) of the human pathogen yersinia pseudotuberculosis. we found that macrophages devoid of toll-like rec ... | 2009 | 19997504 |
| outbreak of erythema nodosum of unknown cause - new mexico, november 2007-january 2008. | erythema nodosum (en) is a form of panniculitis, which has been associated with several infectious and noninfectious etiologies. en clusters have been associated with outbreaks of coccidioides immitis, histoplasma capsulatum, and yersinia pseudotuberculosis infections. in december 2007, a physician in a rural new mexico community of approximately 10,000 persons reported to the new mexico department of health (nmdoh) that 13 patients had been diagnosed with en since mid-november. no en outbreak h ... | 2009 | 20010510 |
| efficacy of an oral live vaccine for veterinary use against pseudotuberculosis. | pseudotuberculosis, an infection caused by the ubiquitous enteropathogenic bacterium yersinia pseudotuberculosis, is a recurrent veterinary problem in livestock and zoo animals. the only vaccine currently available in zoos is pseudovac (a mixture of killed strains of various serotypes), but its efficacy is not well established. we show here that pseudovac does not protect guinea pigs against a severe y. pseudotuberculosis infection. we thus evaluated the possibility of using a live attenuated y. ... | 2010 | 20034670 |
| bmper is upregulated by statins and modulates endothelial inflammation by intercellular adhesion molecule-1. | in addition to lowering cholesterol, statins exert pleiotropic effects on endothelial cells. bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) have recently been implicated in vascular inflammation and disease. we set out to investigate the effect of statins on bmp endothelial cell precursor-derived regulator (bmper), a novel member of the bmp pathway. | 2010 | 20042706 |
| spontaneous yersiniosis due to yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype 7 in a squirrel monkey. | a captive male bolivian squirrel monkey (saimiri boliviensis) of less than 1 year of age died following diarrhea and debilitation on the day of death. at necropsy, necrotizing enteritis accompanied with enlarged peyer's patches, solitary lymphatic follicles and mesenteric lymph nodes, and multiple yellowish-white nodules in the spleen and liver were found. histopathologically, these lesions were necrotizing inflammation containing gram-negative bacilli. yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype 7 was ... | 2009 | 20046036 |
| genomic characterization of the yersinia genus. | new dna sequencing technologies have enabled detailed comparative genomic analyses of entire genera of bacterial pathogens. prior to this study, three species of the enterobacterial genus yersinia that cause invasive human diseases (yersinia pestis, yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and yersinia enterocolitica) had been sequenced. however, there were no genomic data on the yersinia species with more limited virulence potential, frequently found in soil and water environments. | 2010 | 20047673 |
| yersinia ironomics: comparison of iron transporters among yersinia pestis biotypes and its nearest neighbor, yersinia pseudotuberculosis. | although yersinia pestis epidemic biovars and yersinia pseudotuberculosis are recently diverged, highly related species, they cause different diseases via disparate transmission routes. since iron transport systems are important for iron acquisition from hosts and for survival in the environment, we have analyzed potential iron transport systems encoded by epidemic and non-epidemic or endemic strains of y. pestis as well as two virulent y. pseudotuberculosis strains. computational biology analys ... | 2010 | 20049509 |
| development of multitarget real-time pcr for the rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of yersinia pestis in milk and ground beef. | real-time pcr has been used previously to detect yersinia pestis; this study applies this rapid, specific, and sensitive nucleic acid-based method to the detection and quantitation of y. pestis specifically in food. five sets of primers and corresponding taqman dual-labelled fluorogenic hybridization probes for y. pestis were designed and optimized for specificity testing using genomic dna from 71 bacterial strains. four y. pestis -specific primer and probe sets were developed, based on the viru ... | 2010 | 20051199 |
| [study of ability to form biofilms in main and non-main subspecies of yersinia pestis strains]. | to compare biofilm formation in main and non-main subspecies of yersinia pestis strains as well as in yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains and to study influence of different genes on expression of this characteristic in different subspecies of y. pestis. | 2009 | 20063786 |
| adaptation of enteropathogenic yersinia to low growth temperature. | yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia pseudotuberculosis are important foodborne pathogens that cause infections through contaminated refrigerated food. their cold tolerance mechanisms are therefore of special interest. adaptation to cold involves changes in protein synthesis and in cell membranes to overcome diminished transcriptional and translational efficiency and reduced fluidity of cell membranes. studies of low temperature adaptation mechanisms have mainly been performed on mesophilic bact ... | 2010 | 20088683 |
| development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of mycobacterium bovis. | bovine tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis is an important zoonosis. in this study, a simple, rapid method for detecting this organism was developed based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification of the mpt83 gene. the technique will be of value in the clinical and field-based diagnosis of m. bovis and can differentiate it from other bacteria such as corynebacterium diphtheriae, streptococcus pneumoniae, β-haemolytic streptococci, pseudomonas aeruginosa, yersinia pseudotuberculosis, stap ... | 2011 | 20138787 |
| [clinical and prognostic criteria for different forms and types of the course of yersinia infection]. | to reveal the prognostically significant symptom complexes of pseudotuberculosis/yersiniasis in their different forms and types. | 2009 | 20141009 |
| [principles of speciation of the plague causative agent yersinia pestis: gradualism or saltation?]. | the saltation origin of the causative agent of the plague yersinia pestis from the pseudotuberculosis microbe y. pseudotuberculosis o:1b has been proclaimed in recent investigations on molecular genetics. the speciation process in this case is proposed to be connected with horizontal inclusion of exogenous genetic structures (such as specific plasmids pfra and ppst) into the genome of the ancestral form. the alternative "darwinian" model of the gradual origin of the plague agent is proposed base ... | 2009 | 20146413 |
| the presence of professional phagocytes dictates the number of host cells targeted for yop translocation during infection. | type iii secretion systems deliver effector proteins from gram-negative bacterial pathogens into host cells, where they disarm host defences, allowing the pathogens to establish infection. although yersinia pseudotuberculosis delivers its effector proteins, called yops, into numerous cell types grown in culture, we show that during infection y. pseudotuberculosis selectively targets yops to professional phagocytes in peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen, although it colocalizes wit ... | 2010 | 20148898 |
| ros-inhibitory activity of yope is required for full virulence of yersinia in mice. | yope, a type iii secreted effector of yersinia, is a gtpase activating protein for rac1 and rhoa whose catalytic activity is critical for virulence. we found that yope also inhibited reactive oxygen species (ros) production and inactivated rac2. how yope distinguishes among its targets and which specific targets are critical for yersinia survival in different tissues are unknown. a screen identifying yope mutants in yersinia pseudotuberculosis that interact with different rho gtpases showed that ... | 2010 | 20148901 |
| recent findings regarding maintenance of enzootic variants of yersinia pestis in sylvatic reservoirs and their significance in the evolution of epidemic plague. | despite the widespread presence of bubonic plague in sylvatic reservoirs throughout the world, the causative agent (yersinia pestis) evolved in its present form within the last 20,000 years from enteropathogenic yersinia pseudotuberculosis. comparison of the genomes from the two species revealed that y. pestis possesses only a few unique plasmid-encoded genes that contribute to acute disease, whereas this organism has lost about 13% of the chromosomal genes that remain active in y. pseudotubercu ... | 2010 | 20158336 |
| autophagosomes can support yersinia pseudotuberculosis replication in macrophages. | yersinia pseudotuberculosis is able to replicate inside macrophages. however, the intracellular trafficking of the pathogen after its entry into the macrophage remains poorly understood. using in vitro infected bone marrow-derived macrophages, we show that y. pseudotuberculosis activates the autophagy pathway. host cell autophagosomes subverted by bacteria do not become acidified and sustain bacteria replication. moreover, we report that autophagy inhibition correlated with bacterial trafficking ... | 2010 | 20180800 |
| variation in the prevalence of enteropathogenic yersinia in slaughter pigs from belgium, italy, and spain. | tonsils of 829 fattening pigs originating from belgium (n = 201), italy (n = 428), and spain (n = 200) were collected between 2005 and 2007 to study the prevalence of enteropathogenic yersinia in slaughter pigs. isolation of yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia pseudotuberculosis was done by selective enrichment and by cold enrichment for 7 and 14 days. pathogenic y. enterocolitica and y. pseudotuberculosis isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction targeting the chromosomal genes ail ... | 2011 | 20187744 |
| tularemia, plague, yersiniosis, and tyzzer's disease in wild rodents and lagomorphs in canada: a review. | information related to infection of wild rodents or lagomorphs in canada by francisella tularensis, yersinia pestis, other yersinia spp., and clostridium piliforme was searched for this study. reports on tularemia in humans linked to these species came from diagnostic databases, literature, wildlife health specialists, and public health agencies. tularemia has been diagnosed in 8 species of wild rodent and 2 species in the genus lepus in canada. tularemia occurred in wild animals, or in humans a ... | 2009 | 20190973 |
| enantioselective intermolecular aldehyde-ketone cross-coupling through an enzymatic carboligation reaction. | 2010 | 20191639 | |
| a dominant-negative needle mutant blocks type iii secretion of early but not late substrates in yersinia. | yersinia pseudotuberculosis uses a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to deliver effectors into host cells. a key component of the t3ss is the needle, which is a hollow tube on the bacterial surface through which effectors are secreted, composed of the yscf protein. to study needle assembly, we performed a screen for dominant-negative yscf alleles that prevented effector secretion in the presence of wild-type (wt) yscf. one allele, yscf-l54v, prevents wt yscf secretion and needle assembly, althoug ... | 2010 | 20199604 |
| [antimicrobial susceptibility of yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains isolated from humans in poland during 2004-2009]. | the number of yersiniosis has increased in the last few years in poland, especially an increase of yersinia enterocolitica bioserotype 1b/o:8 infections was observed. from 2004 to 2009 265 of y. enterocolitica 4/o:3, 108 of y. enterocolitica 1b/o:8, 8 of y. enterocolitica 2/o:9 and 4 of y. pseudotuberculosis clinical isolates were collected. to obtain basic data for resistance monitoring purpose 385 yersinia strains were tested by standard disc diffusion method for their susceptibilities to 12 a ... | 2009 | 20201320 |
| yersinia pseudotuberculosis and y. enterocolitica infections, foodnet, 1996-2007. | 2010 | 20202449 | |
| yersinia species isolated from bats, germany. | 2010 | 20202457 | |
| wide variety of bioserotypes of enteropathogenic yersinia in tonsils of english pigs at slaughter. | the tonsils of 630 pigs from 45 english farms using three different rearing methods (assured british pigs, open management and organic) were examined between 2003 and 2005 in order to investigate if the low incidence of human yersiniosis could be attributed to a low prevalence of enteropathogenic yersinia among english pigs. in addition, different isolation methods were compared, possible differences in prevalence among pigs were studied, as well as the prevalence of different bioserotypes of en ... | 2010 | 20206396 |
| statistical molecular design of a focused salicylidene acylhydrazide library and multivariate qsar of inhibition of type iii secretion in the gram-negative bacterium yersinia. | a combined application of statistical molecular design (smd), quantitative structure-activity relationship (qsar) modeling and prediction of new active compounds was effectively used to develop salicylidene acylhydrazides as inhibitors of type iii secretion (t3s) in the gram-negative pathogen yersinia pseudotuberculosis. smd and subsequent synthesis furnished 50 salicylidene acylhydrazides in high purity. based on data from biological evaluation in t3s linked assays 18 compounds were classified ... | 2010 | 20219378 |
| yopj-promoted cytotoxicity and systemic colonization are associated with high levels of murine interleukin-18, gamma interferon, and neutrophils in a live vaccine model of yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. | several yersinia species have been utilized as live attenuated vaccines to prime protective immunity against yersiniae and other pathogens. a type iii secretion system effector known as yopj in y. pseudotuberculosis and y. pestis and yopp in y. enterocolitica has been shown to regulate host immune responses to live yersinia vaccines. yopj/p kills macrophages and dendritic cells, reduces their production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) and interleukin-12 (il-12), and promotes systemic ... | 2010 | 20231414 |
| the small rna chaperone hfq is required for the virulence of yersinia pseudotuberculosis. | bacterial small, noncoding rnas (srnas) participate in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, often by affecting protein translation, transcript stability, and/or protein activity. for proper function, many srnas rely on the chaperone hfq, which mediates the interaction of the srna with its target mrna. recent studies have demonstrated that hfq contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of bacterial species, suggesting that srnas play an essential role in the regulation of virul ... | 2010 | 20231416 |
| no better time to fret: shedding light on host pathogen interactions. | understanding the spatio-temporal subversion of host cell signaling by bacterial virulence factors is key to combating infectious diseases. following a recent study by buntru and co-workers published in bmc biology, we review how fluorescence (forster) resonance energy transfer (fret) has been applied to studying host-pathogen interactions and consider the prospects for its future application. | 2010 | 20236488 |
| pasteurella pseudotuberculosis infection in turkeys. | 1947 | 20255032 | |
| infectious epididymo-orchitis of rams associated with pasteurella pseudotuberculosis. | 1947 | 20255036 | |
| [variability of the inv gene fragment encoding a functionally important domain of yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin]. | a total of 84 y. pseudotuberculosis isolates were studied. the isolates were obtained in russian federation in 1967-2008. the majority of y. pseudotuberculosis isolates (n = 55) were of clinical origin and were isolated from feces of patients with the clinically and serologically proved diagnosis of pseudotuberculosis/far east scarlet-like fever. these isolates included 18 isolates obtained from 3 outbreaks. nine isolates were isolated from the internal organs of wild rodents. other isolates wer ... | 2010 | 20364476 |
| the c-terminal tail of yersinia pseudotuberculosis yopm is critical for interacting with rsk1 and for virulence. | yersinia spp. undermine the immune responses of infected animals by translocating yops directly into host cells with a type iii secretion system. yopm, a leucine-rich repeat protein, is a critical virulence factor in infection. yopm localizes to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm in cultured cells, interacts with mammalian p90 ribosomal s6 kinase 1 (rsk1), and causes a decrease in nk cell populations in spleens. little is known about the molecular interaction between yopm and rsk1 and its signif ... | 2010 | 20368345 |
| characterization of an aspartate-dependent acid survival system in yersinia pseudotuberculosis. | enteric bacteria have developed various survival systems that protect against acid stress. in this study, an aspartate-dependent acid survival system is characterized in yersinia pseudotuberculosis. the expression of aspartase (aspa) was confirmed to be increased at acidic ph by proteomic and lacz fusion analyses. addition of aspartate increased acid survival of the wild type but not the aspa knockout mutant. aspa increases acid survival by producing ammonia as demonstrated by mutation and in vi ... | 2010 | 20371246 |
| a solvent-exposed patch in chaperone-bound yope is required for translocation by the type iii secretion system. | most effector proteins of bacterial type iii secretion (t3s) systems require chaperone proteins for translocation into host cells. such effectors are bound by chaperones in a conserved and characteristic manner, with the chaperone-binding (cb) region of the effector wound around the chaperone in a highly extended conformation. this conformation has been suggested to serve as a translocation signal in promoting the association between the chaperone-effector complex and a bacterial component requi ... | 2010 | 20382763 |
| genetic characterisation and structural analysis of the o-specific polysaccharide of yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype o:1c. | many, but not all, of the current 21 serotypes of yersinia pseudotuberculosis have been investigated with regard to the chemical structures of their o-specific polysaccharide (ops) and the genetic basis of their biosynthesis. completion of the genetics and structures of the remaining serotypes will enhance our understanding of the emerging relationship between genetics and structures within this species. here, we present a structural and genetic analysis of the y. pseudotuberculosis serotype o:1 ... | 2011 | 20418261 |
| identification and characterization of small-molecule inhibitors of yop translocation in yersinia pseudotuberculosis. | type three secretion systems (ttsss) are virulence factors found in many pathogenic gram-negative species, including the family of pathogenic yersinia spp. yersinia pseudotuberculosis requires the translocation of a group of effector molecules, called yops, to subvert the innate immune response and establish infection. polarized transfer of yops from bacteria to immune cells depends on several factors, including the presence of a functional ttss, the successful attachment of yersinia to the targ ... | 2010 | 20498321 |
| ["autophagy and microorganisms": hotspots of a mini-symposium]. | 2010 | 20510155 | |
| yersinia pseudotuberculosis as a cause of ocular disease in goats. | 2010 | 20511658 | |
| delineation of regions of the yersinia yopm protein required for interaction with the rsk1 and prk2 host kinases and their requirement for interleukin-10 production and virulence. | the yopm protein of yersinia sp. is a type iii secreted effector that is required for virulence in murine models of infection. yopm has previously been shown to contain leucine-rich repeats (lrrs) and to interact with two host kinases, rsk1 and prk2, although the consequence of these interactions is unknown. a series of yopm proteins missing different numbers of lrrs or a c-terminal domain were produced and used for in vitro binding reactions to map domains required for interaction with rsk1 and ... | 2010 | 20515922 |
| yopd self-assembly and binding to lcrv facilitate type iii secretion activity by yersinia pseudotuberculosis. | yopd-like translocator proteins encoded by several gram-negative bacteria are important for type iii secretion-dependent delivery of anti-host effectors into eukaryotic cells. this probably depends on their ability to form pores in the infected cell plasma membrane, through which effectors may gain access to the cell interior. in addition, yersinia yopd is a negative regulator essential for the control of effector synthesis and secretion. as a prerequisite for this functional duality, yopd may n ... | 2010 | 20525687 |
| the importance of the small rna chaperone hfq for growth of epidemic yersinia pestis, but not yersinia pseudotuberculosis, with implications for plague biology. | yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, has only recently evolved from yersinia pseudotuberculosis. hfq deletion caused severe growth restriction at 37 degrees c in y. pestis but not in y. pseudotuberculosis. strains from all epidemic plague biovars were similarly affected, implicating hfq, and likely small rnas (srnas), in the unique biology of the plague bacillus. | 2010 | 20543069 |
| post-translational modification of the deubiquitinating enzyme otubain 1 modulates active rhoa levels and susceptibility to yersinia invasion. | microbial pathogens exploit the ubiquitin system to facilitate infection and manipulate the immune responses of the host. in this study, susceptibility to yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasion was found to be increased upon overexpression of the deubiquitinating enzyme otubain 1 (otub1), a member of the ovarian tumour domain-containing protein family. conversely, otub1 knockdown interfered with yersinia invasion in hek293t cells as well as in primary monocytes. this ef ... | 2010 | 20553488 |
| the hrp pathogenicity island of erwinia amylovora and identification of three novel genes required for systemic infectiondouble dagger. | summary sequence analysis of the region bordering the hrp/dsp gene cluster of erwinia amylovora strain ea321, which causes fire blight, revealed characteristics of pathogenicity islands (pais). included are genes for a phage integrase, a trna(phe), several orthologues of genes of yapi, a pai of yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and several putative virulence genes with hrpl-dependent promoter motifs. the island is designated the hrp pai of e. amylovora. it is comprised of a chromosomal region of c. 6 ... | 2005 | 20565644 |
| first case of postaneurysmal prosthetic vascular infection due to a nonsuperantigenic yersinia pseudotuberculosis strain. | among yersinia spp., y. enterocolitica is the species most frequently isolated from infected aneurysms. this report describes the first case of postaneurysmal prosthetic vascular infection due to a superantigen-negative yersinia pseudotuberculosis strain, showing a potential affinity of this species for endovascular tissue. | 2010 | 20573875 |
| delineation and analysis of chromosomal regions specifying yersinia pestis. | yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, has recently diverged from the less virulent enteropathogen yersinia pseudotuberculosis. its emergence has been characterized by massive genetic loss and inactivation and limited gene acquisition. the acquired genes include two plasmids, a filamentous phage, and a few chromosomal loci. the aim of this study was to characterize the chromosomal regions acquired by y. pestis. following in silico comparative analysis and pcr screening of 98 strains of ... | 2010 | 20605981 |
| prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia pseudotuberculosis in slaughter pigs in latvia. | the prevalence of yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia pseudotuberculosis was determined in slaughter pigs from 47 farms in latvia. tonsils from 404 pigs representing farms from four geographical areas (kurzeme, latgale, vidzeme, and zemgale) were collected at slaughter in 2007 and 2008. the prevalences of y. enterocolitica and y. pseudotuberculosis were 35 and 3%, respectively. all y. enterocolitica isolates belonged to bioserotype 4/o:3. y. enterocolitica was recovered from 35 of 47 pig farms, ... | 2010 | 20615349 |
| the omptins of yersinia pestis and salmonella enterica cleave the reactive center loop of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. | plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (pai-1) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) and a key molecule that regulates fibrinolysis by inactivating human plasminogen activators. here we show that two important human pathogens, the plague bacterium yersinia pestis and the enteropathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, inactivate pai-1 by cleaving the r346-m347 bait peptide bond in the reactive center loop. no cleavage of pai-1 was detected with yersinia pseudotuberculosis, an oral/fecal pat ... | 2010 | 20639337 |
| yersinia enterocolitica infection and tcaa-dependent killing of caenorhabditis elegans. | caenorhabditis elegans is a validated model to study bacterial pathogenicity. we report that yersinia enterocolitica strains w22703 (biovar 2, serovar o:9) and wa314 (biovar 1b, serovar o:8) kill c. elegans when feeding on the pathogens for at least 15 min before transfer to the feeding strain escherichia coli op50. the killing by yersinia enterocolitica requires viable bacteria and, in contrast to that by yersinia pestis and yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains, is biofilm independent. the delet ... | 2010 | 20639372 |
| iceec2, a new integrative and conjugative element belonging to the pklc102/pagi-2 family, identified in escherichia coli strain ben374. | the diversity of the escherichia coli species is in part due to the large number of mobile genetic elements that are exchanged between strains. we report here the identification of a new integrative and conjugative element (ice) of the pklc102/pagi-2 family located downstream of the trna gene pheu in the e. coli strain ben374. indeed, this new region, which we called iceec2, can be transferred by conjugation from strain ben374 to the e. coli strain c600. we were also able to transfer this region ... | 2010 | 20675467 |
| [yersiniosis in poland in 2008]. | the total number of 253 yersiniosis cases were reported in 2008 in poland. the incidence rate was 0.66 per 100,000 population. in this year 214 cases of enteric yersiniosis and 39 cases of extraintestinal yersiniosis were notified. about 75% of patients were hospitalized. there were 2 reported deaths probably linked to yersiniosis. the most frequent clinical manifestations of intestinal yersiniosis were diarrhea (88% of cases), high temperature (79%), abdominal pain (41%) and vomits (30%). out o ... | 2010 | 20731224 |
| [sequence analysis of the yada, inv, and ail genes and their expression in the main and nonmain yersinia pestis subspecies and yersinia pseudotuberculosis]. | the nucleotide sequences of the inv, yada, and ail adhesin-invasin genes were analyzed in 24 strains of the main and nonmain yersinia pestis subspecies, which were isolated from natural plague foci in russia and neighbor countries, and ten y. pseudotuberculosis strains. all of the five plague agent subspecies (main, caucasica, altaica, ulegeica, and hissarica) had the inv and yada genes altered by insertion of the is element and a single nucleotide deletion, respectively, as was earlier observed ... | 2010 | 20734763 |
| [comparison of efficacy of tests for differentiation of typical and atypical strains of yersinia pestis and yersinia pseudotuberculosis]. | to characterize species specificity of officially recommended tests for differentiation of yersiniapestis and yersinia pseudotuberculosis and propose additional tests allowing for more accurate identification. | 2010 | 20795389 |
| bacterial delivery of rnai effectors: transkingdom rnai. | rna interference (rnai) represents a high effective mechanism for specific inhibition of mrna expression. besides its potential as a powerful laboratory tool, the rnai pathway appears to be promising for therapeutic utilization. for development of rna interference (rnai)-based therapies, delivery of rnai-mediating agents to target cells is one of the major obstacles. a novel strategy to overcome this hurdle is transkingdom rnai (tkrnai). this technology uses non-pathogenic bacteria, e.g. escheri ... | 2010 | 20811323 |