Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile and chlorine-releasing disinfectants. | 2008 | 18328922 | |
| biochemistry: radicals by reduction. | 2008 | 18337811 | |
| an allylic ketyl radical intermediate in clostridial amino-acid fermentation. | the human pathogenic bacterium clostridium difficile thrives by the fermentation of l-leucine to ammonia, co(2), 3-methylbutanoate and 4-methylpentanoate under anaerobic conditions. the reductive branch to 4-methylpentanoate proceeds by means of the dehydration of (r)-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoyl-coa to 4-methylpent-2-enoyl-coa, which is chemically the most demanding step. ketyl radicals have been proposed to mediate this reaction catalysed by an iron-sulphur-cluster-containing dehydratase, which ... | 2008 | 18337824 |
| a new formulation of tolevamer, a novel nonantibiotic polymer, is safe and well-tolerated in healthy volunteers: a randomized phase i trial. | to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a new oral solution formulation of tolevamer potassium sodium, a nonantibiotic polymer that binds clostridium difficile toxins a and b. | 2008 | 18341677 |
| the management of clostridium difficile infection: antibiotics, probiotics and other strategies. | clostridium difficile-associated disease remains an important nosocomial infection associated with significant morbidity and mortality. in recent years, there has been an upward trend in the incidence of this condition with continuing high rates of recurrent disease with available treatment regimens. in this article, we review the current literature on the management of c. difficile-associated disease (cdad). the potential role for alternative therapeutic options for the treatment of cdad, inclu ... | 2008 | 18343738 |
| a single training center's experience with 200 consecutive cases of diverticulitis: can all patients be approached laparoscopically? | this study aimed to evaluate the outcomes for consecutive patients with diverticular disease who underwent elective laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy. | 2008 | 18347863 |
| clinical severity of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027: a case-case study. | clostridium difficile is a leading infectious cause of health care associated diarrhoea. several industrialised countries have reported increased c. difficile infections and outbreaks, which have been attributed to the emergent pcr ribotype 027 strain. | 2008 | 18350149 |
| deaths involving clostridium difficle: england and wales, 1999 and 2001-06. | 2008 | 18351026 | |
| mortality of patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea: the impact of clostridium difficile. | previous studies have shown conflicting results concerning mortality related to clostridium difficile infection. the objective of this study was to determine the impact of c. difficile infection on short- and long-term mortality in hospitalised patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. we therefore undertook a prospective case-control study of 217 hospitalised patients who received antibiotics, developed diarrhoea and underwent stool enzyme immunoassay for c. difficile tox a/b. the kaplan-m ... | 2008 | 18353491 |
| clostridium difficile infection following hip fracture. | 2008 | 18353494 | |
| laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated disease in the republic of ireland: a survey of irish microbiology laboratories. | the health protection surveillance centre (hpsc) established a group to produce national guidelines for clostridium difficile in ireland in 2006. a laboratory questionnaire was distributed to determine current c. difficile diagnostic practices. twenty-nine out of 44 laboratories providing c. difficile diagnostic services to 34 hospitals responded. twenty-five out of 29 (86%) laboratories processed specimens for c. difficile and four (13.8%) forwarded specimens to another laboratory. sixteen labo ... | 2008 | 18353502 |
| infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. | 2008 | 18354113 | |
| comparative genomic analysis of t-box regulatory systems in bacteria. | t-box antitermination is one of the main mechanisms of regulation of genes involved in amino acid metabolism in gram-positive bacteria. t-box regulatory sites consist of conserved sequence and rna secondary structure elements. using a set of known t-box sites, we constructed the common pattern and used it to scan available bacterial genomes. new t-boxes were found in various gram-positive bacteria, some gram-negative bacteria (delta-proteobacteria), and some other bacterial groups (deinococcales ... | 2008 | 18359782 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in the critical care setting. | clostridium difficile colitis is a debilitating infection with a remarkably high associated mortality. infection is contagious and spreads especially rapidly in an intensive care setting because patients who are there have all the associated risk factors, including major underlying illnesses, prior antibiotic therapy, and use of agents that suppress gastric acidity. prevention of disease is the responsibility of every health care provider in the critical care setting. this article emphasizes tre ... | 2008 | 18361946 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea: candidate organisms other than clostridium difficile. | the direct toxic effects of antibiotics on the intestine can alter digestive functions and cause pathogenic bacterial overgrowth leading to antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is widely known to be responsible for 10 approximately 20% of aad cases. however, klebsiella oxytoca, clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, and candida species might also contribute to aad. | 2008 | 18363274 |
| opt-80, a macrocyclic antimicrobial agent for the treatment of clostridium difficile infections: a review. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea has become a major problem over the last years. increasing incidence and more severe clinical cases initiated the search for new treatment options. | 2008 | 18363518 |
| a probiotic drink prevented diarrhoea and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in older patients taking antibiotics. | 2008 | 18364427 | |
| ageing and the gut. | 2008 | 18372803 | |
| a probiotic drink prevented diarrhoea and clostridium difficile infection in older patients taking antibiotics. | 2008 | 18375699 | |
| antimicrobial stewardship programs: interventions and associated outcomes. | guidelines regarding antimicrobial stewardship programs recommend an infectious diseases-trained physician and an infectious diseases-trained pharmacist as core members. inclusion of clinical microbiologists, infection-control practitioners, information systems experts and hospital epidemiologists is considered optimal. recommended stewardship interventions include prospective audit and intervention, formulary restriction, education, guideline development, clinical pathway development, antimicro ... | 2008 | 18380603 |
| clostridium difficile enteritis: a cause for high ileostomy output. | 2008 | 18380751 | |
| role of phospholipase a2 and tyrosine kinase in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced disruption of epithelial integrity, histologic inflammatory damage and intestinal secretion. | clostridium difficile-associated disease causes diarrhea to fulminant colitis and death. we investigated the role of phospholipase a2 (pla2) inhibitors, aristolochic acid (aa), bromophenacyl bromide (bpb) and quinacrine (quin) on the c. difficile toxin a-induced disruption of epithelial integrity, histologic inflammatory damage and intestinal secretion. toxin a caused severe hemorrhagic and inflammatory fluid secretion at 6-8 h in rabbit ileal segments, an effect that was significantly inhibited ... | 2008 | 18381687 |
| pcr detection of clostridium difficile triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), toxin a (tcda), toxin b (tcdb), binary toxin (cdta, cdtb), and tcdc genes in vhembe district, south africa. | specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocols were used to determine the prevalence of toxigenic clostridium difficile in vhembe, south africa. of 322 stool samples collected, toxigenic c. difficile was found in 23 (7.1%) cases and was significantly associated with diarrhea 20 (11.4%) compared with 3 (2%) in non-diarrheal samples (chi(2) = 426, p = 0.001), intestinal inflammation in 18 (12.1%) compared with 5 (2.9%) in lactoferrin-negative samples (chi(2) = 10.194, p = 0.001), and occult bl ... | 2008 | 18385352 |
| rifaximin in treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: an uncontrolled pilot study. | 2009 | 18385603 | |
| surveillance for community-associated clostridium difficile--connecticut, 2006. | clostridium difficile is a well-known cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea and is associated with increased health-care costs, prolonged hospitalizations, and increased patient morbidity. previous antimicrobial use, especially use of clindamycin or ciprofloxacin, is the primary risk factor for development of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) because it disrupts normal bowel flora and promotes c. difficile overgrowth. historically, cdad has been associated with elderly hospital in ... | 2008 | 18385641 |
| a study of clostridium difficile-associated disease at king chulalongkorn memorial hospital, thailand. | currently, in established antibiotic era, there is a widespread and increasing use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. clostridium difficile, one of the troublesome intruders, flourishes when normal gut flora is altered by antibiotics. c. difficile is recognized as a frequent and leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. it causes substantial morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. | 2008 | 18386542 |
| current and future treatment modalities for clostridium difficile-associated disease. | current and future treatment modalities for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) are reviewed. | 2008 | 18387898 |
| tolevamer, an anionic polymer, neutralizes toxins produced by the bi/027 strains of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is caused by the toxins the organism produces when it overgrows in the colon as a consequence of antibiotic depletion of normal flora. conventional antibiotic treatment of cdad increases the likelihood of recurrent disease by again suppressing normal bacterial flora. tolevamer, a novel toxin-binding polymer, was developed to ameliorate the disease without adversely affecting normal flora. in the current study, tolevamer was tested for its ability ... | 2008 | 18391047 |
| effect on diagnostic yield of repeated stool testing during outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | the effect on diagnostic yield of testing sequential stools was assessed during two hospital epidemics of clostridium difficile. using a rapid immunoassay, c. difficile-associated disease was diagnosed in 237 diarrhoeal patients, of whom 204 (86%) were diagnosed from the first faeces sample and 12 (5%) were diagnosed from follow-up samples obtained within 1 week. the remaining 21 (9%) patients yielded a positive test from stools obtained >1 week after the initial negative sample. it was conclude ... | 2008 | 18393996 |
| clostridium difficile surveillance trends, saxony, germany. | 2008 | 18394306 | |
| structure and mode of action of clostridial glucosylating toxins: the abcd model. | toxins a and b, which are the major virulence factors of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis caused by clostridium difficile, are the prototypes of the family of clostridial glucosylating toxins. the toxins inactivate rho and ras proteins by glucosylation. recent findings on the autocatalytic processing of the toxins and analysis of the crystal structures of their domains have made a revision of the current model of their actions on the eukaryotic target cells necessary. | 2008 | 18394902 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: an emerging threat to pregnant women. | to estimate if clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is increasing in peripartum women. | 2008 | 18395693 |
| heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: importance of clostridium difficile toxinotypes. | clostridium difficile toxinotypes are groups of strains defined by changes in the paloc region encoding two main virulence factors: toxins tcda and tcdb. currently, 24 variant toxinotypes (i-xxiv) are known, in addition to toxinotype 0 strains, which contain a paloc identical to the reference strain vpi 10463. variant toxinotypes can also differ from toxinotype 0 strains in their toxin production pattern. the most-studied variant strains are tcda-, tcdb+ (a-b+) strains and binary toxin cdt-produ ... | 2008 | 18397287 |
| first cluster of clindamycin-resistant clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in switzerland. | 2008 | 18399816 | |
| efficacy of clostridium butyricum preparation concomitantly with helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in relation to changes in the intestinal microbiota. | antibiotic associated diarrhea due to human intestinal microbiota abnormalities is a side effect of h. pylori eradication therapy. we examined intestinal microbiota changes during h. pylori eradication therapy and the preventive effect of cbm588 as a probiotic agent. nineteen patients with gastro-duodenal ulcer were randomly divided into three groups: group a (without probiotics), group b (with regular doses of cbm588) and group c (with double doses of cbm588). the incidence of diarrhea and soft ... | 2008 | 18402597 |
| covert assessment of concurrent and construct validity of a chart to characterize fecal output and diarrhea in patients receiving enteral nutrition. | an accurate and convenient method for characterizing fecal output and a consistent threshold for classifying diarrhea in patients receiving enteral nutrition are required. the aim of this study is to covertly assess the construct and concurrent validity of a chart for characterizing fecal output and classifying diarrhea in patients receiving enteral nutrition. | 2008 | 18407909 |
| clinical trial: effectiveness of lactobacillus rhamnosus (strains e/n, oxy and pen) in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children. | convincing evidence that probiotic administration can lower the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea is limited to certain micro-organisms. | 2008 | 18410562 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile disease in patients not responding to metronidazole. | 2008 | 18410968 | |
| overuse and inappropriate prescribing of proton pump inhibitors in patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridium difficile is the most common infectious cause of colitis and has been increasingly diagnosed in hospitalized patients. the number of prescriptions for proton pump inhibitors (ppis) has also increased significantly over time. few studies have reported an association between c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) and ppi use. | 2008 | 18411220 |
| gp96 is a human colonocyte plasma membrane binding protein for clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile toxin a (txa), a key mediator of antibiotic-associated colitis, requires binding to a cell surface receptor prior to internalization. our aim was to identify novel plasma membrane txa binding proteins on human colonocytes. txa was coupled with biotin and cross-linked to the surface of ht29 human colonic epithelial cells. the main colonocyte binding protein for txa was identified as glycoprotein 96 (gp96) by coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrum analysis. gp96 is a member ... | 2008 | 18411291 |
| infection control measures to limit the spread of clostridium difficile. introduction. | 2008 | 18412709 | |
| infection control measures to limit the spread of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) presents mainly as a nosocomial infection, usually after antimicrobial therapy. many outbreaks have been attributed to c. difficile, some due to a new hyper-virulent strain that may cause more severe disease and a worse patient outcome. as a result of cdad, large numbers of c. difficile spores may be excreted by affected patients. spores then survive for months in the environment; they cannot be destroyed by standard alcohol-based hand disinfecti ... | 2008 | 18412710 |
| successful treatment of fulminant clostridium difficile infection with fecal bacteriotherapy. | 2008 | 18413636 | |
| sporicidal activity of two disinfectants against clostridium difficile spores. | the sporicidal activity of an odour-free peracetic acid-based disinfectant (wofasteril) and a widely-used dichloroisocyanurate preparation (chlor-clean) was assessed against spores of the hyper-virulent strain of clostridium difficile (ribotype 027), in the presence and absence of organic matter. in environmentally clean conditions, dichloroisocyanurate achieved a >3 log10 reduction in 3 minutes, but a minimum contact time of 9 minutes was required to reduce the viable spore load to below detect ... | 2008 | 18414294 |
| clostridium difficile toxinotype v, ribotype 078, in animals and humans. | 2008 | 18417662 | |
| infection control experience in a cooperative care center for transplant patients. | to characterize infection control experience during a 6.5-year period in a cooperative care center for transplant patients. | 2008 | 18419364 |
| the case for vancomycin as the preferred drug for treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | 2008 | 18419480 | |
| vancomycin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection: for whom is this expensive bullet really magic? | the epidemiology, clinical severity, and case-fatality ratio of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) changed dramatically with the emergence of a toxin hyperproducing strain (bi/nap1/027) in north america and europe in 2000. for the treatment of cdi, metronidazole and vancomycin remain the 2 most commonly used drugs. the 3 randomized controlled trials published thus far, as well as the upcoming tolevamer trial, use intermediate outcomes, rather than the outcomes that now preoccupy clinicians: t ... | 2008 | 18419481 |
| treatment of metronidazole-refractory clostridium difficile enteritis with vancomycin. | clostridium difficile infection of the colon is a common and well-described clinical entity. clostridium difficile enteritis of the small bowel is believed to be less common and has been described sparsely in the literature. | 2008 | 18426352 |
| re-examination of risk factors for non-clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in hospitalized patients. | this paper is a report of a study to determine the incidence of non-clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in hospitalized patients and to re-evaluate clinical characteristics and other risk factors related to non-c. difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2008 | 18426460 |
| rifamycin antibiotics for treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | to review the existing data on use of the rifamycin class of antibiotics as therapy for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2008 | 18430792 |
| a case-control study of community-associated clostridium difficile infection. | the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for community-associated clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2008 | 18434341 |
| comparison of real-time pcr for detection of the tcdc gene with four toxin immunoassays and culture in diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | we have developed a rapid real-time pcr method using fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes and the lightcycler (roche diagnostics), which will detect the presence of the tcdc gene of clostridium difficile in stool samples. our pcr method also will identify the presence of base pair deletions, one of which (18 bp) has been associated with the "epidemic" toxin-hyperproducing strains. we compared the results of this pcr with those of three c. difficile toxin-detecting enzyme immunoassays (e ... | 2008 | 18434563 |
| human alpha-defensins inhibit clostridium difficile toxin b. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b are major virulence factors implicated in pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the toxins are glucosyltransferases, which inactivate rho proteins involved in cellular signaling. human alpha-defensins as part of the innate immune system inactivate various microbial pathogens as well as specific bacterial exotoxins. here, we studied the effects of alpha-defensins human neutrophil protein (hnp)-1, hnp-3, and enteric human defensin (hd)-5 ... | 2008 | 18435932 |
| risk factors for the development of fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | the development of fulminant clostridium difficile colitis (fcdc) requires prompt operative intervention and is associated with a high mortality rate. the aim of this study was to use a case-control design to define the clinical and laboratory parameters that predict which patients with clostridium difficile infection are most likely to progress to fcdc. | 2008 | 18436010 |
| diagnostic and treatment delays in recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease. | because clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is primarily an inpatient issue, hospitalists are at the forefront of the timely diagnosis and treatment of patients with this disease. | 2008 | 18438792 |
| both oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin promote persistent overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci during treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | for treatment of mild to moderate clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), oral metronidazole has been recommended as the preferred agent, in part due to concern that vancomycin may be more likely to promote colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). we performed a prospective observational study to examine the effects of oral metronidazole or vancomycin treatment of cdad on acquisition and concentration of vre stool colonization. before, during, and after 90 courses of cdad ... | 2008 | 18443120 |
| reducing infection rates. | 2008 | 18444375 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea after antibiotic treatment for traveler's diarrhea. | diarrhea commonly affects international travelers. episodes are usually short-lasting, but in some patients, symptoms may persist. clostridium difficile infection should be excluded in travelers with prolonged disease. we report what is, to our knowledge, the first reported study of patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea after receipt of antibiotic treatment for traveler's diarrhea. | 2008 | 18444824 |
| first confirmed cases of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in norway. | 2008 | 18445386 | |
| nonbloody, red stools from coadministration of cefdinir and iron-supplemented infant formulas. | cefdinir is an extended-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin that may be used for treatment of acute otitis media in patients allergic to penicillin. when administered with iron-containing products, including infant formulas, cefdinir or one of its metabolites may bind to ferric ions, forming a nonabsorbable complex that imparts a reddish color to the stool. we describe a 9-month-old infant with failure to thrive and acute otitis media who developed an erythematous maculopapular rash during ... | 2008 | 18447664 |
| clostridium difficile in broiler chickens sold at market places in zimbabwe and their antimicrobial susceptibility. | clostridium difficile has been shown to be a nosocomial pathogen associated with diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalised patients and the infection is believed to be acquired nosocomially. community-acquired c. difficile-associated diarrhoea has also been reported. recent studies have shown the occurrence of c. difficile in food animals which may act as a source of infection to humans. the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of c. difficile in broiler chickens sold a ... | 2008 | 18448182 |
| [detection of clostridia toxin markers in different types of the course of acute intestinal infections]. | the purpose of the investigation was to study the detection rates of markers and the level of c. diffcile a and b toxins and c. perfringens type a enterotoxin in patients with acute intestinal infections (aii). two hundred and seventy-three patients with aii of varying etiology were followed up. according to the clinical syndrome, the patients were divided into 3 groups: (1) patients with the gastroenteritic (ge) type; (2) those with the gastroenterocolitic (gec) type; (3) those with enterocolit ... | 2008 | 18450084 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | 2008 | 18456087 | |
| risk of clostridium difficile infection after perioperative antibacterial prophylaxis before and during an outbreak of infection due to a hypervirulent strain. | perioperative antibacterial prophylaxis (pap) is an important component of surgical site infection prevention but may be associated with adverse effects, such as clostridium difficile infection (cdi). since the emergence of a hypervirulent strain of c. difficile, the risk of development of cdi after pap has not been evaluated. the purpose of this study was to determine the risk of pap-induced cdi after selected surgical procedures and to compare such risk before with such risk after the emergenc ... | 2008 | 18462108 |
| nitazoxanide to treat persistent clostridium difficile colitis. | 2008 | 18462579 | |
| rifaximin to treat recurrent clostridium difficile colitis. | 2008 | 18462580 | |
| the molecular pathogenesis of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridium difficile-associated disease is a reemerging nosocomial disease of paramount importance not only in the united states, but most of the world as well. recently, c. difficile-associated disease appears to be on the rise, with a parallel increase noted in its severity and extent. although the main virulence factors, the large exotoxins known as toxin a and toxin b, have long been identified, only in the past few years has a near explosion of new information regarding the details of the ... | 2008 | 18462584 |
| gum arabic establishes prebiotic functionality in healthy human volunteers in a dose-dependent manner. | the present study was undertaken to determine the prebiotic efficacy of gum arabic upon consumption by man for up to 4 weeks and, if any, to establish the dose-effect relationship. human healthy volunteers consumed various daily doses (5, 10, 20, 40 g) of gum arabic (emulgold) in water for up to 4 weeks. daily consumption of water was taken as the negative control and that of 10 g inulin as the positive control. at 0, 1, 2 and 4 weeks quantification of bacterial numbers in stool samples was perf ... | 2008 | 18466655 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. | there has been an increase in the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in the u.s. the importance of c difficile infection in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (ipaa) is unknown. this study was designed to determine risk of acquiring c difficile infection in pouch disorders. | 2008 | 18467184 |
| temporal effects of antibiotic use and hand rub consumption on the incidence of mrsa and clostridium difficile. | the aim of this study was to determine the temporal relation between the use of antibiotics and alcohol-based hand rubs (abhrs) and the incidence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and clostridium difficile. | 2008 | 18468995 |
| c. difficile challenge. the es department's role in infection control. | 2008 | 18472478 | |
| recent developments on the role of clostridium difficile in inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile (cd), specifically its toxins, have been implicated as a risk factor for exacerbation of the inflammatory process in up to 5% of patients with ulcerative colitis or crohnos disease. typical evidence of colonic changes with cd infection, including pseudomembranous exudate, are often not present; however, a severe clinical course may result, including precipitation of toxic colitis and toxic megacolon. recently, hypervirulent cd strains have been reported raising concern for ... | 2008 | 18473400 |
| uv-visible marker confirms that environmental persistence of clostridium difficile spores in toilets of patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea is associated with lack of compliance with cleaning protocol.e. | an ultraviolet visible marker (uvm) was used to assess the cleaning compliance of housekeeping staff for toilets in a tertiary healthcare setting. | 2008 | 18474086 |
| case-control analysis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea on a gynecologic oncology service. | the incidence, morbidity, and risk factors associated with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) were studied in a group of gynecologic oncology patients. | 1994 | 18475384 |
| clostridium difficile suppresses colonic vasoactive intestinal peptide associated with altered motility. | we investigated whether clostridium difficile toxin alters colonic tissue levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip) at the expense of changes in colonic motility in the isolated perfused rabbit left colon. colonic inflammation was induced by the intracolonic administration of 10(-8) m c. difflcile toxin. strain gauge transducers were sewn onto the serosal surface of the colon to evaluate colonic motility. c. difflcile administration produced histologic changes consistent with epithelial dama ... | 1995 | 18475679 |
| effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on fever and neutrophilia induced by clostridium difficile toxin b. | this study investigated the ability of clostridium difficile toxin b, isolated from the vpi 10463 strain, to induce fever and neutrophilia in rats. intravenous injection of toxin b (0.005-0.5 mug/kg) evoked a dose-dependent increase in body temperature. the febrile response to 0.5 mug/kg of the toxin started in 2.5 h, peaked at 5 h, and subsided fully within 24 h. toxin b also induced a dosedependent neutrophilia. pretreatment with indomethacin (2 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect the neutrophilia ind ... | 1996 | 18475713 |
| clostridium difficile: from obscurity to superbug. | according to the uk media and popular press, clostridium difficile is now a fully fledged member of that notorious but ill-defined group of microorganisms portrayed to the general public as superbugs. following the trail blazed by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), c. difficile has made the transition from being an obscure anaerobic bacterium, mainly of interest to specialist anaerobic microbiologists, to that of an infamous superbug responsible for outbreaks of hospital-acquire ... | 2008 | 18476496 |
| controlling healthcare-associated infections in the nhs. | the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infection (hcai) is a priority for the nhs. the delivery of national targets for reducing methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus bacteraemias and clostridium difficile infection are supported by enhanced mandatory surveillance through the health protection agency and a department of health improvement programme that promotes policies and protocols for enhancing clinical procedures and places infection prevention and control at the centre o ... | 2008 | 18478854 |
| clostridium difficile. | 2008 | 18480322 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin synthesis is negatively regulated by tcdc. | clostridium difficile toxin synthesis is growth phase-dependent and is regulated by various environmental signals. the toxin genes tcda and tcdb are located in a pathogenicity locus, which also includes three accessory genes, tcdr, tcdc and tcde. tcdr has been shown to act as an alternative sigma factor that mediates positive regulation of both the toxin genes and its own gene. the tcda, tcdb and tcdr genes are transcribed during the stationary growth phase. the tcdc gene, however, is expressed ... | 2008 | 18480323 |
| processing of clostridium difficile toxins. | the pathogenicity of clostridium difficile depends on the large clostridial glucosylating toxins a and b (tcda and tcdb). the proteins accomplish their own uptake by a modular structure comprising a catalytic and a binding/translocation domain. based on a proteolytic processing step solely the catalytic domain reaches the cytosol. within the cells, the glucosyltransferases inactivate small gtpases by mono-o-glucosylation. here, a short overview is given regarding latest insights into the intramo ... | 2008 | 18480324 |
| multicentre study of the prevalence of toxigenic clostridium difficile in korea: results of a retrospective study 2000-2005. | the prevalence of toxigenic clostridium difficile in korea has been reported to be approximately 60-80%. although the prevalence of the tcda(-)tcdb(+) c. difficile strain was less then 5% prior to the year 2000, it has become an emerging nosocomial pathogen in korea. therefore, we have attempted to determine the multicentre nationwide prevalence of tcda(+)tcdb(+) and tcda(-)tcdb(+) c. difficile for epidemiological purposes. c. difficile strains (n=724, 30 from 2000, 80 from 2001, 74 from 2002, 7 ... | 2008 | 18480325 |
| characterization of clinical clostridium difficile isolates by pcr ribotyping and detection of toxin genes in austria, 2006-2007. | in order to assess the lethality of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) and the pcr ribotypes prevalent in austria, the austrian agency for health and food safety requested isolates of c. difficile from patients in a structured but arbitrary sampling scheme. in the allocated period from february 2006 to january 2007, local hospital laboratories within each of the nine provinces were asked to submit c. difficile isolates from at least ten cases of cdad. confirmation of species identif ... | 2008 | 18480326 |
| antibiotic use and other risk factors at hospital level for outbreaks with clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027. | the first dutch outbreak due to clostridium difficile ribotype 027 was observed in mid-2005; by the end of that year, eight hospitals were affected. to study the relationship between hospital-wide antibiotic use and the incidence of 027-linked c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) three study groups were made: group a, all eight hospitals with an 027-associated epidemic; group b, five of a total of six hospitals with occasional 027 cases, without an increase in cdad; and group c, ten randomly s ... | 2008 | 18480327 |
| systemic antibody response to clostridium difficile in colonized patients with and without symptoms and matched controls. | it has been proposed that patients who develop clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) do so because they are unable to mount an adequate immune response. serum was collected from three groups of elderly in-patients: (i) cases (n=21) of cdad, being toxin a/b-positive; (ii) carriers (n=21) asymptomatic for cdad (no diarrhoea) but at least toxin or culture positive; and (iii) controls (n=26) asymptomatic for cdad and negative for both c. difficile toxin and culture. the age and gender of e ... | 2008 | 18480328 |
| clostridium difficile txac314 and slp-36kda enhance the immune response toward a co-administered antigen. | this study evaluated the in vivo adjuvant activity of two peptides derived from clostridium difficile: a fragment of the receptor-binding domain of toxin a (txa(c314)) and a fragment of the 36 kda surface-layer protein (slp-36kda) from strain c253. their ability to affect the magnitude, distribution and polarization of the immune response against fibronectin-binding protein a (fnbpa), a protective vaccine antigen against staphylococcus aureus, was evaluated using two different routes of immuniza ... | 2008 | 18480329 |
| antibiotics involved in clostridium difficile-associated disease increase colonization factor gene expression. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. antibiotics are presumed to disturb the normal intestinal microbiota, leading to depletion of the barrier effect and colonization by pathogenic bacteria. this first step of infection includes adherence to epithelial cells. we investigated the impact of various environmental conditions in vitro on the expression of genes encoding known, or putative, colonization factors: three adhesins, p47 (one of the two s-layer ... | 2008 | 18480330 |
| enhancement of the cytotoxic activity of clostridium difficile toxin a by surface-associated antigens. | cell-surface antigens of clostridium difficile and lps from escherichia coli were investigated for modulating effects on the activity of c. difficile toxin a on vero and caco2 cells. the antigens of c. difficile tested comprised: (i) an edta extract, which contained several major and minor cell-surface proteins and the membrane-associated lipocarbohydrate (lc); (ii) a guanidine hydrochloride extract, which mainly contained the surface-layer proteins; (iii) an aqueous phenol-extracted, protein-fr ... | 2008 | 18480331 |
| assessing the role of p-cresol tolerance in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is an important nosocomial pathogen, resulting in antibiotic-associated disease ranging from mild diarrhoea to the life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. upon antibiotic exposure, it is believed that the normal bowel microflora of patients is disrupted, allowing c. difficile to proliferate. significantly, c. difficile is among only a few bacteria able to ferment tyrosine to p-cresol, a phenolic compound that is toxic to other microbes via its ability to interfere with m ... | 2008 | 18480332 |
| immunoreactive cell wall proteins of clostridium difficile identified by human sera. | clostridium difficile is a leading cause of nosocomial infection in the developed world, causing antibiotic-associated disease in susceptible populations. the identity of immunogenic proteins is important in understanding the pathogenesis of disease and in the design of vaccines. this study analysed the sera of six patients infected during a hospital outbreak of a c. difficile ribotype 017 strain. using a proteomics-based approach, cell wall proteins were separated by two-dimensional page, and i ... | 2008 | 18480333 |
| microarray analysis of the transcriptional responses of clostridium difficile to environmental and antibiotic stress. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that is an emerging nosocomial threat; incidence of infection in hospitals is increasing, both in frequency and severity, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. in order to adapt to the intestinal environment, c. difficile must react to the many stresses involved with colonization, including exposure to antibiotics, which represents the most frequent precipitating agent of c. difficile infection. the responses of c. diffici ... | 2008 | 18480334 |
| glucosylation of rho gtpases by clostridium difficile toxin a triggers apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. | the intestinal epithelial cell line ht-29 was used to study the apoptotic effect of clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda). tcda is a 300 kda single-chain protein, which glucosylates and thereby inactivates small gtpases of the rho family (rho, rac and cdc42). the effect of tcda-catalysed glucosylation of the rho gtpases is well known: reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton with accompanying morphological changes in cells, leading to complete rounding of cells and destruction of the intestinal b ... | 2008 | 18480335 |
| comparative analysis of bi/nap1/027 hypervirulent strains reveals novel toxin b-encoding gene (tcdb) sequences. | the reported incidence and mortality of clostridium difficile-associated disease has increased significantly, which in part is likely to be due to the emergence of a new, highly virulent strain in north america and europe. this epidemic strain, referred to as bi/nap1/027, has increased virulence, attributed to overexpression of the two toxin-encoding genes, tcda and tcdb, which may be due to truncation of the negative regulator (tcdc) by a 1 bp deletion. in a previous study of whole-genome compa ... | 2008 | 18480336 |
| effect of sub-mic concentrations of metronidazole, vancomycin, clindamycin and linezolid on toxin gene transcription and production in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the major cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhoea. several antimicrobials are known to induce and promote c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). the impact of metronidazole (mtr), vancomycin (van), clindamycin (cli) and linezolid (lzd) on growth, toxin gene transcription and toxin production in c. difficile was investigated. four c. difficile strains were grown with and without sub-mic concentrations of mtr, van, cli and lzd (0.5x mic) and growth was measured ... | 2008 | 18480337 |
| fluoroquinolone resistance in clostridium difficile isolates from a prospective study of c. difficile infections in europe. | the european study group on clostridium difficile (esgcd) conducted a prospective study in 2005 to monitor and characterize c. difficile strains circulating in european hospitals, collecting 411 isolates. eighty-three of these isolates, showing resistance or intermediate resistance to moxifloxacin (mx), were selected for this study to assess susceptibility to other fluoroquinolones (fqs) and to analyse the gyr genes, encoding the dna gyrase subunits gyra and gyrb. twenty mx-susceptible isolates ... | 2008 | 18480338 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile from food animals in slovenia. | a total of 313 faecal samples from three pig farms and two cattle farms was collected, and clostridium difficile was isolated from 133/257 piglet samples (51.8%) and from 1/56 calf samples (1.8%). toxins were tested only in calf samples and were positive in 44.6% (25/56). the only bovine isolate belonged to toxinotype xia (a(-)b(-)cdt(+)). porcine isolates belonged to toxinotype 0 (a(+)b(+)cdt(-)) and toxinotype v (a(+)b(+)cdt(+)). of the two ribotypes usually found in toxinotype v, the strains ... | 2008 | 18480339 |
| designer probiotics: a potential therapeutic for clostridium difficile? | 2008 | 18480340 | |
| [old dogmas and new perspectives in antibiotic-associated diarrhea]. | the introduction of antibiotics has been one of the most striking improvements in treatment and prophylaxis in medical history. at the same time, it is the antibacterial effect that is responsible for one of the most frequent complications associated with antibiotic treatment: antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). this iatrogenic complication causes a considerable proportion of additional morbidity but also costs. in the clinical praxis it is often difficult to predict the risk of aad associated ... | 2008 | 18484219 |
| clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile colitis has doubled in north america over the past 5 years and recent reports have demonstrated an increase in incidence and severity of these infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd; crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis). studies from single institutions as well as trends identified in nationwide inpatient databases have shown that ibd patients with concomitant c. difficile infection experience increased morbidity and mortality. results from our center h ... | 2008 | 18484669 |