Publications

atl9, a ring zinc finger protein with e3 ubiquitin ligase activity implicated in chitin- and nadph oxidase-mediated defense responses.	pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) are signals detected by plants that activate basal defenses. one of these pamps is chitin, a carbohydrate present in the cell walls of fungi and in insect exoskeletons. previous work has shown that chitin treatment of arabidopsis thaliana induced defense-related genes in the absence of a pathogen and that the response was independent of the salicylic acid (sa), jasmonic acid (ja) and ethylene (et) signaling pathways. one of these genes is atl9 ( = a ...	2010	21203445
detection and functional characterization of a 215 amino acid n-terminal extension in the xanthomonas type iii effector xopd.	during evolution, pathogens have developed a variety of strategies to suppress plant-triggered immunity and promote successful infection. in gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria, the so-called type iii protein secretion system works as a molecular syringe to inject type iii effectors (t3es) into plant cells. the xopd t3e from the strain 85-10 of xanthomonas campestris pathovar vesicatoria (xcv) delays the onset of symptom development and alters basal defence responses to promote pathogen growt ...	2010	21203472
mos11: a new component in the mrna export pathway.	nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is emerging as an important aspect of plant immunity. the three related pathways affecting plant immunity include nuclear localization signal (nls)-mediated nuclear protein import, nuclear export signal (nes)-dependent nuclear protein export, and mrna export relying on mos3, a nucleoporin belonging to the nup107-160 complex. here we report the characterization, identification, and detailed analysis of arabidopsis modifier of snc1, 11 (mos11). mutations in mos11 can ...	2010	21203492
genome-wide analysis reveals loci encoding anti-macrophage factors in the human pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei k96243.	burkholderia pseudomallei is an important human pathogen whose infection biology is still poorly understood. the bacterium is endemic to tropical regions, including south east asia and northern australia, where it causes melioidosis, a serious disease associated with both high mortality and antibiotic resistance. b. pseudomallei is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that is able to replicate in macrophages. however despite the critical nature of its interaction with macrophages, ...	2010	21203527
zmpep1, an ortholog of arabidopsis elicitor peptide 1, regulates maize innate immunity and enhances disease resistance.	zmpep1 is a bioactive peptide encoded by a previously uncharacterized maize (zea mays) gene, zmpropep1. zmpropep1 was identified by sequence similarity as an ortholog of the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) atpropep1 gene, which encodes the precursor protein of elicitor peptide 1 (atpep1). together with its receptors, atpepr1 and atpepr2, atpep1 functions to activate and amplify innate immune responses in arabidopsis and enhances resistance to both pythium irregulare and pseudomonas syringae. ...	2011	21205619
the pepper mannose-binding lectin gene cambl1 is required to regulate cell death and defense responses to microbial pathogens.	plant mannose-binding lectins (mbls) are crucial for plant defense signaling during pathogen attack by recognizing specific carbohydrates on pathogen surfaces. in this study, we isolated and functionally characterized a novel pepper (capsicum annuum) mbl gene, cambl1, from pepper leaves infected with xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria (xcv). the cambl1 gene contains a predicted galanthus nivalis agglutinin-related lectin domain responsible for the recognition of high-mannose n-glycans but lac ...	2011	21205632
the transport mechanism of bacterial cu+-atpases: distinct efflux rates adapted to different function.	cu(+)-atpases play a key role in bacterial cu(+) homeostasis by participating in cu(+) detoxification and cuproprotein assembly. characterization of archaeoglobus fulgidus copa, a model protein within the subfamily of p(1b-1) type atpases, has provided structural and mechanistic details on this group of transporters. atomic resolution structures of cytoplasmic regulatory metal binding domains (mbds) and catalytic actuator, phosphorylation, and nucleotide binding domains are available. these, in ...	2011	21210186
comparative analysis of the biosynthetic gene clusters and pathways for three structurally related antitumor antibiotics: bleomycin, tallysomycin, and zorbamycin.	the biosynthetic gene clusters for the glycopeptide antitumor antibiotics bleomycin (blm), tallysomycin (tlm), and zorbamycin (zbm) have been recently cloned and characterized from streptomyces verticillus atcc15003, streptoalloteichus hindustanus e465-94 atcc31158, and streptomyces flavoviridis atcc21892, respectively. the striking similarities and differences among the biosynthetic gene clusters for the three structurally related glycopeptide antitumor antibiotics prompted us to compare and co ...	2011	21210656
loss-of-function mutation of reduced wall acetylation2 in arabidopsis leads to reduced cell wall acetylation and increased resistance to botrytis cinerea.	nearly all polysaccharides in plant cell walls are o-acetylated, including the various pectic polysaccharides and the hemicelluloses xylan, mannan, and xyloglucan. however, the enzymes involved in the polysaccharide acetylation have not been identified. while the role of polysaccharide acetylation in vivo is unclear, it is known to reduce biofuel yield from lignocellulosic biomass by the inhibition of microorganisms used for fermentation. we have analyzed four arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) ...	2011	21212300
the multifactorial basis for plant health promotion by plant-associated bacteria.	on plants, microbial populations interact with each other and their host through the actions of secreted metabolites. however, the combined action of diverse organisms and their different metabolites on plant health has yet to be fully appreciated. here, the multifactorial nature of these interactions, at the organismal and molecular level, leading to the biological control of plant diseases is reviewed. to do so, we describe in detail the ecological significance of three different classes of se ...	2011	21216911
new insights into the signaling mechanism of the ph-responsive, membrane-integrated transcriptional activator cadc of escherichia coli.	the membrane-integrated transcriptional regulator cadc of escherichia coli activates expression of the cadba operon at low external ph with concomitantly available lysine, providing adaptation to mild acidic stress. cadc is a representative of the toxr-like proteins that combine sensory, signal transduction, and dna-binding activities within a single polypeptide. although several toxr-like regulators such as cadc, as well as the main regulator of vibrio cholerae virulence, toxr itself, which act ...	2011	21216950
identification of genes differentially expressed in a resistant reaction to mycosphaerella pinodes in pea using microarray technology.	ascochyta blight, caused by mycosphaerella pinodes is one of the most important pea pathogens. however, little is known about the genes and mechanisms of resistance acting against m. pinodes in pea. resistance identified so far to this pathogen is incomplete, polygenic and scarce in pea, being most common in pisum relatives. the identification of the genes underlying resistance would increase our knowledge about m. pinodes-pea interaction and would facilitate the introgression of resistance into ...	2011	21226971
plant targets for pseudomonas syringae type iii effectors: virulence targets or guarded decoys?	the phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae can suppress both pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp)-triggered immunity (pti) and effector-triggered immunity (eti) by the injection of type iii effector (t3e) proteins into host cells. t3es achieve immune suppression using a variety of strategies including interference with immune receptor signaling, blocking rna pathways and vesicle trafficking, and altering organelle function. t3es can be recognized indirectly by resistance proteins ...	2011	21227738
genetic characterization indicates that a specific subpopulation of pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with keratitis infections.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes a variety of infections in humans. populations of p. aeruginosa are dominated by common clones that can be isolated from diverse clinical and environmental sources. to determine whether specific clones are associated with corneal infection, we used a portable genotyping microarray system to analyze a set of 63 p. aeruginosa isolates from patients with corneal ulcers (keratitis). we then used population analysis to co ...	2011	21227987
next-generation genomics of pseudomonas syringae.	the first wave of pseudomonas syringae next-generation genomic studies has revealed insights into host-specific virulence and immunity, genome dynamics and evolution, and genetic and metabolic specialization. these studies have further enhanced our understanding of type iii effector diversity, identified an atypical type iii secretion system (t3ss) in a new clade of nonpathogenic p. syringae, identified metabolic pathways common to pathogens of woody hosts and revealed extensive genomic diversit ...	2011	21233007
nicotiana tabacum overexpressing γ-ecs exhibits biotic stress tolerance likely through npr1-dependent salicylic acid-mediated pathway.	the elaborate networks and the crosstalk of established signaling molecules like salicylic acid (sa), jasmonic acid (ja), ethylene (et), abscisic acid (aba), reactive oxygen species (ros) and glutathione (gsh) play key role in plant defense response. to obtain further insight into the mechanism through which gsh is involved in this crosstalk to mitigate biotic stress, transgenic nicotiana tabacum overexpressing lycopersicon esculentum gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (leecs) gene (ntgb lines) w ...	2011	21234598
the metabolic interface between pseudomonas syringae and plant cells.	the bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae causes economically important diseases of a wide variety of plant species and is used as a model organism to understand the molecular basis of plant disease. much existing research into p. syringae-plant interactions has focused on the molecular basis of plant disease resistance and the role of secreted effector proteins in the suppression of plant defences. however, researchers have speculated that the diverse array of effectors, toxins and horm ...	2011	21236723
potential application of northern argentine propolis to control some phytopathogenic bacteria.	the antimicrobial activity of samples of northern argentine propolis (tucumán, santiago del estero and chaco) against phytopathogenic bacteria was assessed and the most active samples were identified. minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) values were determined by agar macrodilution and broth microdilution assays. strong antibacterial activity was detected against erwinia carotovora spp carotovora cect 225, pseudomonas syringae pvar tomato cect 126, pseudomonas corrugata cect 124 and xanthomona ...	2011	21237629
autoregulation of nodulation interferes with impacts of nitrogen fertilization levels on the leaf-associated bacterial community in soybeans.	the diversities leaf-associated bacteria on nonnodulated (nod(-)), wild-type nodulated (nod(+)), and hypernodulated (nod(++)) soybeans were evaluated by clone library analyses of the 16s rrna gene. to analyze the impact of nitrogen fertilization on the bacterial leaf community, soybeans were treated with standard nitrogen (sn) (15 kg n ha(-1)) or heavy nitrogen (hn) (615 kg n ha(-1)) fertilization. under sn fertilization, the relative abundance of alphaproteobacteria was significantly higher in ...	2011	21239540
glutathione-indole-3-acetonitrile is required for camalexin biosynthesis in arabidopsis thaliana.	camalexin, a major phytoalexin in arabidopsis thaliana, consists of an indole ring and a thiazole ring. the indole ring is produced from trp, which is converted to indole-3-acetonitrile (ian) by cyp79b2/cyp79b3 and cyp71a13. conversion of cys(ian) to dihydrocamalexic acid and subsequently to camalexin is catalyzed by cyp71b15. recent studies proposed that cys derivative, not cys itself, is the precursor of the thiazole ring that conjugates with ian. the nature of the cys derivative and how it co ...	2011	21239642
characterization of a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-associated diiron arylamine n-oxygenase from pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola.	the regiospecific oxidation of aromatic amines to aryl nitro compounds is critical to the synthesis of several natural products having pharmacological importance. the arylamine n-oxygenase (aao) from streptomyces thioluteus (aurf) selectively oxidizes p-aminobenzoic acid to p-nitrobenzoic acid and has been the subject of investigation for its unique chemistry and substrate preferences. little, however, is known about the biochemistry and substrate specificities of aurf homologues, which are ofte ...	2011	21241656
performance and long-term stability of the barley hordothionin gene in multiple transgenic apple lines.	introduction of sustainable scab resistance in elite apple cultivars is of high importance for apple cultivation when aiming at reducing the use of chemical crop protectants. genetic modification (gm) allows the rapid introduction of resistance genes directly into high quality apple cultivars. resistance genes can be derived from apple itself but genetic modification also opens up the possibility to use other, non-host resistance genes. a prerequisite for application is the long-term performance ...	2011	21243525
efficient storage of high throughput dna sequencing data using reference-based compression.	data storage costs have become an appreciable proportion of total cost in the creation and analysis of dna sequence data. of particular concern is that the rate of increase in dna sequencing is significantly outstripping the rate of increase in disk storage capacity. in this paper we present a new reference-based compression method that efficiently compresses dna sequences for storage. our approach works for resequencing experiments that target well-studied genomes. we align new sequences to a r ...	2011	21245279
bsctv c2 attenuates the degradation of samdc1 to suppress dna methylation-mediated gene silencing in arabidopsis.	plant viruses are excellent tools for studying microbial-plant interactions as well as the complexities of host activities. our study focuses on the role of c2 encoded by beet severe curly top virus (bsctv) in the virus-plant interaction. using bsctv c2 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, a c2-interacting protein, s-adenosyl-methionine decarboxylase 1 (samdc1), was identified from an arabidopsis thaliana cdna library. the interaction was confirmed by an in vitro pull-down assay and a firefly l ...	2011	21245466
cross-talk of calcium-dependent protein kinase and map kinase signaling.	plants use different signalling pathways to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. fast changes in the concentration of free ca(2+) ions - so called ca(2+) signals - are among the first responses to many stress situations. these signals are decoded by different types of calcium-dependent protein kinases, which - together with mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) - present two major pathways that are widely used to adapt the cellular metabolism to a changing environment. ca(2+)-depen ...	2011	21248475
the role of the elongator complex in plants.	the multi-subunit complex elongator interacts with elongating rna polymerase ii (rnapii) and is thought to facilitate transcription through histone acetylation. elongator is conserved in eukaryotes, yet functions in diverse kingdom-specific processes. in this mini-review, we discuss the known functions of elongator in plants, including its roles in development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. we propose that elongator functions in these processes by accelerating gene induction in re ...	2011	21248476
the slmkk2 and slmpk2 genes play a role in tomato disease resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.	xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) is the causal agent of bacterial spot disease in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) plants. we recently identified a mapkkk gene, slmapkkkε, which is required for tomato resistance to xcv strains and encodes a positive regulator of cell death. we also provided evidence that the mek2 mapkk, and the wipk and sipk mapks act downstream to mapkkkε in nicotiana benthamiana plants. here, we used the virus-induced gene silencing technique to assess whether tomato ...	2011	21248478
phospholipases in action during plant defense signaling.	eukaryotic organisms rely on intricate signaling networks to connect recognition of microbes with the activation of efficient defense reactions. accumulating evidence indicates that phospholipids are more than mere structural components of biological membranes. indeed, phospholipid-based signal transduction is widely used in plant cells to relay perception of extracellular signals. upon perception of the invading microbe, several phospholipid hydrolyzing enzymes are activated that contribute to ...	2011	21248491
ralstonia solanacearum extracellular polysaccharide is a specific elicitor of defense responses in wilt-resistant tomato plants.	ralstonia solanacearum, which causes bacterial wilt of diverse plants, produces copious extracellular polysaccharide (eps), a major virulence factor. the function of eps in wilt disease is uncertain. leading hypotheses are that eps physically obstructs plant water transport, or that eps cloaks the bacterium from host plant recognition and subsequent defense. tomato plants infected with r. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 strain uw551 and tropical strain gmi1000 upregulated genes in both the ethylene ...	2011	21253019
genomics of plant-associated microbes.		2009	21255272
nitrilase enzymes and their role in plant-microbe interactions.	nitrilase enzymes (nitrilases) catalyse the hydrolysis of nitrile compounds to the corresponding carboxylic acid and ammonia, and have a wide range of industrial and biotechnological applications, including the synthesis of industrially important carboxylic acids and bioremediation of cyanide and toxic nitriles. nitrilases are produced by a wide range of organisms, including plants, bacteria and fungi, but despite their biotechnological importance, the role of these enzymes in living organisms i ...	2009	21255276
the outer membrane protein tolc is required for phytoalexin resistance and virulence of the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora.	erwinia amylovora causes fire blight on several plant species such as apple and pear, which produce diverse phytoalexins as defence mechanisms. an evolutionary successful pathogen thus must develop resistance mechanisms towards these toxic compounds. the e. amylovora outer membrane protein, tolc, might mediate phytoalexin resistance through its interaction with the multidrug efflux pump, acrab. to prove this, a tolc mutant and an acrb/tolc double mutant were constructed. the minimal inhibitory c ...	2009	21255278
mining bacterial genomes for novel arylesterase activity.	one hundred and seventy-one genes encoding potential esterases from 11 bacterial genomes were cloned and overexpressed in escherichia coli; 74 of the clones produced soluble proteins. all 74 soluble proteins were purified and screened for esterase activity; 36 proteins showed carboxyl esterase activity on short-chain esters, 17 demonstrated arylesterase activity, while 38 proteins did not exhibit any activity towards the test substrates. esterases from rhodopseudomonas palustris (rpest-1, rpest- ...	2010	21255363
probing cellular processes with oligo-mediated recombination and using the knowledge gained to optimize recombineering.	recombination with single-strand dna oligonucleotides (oligos) in escherichia coli is an efficient and rapid way to modify replicons in vivo. the generation of nucleotide alteration by oligo recombination provides novel assays for studying cellular processes. single-strand exonucleases inhibit oligo recombination, and recombination is increased by mutating all four known exonucleases. increasing oligo concentration or adding nonspecific carrier oligo titrates out the exonucleases. in a model for ...	2011	21256136
the role of multifunctional m1 metallopeptidases in cell cycle progression.	metallopeptidases of the m1 family are found in all phyla (except viruses) and are important in the cell cycle and normal growth and development. m1s often have spatiotemporal expression patterns which allow for strict regulation of activity. mutations in the genes encoding m1s result in disease and are often lethal. this family of zinc metallopeptidases all share the catalytic region containing a signature amino acid exopeptidase (gxmxn) and a zinc binding (hexxh[18x]e) motif. in addition, m1 a ...	2011	21258033
unification of the copper(i) binding affinities of the metallo-chaperones atx1, atox1, and related proteins: detection probes and affinity standards.	literature estimates of metal-protein affinities are widely scattered for many systems, as highlighted by the class of metallo-chaperone proteins, which includes human atox1. the discrepancies may be attributed to unreliable detection probes and/or inconsistent affinity standards. in this study, application of the four cu(i) ligand probes bicinchoninate, bathocuproine disulfonate, dithiothreitol (dtt), and glutathione (gsh) is reviewed, and their cu(i) affinities are re-estimated and unified. ex ...	2011	21258123
the plant cell nucleus: a true arena for the fight between plants and pathogens.	communication between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is a fundamental feature shared by both plant and animal cells. cellular factors involved in the transport of macromolecules through the nuclear envelope, including nucleoporins, importins and ran-gtp related components, are conserved among a variety of eukaryotic systems. interestingly, mutations in these nuclear components compromise resistance signalling, illustrating the importance of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking in plant innate immunity. ...	2011	21258210
c-terminal region of plant ferredoxin-like protein is required to enhance resistance to bacterial disease in arabidopsis thaliana.	protein phosphorylation is an important biological process associated with elicitor-induced defense responses in plants. in a previous report, we described how plant ferredoxin-like protein (pflp) in transgenic plants enhances resistance to bacterial pathogens associated with the hypersensitive response (hr). pflp possesses a putative casein kinase ii phosphorylation (ck2p) site at the c-terminal in which phosphorylation occurs rapidly during defense response. however, the contribution of this s ...	2011	21261469
an arabidopsis thaliana abc transporter that confers kanamycin resistance in transgenic plants does not endow resistance to escherichia coli.	concerns have been raised about potential horizontal gene transfer (hgt) of antibiotic resistance markers (arms) from transgenic plants to bacteria of medical and environmental importance. all arms used in transgenic plants have been bacterial in origin, but it has been recently shown that an arabidopsis thaliana abc transporter, atwbc19, confers kanamycin resistance when overexpressed in transgenic plants. atwbc19 was evaluated for its ability to transfer kanamycin resistance to escherichia col ...	2008	21261836
an arabidopsis thaliana abc transporter that confers kanamycin resistance in transgenic plants does not endow resistance to escherichia coli.	concerns have been raised about potential horizontal gene transfer (hgt) of antibiotic resistance markers (arms) from transgenic plants to bacteria of medical and environmental importance. all arms used in transgenic plants have been bacterial in origin, but it has been recently shown that an arabidopsis thaliana abc transporter, atwbc19, confers kanamycin resistance when overexpressed in transgenic plants. atwbc19 was evaluated for its ability to transfer kanamycin resistance to escherichia col ...	2008	21261836
microbial reporters of metal bioavailability.	when attempting to assess the extent and the implications of environmental pollution, it is often essential to quantify not only the total concentration of the studied contaminant but also its bioavailable fraction: higher bioavailability, often correlated with increased mobility, signifies enhanced risk but may also facilitate bioremediation. genetically engineered microorganisms, tailored to respond by a quantifiable signal to the presence of the target chemical(s), may serve as powerful tools ...	2008	21261850
aldehyde oxidase carrying an unusual subunit structure from pseudomonas sp. mx-058.	pseudomonas sp. mx-058 produces aldehyde oxidase catalysing glyoxal to glyoxylic acid. two aldehyde oxidases (f10 and f13) were purified to homogeneity from pseudomonas sp. mx-058. f10 and f13 had subunit structures, a heterotetramer and heteropentamer respectively. the n-terminal amino acid sequences of all subunits were highly homologous to amino acid sequences of the putative oxidoreductases of pseudomonas strains. all of these homologous oxidoreductases have a heterotrimer structure consisti ...	2008	21261859
hypersensitive response and acyl-homoserine lactone production of the fire blight antagonists erwinia tasmaniensis and erwinia billingiae.	fire blight caused by the gram-negative bacterium erwinia amylovora can be controlled by antagonistic microorganisms. we characterized epiphytic bacteria isolated from healthy apple and pear trees in australia, named erwinia tasmaniensis, and the epiphytic bacterium erwinia billingiae from england for physiological properties, interaction with plants and interference with growth of e. amylovora. they reduced symptom formation by the fire blight pathogen on immature pears and the colonization of ...	2008	21261861
blue and red light modulates sigb-dependent gene transcription, swimming motility and invasiveness in listeria monocytogenes.	in a number of gram-positive bacteria, including listeria, the general stress response is regulated by the alternative sigma factor b (sigb). common stressors which lead to the activation of sigb and the sigb-dependent regulon are high osmolarity, acid and several more. recently is has been shown that also blue and red light activates sigb in bacillus subtilis.	2011	21264304
priming for enhanced defence responses by specific inhibition of the arabidopsis response to coronatine.	the priming agent β-aminobutyric acid (baba) is known to enhance arabidopsis resistance to the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) dc3000 by potentiating salicylic acid (sa) defence signalling, notably pr1 expression. the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unknown. a genome-wide microarray analysis of baba priming during pst dc3000 infection revealed direct and primed up-regulation of genes that are responsive to sa, the sa analogue benzothiadiazole and p ...	2010	21265899
of pamps and effectors: the blurred pti-eti dichotomy.	typically, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) are considered to be conserved throughout classes of microbes and to contribute to general microbial fitness, whereas effectors are species, race, or strain specific and contribute to pathogen virulence. both types of molecule can trigger plant immunity, designated pamp-triggered and effector-triggered immunity (pti and eti, respectively). however, not all microbial defense activators conform to the common distinction between pamps and ef ...	2011	21278123
the main virulence determinant of yersinia entomophaga mh96 is a broad-host-range toxin complex active against insects.	through transposon mutagenesis and dna sequence analysis, the main disease determinant of the entomopathogenic bacterium yersinia entomophaga mh96 was localized to an ~32-kb pathogenicity island (pai) designated pai(ye96). residing within pai(ye96) are seven open reading frames that encode an insecticidal toxin complex (tc), comprising not only the readily recognized toxin complex a (tca), tcb, and tcc components but also two chitinase proteins that form a composite tc molecule. the central tc g ...	2011	21278295
myb46 modulates disease susceptibility to botrytis cinerea in arabidopsis.	in this study, we show that the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) transcription factor myb46, previously described to regulate secondary cell wall biosynthesis in the vascular tissue of the stem, is pivotal for mediating disease susceptibility to the fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea. we identified myb46 by its ability to bind to a new cis-element located in the 5' promoter region of the pathogen-induced ep5c gene, which encodes a type iii cell wall-bound peroxidase. we present genetic and molec ...	2011	21282403
genetic disassembly and combinatorial reassembly identify a minimal functional repertoire of type iii effectors in pseudomonas syringae.	the virulence of pseudomonas syringae and many other proteobacterial pathogens is dependent on complex repertoires of effector proteins injected into host cells by type iii secretion systems. the 28 well-expressed effector genes in the repertoire of the model pathogen p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 were deleted to produce polymutant dc3000d28e. growth of dc3000d28e in nicotiana benthamiana was symptomless and 4 logs lower than that of dc3000?hopq1-1, which causes disease in this model plant. dc30 ...	2011	21282655
a high throughput amenable arabidopsis-p. aeruginosa system reveals a rewired regulatory module and the utility to identify potent anti-infectives.	we previously demonstrated that in a metasystem consisting of arabidopsis seedlings growing in liquid medium (in 96 well plates) even microbes considered to be innocuous such as laboratory strains of e. coli and b. subtilis can cause potent damage to the host. we further posited that such environment-induced adaptations are brought about by 'system status changes' (rewiring of pre-existing cellular signaling networks and components) of the host and the microbe, and that prolongation of such a si ...	2011	21283656
regulation of the co-evolved hrpr and hrps aaa+ proteins required for pseudomonas syringae pathogenicity.	the bacterial aaa+ enhancer-binding proteins (ebps) hrpr and hrps (hrprs) of pseudomonas syringae (ps) activate s(54)-dependent transcription at the hrpl promoter; triggering type-three secretion system-mediated pathogenicity. in contrast with singly acting ebps, the evolution of the strictly co-operative hrprs pair raises questions of potential benefits and mechanistic differences this transcription control system offers. here, we show distinct properties of hrpr and hrps variants, indicating f ...	2011	21285955
the elicitation of a systemic resistance by pseudomonas putida btp1 in tomato involves the stimulation of two lipoxygenase isoforms.	some non-pathogenic rhizobacteria called plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) possess the capacity to induce in plant defense mechanisms effective against pathogens. precedent studies showed the ability of pseudomonas putida btp1 to induce pgpr-mediated resistance, termed isr (induced systemic resistance), in different plant species. despite extensive works, molecular defense mechanisms involved in isr are less well understood that in the case of pathogen induced systemic acquired resista ...	2011	21294872
detection of peroxynitrite accumulation in arabidopsis thaliana during the hypersensitive defense response.	nitric oxide (no) is synthesized in plants in response to stress, and its role in signaling is well-documented. in contrast, very little is known about the physiological role of its derivate peroxynitrite (onoo(-)), which forms when no reacts with o(2)(-) and induces protein modification by tyrosine nitration. infection with an avirulent pathogen triggers the simultaneous production of no and reactive oxygen species, as well as an increase in tyrosine nitration, so peroxynitrite could be physiol ...	2011	21296177
the pepper receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase capik1 is involved in plant signaling of defense and cell-death responses.	certain protein kinases have been shown to be crucial for plant cell signaling pathways associated with plant immune responses. here we identified a pepper (capsicum annuum) receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase (rlck) gene (capik1) that is transcriptionally activated by infection with xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv). silencing of capik1 in pepper plants confers enhanced susceptibility to xcv infection. salicylic acid-dependent defense responses are attenuated in the capik1-silen ...	2011	21299658
the role of the plasma membrane h+-atpase in plant-microbe interactions.	plasma membrane (pm) h+-atpases are the primary pumps responsible for the establishment of cellular membrane potential in plants. in addition to regulating basic aspects of plant cell function, these enzymes contribute to signaling events in response to diverse environmental stimuli. here, we focus on the roles of the pm h+-atpase during plant-pathogen interactions. pm h+-atpases are dynamically regulated during plant immune responses and recent quantitative proteomics studies suggest complex sp ...	2011	21300757
ors1, an h₂o₂-responsive nac transcription factor, controls senescence in arabidopsis thaliana.	we report here that ors1, a previously uncharacterized member of the nac transcription factor family, controls leaf senescence in arabidopsis thaliana. overexpression of ors1 accelerates senescence in transgenic plants, whereas its inhibition delays it. genes acting downstream of ors1 were identified by global expression analysis using transgenic plants producing dexamethasone-inducible ors1-gr fusion protein. of the 42 up-regulated genes, 30 (~70%) were previously shown to be up-regulated durin ...	2011	21303842
transcription reprogramming during root nodule development in medicago truncatula.	many genes which are associated with root nodule development and activity in the model legume medicago truncatula have been described. however information on precise stages of activation of these genes and their corresponding transcriptional regulators is often lacking. whether these regulators are shared with other plant developmental programs also remains an open question. here detailed microarray analyses have been used to study the transcriptome of root nodules induced by either wild type or ...	2011	21304580
genome sequence analyses of pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea and subtractive hybridization-based comparative genomics with nine pseudomonads.	bacterial blight, caused by pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea (psg), is a common disease of soybean. in an effort to compare a current field isolate with one isolated in the early 1960s, the genomes of two psg strains, race 4 and b076, were sequenced using 454 pyrosequencing. the genomes of both psg strains share more than 4,900 highly conserved genes, indicating very low genetic diversity between psg genomes. though conserved, genome rearrangements and recombination events occur commonly with ...	2011	21304594
new detection systems of bacteria using highly selective media designed by smart: selective medium-design algorithm restricted by two constraints.	culturing is an indispensable technique in microbiological research, and culturing with selective media has played a crucial role in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and the isolation of commercially useful microorganisms from environmental samples. although numerous selective media have been developed in empirical studies, unintended microorganisms often grow on such media probably due to the enormous numbers of microorganisms in the environment. here, we present a novel strategy for ...	2011	21304596
algw regulates multiple pseudomonas syringae virulence strategies.	gram-negative bacterial pathogens have evolved a number of virulence-promoting strategies including the production of extracellular polysaccharides such as alginate and the injection of effector proteins into host cells. the induction of these virulence mechanisms can be associated with concomitant downregulation of the abundance of proteins that trigger the host immune system, such as bacterial flagellin. in pseudomonas syringae, we observed that bacterial motility and the abundance of flagelli ...	2011	21306444
a novel immunity system for bacterial nucleic acid degrading toxins and its recruitment in various eukaryotic and dna viral systems.	the use of nucleases as toxins for defense, offense or addiction of selfish elements is widely encountered across all life forms. using sensitive sequence profile analysis methods, we characterize a novel superfamily (the sukh superfamily) that unites a diverse group of proteins including smi1/knr4, pgs2, fbxo3, skip16, syd, herpesviral us22, irs1 and trs1, and their bacterial homologs. using contextual analysis we present evidence that the bacterial members of this superfamily are potential imm ...	2011	21306995
proline dehydrogenase contributes to pathogen defense in arabidopsis.	l-proline (pro) catabolism is activated in plants recovering from abiotic stresses associated with water deprivation. in this catabolic pathway, pro is converted to glutamate by two reactions catalyzed by proline dehydrogenase (prodh) and ?(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (p5cdh), with ?(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (p5c) as the intermediate. alternatively, under certain conditions, the p5c derived from pro is converted back to pro by p5c reductase, thus stimulating the pro-p5c cycle, whi ...	2011	21311034
interconnection between methyl salicylate and lipid-based long-distance signaling during the development of systemic acquired resistance in arabidopsis and tobacco.		2011	21311035
the genetic basis of resistance to downy mildew in cucumis spp.--latest developments and prospects.	downy mildew, caused by the oomycete pathogen pseudoperonospora cubensis, is one of the most destructive diseases of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) and muskmelon (c. melo l.). although the process of pathogenesis is well understood, there are few disease control options available. the development and deployment of resistant cultivars is generally considered to be the best approach to control downy mildew. the recently completed sequencing of the cucumber genome provides a great opportunity for re ...	2011	21318301
specific threonine phosphorylation of a host target by two unrelated type iii effectors activates a host innate immune receptor in plants.	the arabidopsis nb-lrr immune receptor rpm1 recognizes the pseudomonas syringae type iii effectors avrb or avrrpm1 to mount an immune response. although neither effector is itself a kinase, avrrpm1 and avrb are known to target arabidopsis rin4, a negative regulator of basal plant defense, for phosphorylation. we show that rin4 phosphorylation activates rpm1. rin4(142-176) is necessary and, with appropriate localization sequences, sufficient to support effector-triggered rpm1 activation, with the ...	2011	21320695
a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase phosphorylates the host target rin4, leading to the activation of a plant innate immune receptor.	plants have evolved sophisticated surveillance systems to recognize pathogen effectors delivered into host cells. rpm1 is an nb-lrr immune receptor that recognizes the pseudomonas syringae effectors avrb and avrrpm1. both effectors associate with and affect the phosphorylation of rin4, an immune regulator. although the kinase and the specific mechanisms involved are unclear, it has been hypothesized that rpm1 recognizes phosphorylated rin4. here, we identify ripk as a rin4-interacting receptor-l ...	2011	21320696
multilocus sequence typing of pseudomonas syringae sensu lato confirms previously described genomospecies and permits rapid identification of p. syringae pv. coriandricola and p. syringae pv. apii causing bacterial leaf spot on parsley.	since 2002, severe leaf spotting on parsley (petroselinum crispum) has occurred in monterey county, ca. either of two different pathovars of pseudomonas syringae sensu lato were isolated from diseased leaves from eight distinct outbreaks and once from the same outbreak. fragment analysis of dna amplified between repetitive sequence polymerase chain reaction; 16s rdna sequence analysis; and biochemical, physiological, and host range tests identified the pathogens as pseudomonas syringae pv. apii ...	2011	21323469
the arabidopsis peptide kiss of death is an inducer of programmed cell death.	programmed cell death (pcd) has a key role in defence and development of all multicellular organisms. in plants, there is a large gap in our knowledge of the molecular machinery involved at the various stages of pcd, especially the early steps. here, we identify kiss of death (kod) encoding a 25-amino-acid peptide that activates a pcd pathway in arabidopsis thaliana. two mutant alleles of kod exhibited a reduced pcd of the suspensor, a single file of cells that support embryo development, and a ...	2011	21326210
bacterial supersystem for alginate import/metabolism and its environmental and bioenergy applications.	distinct from most alginate-assimilating bacteria that secrete polysaccharide lyases extracellularly, a gram-negative bacterium, sphingomonas sp. a1 (strain a1), can directly incorporate alginate into its cytoplasm, without degradation, through a "superchannel" consisting of a mouth-like pit on the cell surface, periplasmic binding proteins, and a cytoplasmic membrane-bound atp-binding cassette transporter. flagellin homologues function as cell surface alginate receptors essential for expressing ...	2010	21326935
bacterial supersystem for alginate import/metabolism and its environmental and bioenergy applications.	distinct from most alginate-assimilating bacteria that secrete polysaccharide lyases extracellularly, a gram-negative bacterium, sphingomonas sp. a1 (strain a1), can directly incorporate alginate into its cytoplasm, without degradation, through a "superchannel" consisting of a mouth-like pit on the cell surface, periplasmic binding proteins, and a cytoplasmic membrane-bound atp-binding cassette transporter. flagellin homologues function as cell surface alginate receptors essential for expressing ...	2010	21326935
tossed salads.		2010	21327036
autophagy differentially controls plant basal immunity to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.	in plants, autophagy has been assigned 'pro-death' and 'pro-survival' roles in controlling programmed cell death associated with microbial effector-triggered immunity. the role of autophagy in basal immunity to virulent pathogens has not been addressed systematically, however. using several autophagy-deficient (atg) genotypes, we determined the function of autophagy in basal plant immunity. arabidopsis mutants lacking atg5, atg10 and atg18a develop spreading necrosis upon infection with the necr ...	2011	21332848
the arabidopsis bhlh transcription factors myc3 and myc4 are targets of jaz repressors and act additively with myc2 in the activation of jasmonate responses.	jasmonates (jas) trigger an important transcriptional reprogramming of plant cells to modulate both basal development and stress responses. in spite of the importance of transcriptional regulation, only one transcription factor (tf), the arabidopsis thaliana basic helix-loop-helix myc2, has been described so far as a direct target of jaz repressors. by means of yeast two-hybrid screening and tandem affinity purification strategies, we identified two previously unknown targets of jaz repressors, ...	2011	21335373
proteomics and functional analyses of pepper abscisic acid-responsive 1 (abr1), which is involved in cell death and defense signaling.	abscisic acid (aba) is a key regulator of plant growth and development, as well as plant defense responses. a high-throughput in planta proteome screen identified the pepper (capsicum annuum) gram (for glucosyltransferases, rab-like gtpase activators, and myotubularins) domain-containing aba-responsive1 (abr1), which is highly induced by infection with avirulent xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria and also by treatment with aba. the gram domain is essential for the cell death response and for ...	2011	21335377
improvement of the efficacy of linear undecapeptides against plant-pathogenic bacteria by incorporation of d-amino acids.	a set of 31 undecapeptides, incorporating 1 to 11 d-amino acids and derived from the antimicrobial peptide bp100 (kklfkkilkyl-nh(2)), was designed and synthesized. this set was evaluated for inhibition of growth of the plant-pathogenic bacteria erwinia amylovora, pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, and xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, hemolysis, and protease degradation. two derivatives were as active as bp100, and 10 peptides displayed improved activity, with the all-d isomer being the mo ...	2011	21335383
characterization of lateral flagella of selenomonas ruminantium.	selenomonas ruminantium produces a tuft of flagella near the midpoint of the cell body and swims by rotating the cell body along the cell's long axis. the flagellum is composed of a single kind of flagellin, which is heavily glycosylated. the hook length of s. ruminantium is almost double that of salmonella.	2011	21335384
elucidation of the regulon and cis-acting regulatory element of hrpb, the arac-type regulator of a plant pathogen-like type iii secretion system in burkholderia pseudomallei.	the human pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei possesses multiple type iii secretion system (t3ss) gene clusters. one of these, the b. pseudomallei t3ss2 (t3ss2(bp)) gene cluster, which apparently plays no role in animal virulence, is also found in six additional burkholderia spp. and is very similar to t3sss found in phytopathogenic xanthomonas spp. and ralstonia solanacearum. the t3ss2(bp) gene cluster also encodes an arac-type regulatory protein (hrpb(bp)) that is an ortholog of hrpb, the maste ...	2011	21335458
the soybean rhg1 locus for resistance to the soybean cyst nematode heterodera glycines regulates the expression of a large number of stress- and defense-related genes in degenerating feeding cells.	to gain new insights into the mechanism of soybean (glycine max) resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (heterodera glycines), we compared gene expression profiles of developing syncytia in soybean near-isogenic lines differing at rhg1 (for resistance to heterodera glycines), a major quantitative trait locus for resistance, by coupling laser capture microdissection with microarray analysis. gene expression profiling revealed that 1,447 genes were differentially expressed between the two lines. ...	2011	21335526
role of a fur homolog in iron metabolism in nitrosomonas europaea.	in response to environmental iron concentrations, many bacteria coordinately regulate transcription of genes involved in iron acquisition via the ferric uptake regulation (fur) system. the genome of nitrosomonas europaea, an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium, carries three genes (ne0616, ne0730 and ne1722) encoding proteins belonging to fur family.	2011	21338516
recent advances in bacterial heme protein biochemistry.	recent progress in genetics, fed by the burst in genome sequence data, has led to the identification of a host of novel bacterial heme proteins that are now being characterized in structural and mechanistic terms. the following short review highlights very recent work with bacterial heme proteins involved in the uptake, biosynthesis, degradation, and use of heme in respiration and sensing.	2011	21339081
levantilides a and b, 20-membered macrolides from a micromonospora strain isolated from the mediterranean deep sea sediment.	two new 20-membered macrolides, levantilide a and b, were isolated from the micromonospora strain m71-a77. strain m71-a77 was recovered from an eastern mediterranean deep-sea sediment sample and revealed to produce the levantilides under in situ salinity of 38.6 ‰. the chemical structures of the levantilides were elucidated on the basis of different one- and two- dimensional nmr experiments. levantilide a exhibits a moderate antiproliferative activity against several tumor cell lines.	2011	21339949
diversity of nonribosomal peptide synthetases involved in the biosynthesis of lipopeptide biosurfactants.	lipopeptide biosurfactants (lpbss) consist of a hydrophobic fatty acid portion linked to a hydrophilic peptide chain in the molecule. with their complex and diverse structures, lpbss exhibit various biological activities including surface activity as well as anti-cellular and anti-enzymatic activities. lpbss are also involved in multi-cellular behaviors such as swarming motility and biofilm formation. among the bacterial genera, bacillus (gram-positive) and pseudomonas (gram-negative) have recei ...	2010	21339982
diversity of nonribosomal peptide synthetases involved in the biosynthesis of lipopeptide biosurfactants.	lipopeptide biosurfactants (lpbss) consist of a hydrophobic fatty acid portion linked to a hydrophilic peptide chain in the molecule. with their complex and diverse structures, lpbss exhibit various biological activities including surface activity as well as anti-cellular and anti-enzymatic activities. lpbss are also involved in multi-cellular behaviors such as swarming motility and biofilm formation. among the bacterial genera, bacillus (gram-positive) and pseudomonas (gram-negative) have recei ...	2010	21339982
effects of botrytis cinerea and pseudomonas syringae infection on the antioxidant profile of mesembryanthemum crystallinum c3/cam intermediate plant.	mesembryathemum crystallinum plants performing c(3) or cam (crassulacean acid metabolism) appear to be highly resistant to botrytis cinerea as well as to pseudomonas syringae. fungal hyphae growth was restricted to 48h post-inoculation (hpi) in both metabolic types and morphology of hyphae differed between those growing in c(3) and cam plants. growth of bacteria was inhibited significantly 24 hpi in both c(3) and cam plants. b. cinerea and p. syringae infection led to an increase in the concentr ...	2011	21342714
the pea sad short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase: quinone reduction, tissue distribution, and heterologous expression.	the pea (pisum sativum) tetrameric short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase-like protein (sad) family consists of at least three highly similar members (sad-a, -b, and -c). according to mrna data, environmental stimuli induce sad expression. the aim of this study was to characterize the sad proteins by examining their catalytic function, distribution in pea, and induction in different tissues. in enzyme activity assays using a range of potential substrates, the sad-c enzyme was shown to reduce one- or ...	2011	21343423
evolution of the oligopeptide transporter family.	the oligopeptide transporter (opt) family of peptide and iron-siderophore transporters includes members from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but with restricted distribution in the latter domain. eukaryotic members were found only in fungi and plants with a single slime mold homologue clustering with the fungal proteins. all functionally characterized eukaryotic peptide transporters segregate from the known iron-siderophore transporters on a phylogenetic tree. prokaryotic members are widespread, ...	2011	21347612
common functions or only phylogenetically related? the large family of plac8 motif-containing/pcr genes.	plac8 motif-containing proteins form a large family and members can be found in fungi, algae, higher plants and animals. they include the pcr proteins of plants. the name giving plac8 domain was originally found in a protein residing in the spongiotrophoblast layer of the placenta of mammals. a further motif found in a large number of these proteins including several pcr proteins is the ccxxxxcpc or clxxxxcpc motif. despite their wide distribution our knowledge about the function of these protei ...	2011	21347707
distribution of genes encoding nucleoid-associated protein homologs in plasmids.	bacterial nucleoid-associated proteins (naps) form nucleoprotein complexes and influence the expression of genes. recent studies have shown that some plasmids carry genes encoding nap homologs, which play important roles in transcriptional regulation networks between plasmids and host chromosomes. in this study, we determined the distributions of the well-known naps fis, h-ns, hu, ihf, and lrp and the newly found naps mvat and ndpa among the whole-sequenced 1382 plasmids found in gram-negative b ...	2011	21350637
auxin and salicylic acid signalings counteract the regulation of adaptive responses to stress.	in a previous publication, we performed a phenotypic characterization of arabidopsis auxin receptor mutants grown under oxidative and salt stresses. in particular, the double mutant for tir1 and afb2 receptors, tir1 afb2 displayed increased tolerance against salinity measured as germination rate, root elongation and chlorophyll content. here, it is reported that salicylic acid (sa)-treated tir1 afb2 mutant shows enhanced transcript level of a pathogenesis related gene, pr1. in addition, sa-media ...	2011	21358272
wrky22 transcription factor mediates dark-induced leaf senescence in arabidopsis.	arabidopsis wrky proteins are plant-specific transcription factors, encoded by a large gene family, which contain the highly conserved amino acid sequence wrkygqk and the zinc-finger-like motifs, cys(2)his(2) or cys(2)hiscys. they can recognize and bind the ttgac(c/t) w-box ciselements found in the promoters of target genes, and are involved in the regulation of gene expression during pathogen defense, wounding, trichome development, and senescence. here we investigated the physiological functio ...	2011	21359674
construction of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 mutant and polymutant strains.	redundancy between pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 virulence factors has made their characterization difficult. one method to circumvent redundancy for phenotypic characterization is to simultaneously delete all redundant factors through the generation of polymutant strains. described here are methods by which single and polymutant strains of dc3000 can be generated through the use of the small mobilizable sucrose counter-selection vector pk18mobsacb, frt-flanked antibiotic marker cassett ...	2011	21359804
pseudomonas genomes: diverse and adaptable.	members of the genus pseudomonas inhabit a wide variety of environments, which is reflected in their versatile metabolic capacity and broad potential for adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions. here, we examine and compare the genomes of a range of pseudomonas spp. encompassing plant, insect and human pathogens, and environmental saprophytes. in addition to a large number of allelic differences of common genes that confer regulatory and metabolic flexibility, genome analysis suggests ...	2011	21361996
substrate specificity and ion coupling in the na+/betaine symporter betp.	betp is an na(+)-coupled betaine-specific transporter of the betaine-choline-carnitine (bcc) transporter family involved in the response to hyperosmotic stress. the crystal structure of betp revealed an overall fold of two inverted structurally related repeats (leut-fold) that betp shares with other sequence-unrelated na(+)-coupled symporters. numerous structures of leut-fold transporters in distinct conformational states have contributed substantially to our understanding of the alternating acc ...	2011	21364531
using genomic sequencing for classical genetics in e. coli k12.	we here develop computational methods to facilitate use of 454 whole genome shotgun sequencing to identify mutations in escherichia coli k12. we had roche sequence eight related strains derived as spontaneous mutants in a background without a whole genome sequence. they provided difference tables based on assembling each genome to reference strain e. coli mg1655 (nc_000913). due to the evolutionary distance to mg1655, these contained a large number of both false negatives and positives. by manua ...	2011	21364914
structural and biochemical characterization of nare, an iron-containing adp-ribosyltransferase from neisseria meningitidis.	nare is a 16 kda protein identified from neisseria meningitidis, one of the bacterial pathogens responsible for meningitis. nare belongs to the family of adp-ribosyltransferases (adprt) and catalyzes the transfer of adp-ribose moieties to arginine residues in target protein acceptors. many pathogenic bacteria utilize adp-ribosylating toxins to modify and alter essential functions of eukaryotic cells. nare is further the first adprt which could be shown to bind iron through a fe-s center, which i ...	2011	21367854
pa0305 of pseudomonas aeruginosa is a quorum quenching acylhomoserine lactone acylase belonging to the ntn hydrolase superfamily.	the pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 genome has at least two genes, pvdq and quip, encoding acylhomoserine lactone (ahl) acylases. two additional genes, pa1893 and pa0305, have been predicted to encode penicillin acylase proteins, but have not been characterized. initial studies on a pa0305 transposon insertion mutant suggested that the gene is not related to the ahl growth phenotype of p. aeruginosa. the close similarity (67?%) of pa0305 to hacb, an ahl acylase of pseudomonas syringae, prompted us t ...	2011	21372094
ribonucleases and bacterial virulence.	bacterial stress responses provide them the opportunity to survive hostile environments, proliferate and potentially cause diseases in humans and animals. the way in which pathogenic bacteria interact with host immune cells triggers a complicated series of events that include rapid genetic re-programming in response to the various host conditions encountered. viewed in this light, the bacterial host-cell induced stress response (hcisr) is similar to any other well-characterized environmental str ...	2010	21375713
tomato 14-3-3 protein tft7 interacts with a map kinase kinase to regulate immunity-associated programmed cell death mediated by diverse disease resistance proteins.	programmed cell death (pcd) associated with immunity is triggered when a plant disease resistance (r) protein recognizes a corresponding pathogen virulence protein. in tomato, detection by the host pto kinase of the pseudomonas syringae proteins avrpto or avrptob causes localized pcd. previously, we reported that both mapkkka (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase) and the tomato 14-3-3 protein 7 (tft7) positively regulate pto-mediated pcd in tomato and nicotiana benthamiana. in additio ...	2011	21378171
activity of the rhodopseudomonas palustris p-coumaroyl-homoserine lactone-responsive transcription factor rpar.	the rhodopseudomonas palustris transcriptional regulator rpar responds to the rpai-synthesized quorum-sensing signal p-coumaroyl-homoserine lactone (pc-hsl). other characterized rpar homologs respond to fatty acyl-hsls. we show here that rpar functions as a transcriptional activator, which binds directly to the rpai promoter. we developed an rnaseq method that does not require a ribosome depletion step to define a set of transcripts regulated by pc-hsl and rpar. the transcripts include several n ...	2011	21378182
regulation of type vi secretion gene clusters by sigma54 and cognate enhancer binding proteins.	type vi secretion systems (t6ss) are bacteriophage-derived macromolecular machines responsible for the release of at least two proteins in the milieu, which are thought to form an extracellular appendage. although several t6ss have been shown to be involved in the virulence of animal and plant pathogens, clusters encoding these machines are found in the genomes of most species of gram-negative bacteria, including soil, marine, and environmental isolates. t6ss have been associated with several ph ...	2011	21378190