Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| comparative role of antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor in experimental clostridium difficile infection in mice. | clostridium difficile inoculated balb/c mice were investigated to assess the comparative role of antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor. they were examined for colonization and toxin production by c. difficile as well as myeloperoxidase activity and histopathological changes in the intestinal tract. the c. difficile count, toxin a and b titres and myeloperoxidase activity were significantly higher (p>0.05) in ampicillin and lansoprazole receiving groups as compared to the control and the c. diffic ... | 2007 | 18094539 |
| [laboratory-based evaluation of tox a/b quik chek "nissui" to detect toxins a and b of clostridium difficile]. | the tox a/b quik chek "nissui" which detects both toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) of clostridium difficile in stool specimens through immunochromatography was first approved to be released in japan, and we evaluated its accuracy. in the evaluation, the tox a/b quik chek "nissui" could correctly detect tcda and tcdb in solution and in stool specimens spiked with culture broth of tcda and/or tcdb-producing isolates of c. difficile. the minimum detectable concentrations for tcda and tcdb were det ... | 2007 | 18154439 |
| war on white coats. | 2007 | 18156024 | |
| [characterization of a toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive variant strain of clostridium difficile.]. | clostridium difficile is one of the most important pathogens responsible for nosocomial diarrhea. recently, we have frequently experienced culture positive, toxin a enzyme immunoassay negative strains. therefore, we evaluated the strains with several pcr primer sets to characterize them. | 2006 | 18156695 |
| [comparison of two enzyme immunoassays for clostridium difficile toxin a.]. | clostridium difficile is one of the most important pathogens responsible for nosocomial diarrhea. the disease is mediated by two toxins, designated as a and b; therefore, identification of the toxins is important for diagnosis. however, culture or cytotoxin assay are not easily done because of tedious procedures. instead, toxin a immunoassay is widely used. we evaluated two different enzyme immunoassays (eia) for c. difficile toxin a and compared them with culture and pcr results. | 2006 | 18156759 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea - the new scourge of the health care facility. | 2000 | 18159261 | |
| low prevalence of vre gastrointestinal colonization of hospitalized patients in manitoba tertiary care and community hospitals. | to determine the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) bowel colonization in hospitalized patients in manitoba who had stool specimens collected for clostridium difficile toxin and/or culture testing. | 2000 | 18159264 |
| n-cdad in canada: results of the canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program 1997 n-cdad prevalence surveillance project. | background: a 1996 preproject survey among canadian hospital epidemiology committee (chec) sites revealed variations in the prevention, detection, management and surveillance of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). facilities wanted to establish national rates of nosocomially acquired cdad (n-cdad) to understand the impact of control or prevention measures, and the burden of n-cdad on health care resources. the chec, in collaboration with the laboratory centre for disease control (h ... | 2001 | 18159321 |
| translocation of clostridium difficile toxin b across polarized caco-2 cell monolayers is enhanced by toxin a. | clostridium difficile is the etiological agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea; the most common form of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. the basis for the shock-like systemic symptoms observed in severe cases of this infection are not known. it is hypothesized that the invasion of c difficile toxins a and/or b from the gut mucosa may contribute to these symptoms.a polarized tissue culture model employing caco-2 cells grown on transwell inserts was established to study the translocation of purif ... | 2004 | 18159481 |
| key research issues in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is an emerging pathogen that causes c difficile-associated diarrhea, an important nosocomial infection. control of this infection remains a challenge, and much needs to be determined about the antimicrobial resistance of the organism, antibiotic stewardship, contamination of the patient environment, and various host factors that determine susceptibility or resistance to infection. a national symposium focusing on c difficile infections, the clostridium difficile symposium o ... | 2005 | 18159559 |
| c-terminal repeats of clostridium difficile toxin a induce production of chemokine and adhesion molecules in endothelial cells and promote migration of leukocytes. | the c-terminal repeating sequences of clostridium difficile toxin a (designated aru) are homologous to the carbohydrate-binding domain of streptococcal glucosyltransferases (gtfs) that were recently identified as potent modulins. to test the hypothesis that aru might exert a similar biological activity on endothelial cells, recombinant aru (raru), which was noncytotoxic to cell cultures, was analyzed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells. the raru could bind directly to endothelial cells ... | 2008 | 18160482 |
| infection likely cause of 90 deaths. | 2007 | 18161446 | |
| progress at outbreak trust but doctor hygiene rapped. | 2007 | 18161470 | |
| effect of product temperature during primary drying on the long-term stability of lyophilized proteins. | our objective was to investigate the effect of performing primary drying at product temperatures below and above tg' (glass transition temperature of the freeze-concentrated phase) on the long-term stability of lyophilized proteins. two protective media differing in the nature of the bulking agent used (amorphous or crystalline) were selected. several lyophilization cycles were performed by using various combinations of shelf temperature and chamber pressure to obtain different values of product ... | 2007 | 18161627 |
| rac and pi3 kinase mediate endothelial cell-reactive oxygen species generation during normoxic lung ischemia. | abrupt reduction of flow (ischemia) leads to endothelial cell membrane depolarization, nadph oxidase activation, and reactive oxygen species (ros) generation in isolated rat and mouse lungs and in flow-adapted endothelial cells in vitro. here we evaluated the role of pi-3-kinase and rac in activation of endothelial nadph oxidase. endothelium of isolated perfused mouse lungs labeled with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (h(2)dcf) or hydroethidine (he) showed increased ros generation with ischemia ... | 2008 | 18162054 |
| prevalence and risk factors for clostridium difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of hospital- and antimicrobial-associated diarrhea in hospitalized humans however the role of c. difficile in diarrhea in dogs has not been defined. a prospective study of c. difficile colonization in dogs and cats was conducted in a veterinary teaching hospital intensive care unit (icu). rectal swabs were taken from patients upon admission to the icu and every third day of hospitalization until discharge or death. c. difficile was isolated from 73/ ... | 2008 | 18164560 |
| clostridium difficile infection precipitating hemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient preterm twins causing severe neonatal jaundice. | the incidence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in neonates of immigrant mothers in canada is increasing. newborn screening programs in canada do not screen for this disorder. infants with g-6-pd deficiency may develop jaundice resulting in kernicterus with devastating sequelae. in this case report, we speculate that clostridium difficile infection may have triggered severe jaundice in g-6-pd-deficient neonates. | 2008 | 18165833 |
| the changing spectrum of clostridium difficile associated disease: implications for dentistry. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes a wide range of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. it is best known for its association with uncomplicated antimicrobial-agent-associated diarrhea. | 2008 | 18167383 |
| difficulties with clostridium difficile. | 2007 | 18171113 | |
| the burden of clostridium difficile in surgical patients in the united states. | clostridium difficile colitis is the predominant hospital-acquired gastrointestinal infection in the united states and has emerged as an important nosocomial cause of morbidity and death. although several institutional studies have examined the effects of c. difficile on hospitalized patients, its nationwide impact on surgical patients has yet to be defined. | 2007 | 18171114 |
| prospective, controlled, cross-over trial of alcohol-based hand gel in critical care units . | there are limited data from prospective studies to indicate whether improvement in hand hygiene associated with the use of alcohol-based hand hygiene products results in improved patient outcomes. | 2008 | 18171181 |
| case-control study of antibiotic use and subsequent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. | to determine which antibiotics increase or decrease the risk of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2008 | 18171186 |
| update on the changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | in the past, clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) was thought of mainly as a nosocomial disease associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, but its epidemiology seems to be changing. since 2002, outbreaks of severe cdad associated with increased mortality and reduced effectiveness of treatment with metronidazole have focused attention on this challenging pathogen. a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain of c. difficile (bi/nap1/027) has been predominantly associated with these o ... | 2008 | 18174906 |
| comparison of the premier toxin a and b assay and the tox a/b ii assay for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile causes nosocomial diarrhea and is responsible for complications such as pseudomembranous colitis, megacolon, and perforation. using 442 stool specimens, we compared the sensitivities and specificities of the premier toxin a and b (meridian bioscience, inc.) and c. difficile tox a/b ii (techlab, inc., blacksburg, va) immunoassays in the virology department of the kaiser permanente regional reference laboratories. the premier toxin a and b assay demonstrated a higher sensitiv ... | 2008 | 18175802 |
| clinical recognition and diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | prompt and precise diagnosis is an important aspect of effective management of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). cdi causes 15%-25% of all cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, the severity of which ranges from mild diarrhea to fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. several factors, especially advanced age and hospitalization, should be considered in the diagnosis of cdi. in particular, nosocomial diarrhea arising >72 hours after admission among patients receiving antibiotics is highly like ... | 2008 | 18177217 |
| antimicrobial-associated risk factors for clostridium difficile infection. | antimicrobial therapy plays a central role in the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), presumably through disruption of indigenous intestinal microflora, thereby allowing c. difficile to grow and produce toxin. investigations involving animal models and studies performed in vitro suggest that inhibitory activity against c. difficile and differences in the propensity to stimulate toxin production may also influence the likelihood that particular drugs may cause cdi. although nea ... | 2008 | 18177218 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | recent outbreaks of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in north america have been due to a more virulent, possibly more resistant strain that causes more-severe disease, making prompt recognition of cases and optimal management of infection essential for a successful therapeutic outcome. treatment algorithms are presented to help guide the management of patients with cdi. metronidazole has been recommended as initial therapy since the late 1990s and continues to be the first choice for all bu ... | 2008 | 18177219 |
| historical perspectives on studies of clostridium difficile and c. difficile infection. | the initial period of studies on clostridium difficile (published during 1978-1980) appeared to provide a nearly complete portfolio of criteria for diagnosing and treating c. difficile infection (cdi). the putative pathogenic role of c. difficile was established using koch's postulates, risk factors were well-defined, use of a cell cytotoxicity assay as the diagnostic test provided accurate results, and treatment with oral vancomycin was highly effective and rapidly incorporated into practice. d ... | 2008 | 18177220 |
| measures to control and prevent clostridium difficile infection. | control of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) outbreaks in health care facilities presents significant challenges to infection control specialists and other health care workers. c. difficile spores survive routine environmental cleaning with detergents and hand hygiene with alcohol-based gels. enhanced cleaning of all potentially contaminated surfaces with 10% sodium hypochlorite reduces the environmental burden of c. difficile, and use of barrier precautions reduces c. difficile transmission ... | 2008 | 18177221 |
| [clostridium difficile infections: an unexpected re-emergence]. | 2008 | 18178330 | |
| is diarrhea enough to assess the severity of clostridium difficile-associated disease? | 2008 | 18179377 | |
| efficacy of sodium hypochlorite-based disinfectants against clostridium difficile spores. | 2008 | 18179379 | |
| clinical indications for probiotics: an overview. | probiotic bacteria are used to treat or prevent a broad range of human diseases, conditions, and syndromes. in addition, there are areas of medical use that have been proposed for future probiotic applications. randomized double-blind studies have provided evidence of probiotic effectiveness for the treatment and prevention of acute diarrhea and antibiotic-induced diarrhea, as well as for the prevention of cow milk-induced food allergy in infants and young children. research studies have also pr ... | 2008 | 18181732 |
| clostridium difficile skin contamination in patients with c. difficile-associated disease. | in a prospective study of 27 patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease, we found that c. difficile frequently contaminated multiple skin sites, including groin, chest, abdomen, forearms, and hands, and was easily acquired on investigators' hands. skin contamination often persisted on patients' chest and abdomen after resolution of diarrhea. | 2008 | 18181742 |
| [clostridium difficile and cytomegalovirus involved in a case of pseudomembranous colitis]. | we report an unusual case of pseudomembranous colitis with fatal outcome where c. difficile and cytomegalovirus coexistense in a peruvian patient with aids and gastrointestinal compromise by a mycobacterium. | 2007 | 18183282 |
| scopes have limits with flexibility. | 2007 | 18186442 | |
| repeated enzyme immunoassays have limited utility in diagnosing clostridium difficile. | many clinical laboratories use enzyme immunoassays (eia) to diagnose clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). clinicians frequently order three eias to "rule out" cdad. we performed a retrospective cohort study to determine the clinical utility of repeating eia testing to diagnose cdad. we reviewed all eias performed by our laboratory during 2005, determined the total number of tests per patient and per testing episode, and calculated the relative negative predictive value (npv) of one e ... | 2008 | 18189148 |
| infection of hamsters with historical and epidemic bi types of clostridium difficile. | north american and european hospitals have reported outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated disease with unexpectedly high mortality caused by a newly recognized group of c. difficile strains, group bi. our objective was to compare, in hamsters, the virulence of a historical nonepidemic bi type, bi1, with that of 2 recent epidemic bi types, bi6 and bi17, and with that of 2 standard toxigenic strains, k14 and 630. | 2007 | 18190262 |
| clostridium difficile--associated disease in a setting of endemicity: identification of novel risk factors. | previous studies of risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) have been limited by small sample sizes and case-control study designs. many of these studies were performed during outbreaks of cdad. colonization pressure and use of fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, and gastric acid suppressors have not been fully evaluated as risk factors for cdad. the purpose of this study was to determine risk factors for endemic cdad, including cdad pressure, a modified version of colonizatio ... | 2007 | 18190314 |
| vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 18190329 | |
| vancomycin therapy for severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 18190330 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease treatment response depends on definition of cure. | 2007 | 18190331 | |
| simultaneous control of norovirus and clostridium difficile outbreaks due to enhanced infection prevention and control measures. | 2008 | 18192079 | |
| prognosis in clostridium difficile infection complicating inflammatory bowel disease. | 2008 | 18192450 | |
| clostridium difficile-negative antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis: the role of cytotoxin-producing klebsiella oxytoca. | 2007 | 18192958 | |
| treatment of diarrhea in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: concepts and cautions. | diarrhea continues to be a prevalent symptom in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), requiring a wide differential diagnosis to define the pathophysiologic mechanisms in individual patients. it is essential that physicians properly evaluate complaints of diarrhea by assessing both patient symptoms and potential physiologic impacts on fluid and electrolyte status. underlying mechanisms of diarrhea with ibd are the location, extent, and severity of inflammation; malabsorption; altered m ... | 2007 | 18192964 |
| yersinia controls type iii effector delivery into host cells by modulating rho activity. | yersinia pseudotuberculosis binds to beta1 integrin receptors, and uses the type iii secretion proteins yopb and yopd to introduce pores and to translocate yop effectors directly into host cells. y. pseudotuberculosis lacking effectors that inhibit rho gtpases, yope and yopt, have high pore forming activity. here, we present evidence that y. pseudotuberculosis selectively modulates rho activity to induce cellular changes that control pore formation and effector translocation. inhibition of actin ... | 2008 | 18193942 |
| the maxwell finland lecture: for the duration-rational antibiotic administration in an era of antimicrobial resistance and clostridium difficile. | antimicrobial resistance is frequently associated with clinical use of antibiotics. this close association suggests that efforts to manage our use of these potent agents can have an impact on the prevalence of resistance. unfortunately, one size does not fit all when considering the response of bacterial pathogens to antimicrobial exposure. measures that may prevent resistance in some species (such as using multiple antibiotics to treat tuberculosis) may exacerbate the problem of resistance in o ... | 2008 | 18194098 |
| comparative efficacies of rifaximin and vancomycin for treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and prevention of disease recurrence in hamsters. | clostridium difficile-associated colitis is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, with high relapse rates following conventional therapy. we sought to determine the efficacy of rifaximin, a novel nonabsorbed antibiotic, in the hamster model of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). hamsters received clindamycin subcutaneously and 24 h later were infected by gavage with one of two c. difficile strains: a reference strain (vpi 10463) and a current epidemic stra ... | 2008 | 18195066 |
| short- and long-term attributable costs of clostridium difficile-associated disease in nonsurgical inpatients. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is increasing. there are few data on the short-term and long-term attributable costs of cdad. the objective of this study was to determine the acute and 180-day attributable inpatient costs of cdad. | 2008 | 18197759 |
| the economics of clostridium difficile-associated disease for providers and payers. | 2008 | 18197762 | |
| decreased diversity of the fecal microbiome in recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to clostridium difficile (cdad) is thought to reflect colonization of a disrupted microbial community by the pathogen. we profiled the fecal microbiota of patients with cdad (both initial and recurrent episodes) by culture-independent phylogenetic analysis of 16s rrna-encoding gene sequences. compared with those from control subjects and patients with an initial episode, the fecal communities in patients with recurrent cdad were highly variable in bacterial com ... | 2008 | 18199029 |
| increasing prevalence of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive isolates of clostridium difficile in korea: impact on laboratory diagnosis. | of 462 korean clostridium difficile isolates, 77.5% were toxin b positive but 21.4% were toxin a negative (a(-) b(+)). the binary toxin gene was detected in nine isolates. a higher fluoroquinolone resistance of a(-) b(+) strains may contribute to the increase of these strains. toxin a detection alone may underdiagnose c. difficile-associated disease. | 2008 | 18199783 |
| are probiotic or synbiotic preparations effective for the management of clostridium difficile-associated or radiation-induced diarrhea? | 2008 | 18199939 | |
| clostridium difficile in urology. | the objective was to determine the incidence of clostridium difficile infection in a uk urology ward from 2000 to 2005, and correlate and compare the data with other specialty wards and national figures. | 2008 | 18201498 |
| overprescribing ppis: time for a hospital antacid policy on clostridium difficile. | 2008 | 18202039 | |
| survival of clostridium difficile on copper and steel: futuristic options for hospital hygiene. | clostridium difficile is rapidly becoming a major cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide, due in part to transmission of the faecal pathogen between contaminated hands and contact surfaces. accordingly, this study evaluated survival of c. difficile vegetative cells and spores on the contact surface commonly found in healthcare settings, stainless steel, compared to five copper alloys (65-100% copper content). c. difficile requires prolonged incubation to grow and therefore the total num ... | 2008 | 18207284 |
| effect of antibiotic therapy on human fecal microbiota and the relation to the development of clostridium difficile. | the gastrointestinal tract is a complex ecosystem. recent studies have shown that the human fecal microbiota is composed of a consortium of microorganism. it is known that antibiotic treatment alters the microbiota, facilitating the proliferation of opportunists that may occupy ecological niches previously unavailable to them. it is therefore important to characterize resident microbiota to evaluate its latent ability to permit the development of pathogens such as clostridium difficile. using sa ... | 2008 | 18209965 |
| use of highly discriminatory fingerprinting to analyze clusters of clostridium difficile infection cases due to epidemic ribotype 027 strains. | we compared multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva) and macrorestriction endonuclease analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) to determine their utility to identify clusters of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among 91 isolates of pcr ribotype 027 (nap1, for north american pulsed-field type 1) from nine hospitals (and 10 general practitioners associated with one institution) in england. we also examined whether mortality in cdi cases was associated with speci ... | 2008 | 18216211 |
| aerial dissemination of clostridium difficile spores. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) is a frequently occurring healthcare-associated infection, which is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality amongst elderly patients in healthcare facilities. environmental contamination is known to play an important contributory role in the spread of cdad and it is suspected that contamination might be occurring as a result of aerial dissemination of c. difficile spores. however previous studies have failed to isolate c. difficile fr ... | 2008 | 18218089 |
| speciation of fecal candida isolates in antibiotic-associated diarrhea in non-hiv patients. | candida is the most frequently encountered fungal infection of the gastrointestinal tract after antibiotic exposure. the pathogenesis of candida probably varies with each species. the speciation of fecal candida after antibiotic use is not well investigated. one hundred and eleven fecal samples negative for clostridium difficile toxin and for other enteric pathogens formed the basis of our investigation. the diarrheic samples came from patients receiving antibiotics in a hospital setting. in add ... | 2008 | 18219125 |
| preformulation studies of clostridium difficile toxoids a and b. | to enhance the physical stability of clostridium difficile toxoids a and b, screening for stabilizing compounds was performed. the screening of 30 gras compounds at various concentrations and in several combinations was performed in two parts. first, a high-throughput aggregation assay was used to screen for compounds which delayed or prevented aggregation of toxoids under stress conditions (toxoids at ph 5-5.5 were incubated at 55 degrees c for 55 or 75 min). compounds which stabilized both pro ... | 2008 | 18228584 |
| [severe diarrhea in antibiotic therapy. test for clostridium difficile!]. | 2007 | 18236978 | |
| clostridium difficile cell-surface polysaccharides composed of pentaglycosyl and hexaglycosyl phosphate repeating units. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive bacterium that is known to be a cause of enteric diseases in humans. it is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. recently, large outbreaks of c. difficile-associated diarrhea have been reported internationally, and there have been reports of increases in severe disease, mortality and relapse rates. at the moment, there is no vaccine against c. difficile, and the medical prevention of c. difficile infection is mo ... | 2008 | 18237724 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and nursing care. | 2008 | 18238935 | |
| evaluation of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with a drug formulary change in preferred fluoroquinolones. | recent publications report that gatifloxacin might be associated with a greater incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (c. difficile, cdad) than are other fluoroquinolones. we performed a drug use evaluation to examine this issue after adding gatifloxacin to the formulary and changing from levofloxacin to gatifloxacin as the preferred oral fluoroquinolone in 10 department of veterans affairs (va) medical centers in the northeastern united states. | 2008 | 18240880 |
| assessment of clostridium difficile-associated disease surveillance definitions, north carolina, 2005. | to determine the timing of community-onset clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) relative to the patient's last healthcare facility discharge, the association of postdischarge cases with healthcare facility-onset cases, and the influence of postdischarge cases on overall rates and interhospital comparison of rates of cdad. | 2008 | 18241032 |
| simulated-use testing of bedpan and urinal washer disinfectors: evaluation of clostridium difficile spore survival and cleaning efficacy. | reusable bedpans and urinals are frequently cleaned and decontaminated using washer-disinfectors (wds) that may be located in the central processing department (cpd) or on the ward. the objective of this study was to determine how efficiently the wds provided cleaning and to evaluate the ability of such wds to kill clostridium difficile spores. | 2008 | 18241730 |
| primary prophylaxis of sbp. | 2008 | 18242238 | |
| regulation of dopamine-induced na+ current response by small g-protein rhob or c and phospholipase d in aplysia neurons. | a family of gtp-binding proteins, rho, plays critical roles in cell migration, morphological change, cytokinesis, and smooth muscle contraction. furthermore, evidence has recently been accumulating for an involvement in regulation of receptor-operated ionic channels. we previously reported that stimulation of d1-like receptor by dopamine (da) induces a slow na+ current response in the identified neurons of aplysia under voltage-clamp. to further study a regulatory mechanism of the da-induced res ... | 2008 | 18242417 |
| thiosemicarbazones active against clostridium difficile. | a set of closely related furylidene thiosemicarbazones was prepared and screened against various clinically important gram-positive bacteria. one compound containing an ethylene spacer and a 5-nitrofuryl group was found to have promising activity against clostridium difficile. | 2008 | 18243694 |
| bile salts and glycine as cogerminants for clostridium difficile spores. | spore formation by clostridium difficile is a significant obstacle to overcoming hospital-acquired c. difficile-associated disease. spores are resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, and antibiotics, making a contaminated environment difficult to clean. to cause disease, however, spores must germinate and grow out as vegetative cells. the germination of c. difficile spores has not been examined in detail. in an effort to understand the germination of c. difficile spores, we characterized the re ... | 2008 | 18245298 |
| increase in clostridium difficile-related mortality rates, united states, 1999-2004. | reported mortality rates from clostridium difficile disease in the united states increased from 5.7 per million population in 1999 to 23.7 per million in 2004. increased rates may be due to emergence of a highly virulent strain of c. difficile. rates were higher for whites than for other racial/ethnic groups. | 2007 | 18252127 |
| recent advances in clostridium difficile-associated disease. | the main purpose of this article is to review recent developments in the management of acute and recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease, with consideration of existing and new antibiotic and non-antibiotic agents for treatment. details of the current developmental stage of new agents are provided and the role of surgery in the management of severe disease is discussed. infection control measures considered comprise prudent use of antimicrobials, prevention of cross-infection and surv ... | 2008 | 18252748 |
| probiotics for treatment of clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults. | probiotics are live microorganisms consisting of non-pathogenic yeast and bacteria that are believed to restore the microbial balance of the gastrointestinal tract altered by infection with clostridium difficile (c. difficile). | 2008 | 18254055 |
| is a two-step glutamate dehyrogenase antigen-cytotoxicity neutralization assay algorithm superior to the premier toxin a and b enzyme immunoassay for laboratory detection of clostridium difficile? | a two-step algorithm for the detection of clostridium difficile by the use of c. diff quik chek (techlab, blacksburg, va) and a tissue culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay was found to be more sensitive than the widely used solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (eia), the premier toxin a and b eia (meridian bioscience, cincinnati, oh), and a newly developed, rapid single-test eia for c. difficile toxins a and b (tox a/b quik chek; techlab). | 2008 | 18256226 |
| physical characterization of clostridium difficile toxins and toxoids: effect of the formaldehyde crosslinking on thermal stability. | nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis causing toxins a and b from clostridium difficile were studied at ph 5-8 and over the temperature range of 10-85 degrees c. the proteins were crosslinked with formaldehyde to inactivate them to toxoid forms and permit their use as vaccines. structural changes and aggregation behavior were monitored with circular dichroism, intrinsic and extrinsic (ans) fluorescence spectroscopy, turbidity measurements, high-resolution uv absorbance spectroscopy an ... | 2008 | 18257030 |
| data briefing. the trouble with assessing risk. | 2007 | 18260602 | |
| service improvement. uprooting the causes. | root-cause analysis helps organisations to understand and address outcomes without focusing on the symptoms. a pilot led by eastern and coastal kent pct has helped the local health economy to plan to reduce infections. east kent hospitals is building a zero-tolerance culture. | 2007 | 18260604 |
| reasons to be fearful? | many trusts are failing to meet the hygiene code standards for cutting infections. while mrsa rates are falling, those for clostridium difficile are rising. the government is ramping up measures and support to help the nhs improve performance on infections. | 2007 | 18265470 |
| safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetic studies of opt-80 in healthy volunteers following single and multiple oral doses. | current therapies for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are encumbered by treatment failures and recurrences. due to its high in vitro activity against c. difficile but low activity against the typical intestinal flora, minimal absorption, and durable cure in the hamster model of c. difficile infection, opt-80 was considered for clinical development as a therapy for cdi. this trial consisted of two phases. four single oral doses of opt-80 (100, 200, 300, and 450 mg) were administered in a cr ... | 2008 | 18268081 |
| early surgical intervention for fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. | the objective of this study of a retrospective case series was to determine factors associated with survival after surgical intervention in pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). the study was conducted at a tertiary care medical center and comprised 36 patients who underwent colectomy for fulminant pmc from 1995 to 2006. patients including 21 females ranged from 40 to 89 years of age (mean, 70 years). comorbidities included diabetes (39%), cardiovascular disease (77%), chronic obstructive pulmonary di ... | 2008 | 18274423 |
| defining surgical therapy for pseudomembranous colitis with toxic megacolon. | pseudomembranous colitis has increased in incidence and severity over the past 10 years. toxic megacolon is a rare but reported presentation of severe pseudomembranous colitis. this article reviews the reported cases of clostridium difficile with toxic megacolon in the literature and introduces an additional case that underscores the importance of early diagnosis in guiding appropriate therapy. | 2008 | 18277885 |
| bench-to-bedside review: clostridium difficile colitis. | in recent years, the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) have increased dramatically. beginning in 2000, widespread regional outbreaks associated with a previously uncommon hypervirulent strain of c. difficile have occurred in north america and europe. most likely because of increased toxin production as well as other virulence factors, this epidemic strain has caused more severe and refractory disease leading to complications, including intensive care unit ... | 2008 | 18279531 |
| predictors of mortality after colectomy for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | to present, to our knowledge, the largest experience with colectomy for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis and to propose factors significant in predicting mortality. | 2008 | 18283139 |
| strategies to prevent and control clostridium difficile: one hospital's account. | 2007 | 18286843 | |
| increased sporulation rate of epidemic clostridium difficile type 027/nap1. | clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 comprised 0.2% of a collection of swedish isolates in 1997-2001 (3 of 1,325 isolates). these isolates had lower moxifloxacin mics than the epidemic type 027 isolates, but they had the same tcdc sequence and toxin yield. type 027 produced 3- to 13-fold more toxin than did major swedish types. one epidemic strain (027/nap1a) sporulated more than did other type 027 isolates, a feature that should contribute to its survival and spread. | 2008 | 18287318 |
| recurrent infection with epidemic clostridium difficile in a peripartum woman whose infant was asymptomatically colonized with the same strain. | 2008 | 18288909 | |
| binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins and their use as molecular trojan horses for drug delivery into eukaryotic cells. | binary bacterial toxins are unique ab-type toxins, composed of two non-linked proteins that act as a binding/translocation component and an enzyme component. all known actin-adp-ribosylating toxins from clostridia possess this binary structure. this toxin family is comprised of the prototypical clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, clostridium perfringens iota toxin, clostridium difficile cdt, and clostridium spiroforme toxin. once in the cytosol of host cells, these toxins transfer an adp-ribose moie ... | 2008 | 18289001 |
| clostridium difficile toxins: more than mere inhibitors of rho proteins. | toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) are the major pathogenicity factors of the clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). the single-chained protein toxins enter their target cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. new data show the critical role of auto-catalytic processing for target cell entry. inside the cell, the toxins mono-glucosylate and thereby inactivate low molecular mass gtp-binding proteins of the rho subfamily. toxin-treated cells respond to rhoa glucosylation with up-regulat ... | 2008 | 18289919 |
| surgical-site infection with toxin a-nonproducing and toxin b-producing clostridium difficile. | to date, few cases of extraintestinal infection with clostridium difficile have been reported. we describe a case of surgical-site infection with c. difficile following a colonic operation. administration of metronidazole was considered to be effective for treatment of the infection. the isolate was a toxin a-nonproducing and toxin b-producing strain. | 2008 | 18297452 |
| infectious disease emergencies. | this article reviews principles of recognition and management of a selection of commonly encountered infectious disease emergencies, including sepsis, necrotizing soft tissue infections, acute meningitis, and the emerging issue of severe clostridium difficile colitis. less common but potentially deadly environmentally acquired or zoonotic pathogens are discussed, as are special patient populations, including the febrile returning traveler and the asplenic patient. | 2008 | 18298987 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with other complications following liver transplantation. | 2008 | 18300388 | |
| clostridium difficile: the increasingly difficult pathogen. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection is changing as a result of the epidemic spread of the hypervirulent north american pulsefield type 1 strain. clinicians are likely to encounter this disease more frequently than ever in their practice, and should be familiar with the updates in its diagnosis and treatment. | 2008 | 18304376 |
| probiotics: sorting the evidence from the myths. | probiotics consist of yeast or bacteria, especially lactic acid bacteria. they are available as capsules, powder, fermented milks or yoghurts. probiotics exhibit strain-specific differences in their resistance to acid and bile, ability to colonise the gastrointestinal tract, clinical efficacy, and benefits to the health of the host. there is level i evidence for the use of probiotics in treating acute infectious diarrhoea and preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, with lactobacillus rhamnos ... | 2008 | 18312197 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in lung transplantation. | clostridium difficile colitis (cdc) is the most common nosocomial infection of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with recent antibiotic use or hospitalization. lung transplant recipients receive aggressive antimicrobial therapy postoperatively for treatment and prophylaxis of respiratory infections. this report describes the epidemiology of cdc in lung recipients from a single center and explores possible associations with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (bos), a surrogate marker of chron ... | 2008 | 18312477 |
| [relationship between clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and intestinal microecosystem disorder in patients received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]. | this study was to investigate the relationship between clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) and intestinal microecosystem in patients received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-hsct) and to clarify clinical characteristics of intestinal microecosystem disorder. clostridium difficile (cd) was isolated and identified by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay using clostridium difficile premier toxins a&b kit and anaerobic culture in 44 cases with diarrhea. fecal flora ... | 2008 | 18315917 |
| conformational changes and reaction of clostridial glycosylating toxins. | the crystal structures of the catalytic fragments of 'lethal toxin' from clostridium sordellii and of 'alpha-toxin' from clostridium novyi have been established. almost half of the residues follow the chain fold of the glycosyl-transferase type a family of enzymes; the other half forms large alpha-helical protrusions that are likely to confer specificity for the respective targeted subgroup of rho proteins in the cell. in the crystal, the active center of alpha-toxin contained no substrates and ... | 2008 | 18325534 |
| cytomegalovirus colitis in a critically ill patient following elective repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. | we describe a case of cytomegalovirus colitis in a critically ill but otherwise immunocompetent 61-year-old male. infection was demonstrated by histology and confirmed by plasma polymerase chain reaction and detection of cytomegalovirus igm antibody. the patient was treated with ganciclovir with resolution of the cytomegalovirus viraemia. cytomegalovirus colitis may be an under-recognised problem in immunocompetent patients who are critically ill. quantification of plasma cytomegalovirus dna by ... | 2008 | 18326142 |
| clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 078: an emerging strain in humans and in pigs? | 2008 | 18326836 |