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characterization and functional analysis of aatb, a novel autotransporter adhesin and virulence factor of avian pathogenic escherichia coli.autotransporter (at) proteins constitute a large family of extracellular proteins that contribute to bacterial virulence. a novel at adhesin gene, aatb, was identified in avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) de205b via genomic analyses. the open reading frame of aatb was 1,017 bp, encoding a putative 36.3-kda protein which contained structural motifs characteristic for at proteins: a signal peptide, a passenger domain, and a translocator domain. the predicted three-dimensional structure of a ...201323630958
utility of blood culture in uncomplicated pneumonia in children.it is believed to be the standard of care to obtain a blood culture in a child who is hospitalized for pneumonia. in recent years, many studies have questioned the utility of this practice in the presence of age appropriate immunization. we conducted this study to determine the current prevalence of bacteremia in children with uncomplicated pneumonia and the utility of obtaining blood cultures in these children.201323641172
bacteriology of symptomatic adenoids in children.children with adenoid hypertrophy have been shown to harbor pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx despite antibiotics. removal of the adenoid is associated with a reduction in the bacterial count.201323641372
dynamics of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in the acute and subacute phase of legionnaires' disease.absolute lymphocytopenia is recognised as an important hallmark of the immune response to severe infection and observed in patients with legionnaires' disease. to explore the immune response, we studied the dynamics of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in the acute and subacute phase of ld.201323646123
rapid discrimination of haemophilus influenzae, h. parainfluenzae, and h. haemolyticus by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) and two matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms) platforms.due to considerable differences in pathogenicity, haemophilus influenzae, h. parainfluenzae and h. haemolyticus have to be reliably discriminated in routine diagnostics. retrospective analyses suggest frequent misidentifications of commensal h. haemolyticus as h. influenzae. in a multi-center approach, we assessed the suitability of fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) and matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms) for the identification of h ...201323646201
sensitization of staphylococcus aureus to methicillin and other antibiotics in vitro and in vivo in the presence of hamlet.hamlet (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) is a protein-lipid complex from human milk with both tumoricidal and bactericidal activities. hamlet exerts a rather specific bactericidal activity against some respiratory pathogens, with highest activity against streptococcus pneumoniae, but lacks activity against most other bacterial pathogens, including staphylococci. still, ion transport associated with death in s. pneumoniae is also detected to a lower degree in insensitive organi ...201323650551
the microbiome of chronic rhinosinusitis: culture, molecular diagnostics and biofilm detection.bacteria and fungi are believed to influence mucosal inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis (crs). however their presence and relationship to disease is debated. this study used multiple detection methods to compare microbial diversity and microbial abundance in healthy and diseased sinonasal mucosa. the utility of contemporary detection methods is also examined.201323656607
bacteremia and resistant gram-negative pathogens among under-fives in tanzania.antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious public health concerns worldwide and is increasing at an alarming rate, making daily treatment decisions more challenging. this study is aimed at identifying local bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to avoid irrational antibiotic use, especially in settings where unguided management occurs and febrile illnesses are predominant.201323657136
significance of anaerobes and oral bacteria in community-acquired pneumonia.molecular biological modalities with better detection rates have been applied to identify the bacteria causing infectious diseases. approximately 10-48% of bacterial pathogens causing community-acquired pneumonia are not identified using conventional cultivation methods. this study evaluated the bacteriological causes of community-acquired pneumonia using a cultivation-independent clone library analysis of the 16s ribosomal rna gene of bronchoalveolar lavage specimens, and compared the results w ...201323671659
comprehensive antigen screening identifies moraxella catarrhalis proteins that induce protection in a mouse pulmonary clearance model.moraxella catarrhalis is one of the three most common causative bacterial pathogens of otitis media, however no effective vaccine against m. catarrhalis has been developed so far. to identify m. catarrhalis vaccine candidate antigens, we used carefully selected sera from children with otitis media and healthy individuals to screen small-fragment genomic libraries that are expressed to display frame-selected peptides on a bacterial cell surface. this antigenome technology led to the identificatio ...201323671716
comparison of restriction enzymes for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of moraxella catarrhalis.noti, the most prevalent restriction enzyme used for typing moraxella catarrhalis, failed to digest genomic dna from respiratory samples. an improved pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) methodology determined spei as the best choice for typing this bacterial species, with a good restriction of clinical samples and a good clustering correlation with noti.201323678064
inhaled, dual release liposomal ciprofloxacin in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (orbit-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.the delivery of antipseudomonal antibiotics by inhalation to pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected subjects with non-cystic fibrosis (cf) bronchiectasis is a logical extension of treatment strategies successfully developed in cf bronchiectasis. dual release ciprofloxacin for inhalation (drcfi) contains liposomal ciprofloxacin, formulated to optimise airway antibiotic delivery.201323681906
antimicrobial activity of prulifloxacin in comparison with other fluoroquinolones against community-acquired urinary and respiratory pathogens isolated in greece.prulifloxacin, the prodrug of ulifloxacin, is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone rather recently introduced in certain european countries. we compared the antimicrobial potency of ulifloxacin with that of other fluoroquinolones against common urinary and respiratory bacterial pathogens. the microbial isolates were prospectively collected between january 2007 and may 2008 from patients with community-acquired infections in greece. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined for ciprofl ...201323686506
rapid single cell detection of staphylococcus aureus by aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles.staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens, causing more than 500,000 infections in the united states each year. traditional methods for bacterial culture and identification take several days, wasting precious time for patients who are suffering severe bacterial infections. numerous nucleic acid-based detection methods have been introduced to address this deficiency; however, the costs and requirement for expensive equipment may limit the widespread use of such technologi ...201323689505
carriage of mycoplasma pneumoniae in the upper respiratory tract of symptomatic and asymptomatic children: an observational study.mycoplasma pneumoniae is thought to be a common cause of respiratory tract infections (rtis) in children. the diagnosis of m. pneumoniae rtis currently relies on serological methods and/or the detection of bacterial dna in the upper respiratory tract (urt). it is conceivable, however, that these diagnostic methods also yield positive results if m. pneumoniae is carried asymptomatically in the urt. positive results from these tests may therefore not always be indicative of a symptomatic infection ...201323690754
bronchoscopy-derived correlates of lung injury following inhalational injuries: a prospective observational study.acute lung injury (ali) is a major factor determining morbidity following burns and inhalational injury. in experimental models, factors potentially contributing to ali risk include inhalation of toxins directly causing cell damage; inflammation; and infection. however, few studies have been done in humans.201323691180
prevention of respiratory tract infections with bacterial lysate om-85 bronchomunal in children and adults: a state of the art.respiratory tract infections (rtis) are a leading cause of morbidity and also represent a cause of death in some parts of the world. the treatment of rtis implies a continuous search for stronger therapies and represents an economical burden for health services and society. in this context the prevention of infections is absolutely required. the use of bacterial lysates as immuno-modulators to boost immunological response is widely debated. aim of this review is to summarize the main clinical st ...201323692890
signs and symptoms that differentiate acute sinusitis from viral upper respiratory tract infection.differentiating acute bacterial sinusitis from viral upper respiratory tract infection (uri) is challenging; 20% to 40% of children diagnosed with acute sinusitis based on clinical criteria likely have an uncomplicated uri. the objective of this study was to determine which signs and symptoms could be used to identify the subgroup of children who meet current clinical criteria for sinusitis but who nevertheless have a viral uri.201323694838
asthma microbiome studies and the potential for new therapeutic strategies.recent applications of culture-independent tools for microbiome profiling have revealed significant relationships between asthma and microbiota associated with the environment, gut, or airways. studies of the airway microbiome in particular represent a new frontier in pulmonary research. although these studies are relatively new, current evidence suggests the possibility of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment or prevention of asthma. in this article, recent literature on microbiota and ...201323709178
characterization of a trifunctional glucosyltransferase essential for moraxella catarrhalis lipooligosaccharide assembly.the human respiratory tract pathogen moraxella catarrhalis expresses lipooligosaccharides (los), glycolipid surface moieties that are associated with enhanced colonization and virulence. recent studies have delineated the major steps required for the biosynthesis and assembly of the m. catarrhalis los molecule. we previously demonstrated that the glucosyltransferase enzyme lgt3 is responsible for the addition of at least one glucose (glc) molecule, at the β-(1-4) position, to the inner core of t ...201323720461
assessment of some inflammatory biomarkers as predictors of outcome of acute respiratory failure on top of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and evaluation of the role of bacteria.objective. to study the value of the inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 (il-6), interleukin-8 (il-8), and c-reactive protein (crp)) in predicting the outcome of noninvasive ventilation (niv) in the management of acute respiratory failure (arf) on top of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) and the role of bacteria in the systemic inflammation. methods. thirty three patients were subjected to standard treatment plus niv, and accordingly, they were classified into responders and nonrespon ...201223724320
the rna chaperone hfq promotes fitness of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae during porcine pleuropneumonia.actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, an economically important disease of pigs. the hfq gene in a. pleuropneumoniae, encoding the rna chaperone and posttranscriptional regulator hfq, is upregulated during infection of porcine lungs. to investigate the role of this in vivo-induced gene in a. pleuropneumoniae, an hfq mutant strain was constructed. the hfq mutant was defective in biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. the level of pgac transcript, enc ...201323732171
neisseria gonorrhoeae-derived heptose elicits an innate immune response and drives hiv-1 expression.clinical and epidemiological synergy exists between the globally important sexually transmitted infections, gonorrhea and hiv. neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea, is particularly adept at driving hiv-1 expression, but the molecular determinants of this relationship remain undefined. n. gonorrhoeae liberates a soluble factor that potently induces expression from the hiv-1 ltr in coinfected cluster of differentiation 4-positive (cd4(+)) t lymphocytes, but this factor is not a previously ...201323733950
rapid 16s rrna next-generation sequencing of polymicrobial clinical samples for diagnosis of complex bacterial infections.classifying individual bacterial species comprising complex, polymicrobial patient specimens remains a challenge for culture-based and molecular microbiology techniques in common clinical use. we therefore adapted practices from metagenomics research to rapidly catalog the bacterial composition of clinical specimens directly from patients, without need for prior culture. we have combined a semiconductor deep sequencing protocol that produces reads spanning 16s ribosomal rna gene variable regions ...201323734239
transcriptional adaptation of pneumococci and human pharyngeal cells in the presence of a virus infection.viral upper respiratory tract infections are associated with increased colonization by streptococcus pneumoniae but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. the objective of this study is to describe a comprehensive picture of the cellular interaction between the adhering bacteria and host cells in the presence or absence of a viral co-infection.201323742656
microbiology of bacteria causing recurrent acute otitis media (aom) and aom treatment failure in young children in spain: shifting pathogens in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccination era.to prospectively identify the bacterial aetiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of problematic (recurrent and treatment failure) acute otitis media in spanish children several years after the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.201323746414
clinical manifestations and microbiology of acute otitis media with spontaneous otorrhea in children.in taiwan, clinical and microbiological data on acute otitis media (aom) with spontaneous otorrhea in children are limited.201323757372
phenotypic, genomic, and transcriptional characterization of streptococcus pneumoniae interacting with human pharyngeal cells.streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the availability of effective pneumococcal vaccines. understanding the molecular interactions between the bacterium and the host will contribute to the control and prevention of pneumococcal disease.201323758733
a cost effective real-time pcr for the detection of adenovirus from viral swabs.compared to traditional testing strategies, nucleic acid amplification tests such as real-time pcr offer many advantages for the detection of human adenoviruses. however, commercial assays are expensive and cost prohibitive for many clinical laboratories. to overcome fiscal challenges, a cost effective strategy was developed using a combination of homogenization and heat treatment with an "in-house" real-time pcr. in 196 swabs submitted for adenovirus detection, this crude extraction method show ...201323758993
broad-spectrum biosensor capable of detecting and identifying diverse bacterial and candida species in blood.we describe an assay which uses broad-spectrum, conserved-site pcr paired with mass spectrometry analysis of amplicons (pcr/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry [esi-ms]) to detect and identify diverse bacterial and candida species in uncultured specimens. the performance of the assay was characterized using whole-blood samples spiked with low titers of 64 bacterial species and 6 candida species representing the breadth of coverage of the assay. the assay had an average limit of detection o ...201323761152
the microbiology of tonsils in khamis civil hospital, saudi arabia.objectives. tonsillitis is a common infection in all age groups, especially under the age of five. organisms causing this condition vary from place to place. our aim is to find out the main causative agents of this condition in our hospital. patients and methods. fifty-two consenting patients who needed tonsillectomy in khamis civil hospital, kingdom of saudi arabia, between september 2006 and april 2007, were enrolled for the study. swabs were taken from their inner surfaces and cultured for an ...201223762620
rhinosinusitis in children.rhinosinusitis is the inflammation of the mucous membranes of nose and paranasal sinus(es). 5-13% of upper respiratory tract infections in children complicate into acute rhinosinusitis. though not life threatening, it profoundly affects child's school performance and sleep pattern. if untreated, it could progress to chronic rhinosinusitis (crs). the pathogens involved in perpetuation of crs consist of multidrug-resistant mixed microflora. crs is challenging to manage and could further extend to ...201223762621
dexmedetomidine infusion associated with transient adrenal insufficiency in a pediatric patient: a case report.dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α 2-adrenoceptor agonist used for sedation due to its anxiolytic and analgesic properties without respiratory compromise. due to its structural similarity to etomidate, there has been concern that dexmedetomidine may cause adrenal insufficiency. this concern was initially supported by animal studies, but subsequent human studies demonstrated mixed results. we describe the case of transient adrenal insufficiency in a 1-year-old male who presented with 24% tot ...201323762715
analysis of cftr gene variants in idiopathic bronchiectasis in serbian children.this study has investigated a potential role of common cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr) gene variants in the etiology of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in serbian children. the study has encompassed 48 patients (19 male and 29 female, aged between 5 and 18 years, median age 10.6±3.3), diagnosed with idiopathic bronchiectasis based on high-resolution computed tomography of thorax and pathologic examination of lobectomy materials. the cftr gene analysis was performed o ...201323781395
moraxella catarrhalis uses a twin-arginine translocation system to secrete the β-lactamase bro-2.moraxella catarrhalis is a human-specific gram-negative bacterium readily isolated from the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. the organism also causes significant health problems, including 15-20% of otitis media cases in children and ~10% of respiratory infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the lack of an efficacious vaccine, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates, and high carriage rates reported in children are cause for concern. v ...201323782650
spectrum and antimicrobial resistance of common pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mainland of china.bacteria-induced respiratory infection has been long considered to be the major cause of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd). therefore, a clear picture about the distribution and drug-resistance of pathogenic bacteria in the lower airways should be helpful for treatment of the disease. so far, data on this topic among chinese are lacking.201323786927
respiratory infections in eñepa amerindians are related to malnutrition and streptococcus pneumoniae carriage.high acute respiratory tract infection (arti) rates are observed in indigenous populations. we assessed the role of viral infections and nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in artis in eñepa amerindians from venezuela.201323796866
design and formulation technique of a novel drug delivery system for azithromycin and its anti-bacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus.azithromycin, an important member of the azalide subclass is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. certain physicochemical properties of the drug like poor water solubility and relatively low bioavailability of 37% due to incomplete absorption after ingestion, aroused the need for the development of a novel drug delivery system to enhance the solubilization potential and antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus at a very low concentration. cinnamon oil (ci ...201323800858
ceftaroline fosamil: a review of its use in the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections and community-acquired pneumonia.ceftaroline, the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil (zinforo, teflaro), is an advanced-generation, parenteral cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro against gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and multidrug resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and gram-negative bacteria, including haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, but not pseudomonas aeruginosa. ceftaroline has demonstrated a low potential ...201323801418
bacteria in the nose of young adults during wellness and rhinovirus colds: detection by culture and microarray methods in 100 nasal lavage specimens.patients  with  viral respiratory infections/viral rhinitis/common colds are often treated with antibiotic; however, there is little information on whether or how bacterial microbiota in the nose and nasopharynx might influence the course of viral illnesses.201323801660
synthesis and antibacterial activities of n-substituted-glycinyl 1h-1,2,3-triazolyl oxazolidinones.a series of 1h-1,2,3-triazolyl piperazino oxazolidinone analogs with optionally varied glycinyl substitutions were synthesized and their antibacterial activity assessed against a panel of susceptible and resistant gram-positive and selected gram-negative bacteria including clinical isolates. the n-aroyl- and n-heteroaroyl-glycinyl (mic: 0.06-4 μg/ml) derivatives were more potent than the n-acylglycinyl (2-8 μg/ml) derivatives against all gram-positive bacteria tested. nitro substitution on aryl ...201323811087
the incidence and aetiology of hospitalised community-acquired pneumonia among vietnamese adults: a prospective surveillance in central vietnam.lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) including community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a common infectious disease that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. the patterns of aetiological pathogens differ by region and country. special attention must be paid to cap in southeast asia (sea), a region facing rapid demographic transition. estimates burden and aetiological patterns of cap are essential for the clinical and public health management. the purposes of the study are to ...201323815298
role of the zinc uptake abc transporter of moraxella catarrhalis in persistence in the respiratory tract.moraxella catarrhalis is a human respiratory tract pathogen that causes otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. we have identified and characterized a zinc uptake abc transporter that is present in all strains of m. catarrhalis tested. a mutant in which the znu gene cluster is knocked out shows markedly impaired growth compared to the wild type in medium that contains trace zinc; growth is restored to wild-type levels ...201323817618
the first engagement of partners in the euprymna scolopes-vibrio fischeri symbiosis is a two-step process initiated by a few environmental symbiont cells.we studied the euprymna scolopes-vibrio fischeri symbiosis to characterize, in vivo and in real time, the transition between the bacterial partner's free-living and symbiotic life styles. previous studies using high inocula demonstrated that environmental v. fischeri cells aggregate during a 3 h period in host-shed mucus along the light organ's superficial ciliated epithelia. under lower inoculum conditions, similar to the levels of symbiont cells in the environment, this interaction induces hae ...201323819708
antianaerobic antimicrobials: spectrum and susceptibility testing.susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria recovered from selected cases can influence the choice of antimicrobial therapy. the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) has standardized many laboratory procedures, including anaerobic susceptibility testing (ast), and has published documents for ast. the standardization of testing methods by the clsi allows comparisons of resistance trends among various laboratories. susceptibility testing should be performed on organisms recovered fr ...201323824372
matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: a fundamental shift in the routine practice of clinical microbiology.within the past decade, clinical microbiology laboratories experienced revolutionary changes in the way in which microorganisms are identified, moving away from slow, traditional microbial identification algorithms toward rapid molecular methods and mass spectrometry (ms). historically, ms was clinically utilized as a high-complexity method adapted for protein-centered analysis of samples in chemistry and hematology laboratories. today, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight ...201323824373
antimicrobial activity of the pleuromutilin antibiotic bc-3781 against bacterial pathogens isolated in the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program in 2010.bc-3781 is a novel semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. bc-3781 has completed a phase 2 clinical trial in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (absssi). its antibacterial spectrum additionally covers the predominant pathogens causing community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp). in this study, the antibacterial activity of bc-3781 was evaluated against a contemporary collection of 10,035 bacterial isolates predominately causing absssi and ...201323836172
use of the chinchilla model to evaluate the vaccinogenic potential of the moraxella catarrhalis filamentous hemagglutinin-like proteins mhab1 and mhab2.moraxella catarrhalis causes significant health problems, including 15-20% of otitis media cases in children and ~10% of respiratory infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the lack of an efficacious vaccine, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates, and high carriage rates reported in children are cause for concern. in addition, the effectiveness of conjugate vaccines at reducing the incidence of otitis media caused by streptococcus pneumoniae a ...201323844117
rna-seq-based analysis of the physiologic cold shock-induced changes in moraxella catarrhalis gene expression.moraxella catarrhalis, a major nasopharyngeal pathogen of the human respiratory tract, is exposed to rapid downshifts of environmental temperature when humans breathe cold air. the prevalence of pharyngeal colonization and respiratory tract infections caused by m. catarrhalis is greatest in winter. we investigated how m. catarrhalis uses the physiologic exposure to cold air to regulate pivotal survival systems that may contribute to m. catarrhalis virulence.201323844181
incidence survey of acute otitis media in children in sado island, japan--sado otitis media study (sadoms).acute otitis media (aom) is one of the most common forms of bacterial infection and cause for clinic visits in children. the incidence of aom was 0.9-1.2 episodes per person-year during the first 2 years of life in previous reports conducted before 2000. the aim of this study was to 1) evaluate the latest aom incidence in pediatric outpatients and 2) identify the bacterial pathogens from these patients and ascertain their serotypes and resistance.201323844235
a guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2013 recommendations by the infectious diseases society of america (idsa) and the american society for microbiology (asm)(a).the critical role of the microbiology laboratory in infectious disease diagnosis calls for a close, positive working relationship between the physician and the microbiologists who provide enormous value to the health care team. this document, developed by both laboratory and clinical experts, provides information on which tests are valuable and in which contexts, and on tests that add little or no value for diagnostic decisions. sections are divided into anatomic systems, including bloodstream i ...201323845951
accurate identification of fastidious gram-negative rods: integration of both conventional phenotypic methods and 16s rrna gene analysis.accurate identification of fastidious gram-negative rods (gnr) by conventional phenotypic characteristics is a challenge for diagnostic microbiology. the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of molecular methods, e.g., 16s rrna gene sequence analysis for identification of fastidious gnr in the clinical microbiology laboratory.201323855986
acute otitis media otopathogens during 2008 to 2010 in rochester, new york.the otopathogen distribution colonizing the nasopharynx (np) and causing acute otitis media (aom) is in flux following the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 7 (pcv7) and will continue to change.201323860479
bacterial interference with canonical nfκb signalling.the human body is constantly challenged by a variety of commensal and pathogenic micro-organisms that trigger the immune system. central in the first line of defence is the pattern-recognition receptor (prr)-induced stimulation of the nfκb pathway, leading to nfκb activation. the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or antimicrobial peptides results in recruitment of professional phagocytes and bacterial clearance. to overcome this, bacteria have developed mechanisms for targe ...201323873783
community-acquired pneumonia: 2012 history, mythology, and science.pneumonia remains one of the major disease entities practicing physicians must manage. it is a leading cause of infection-related morbidity and mortality in all age groups, and a leading cause of death in those older than 65 years of age. despite its frequency and importance, clinical questions have remained in the therapy of community-acquired pneumonia including when to start antibiotics, when to stop them, who to treat, and what agents to use. answers to these questions have involved historic ...201323874036
efficacy of levofloxacin versus cefuroxime in treating acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.antibiotic treatment is one of the major pharmacologic treatments for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd). however, the choice of antibiotic depends on the local resistance pattern. a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial was done in patients with aecopd to compare the efficacy of levofloxacin with that of cefuroxime axetil.201323874094
improvement of the pharmacokinetics and in vivo antibacterial efficacy of a novel type iia topoisomerase inhibitor by formulation in liposomes.several useful properties of liposome-based formulations of various existing antibacterial drugs have been reported. these properties include lower mics, improved pharmacokinetics, lower toxicity, selective distribution to infected tissues, and enhanced in vivo efficacy. here we report in vivo studies of a liposomal formulation of a member of a novel class of antibacterial type ii topoisomerase inhibitors, others of which have progressed to early phases of clinical trials. the free (i.e., nonlip ...201323877679
combination of pantothenamides with vanin inhibitors as a novel antibiotic strategy against gram-positive bacteria.the emergence of resistance against current antibiotics calls for the development of new compounds to treat infectious diseases. synthetic pantothenamides are pantothenate analogs that possess broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro in minimal media. pantothenamides were shown to be substrates of the bacterial coenzyme a (coa) biosynthetic pathway, causing cellular coa depletion and interference with fatty acid synthesis. in spite of their potential use and selectivity for bacterial metab ...201323877685
multiple streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in aural discharge samples from children with acute otitis media with spontaneous otorrhea.among 55 children with cultures positive for acute otitis media with spontaneous otorrhea, 28 (51%) had cultures positive for aural streptococcus pneumoniae, and in 10 of these, two distinct strains were detected, in which 5 had pairs of strains that were both capsule-bearing serotypes. such cases were more likely to have cultures positive for other otopathogens than those with only one pneumococcus present.201323885003
possible involvement of human bocavirus 1 in the death of a middle-aged immunosuppressed patient.an immunosuppressed 61-year-old man went to the hospital with fever, nonproductive cough, and increasing shortness of breath. the subject died 8 days later of respiratory complications. pcr of respiratory samples as well as a blood sample revealed exceptionally high dna levels of the emerging pathogen, human bocavirus 1 (hbov1), a recently found pathogen associated with respiratory symptoms in young children. we describe the clinical progression of the case and discuss the potential role of hbov ...201323903541
improving patient care via development of a protein-based diagnostic test for microbe-specific detection of chronic rhinosinusitis.the hypothesis is that signature bacterial proteins can be identified in sinus secretions via high-throughput, proteomic based techniques. nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is the most common bacterial pathogen associated with sinusitis and serves as proof of principle pathogen for identifying biomarkers.201323904321
improving patient care via development of a protein-based diagnostic test for microbe-specific detection of chronic rhinosinusitis.the hypothesis is that signature bacterial proteins can be identified in sinus secretions via high-throughput, proteomic based techniques. nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is the most common bacterial pathogen associated with sinusitis and serves as proof of principle pathogen for identifying biomarkers.201323904321
respiratory disease in canadian first nations and inuit children.first nations and inuit children are disproportionately affected by respiratory infections such as viral bronchiolitis, pneumonia and tuberculosis. rates of long-term lung disease following severe respiratory infections early in life, such as bronchiectasis, are also elevated. in contrast, rates of asthma may be somewhat less than in other canadian children, although rates of poor asthma control are increased. causes for the high rates of infections include poverty, overcrowding, housing in need ...201223904781
the beta lactam antibiotics as an empirical therapy in a developing country: an update on their current status and recommendations to counter the resistance against them.in a developing country like india, where the patients have to bear the cost of their healthcare, the microbiological culture and the sensitivity testing of each and every infection is not feasible. moreover, there are lacunae in the data storage, management and the sharing of knowledge with respect to the microorganisms which are prevalent in the local geographical area and with respect to the antibiotics which are effective against them. thus, an empirical therapy for treating infections is im ...201323905143
phagocytic dysfunction of human alveolar macrophages and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) have fundamental impairment of phagocytosis for nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi). however, relative selectivity of dysfunctional phagocytosis among diverse respiratory pathogens: nthi, moraxella catarrhalis (mc), streptococcus pneumoniae (sp), and nonbacterial particles, as well as the contribution of impaired phagocytosis to severity of copd, has not been explored.201323908477
group a streptococci are protected from amoxicillin-mediated killing by vesicles containing β-lactamase derived from haemophilus influenzae.group a streptococci (gas) cause, among other infections, pharyngotonsillitis in children. the species is frequently localized with the gram-negative respiratory pathogens non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis, which both produce outer membrane vesicles (omvs). the aim of this study was to investigate whether omvs isolated from nthi contain functional β-lactamase and whether the omvs hydrolyse amoxicillin and thus protect gas from killing by the antibiotic.201323912886
spectrum and potency of ceftaroline against leading pathogens causing community-acquired respiratory tract and skin and soft tissue infections in latin america, 2010.ceftaroline, the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil, is a cephalosporin with in vitro bactericidal activity against gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus, β-haemolytic and viridans group streptococci, and streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as common gram-negative organisms. in this study a total of 986 isolates collected in 2010 from patients in 15 medical centers in five latin american countries from the assessing worldw ...201323916453
complement-mediated opsonization of invasive group a streptococcus pyogenes strain ap53 is regulated by the bacterial two-component cluster of virulence responder/sensor (covrs) system.group a streptococcus pyogenes (gas) strain ap53 is a primary isolate from a patient with necrotizing fasciitis. these ap53 cells contain an inactivating mutation in the sensor component of the cluster of virulence (cov) responder (r)/sensor (s) two-component gene regulatory system (covrs), which enhances the virulence of the primary strain, ap53/covr(+)s(-). however, specific mechanisms by which the covrs system regulates the survival of gas in humans are incomplete. here, we show a key role fo ...201323928307
molecular mechanisms of moraxella catarrhalis-induced otitis media.moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative bacterium, exclusively present in humans and a leading causative agent of otitis media (om) in children. most children (80 %) experience at least one episode of om by their third birthday and half suffer multiple episodes of infection. over the last 10 years, increased evidence suggests that m. cat possesses multiple virulence factors which can be carried through biologically active outer membrane vesicles (omvs) that are themselves able to activate host- ...201323934577
causal inference regarding infectious aetiology of chronic conditions: a systematic review.the global burden of disease has shifted from communicable diseases in children to chronic diseases in adults. this epidemiologic shift varies greatly by region, but in europe, chronic conditions account for 86% of all deaths, 77% of the disease burden, and up to 80% of health care expenditures. a number of risk factors have been implicated in chronic diseases, such as exposure to infectious agents. a number of associations have been well established while others remain uncertain.201323935899
characterization of the molecular interplay between moraxella catarrhalis and human respiratory tract epithelial cells.moraxella catarrhalis is a mucosal pathogen that causes childhood otitis media and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. during the course of infection, m. catarrhalis needs to adhere to epithelial cells of different host niches such as the nasopharynx and lungs, and consequently, efficient adhesion to epithelial cells is considered an important virulence trait of m. catarrhalis. by using tn-seq, a genome-wide negative selection screenings technology, we identified 15 ...201323936538
association between ocular bacterial carriage and follicular trachoma following mass azithromycin distribution in the gambia.trachoma, caused by ocular chlamydia trachomatis infection, is the leading infectious cause of blindness, but its prevalence is now falling in many countries. as the prevalence falls, an increasing proportion of individuals with clinical signs of follicular trachoma (tf) is not infected with c. trachomatis. a recent study in tanzania suggested that other bacteria may play a role in the persistence of these clinical signs.201323936573
prediction of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in patients with non-nosocomial pneumonia.methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is recognized as an important cause of not only hospital acquired pneumonia, but also non-nosocomial pneumonia. however, the risk factors for non-nosocomial mrsa pneumonia are not clearly defined. our objective was to identify risk factors at admission that were associated with non-nosocomial mrsa pneumonia.201323937553
croup in children. 201323939212
longitudinal nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance of respiratory bacteria in indigenous australian and alaska native children with bronchiectasis.indigenous children in australia and alaska have very high rates of chronic suppurative lung disease (csld)/bronchiectasis. antibiotics, including frequent or long-term azithromycin in australia and short-term beta-lactam therapy in both countries, are often prescribed to treat these patients. in the bronchiectasis observational study we examined over several years the nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance of respiratory bacteria in these two pcv7-vaccinated populations.201323940582
carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)-related cell adhesion molecules are co-expressed in the human lung and their expression can be modulated in bronchial epithelial cells by non-typable haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, tlr3, and type i and ii interferons.the carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)-related cell adhesion molecules ceacam1 (bgp, cd66a), ceacam5 (cea, cd66e) and ceacam6 (nca, cd66c) are expressed in human lung. they play a role in innate and adaptive immunity and are targets for various bacterial and viral adhesins. two pathogens that colonize the normally sterile lower respiratory tract in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are non-typable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis. both pathogens bind t ...201323941132
mechanisms and impact of the frequent exacerbator phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are important events that carry significant consequences for patients. some patients experience frequent exacerbations, and are now recognized as a distinct clinical subgroup, the 'frequent exacerbator' phenotype. this is relatively stable over time, occurs across disease severity, and is associated with poorer health outcomes. these patients are therefore a priority for research and treatment. the pathophysiology underlying the frequ ...201323945277
inflammation and immune response in copd: where do we stand?increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammatory and immune responses play key roles in the development and progression of copd. recent data provide evidence for a role in the nlrp3 inflammasome in the airway inflammation observed in copd. cigarette smoke activates innate immune cells by triggering pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to release "danger signal". these signals act as ligands to toll-like receptors (tlrs), triggering the production of cytokines and inducing innate inflammat ...201323956502
evaluation of yield of currently available diagnostics by sample type to optimize detection of respiratory pathogens in patients with a community-acquired pneumonia.for the detection of respiratory pathogens, the sampling strategy may influence the diagnostic yield. ideally, samples from the lower respiratory tract are collected, but they are difficult to obtain.201323957707
evaluation of yield of currently available diagnostics by sample type to optimize detection of respiratory pathogens in patients with a community-acquired pneumonia.for the detection of respiratory pathogens, the sampling strategy may influence the diagnostic yield. ideally, samples from the lower respiratory tract are collected, but they are difficult to obtain.201323957707
the target cohort study protocol: a prospective primary care cohort study to derive and validate a clinical prediction rule to improve the targeting of antibiotics in children with respiratory tract illnesses.children with respiratory tract infections are the single most frequent patient group to make use of primary care health care resources. the use of antibiotics remains highly prevalent in young children, but can lead to antimicrobial resistance as well as reinforcing the idea that parents should re-consult for similar symptoms. one of the main drivers of indiscriminate antimicrobial use is the lack of evidence for, and therefore uncertainty regarding, which children are at risk of poor outcome. ...201323958109
fosfomycin and tobramycin in combination downregulate nitrate reductase genes narg and narh, resulting in increased activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa under anaerobic conditions.the activity of aminoglycosides, which are used to treat pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory infection in cystic fibrosis (cf) patients, is reduced under the anaerobic conditions that reflect the cf lung in vivo. in contrast, a 4:1 (wt/wt) combination of fosfomycin and tobramycin (f:t), which is under investigation for use in the treatment of cf lung infection, has increased activity against p. aeruginosa under anaerobic conditions. the aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying ...201323959314
incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis in a tertiary care eye hospital: a retrospective analysis.to determine the incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis seen at a tertiary care eye hospital.201123960995
incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis in a tertiary care eye hospital: a retrospective analysis.to determine the incidence and microbiological profile of mycotic keratitis seen at a tertiary care eye hospital.201123960995
value of microbiology study in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction.evaluation of the effect of different microorganisms on congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (cnldo) tightness and whether probing or silastic intubation is likely to fail in a particular microorganism infection.201223960996
application of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of the fastidious pediatric pathogens aggregatibacter, eikenella, haemophilus, and kingella.the accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) in the identification of haemophilus, aggregatibacter, cardiobacterium, eikenella, and kingella (hacek) species was compared to that of phenotypic methods (remel rapid and vitek 2). overall, vitek ms correctly identified more isolates, incorrectly identified fewer isolates, and failed to identify fewer isolates than both phenotypic methods.201323966506
[analysis of bacterial culture and cytology in nasal smear of japanese ceder pollinosis in pre-season and in season].previously, we reported that nasal symptom appeared in some patients of japanese cedar pollinosis (jcp) before season. over than 50% of them had neutrophils (no eosinophil) in their nasal smear (less than 10%; eosinophils), and staphylococcus aureus or epidermis by culture were detected in more than 90% of them. we thought the attack caused from rhinitis by staphylococcus.201323969881
antibacterial activity of eravacycline (tp-434), a novel fluorocycline, against hospital and community pathogens.eravacycline (tp-434 or 7-fluoro-9-pyrrolidinoacetamido-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline) is a novel fluorocycline that was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against panels of recently isolated aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. eravacycline showed potent broad-spectrum activity against 90% of the isolates (mic90) in each panel at concentrations ranging from ≤0.008 to 2 μg/ml for all species panels except those of pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cenocepacia ...201323979750
in vitro activity of ceftaroline-avibactam against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens isolated from patients in canadian hospitals from 2010 to 2012: results from the canward surveillance study.the in vitro activities of ceftaroline-avibactam, ceftaroline, and comparative agents were determined for a collection of bacterial pathogens frequently isolated from patients seeking care at 15 canadian hospitals from january 2010 to december 2012. in total, 9,758 isolates were tested by using the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) broth microdilution method (document m07-a9, 2012), with mics interpreted by using clsi breakpoints (document m100-s23, 2013). ceftaroline-avibactam ...201323979759
effectiveness of 7.5 percent povidone iodine in comparison to 1 percent clotrimazole with lignocaine in the treatment of otomycosis.objectives. otomycosis is a common ent disease frequenting the tropics. its recurrent nature poses a great challenge to the treating physician. in spite of a number of antifungals in the market, the frequent nature of this disease warrants repeated use of these drugs, contributing to drug resistance and financial burden on the rural population. our primary aims were to evaluate the effectiveness of povidone iodine in the treatment of otomycosis and to identify the most common fungal isolate in o ...201323984100
new antibiotics for bad bugs: where are we?bacterial resistance to antibiotics is growing up day by day in both community and hospital setting, with a significant impact on the mortality and morbidity rates and the financial burden that is associated. in the last two decades multi drug resistant microorganisms (both hospital- and community-acquired) challenged the scientific groups into developing new antimicrobial compounds that can provide safety in use according to the new regulation, good efficacy patterns, and low resistance profile ...201323984642
where does neisseria acquire foreign dna from: an examination of the source of genomic and pathogenic islands and the evolution of the neisseria genus.pathogenicity islands (pais) or genomic islands (geis) are considered to be the result of a recent horizontal transfer. detecting pais/geis as well as their putative source can provide insight into the organism's pathogenicity within its host. previously we introduced a tool called s-plot which provides a visual representation of the variation in compositional properties across and between genomic sequences. utilizing s-plot and new functionality developed here, we examined 18 publicly available ...201324007216
innate immunity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a mini-review.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), a major smoking-associated lung disorder characterized by progressive irreversible airflow limitation, affects >200 million people worldwide. individuals with copd have increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, resulting in exacerbations of the disease. a growing body of evidence indicates that multiple host defense mechanisms, such as those provided by the airway epithelial barrier and innate immune cells, including alveolar macrophages, n ...201324008598
does a 10-valent pneumococcal-haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine prevent respiratory exacerbations in children with recurrent protracted bacterial bronchitis, chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.recurrent protracted bacterial bronchitis (pbb), chronic suppurative lung disease (csld) and bronchiectasis are characterised by a chronic wet cough and are important causes of childhood respiratory morbidity globally. haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae are the most commonly associated pathogens. as respiratory exacerbations impair quality of life and may be associated with disease progression, we will determine if the novel 10-valent pneumococcal-haemophilus influenzae protein ...201324010917
structure-based gene targeting discovery of sphaerimicin, a bacterial translocase i inhibitor.rise and shine: using a gene-targeting approach aimed at identifying potential l-threonine:uridine-5'-transaldolases that catalyze the formation of (5's,6's)-c-glycyluridine, a new bacterial translocase i inhibitor was discovered from an actinomycete following fermentation optimization.201324014169
nasopharyngeal bacterial colonisation in hiv-positive children in cambodia.to determine patterns of nasopharyngeal colonisation in hiv-positive children.201324016033
incidence and etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children younger than 5 years in rural thailand.pneumonia remains a leading cause of under-five morbidity and mortality globally. comprehensive incidence, epidemiologic and etiologic data are needed to update prevention and control strategies.201424030346
inhibition of otopathogenic biofilms by organoselenium-coated tympanostomy tubes.tube occlusion and post-tympanostomy tube otorrhea (ptto) are 2 major sequelae of tympanostomy tube placement. plugging negates the function of the tympanostomy tubes and, along with chronic ptto, can be financially burdensome owing to repeated surgical procedures and additional treatments.201324030785
cardiovascular risk, myocardial injury, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) have elevated cardiovascular risk, and myocardial injury is common during severe exacerbations. little is known about the prevalence, magnitude, and underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular risk in community-treated exacerbations.201324033321
evaluation of truncated nhha protein as a candidate meningococcal vaccine antigen.nhha (neisseria hia homologue) is an outer membrane protein from neisseria meningitidis, the causative agent of meningococcal disease. the protein is surface exposed and its expression in a wide range of meningococcal strains suggests it is a promising vaccine candidate. in addition, immunization of mice with outer membrane vesicles of strains that overexpress nhha in conjunction with one of tbpa, omp85 or nspa results in synergistic bactericidal responses. we previously showed that the nhha seq ...201324039731
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