Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| first isolation and report of clusters of clostridium difficile pcr 027 cases in ireland. | 2007 | 17868610 | |
| asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. | asymptomatic fecal carriage of clostridium difficile is common in patients staying in health care facilities, but the importance of asymptomatic carriers with regard to disease transmission is unclear. | 2007 | 17879913 |
| asymptomatic clostridium difficile colonization: is this the tip of another iceberg? | 2007 | 17879914 | |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and odor. | 2007 | 17879938 | |
| a case of norovirus and clostridium difficile infection: casual or causal relationship? | 2007 | 17884245 | |
| reported clostridium difficile rates: accurate and targeting the problem? | 2007 | 17884249 | |
| what is the true burden of clostridium difficile disease? | 2007 | 17884251 | |
| clostridium difficile: emergence of hypervirulence and fluoroquinolone resistance. | clostridium difficile is a well-known cause of sporadic and healthcare-associated diarrhea. multihospital outbreaks due to a single strain and outbreaks associated with antibiotic selective pressure, especially clindamycin, have been well documented. severe cases and fatalities from c. difficile are uncommon. the recent global emergence of a hypervirulent strain containing binary toxin (toxinotype iii ribotype 027), with or without deletion in a regulatory gene (tcdc gene), together with high-le ... | 2007 | 17885732 |
| the potential impact of substitutive therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin on the outcome of heart transplant recipients with infections. | hypogammaglobulinemia has been proposed to be a risk factor for infection after heart transplantation (oht). infection is a leading cause of morbility and mortality among these patients. in a retrospective study we analyzed the impact of substitutive therapy with nonspecific intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) on the outcomes of heart transplant patients with infections. we analyzed the outcome of 123 consecutive heart transplant recipients in our center from june 1996 to november 2005. their mean ... | 2007 | 17889198 |
| morphological and genetic diversity of temperate phages in clostridium difficile. | eight temperate phages were characterized after mitomycin c induction of six clostridium difficile isolates corresponding to six distinct pcr ribotypes. the hypervirulent c. difficile strain responsible for a multi-institutional outbreak (nap1/027 or qcd-32g58) was among these prophage-containing strains. observation of the crude lysates by transmission electron microscopy (tem) revealed the presence of three phages with isometric capsids and long contractile tails (myoviridae family), as well a ... | 2007 | 17890338 |
| statins enhance toll-like receptor 4-mediated cytokine gene expression in astrocytes: implication of rho proteins in negative feedback regulation. | toll-like receptors (tlrs) are sentinels of innate immunity that recognize pathogenic molecules and trigger inflammatory response. because inflammatory mediators are detrimental to the host, the tlr response is regulated by feedback inhibition. statins, the inhibitors of isoprenoid biosynthesis, have been shown to be potent modulators of tlr activity, and this modulation may provide insight regarding mechanisms of the feedback inhibition. in the present study, we examined feedback mechanisms tha ... | 2008 | 17896797 |
| the effect of a multispecies probiotic on the intestinal microbiota and bowel movements in healthy volunteers taking the antibiotic amoxycillin. | one of the side effects of antimicrobial therapy is a disturbance of the intestinal microbiota potentially resulting in antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). in this placebo-controlled double-blind study, the effect of a multispecies probiotic on the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota and bowel habits was studied in healthy volunteers taking amoxycillin. | 2008 | 17900321 |
| outcomes of clostridium difficile-associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of nap1/027. | to reassess the comparative efficacy of vancomycin versus metronidazole in the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) after the emergence in 2003 of the hypervirulent nap1/027 strain. | 2007 | 17900327 |
| safety and cost savings of an improved three-day rule for stool culture in hospitalised children and adults. | stools sent for culture from patients after three days of hospitalisation have a low yield (<1%) for bacterial enteric pathogens (bep), excluding clostridium difficile, and are expensive to process. a 'three-day rule' for rejection of specimens has previously been validated in adults. we evaluated a three-day rule for paediatric stool samples by retrospective review of all stool culture results from 1995 to 2002. excluding c. difficile, yield for bep in samples sent within three days following a ... | 2007 | 17900758 |
| clostridium difficile glucosyltransferase toxin b-essential amino acids for substrate binding. | recently the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of clostridium difficile toxin b was solved ( reinert, d. j., jank, t., aktories, k., and schulz, g. e. (2005) j. mol. biol. 351, 973-981 ). on the basis of this structure, we studied the functional role of several amino acids located in the catalytic center of toxin b. besides the (286)dxd(288) motif and trp(102), which were shown to be necessary for mn(2+) and udp binding, respectively, we identified by alanine scanning asp(270), arg(273), ... | 2007 | 17901056 |
| clostridium difficile: an under-recognized cause of reactive arthritis? | reactive arthritis usually presents as a sterile, inflammatory, asymmetric oligoarthritis, affecting large lower extremity joints. extra-articular features (conjunctivitis, uveitis, enthesopathy, urethritis, balanitis, keratoderma blenorrhagicum) may occur. common causes of enteric reactive arthritis are preceding infections attributable to salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and yersinia. in contrast, clostridium difficile is an uncommon cause of reactive arthritis, with only approximately 40 ... | 2008 | 17902012 |
| [interest of the disk diffusion method for screening clostridium difficile isolates with decreased susceptibility to antibiotics]. | in vitro determination of clostridium difficile susceptibility to antibiotics is not routinely performed. the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of antibiotic susceptibility determination with the disk diffusion method for screening c. difficile isolates with decreased susceptibility to antibiotics. | 2007 | 17905536 |
| excess hospitalisation burden associated with clostridium difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of diarrhoea in hospitalised patients. an increasing number of cases of c difficile colitis occur in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd)-crohn's disease (cd), ulcerative colitis (uc). | 2008 | 17905821 |
| safety concerns with fluoroquinolones. | to review the chemistry, pharmacology, and safety of fluoroquinolones. | 2007 | 17911203 |
| [molecular fingerprint of bacterial communities and 16s rdna intra-species heterogeneity: a pitfall that should be considered]. | molecular fingerprinting methods are currently used to study microbial communities by culture independent approaches. they are proposed as identification tool owing to the availability of rapid automated methods. the 16s rrna gene (16s rdna) is an efficient marker for bacterial identification and microbial communities analysis. however, the 16s rdna polymorphism among strains of the same species is an underestimated pitfall of the fingerprinting approaches. | 2007 | 17913388 |
| bugs among us. | 2007 | 17914302 | |
| potential use of inhibitors of bacteria spore germination in the prophylactic treatment of anthrax and clostridium difficile-associated disease. | spore germination is the first step in establishing bacillus and clostridium infections. germination is triggered by the binding of small molecules by the resting spore. subsequently, the activated spore secretes dipicolinic acid and calcium, the spore core is rehydrated and spore structures are degraded. inhibition of any of the germination-related events will prevent development to the vegetative stage. inhibition of spore germination has been studied intensively in the prevention of food spoi ... | 2007 | 17914913 |
| nadph oxidase plays a central role in blood-brain barrier damage in experimental stroke. | cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is associated with reactive oxygen species (ros) generation, and nadph oxidases are important sources of ros. we hypothesized that nadph oxidases mediate blood-brain barrier (bbb) disruption and contribute to tissue damage in ischemia/reperfusion. | 2007 | 17916764 |
| colitis associated with clostridium difficile in specific-pathogen-free c3h-scid mice. | soft feces and a decreased delivery rate were observed in a specific-pathogen-free (spf) c3h-scid mouse breeding colony. grossly, the ceca were shrunken and edematous in the affected mice. histopathologically, severe edema in the cecal submucosa as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria and submucosa of the ceca and colon were observed. no pathogenic microorganisms were detected by the routine microbiological tests. by anaerobic bacterial-examination, clostridium (c.) d ... | 2007 | 17917386 |
| fluoroquinolone use and risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease within a veterans administration health care system. | prompted by the changing profile of clostridium difficile infection and the impact of formulary policies in hospitals, we performed this study when an increase in the incidence of c. difficile-associated disease was noted at our health care center (veterans administration puget sound health care system, seattle, washington). | 2007 | 17918075 |
| detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is the major cause of health care-associated infectious diarrhea. current laboratory testing lacks a single assay that is sensitive, specific, and rapid. the purpose of this work was to design and validate a sensitive and specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) diagnostic test for cdad. | 2007 | 17918076 |
| characteristics and incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease in the netherlands, 2005. | during a 2-month period in 2005, 13 laboratories participated in a surveillance study of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in 17 hospitals in the netherlands. the median incidence rate of cdad was 16/10 000 patient admissions (2.2/10 000 patient-days) and varied from 1 to 46/10 000 patient admissions according to hospital. in total, 81 patients with cdad were reported; 49 (61%) patients had nosocomial cdad, and 29 (36%) patients were admitted to hospital when already suffering from ... | 2007 | 17922780 |
| the aging gut: physiology. | changes in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract with aging are less obvious than are seen in other organs, such as the brain. nevertheless, physiologic changes play a role in the anorexia of aging, postprandial hypotension, aspiration pneumonia, increased clostridium difficile infections, fecal incontinence, gallstones, and altered drug metabolism. | 2007 | 17923336 |
| the emerging infectious challenge of clostridium difficile-associated disease in massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences. | to estimate the clinical and economic burden of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in massachusetts over 2 years. | 2007 | 17926270 |
| infection control policies and practices for iowa long-term care facility residents with clostridium difficile infection. | to identify infection control policies and practices used by iowa long-term care facilities (ltcfs) for residents with clostridium difficile infection or c. difficile-associated diarrhea and to assess use of antimicrobial agents. | 2007 | 17926271 |
| changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease in children. | to determine temporal trends in the incidence rate for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a pediatric patient population. | 2007 | 17926272 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in patients in a small rural hospital. | to determine the risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a 25-bed rural hospital and to compare antimicrobial use ratios at the study hospital with those at a large academic medical center. | 2007 | 17926273 |
| risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients receiving proton-pump inhibitors in a quebec medical intensive care unit. | our study was conducted to determine whether use of gastric acid-suppressive agents increased the risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a medical intensive care unit of one of the first hospitals to be threatened by the current cdad epidemic in quebec, canada. our findings suggest that efforts to determine risk factors for cdad should focus on other areas, such as older age and antibiotic use. | 2007 | 17926283 |
| infections and training headaches plague uk's government health system. | 2007 | 17927038 | |
| [survey of susceptibility of clinical clostridium diffiicile strains isolated from patients hospitalised in different departments of paediatric hospital to antimicrobial agents]. | this study was performed to determine the susceptibility of 50 c. difficile strains isolated from faecal samples of children suspected to antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) to antimicrobial agents: metronidazole, vancomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloksacin, gatifloksacin and imipenem. the all c. difficile strains were sensitived to metronidazole and vancomycin. twenty six per cent of strains were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin (mls(b) type resistance). resita ... | 2007 | 17929413 |
| risks versus benefits of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy in the elderly. | 2007 | 17936957 | |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of dc-159a, a new fluoroquinolone. | dc-159a is a new 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone that possesses a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, with extended activity against gram-positive pathogens, especially streptococci and staphylococci from patients with community-acquired infections. dc-159a showed activity against streptococcus spp. (mic(90), 0.12 microg/ml) and inhibited the growth of 90% of levofloxacin-intermediate and -resistant strains at 1 microg/ml. the mic 90s of dc-159a against staphylococcus spp. were 0.5 microg/ml or ... | 2008 | 17938194 |
| [infectious aetiologies of travelers' diarrhoea]. | traveler's diarrhoea (td) occurs in 20 to 60% of european or north-american travelers in intertropical areas. following return from endemic zone, malaria must always be evocated in front of febrile diarrhoea. many causative infectious agents are involved in td and their frequency may vary according to destination and seasons. the main agents involved in td are escherichia coli pathovars (especially enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative e. coli) followed by enteroinvasive bacteria (campylobacter ... | 2007 | 17942257 |
| small bowel evisceration: a rare complication of laparoscopic ileostomy. | 2008 | 17944971 | |
| doctors need a "sea change" in their attitude to c difficile. | 2007 | 17947757 | |
| refractory clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 17955101 | |
| treatment strategies for c. difficile associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea usually occurs as a complication of antibiotic treatment. recent data shows an increase in incidence rate of cdad and higher rates of morbidity, colectomy and death. the management of cdad involves discontinuing the inciting antibiotic agent and treatment with metronidazole or vancomycin. the reduced response rates and higher recurrence rates with metronidazole treatment reported in recent studies raise the question of the effectiveness of metronidazole ... | 2007 | 17955730 |
| amoxicillin-associated hemorrhagic colitis in the presence of klebsiella oxytoca. | antibiotic-induced diarrhea can be a significant source of morbidity. pseudomembranous colitis, or clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), is an increasingly reported adverse effect of therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics and can prolong the hospital stay of affected patients. although sharing some of the same clinical symptoms as cdad, antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis is a distinctly separate form of colitis that is characterized by the absence of toxin-producing c. diffic ... | 2007 | 17963468 |
| a possible role for clostridium difficile in the etiology of calf enteritis. | clostridium difficile was investigated as a possible cause of enteritis in calves. the organism and its toxins (tcda and tcdb), respectively, were found in 25.3% and 22.9% of stool samples from diarrheic calves. culture positive samples were more likely than culture negative samples to be toxin positive. however, toxin positive stools were more common among nondiarrheic calves, but diarrheic calves were nearly twice as likely to be culture positive. ribotype 078 was dominant among isolates. salm ... | 2008 | 17964088 |
| control of an outbreak of infection with the hypervirulent clostridium difficile bi strain in a university hospital using a comprehensive "bundle" approach. | background: in june 2000, the hospital-acquired clostridium difficile (cd) infection rate in our hospital (university of pittsburgh medical center-presbyterian, pittsburgh, pa) increased to 10.4 infections per 1000 hospital discharges (hds); the annual rate increased from 2.7 infections per 1000 hds to 7.2 infections per 1000 hds and was accompanied by an increase in the frequency of severe outcomes. forty-seven (51%) of 92 ha cd isolates in 2001 were identified as the "epidemic bi strain." a co ... | 2007 | 17968819 |
| confronting clostridium difficile in inpatient health care facilities. | 2007 | 17968820 | |
| importance of the environment in meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus acquisition: the case for hospital cleaning. | in the uk, we continue to debate the importance of hospital cleaning in relation to increasing numbers of patients acquiring meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). however, there is little direct evidence for the effectiveness of cleaning because it has never been afforded scientific status. hospital hygiene is usually assessed visually, but this does not necessarily correlate with microbiological risk. a more robust case for hospital cleaning can be presented by considering the evid ... | 2008 | 17974481 |
| rac2 gtpase activation by angiotensin ii is modulated by ca2+/calcineurin and mitogen-activated protein kinases in human neutrophils. | angiotensin ii (ang ii) highly stimulates superoxide anion production by neutrophils. the g-protein rac2 modulates the activity of nadph oxidase in response to various stimuli. here, we describe that ang ii induced both rac2 translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane and rac2 gtp-binding activity. furthermore, clostridium difficile toxin a, an inhibitor of the rho-gtpases family rho, rac and cdc42, prevented ang ii-elicited o2-/ros production, phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated ... | 2007 | 17975262 |
| outcome of metronidazole therapy for clostridium difficile disease and correlation with a scoring system. | to determine the response rate of clostridium difficile disease (cdd) to treatment with metronidazole and assess a scoring system to predict response to treatment with metronidazole when applied at the time of cdd diagnosis. | 2007 | 17983659 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a peruvian tertiary care hospital. | the prevalence, incidence, and epidemiologic factors of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in a peruvian hospital were studied. we conducted a cross-sectional study in patients > 14 years of age from medical/surgical wards of the cayetano heredia national hospital (lima, peru) from september 2005 to may 2006. cdad was defined in a case of nosocomial diarrhea when c. difficile toxin a and/or toxin b was detected by enzyme immune assay (eia) in stools. a total of 4,264 patients were ... | 2007 | 17984329 |
| ileal smooth muscle motility depression on rabbit induced by toxin a from clostridium difficile. | this study is aimed at elucidating with in vitro experiments the time course of alteration of ileal motility caused by in vivo exposure of ligated loops of ileum to toxin a (1 microg/ligated loop) of clostridium difficile. in the sham-operated animals no significant alteration of motility was observed. in ligated loops directly injected with toxin a and in loops neighboring those administered with this toxin, a biphasic time course of motility alterations was observed. there was initially (2 h a ... | 2008 | 17987387 |
| editorial commentary: vancomycin for your mother, metronidazole for your mother-in-law. | 2007 | 17988743 | |
| association of proton-pump inhibitors with outcomes in clostridium difficile colitis. | the role of concurrent use of proton-pump inhibitors (ppis) in the outcomes of treatment for clostridium difficile colitis was studied. methods. the records of inpatients at a large veterans affairs medical center in whom c. difficile colitis was diagnosed between june 2004 and july 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. data collected included patient characteristics at baseline, antibiotic therapy prescribed before and during therapy for c. difficile colitis, concurrent treatment with a ppi, resp ... | 2007 | 17989446 |
| evaluation of two rapid immunochromatography tests for the detection of clostridium difficile toxins. | the aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of two rapid immunochromatography tests, the tox a/b quick chek (techlab) and the immunocard toxins a&b test (meridian), in addition to the older tox a/b elisa, against pcr detection of the tcdb gene. two hundred patient-unique stool specimens were tested. in comparison to the polymerase chain reaction results, the sensitivity and specificity of the two rapid tests were 94.7% and 97.2%, respectively; corresponding values for the elisa were 93. ... | 2008 | 17990108 |
| probiotics in the management of colonic disorders. | probiotics have been used in humans for almost a century and widely recommended for the treatment of a variety of ills assumed to be of colonic origin, including diarrhea, constipation, bloating, and flatulence. more recently, probiotics have been evaluated in the management of specific colonic disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and clostridium difficile colitis. it is evident that no two probiotics are exactly alike; why then should we expect reproducible re ... | 2007 | 17991347 |
| update of clostridium difficile-associated disease due to pcr ribotype 027 in europe. | recent outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) with increased severity, high relapse rate and significant mortality have been related to the emergence of a new, hypervirulent c. difficile strain in north america, japan and europe. definitions have been proposed by the european centre of disease prevention and control (ecdc) to identify severe cases of cdad and to differentiate community-acquired cases from nosocomial cdad (http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/documents/pdf/cl_dif_v2. ... | 2007 | 17991399 |
| annual incidence of mrsa falls in england, but c difficile continues to rise. | 2007 | 17991958 | |
| long-term survival in a patient with acinar cell carcinoma of pancreas. a case report and review of literature. | acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas is a rare malignancy that may have acinar and endocrine differentiation. clinical practice guidelines exist for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. however, treatment protocols for acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas have not been standardized. | 2007 | 17993731 |
| trans-cinnamaldehyde from cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil reduces the clindamycin resistance of clostridium difficile in vitro. | therapy with antimicrobial drugs, such as clindamycin, that perturb the intestinal flora but fail to inhibit growth of other microorganisms can permit the proliferation of clostridium difficile and the elaboration of exotoxin. therefore, there has been increasing interest in the use of inhibitors of antibiotic resistance for use in combination therapy. the essential oil of cinnamomum zeylanicum bark enhanced the bactericidal activity of clindamycin and decreased the minimum inhibitory concentrat ... | 2007 | 17995898 |
| laparoscopic parastomal hernia repair. | management of the parastomal hernia represents a common clinical dilemma for both the surgeon and patient. once established, these defects are notoriously difficult to treat. although most parastomal hernias can be managed nonoperatively, approximately 30% will require intervention secondary to complications such as obstruction, pain, bleeding, poorly fitting appliances, or leakage. overall complication rates of up to 88%, combined with a growing body of literature citing decreased patient morbi ... | 2008 | 17999128 |
| a case of clostridium difficile-associated disease due to the highly virulent clone of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027, march 2007 in germany. | 2007 | 18005641 | |
| confirmed cases and report of clusters of severe infections due to clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in germany. | 2007 | 18005642 | |
| first isolation of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in finland. | 2007 | 18005648 | |
| evaluation of two enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in swine. | diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in neonatal pigs is accomplished, in part, by detection of toxins a (tcda) and b (tcdb) in feces or colonic contents. samples (n=115) were tested simultaneously with two toxin assays (clostridium difficile tox a/b ii, techlab, blacksburg, va; gastro-tect clostridium difficile toxin a+b, medical chemical corporation). previous comparison of the tox a/b ii assay to the reference method (toxicity in cho cell monolayers) revealed an overal ... | 2008 | 18006252 |
| acute trust boards still failing in bug battle, watchdog claims. | 2007 | 18019262 | |
| clostridium difficile infection frequency in patients with nosocomial infections or using antibiotics. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. the frequency of colonization in hospitalized patients varies between 10 and 43%. | 2007 | 18019703 |
| infection control. behind closed doors: is kent scandal a one-off. | 2007 | 18020250 | |
| prospects for a vaccine for clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile diarrhoea and colitis is a new disease that is attributable to broad spectrum antibiotic therapy. during the past 2 decades c. difficile has become one of the most common nosocomial pathogens in the developed world. as changing demographics create an increasingly elderly population and the use of broad spectrum antimicrobials continues to expand, c. difficile is likely to become increasingly problematic. disease caused by this organism is caused by the inflammatory actions ... | 1998 | 18020593 |
| [diarrhea associated to clostridium difficile in an elderly patient. global perspective]. | 2007 | 18021658 | |
| detection of clostridium difficile in stool samples from patients in the early period after liver transplantation. | we examined the frequency of detection of clostridium difficile (cd) toxins compared with the recovery of c. difficile in stool specimen cultures among orthotopic liver transplant (olt) patients with nosocomial diarrhea in the early period. | 2007 | 18021993 |
| [update on clostridium difficile infections]. | purpose: clostridium difficile is an anaerobic gram positive, spore-forming bacterium which is responsible for 15-25% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and for more than 95% of pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). this paper will review the main knowledge on c. difficile-associated infections and their recent evolution. current knowledge and key points: since 2003, outbreaks of severe c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) have been increasingly reported in canada and the united states. this trend i ... | 2008 | 18023937 |
| low risk of irritable bowel syndrome after clostridium difficile infection. | the incidence of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) ranges between 4% and 32% of individuals after bacterial or parasitic infection. this study analyzed ibs symptoms in hospitalized patients three months after a symptomatic clostridium difficile infection. | 2007 | 18026576 |
| a rare and unsuspected complication of clostridium difficile infection. | to report the occurrence of abdominal compartment syndrome (acs) due to infection with clostridium difficile. | 2008 | 18026931 |
| rapid and reliable diagnostic algorithm for detection of clostridium difficile. | we evaluated a two-step algorithm for detection of clostridium difficile in 1,468 stool specimens. first, specimens were screened by an immunoassay for c. difficile glutamate dehydrogenase antigen (c.diff chek-60). second, screen-positive specimens underwent toxin testing by a rapid toxin a/b assay (tox a/b quik chek); toxin-negative specimens were subjected to stool culture. this algorithm allowed final results for 92% of specimens with a turnaround time of 4 h. | 2008 | 18032627 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: update and focus on non-antibiotic strategies. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is a problem of especially the frail elderly. changes in virulence of prevalent strains in the early years of the new century saw mortality and morbidity increase from historical levels. this article explores non-antibiotic strategies including the use of probiotics. a number of avenues of ongoing research appear to have potential future clinical application. evidence exists linking acid-inhibiting drugs to an increased risk of cdad, and the adjunc ... | 2008 | 18033775 |
| comparison of seven techniques for typing international epidemic strains of clostridium difficile: restriction endonuclease analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, pcr-ribotyping, multilocus sequence typing, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and surface layer protein a gene sequence typing. | using 42 isolates contributed by laboratories in canada, the netherlands, the united kingdom, and the united states, we compared the results of analyses done with seven clostridium difficile typing techniques: multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva), amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp), surface layer protein a gene sequence typing (slpast), pcr-ribotyping, restriction endonuclease analysis (rea), multilocus sequence typing (mlst), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ( ... | 2008 | 18039796 |
| the distribution and density of clostridium difficile toxin receptors on the intestinal mucosa of neonatal pigs. | clostridium difficile is an enteric pathogen affecting a variety of mammals, but it has only recently been diagnosed as a cause of neonatal typhlocolitis in pigs. the most important virulence factors of c. difficile are 2 large exotoxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). tcda is a potent enterotoxin with effects on host tissues that are dependent upon receptor-mediated endocytosis of the intact toxin. tcdb is an effective cytotoxin, but it apparently does not bind receptors on intact mucosal e ... | 2007 | 18039894 |
| the changing face of clostridium difficile: what treatment options remain? | in this issue of the journal, an article by pepin et al. documents the shifting sands of the modern-day clostridium difficile epidemic as seen in quebec. pepin and coauthors' observation that the superior activity of vancomycin over metronidazole has been lost since the emergence there of the hypervirulent strain nap1/027 in 2003 has implications for the future treatment of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). this editorial explores these, particularly in complicated cases and high-risk pop ... | 2007 | 18042108 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease with lethal outcome in a 77-year-old woman. a case report. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) ranges in severity from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis and death. antimicrobial use is the primary risk factor for development of cdad. c. difficile typically affects older or severely ill patients, hospitalized or residents in long-term-care facilities. we report a case of cdad in a 77-year-old woman operated on for cholecystitis calculosa and treated with cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. symptoms and signs of cdad were watery diarrhoea, m ... | 2007 | 18043555 |
| [acute and prolonged infectious diarrheas, of microbial and viral etiology: methods of clinical and microbiological diagnosis]. | the authors relate clinical-microbiological criteria for a rational diagnosis of acute and prolonged enteritis, distinguishing between home and imported diarrheas. during 2005, 381 subjects (192 children and 189 adults) with acute diarrhea and 110 subjects (16 children and 94 adults) with prolonged diarrhea were examined. in the first group salmonella prevailed in 11.1% of cases (10.9% among children and 11.1% among adults); campylobacter in 9.2% (respectively 8.9% and 9.5%); other bacteria were ... | 2007 | 18044404 |
| sphingosine-1-phosphate and endothelin-1 induce the expression of rgs16 protein in cardiac myocytes by transcriptional activation of the rgs16 gene. | the expression of the negative regulator of g protein signaling 16 (rgs16) is rapidly induced in cardiomyocytes by various stimuli. to identify the promoter of the mouse rgs16 gene, a 1.8-kb deoxyribonucleic acid fragment 5' of the rgs16-coding region was subcloned into a firefly-luciferase reporter vector and four overlapping fragments were analyzed. the luciferase production was quantified in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (nrcm). a 0.6-kb fragment that induced a tenfold increase in luciferase ... | 2008 | 18046543 |
| clostridium difficile. | case study: george, a 55-year-old retired businessman with a diagnosis of myelofibrosis, underwent an allogeneic stem cell transplantation from his human leukocyte antigen-matched brother in june 2006. he was admitted to the hospital for a possible flare of graft-versus-host disease (gvhd) of the gut. his medications included tacrolimus, budesonide, and bechlamethasone for immunosuppression and pantoprazole. a stool sample was positive for clostridium difficile toxin a on october 31, 2006, and h ... | 2007 | 18063537 |
| do fluoroquinolones predispose patients to clostridium difficile associated disease? a review of the evidence. | clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) is an important cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, and increasingly of community-acquired diarrhea. the occurrence of cdad in the hospitalized patient is associated with increased length of stay, morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. exposure to antimicrobials is the single most important predisposing factor for acquiring cdad. the data suggesting that fluoroquinolones are an important risk factor for cdad is becoming stronger. also, diffe ... | 2008 | 18067688 |
| tetracycline resistance gene tet(w) in the pathogenic bacterium clostridium difficile. | in this study, the tet(w) gene region of a human clinical isolate of clostridium difficile resistant to tetracycline was characterized. this gene was a new allele showing 99% sequence identity to the gene found in the human strain bifidobacterium longum f8, and it is not transferable by "in vitro" mating experiments. | 2008 | 18070963 |
| screening for vancomycin-resistant enterococci using stools sent for clostridium difficile cytotoxin assay is effective: results of a survey of 300 patients in a large singapore teaching hospital. | to assess the efficacy of screening stools sent for clostridium difficile cytotoxin assay (cdta) for surveillance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). | 2007 | 18071603 |
| catastrophic clostridium difficile enteritis in a pelvic pouch patient: report of a case. | in recent years, clostridium difficile-associated infection has emerged as an increasingly problematic entity. more virulent strains have been isolated and new manifestations of the infection have been described. | 2008 | 18071831 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis]. | for some thirty years it has been known that pathologic proliferation oftoxigenic clostridium difficile may lead to inflammation of colonic mucosa which, in its fully developed form, manifests as pseudomembranous colitis. cdad (clostridium difficile - associated disease or diarrhoea) is the term which is generally and quite aptly used for the disease in literature on the subject. in most cases, the disease develops after the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, yet there are also other ... | 2007 | 18072436 |
| lessons from the maidstone and tunbridge tragedy. | 2007 | 18073641 | |
| [drug-induced pseudomembranous colitis]. | 2007 | 18074594 | |
| clostridium difficile, ethnicity and religion. | 2008 | 18079020 | |
| aldosterone induces superoxide generation via rac1 activation in endothelial cells. | currently, aldosterone is believed to be involved in the development of cardiovascular injury as a potential cardiovascular risk hormone. however, its exact cellular mechanisms remain obscure. this study was undertaken to examine the effect of aldosterone on superoxide production in cultured rat aortic endothelial cells with possible involvement of the small gtp-binding (g) protein rac1. the aldosterone levels showed a time-dependent (6-24 h) and dose-dependent (10(-8) to 10(-6) m) increase in s ... | 2008 | 18079208 |
| effects of a human milk-derived human milk fortifier on the antibacterial actions of human milk. | to compare the effects of a human breastmilk-derived fortifier on the antibacterial activity of milk obtained from lactating mothers delivering prematurely with the effects of a powdered fortifier on the same milk. | 2007 | 18081457 |
| emerging toxin a-b+ variant strain of clostridium difficile responsible for pseudomembranous colitis at a tertiary care hospital in korea. | sixty percent to 80% of clostridium difficile isolates in korea have been reported to be toxigenic. however, over 1 year, we encountered a high number of tcda-tcb+ strains associated with pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). c. difficile was isolated from 224 of 471 specimens (47.6%) from 371 patients. a subset of the culture-positive specimens (n = 106), containing no duplicate cases, was randomly selected for tcda and tcdb polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays. pcr results showed that tcda+tcdb+ a ... | 2008 | 18082994 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococcal colonization appears associated with increased mortality among allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | there are no cohort studies describing outcomes of patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ahsct). we therefore conducted a retrospective cohort study of 217 consecutive adults undergoing ahsct at the mayo clinic (rochester, mn, usa) from 1998 to 2004. we analyzed the association between vre colonization prior to transplant and 100-day post transplant mortality and morbidity. we identified 22 pretransplant vre ... | 2008 | 18084341 |
| clostridium difficile. | 2007 | 18087880 | |
| the addition of fiber and the use of continuous infusion decrease the incidence of diarrhea in elderly tube-fed patients in medical wards of a general regional hospital: a controlled clinical trial. | to determine if feeds high in fiber continuously administered might minimize diarrhea. | 2007 | 18090158 |
| efficacy of rifaximin and vancomycin combination therapy in a patient with refractory clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 18090164 | |
| randomized trial of combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. | to compare a strategy of combination therapy with a strategy of monotherapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics for suspected late ventilator-associated pneumonia. | 2008 | 18091545 |
| active immunization of hamsters against clostridium difficile infection using surface-layer protein. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, particularly among the elderly. its surface-layer protein (slp) was tested as a vaccine component in a series of immunization and challenge experiments with golden syrian hamsters, combined with different systemic and mucosal adjuvants. some regimens were also tested in a nonchallenge balb/c mouse model, enabling closer monitoring of the immune response. none of the regimens conferred complete protection in ... | 2008 | 18093141 |
| fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | 2008 | 18094201 |