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effect of salicylic acid on fusarium graminearum, the major causal agent of fusarium head blight in wheat.salicylic acid (sa) is one of the key signal molecules in regulating plant resistance to diverse pathogens. in arabidopsis thaliana, it is predominantly associated with resistance against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens, and triggering systemic acquired resistance. in contrast, the effect of sa on the defence efficiency of wheat against fusarium head blight (fhb) and its causal agent, fusarium graminearum, is still poorly understood. here we show that the f. graminearum mycelial growth a ...201222385623
temperature responses of developmental processes have not been affected by breeding in different ecological areas for 17 crop species.• rates of tissue expansion, cell division and progression in the plant cycle are driven by temperature, following common arrhenius-type response curves. • we analysed the genetic variability of this response in the range 6-37°c in seven to nine lines of maize (zea mays), rice (oryza spp.) and wheat (triticum aestivum) and in 18 species (17 crop species, different genotypes) via the meta-analysis of 72 literature references. • lines with tropical or north-temperate origins had common response cu ...201222390357
expression profiling of starchy endosperm metabolic proteins at 21 stages of wheat grain development.proteomic analysis of albumins and globulins (alg) present in starchy endosperm of wheat (triticum aestivum cv récital), at 21 stages of grain development, led to the identification of 487 proteins. four main developmental phases of these metabolic proteins, with three subphases in phase three and two in phase four, were shown. hierarchical cluster analysis revealed nine major expression profiles throughout grain development. classification of identified proteins in 17 different biochemical func ...201222394196
transgenic expression of lactoferrin imparts enhanced resistance to head blight of wheat caused by fusarium graminearum.the development of plant gene transfer systems has allowed for the introgression of alien genes into plant genomes for novel disease control strategies, thus providing a mechanism for broadening the genetic resources available to plant breeders. using the tools of plant genetic engineering, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial gene was tested for resistance against head blight caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe, a devastating disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) ...201222405032
wheat grain yield on saline soils is improved by an ancestral na⁺ transporter gene.the ability of wheat to maintain a low sodium concentration ([na(+)]) in leaves correlates with improved growth under saline conditions. this trait, termed na(+) exclusion, contributes to the greater salt tolerance of bread wheat relative to durum wheat. to improve the salt tolerance of durum wheat, we explored natural diversity in shoot na(+) exclusion within ancestral wheat germplasm. previously, we showed that crossing of nax2, a gene locus in the wheat relative triticum monococcum into a com ...201222407351
molecular interactions of the phytotoxins destruxin b and sirodesmin pl with crucifers and cereals: metabolism and elicitation of plant defenses.destruxin b and sirodesmin pl are phytotoxins produced by the phytopathogenic fungi alternaria brassicae (berk.) sacc. and leptosphaeria maculans (asexual stage phoma lingam), respectively. the molecular interaction of destruxin b and sirodesmin pl with cruciferous and cereal species was investigated using hplc-esi-ms(n). it was determined that crucifers transformed destruxin b to hydroxydestruxin b, but sirodesmin pl was not transformed. overall, the results suggest that the five cruciferous sp ...201222414311
molecular characterization of wheat allergens specifically recognized by patients suffering from wheat-induced respiratory allergy.wheat (triticum aestivum) is an important allergen source responsible for various clinical manifestations of allergy (i.e. food allergy, pollen allergy, respiratory allergy to flour-baker's asthma).201222417217
color of whole-wheat foods prepared from a bright-white hard winter wheat and the phenolic acids in its coarse bran.the color of wheat kernels often impacts the color and thereby the value of wheat-based foods. a line of hard white winter wheat (b-w hw) with bright appearing kernels has been developed at the kansas state agricultural research center. the objective of this study was to compare the color of several foods made from the b-w hw wheat with those of 2 hard white wheat cultivars, trego and lakin. the b-w hw kernels showed higher lightness (l*, 57.6) than trego (55.5) and lakin (56.8), and the increas ...201122417482
photosynthetic characteristics and enzymatic antioxidant capacity of leaves from wheat cultivars exposed to drought.two durum (triticum durum l.), barakatli-95 and garagylchyg-2; and two bread (triticum aestivum l.) wheat cultivars, azamatli-95 and giymatli-2/17 with different sensitivities to drought were grown in the field on a wide area under normal irrigation and severe water deficit. drought caused a more pronounced inhibition in photosynthetic parameters in the more sensitive cvs garagylchyg-2 and giymatli-2/17 compared with the tolerant cvs barakatli-95 and azamatli-95. upon dehydration, a decline in t ...201222417798
biosorption of pb(ii) and cr(iii) from aqueous solutions: breakthrough curves and modeling studies.the sorption capacity parameters obtained for batch studies provide useful information about biosorption system. however, such data fail to explain the process under continuous-flow conditions. the present study is an attempt to explore the biosorption of pb(ii) and cr(iii) by straw from local wheat (triticum aestivum). the biosorbent has been characterized by using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and surface area and elemental analyses and found to be porous and polyfunctional. s-shaped ...201322426844
dysfunction of mitotic cell division at shoot apices triggered severe growth abortion in interspecific hybrids between tetraploid wheat and aegilops tauschii.common wheat is an allohexaploid species, derived through endoreduplication of an interspecific triploid hybrid produced from a cross between cultivated tetraploid wheat and the wild diploid relative aegilops tauschii. hybrid incompatibilities, including hybrid necrosis, have been observed in triploid wheat hybrids. a limited number of a. tauschii accessions show hybrid lethality in triploid hybrids crossed with tetraploid wheat as a result of developmental arrest at the early seedling stage, wh ...201222436033
relationship between cultivar difference in the sensitivity of net photosynthesis to ozone and reactive oxygen species scavenging system in japanese winter wheat (triticum aestivum).to clarify the relationship between cultivar difference in the sensitivity of net photosynthesis to ozone (o(3)) and the reactive oxygen species (ros) scavenging system in wheat (triticum aestivum), we investigated the effects of chronic exposure to ambient levels of o(3) on gas exchange rates, activity and concentration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco), activity of ros scavenging enzymes and concentration of antioxidants of the flag leaf in two japanese winter wheat ...201222443421
using the alkanes and long-chain alcohols of plant cuticular wax to estimate diet composition and the intakes of mixed forages in sheep consuming a known amount of alkane-labelled supplement.in a feeding trial with 24 sheep, we used the alkanes, long-chain alcohols (lcoh) or both of these plant wax markers, to estimate the diet composition of animals offered diets comprising alkane-labelled cottonseed meal (csm) together with up to four forages. the diets used were: diet 1 subterranean clover (trifolium subterraneum); diet 2 subterranean clover + phalaris (phalaris aquatica); diet 3 subterranean clover, phalaris + annual ryegrass (lolium rigidum); and diet 4 subterranean clover, pha ...200822443905
virus-induced gene silencing of mlo genes induces powdery mildew resistance in triticum aestivum.powdery mildew is one of the most important cereal diseases worldwide. genetic analysis has revealed that mutant alleles of the mlo gene cause broad-spectrum resistance against this pathogen in barley. in this study, the possibility of inducing broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance against this pathogen by rnai of the barley mlo ortholog in wheat was examined using virus-induced gene silencing (vigs). a clear correlation was found between resistance and accumulation of mlo-specific sirnas, ra ...201222446884
copy number variation affecting the photoperiod-b1 and vernalization-a1 genes is associated with altered flowering time in wheat (triticum aestivum).the timing of flowering during the year is an important adaptive character affecting reproductive success in plants and is critical to crop yield. flowering time has been extensively manipulated in crops such as wheat (triticum aestivum l.) during domestication, and this enables them to grow productively in a wide range of environments. several major genes controlling flowering time have been identified in wheat with mutant alleles having sequence changes such as insertions, deletions or point m ...201222457747
zonal responses of sensitive vs. tolerant wheat roots during al exposure and recovery.aluminium (al) irreversibly inhibits root growth in sensitive, but not in some tolerant genotypes. to better understand tolerance mechanisms, seedlings from tolerant ('barbela 7/72' line) and sensitive ('anahuac') triticum aestivum l. genotypes were exposed to alcl(3) 185 μm for: (a) 24 h followed by 48 h without al (recovery); (b) 72 h of continuous exposure. three root zones were analyzed (meristematic (mz), elongation (ez) and hairy (hz)) for callose deposition, reserves (starch and lipids) a ...201222459322
retraction of article: stable chloroplast transformation of immature scutella and inflorescences in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). 201222467140
phytotoxic effects and a phytotoxin from the invasive plant xanthium italicum moretti.the allelopathic effects of different parts of the plant xanthium italicum moretti were evaluated by conducting bioassays against two dicot plants, amaranth (amaranthus mangostanus l.) and lettuce (lectuca sativa l.), and two monocot plants, wheat (triticum aestivum linn) and ryegrass (lolium multiforum). leaf and fruit extract possessed the strongest biological activity, killing all seeds of four test species at 0.05 g/ml concentration. fruits were chosen for further investigation because of th ...201222469597
genotype-dependent burst of transposable element expression in crowns of hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.) during cold acclimation.the expression of 1,613 transposable elements (tes) represented in the affymetrix wheat genome chip was examined during cold treatment in crowns of four hexaploid wheat genotypes that vary in tolerance to cold and in flowering time. the te expression profiles showed a constant level of expression throughout the experiment in three of the genotypes. in winter norstar, the most cold-hardy of the four genotypes, a subset of the tes showed a burst of expression after vernalization saturation was ach ...201222474410
barley tolerance of russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotype 2 herbivory involves expression of defense response and developmental genes.the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov), is an invasive insect pest that causes serious yield losses in bread wheat, triticum aestivum l., durum wheat, t. turgidum l and barley, hordeum vulgare l. successful management of d. noxia has been achieved through resistant varieties via plant antixenosis (aphid non-preference), antibiosis (reduced aphid growth or fecundity), tolerance (plant compensatory growth after aphid feeding), or a combination of each. previous phenotyping experiment ...201222476464
qtl mapping of terminal heat tolerance in hexaploid wheat (t. aestivum l.).high temperature (>30 °c) at the time of grain filling is one of the major causes of yield reduction in wheat in many parts of the world, especially in tropical countries. to identify quantitative trait loci (qtl) for heat tolerance under terminal heat stress, a set of 148 recombinant inbred lines was developed by crossing a heat-tolerant hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivar (nw1014) and a heat-susceptible (huw468) cultivar. the f(5), f(6), and f(7) generations were evaluated in two d ...201222476874
cytokinin oxidase is involved in the regulation of cytokinin content by 24-epibrassinolide in wheat seedlings.fast and stable 2-fold accumulation of cytokinins (cks) was detected initially in roots and then in shoots of 4-day-old wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings in the course of their treatment with 0.4μm 24-epibrassinolide (ebr). elevated cytokinin level has been maintained only in the presence of ebr, while the hormone removal has led to return of cytokinin concentration to the control level initially in the roots and then in the shoots. ebr-induced accumulation of cytokinins was accompanied by ...201222480990
characterization of alien chromosomes in backcross derivatives of triticum aestivum × elymus rectisetus hybrids by using molecular markers and sequential multicolor fish/gish.wild triticeae grasses serve as important gene pools for forage and cereal crops. based on dna sequences of genome-specific rapd markers, sequence-tagged site (sts) markers specific for w and y genomes have been obtained. coupling with the use of genomic in situ hybridization, these sts markers enabled the identification of the w- and y-genome chromosomes in backcross derivatives from hybrids of bread wheat triticum aestivum l. (2n=42; aabbdd) and elymus rectisetus (nees in lehm.) á. löve & conn ...201222494709
effects of organic and conventional production systems and cultivars on the technological properties of winter wheat.the current study aimed to estimate the effects of organic and conventional production systems and four winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) bread cultivars on the technological properties of grain, flour, dough and bread, to increase current knowledge regarding the interactions of the technological properties of winter wheat and assess the cultivars for their suitability for organic production systems.201222495593
structural basis for inhibition of xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase (xeg) by xeg-protein inhibitor.microorganisms such as plant pathogens secrete glycoside hydrolases (ghs) to digest the polysaccharide chains of plant cell walls. the degradation of cell walls by these enzymes is a crucial step for nutrition and invasion. to protect the cell wall from these enzymes, plants secrete glycoside hydrolase inhibitor proteins (ghips). xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase (xeg), a member of gh family 12 (gh12), could be a great threat to many plants because xyloglucan is a major component of the c ...201222496365
effects of high temperature after anthesis on starch granules in grains of wheat (triticum aestivum l.).the effect of high temperatures (above 25°c) on starch concentration and the morphology of starch granules in the grains of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) were studied. wheat plants of cultivars yangmai 9 (weak-gluten) and yangmai 12 (medium-gluten) were treated with high temperatures for 3 days at different times after anthesis. the results showed that the starch concentration of grains given a heat-shock treatment above 30°c were lower than those developing at normal temperature in both cultivar ...201122505772
uncovering small rna-mediated responses to cold stress in a wheat thermosensitive genic male-sterile line by deep sequencing.the male sterility of thermosensitive genic male sterile (tgms) lines of wheat (triticum aestivum) is strictly controlled by temperature. the early phase of anther development is especially susceptible to cold stress. micrornas (mirnas) play an important role in plant development and in responses to environmental stress. in this study, deep sequencing of small rna (smrna) libraries obtained from spike tissues of the tgms line under cold and control conditions identified a total of 78 unique mirn ...201222508932
starch characteristics of transgenic wheat (triticum aestivum l.) overexpressing the dx5 high molecular weight glutenin subunit are substantially equivalent to those in nonmodified wheat.the effects of engineering higher levels of the high molecular weight glutenin dx5 subunit on starch characteristics in transgenic wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grain were evaluated. this is important because of the interrelationship between starch and protein accumulation in grain, the strong biotechnological interest in modulating dx5 levels and the increasing likelihood that transgenic wheat will be commercialized in the u.s. unintended effects of dx5 overexpression on starch could affect whea ...201222515236
poor homologous synapsis 1 interacts with chromatin but does not colocalise with asynapsis 1 during early meiosis in bread wheat.chromosome pairing, synapsis, and dna recombination are three key processes that occur during early meiosis. a previous study of poor homologous synapsis 1 (phs1) in maize suggested that phs1 has a role in coordinating these three processes. here we report the isolation of wheat (triticum aestivum) phs1 (taphs1), and its expression profile during and after meiosis. while the taphs1 protein has sequence similarity to other plant phs1/phs1-like proteins, it also possesses a unique region of oligop ...201222518114
ground beetle (coleoptera: carabidae) diversity, activity density, and community structure in a diversified agroecosystem.diversity and abundance of ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) can be enhanced in vegetable and field intercropping systems, but the complexity of polycultures precludes the application of generalized assumptions of effects for novel intercropping combinations. in a field experiment conducted at lacombe and ellerslie, alberta, canada, in 2005 and 2006, we investigated the effects of intercropping canola (brassica napus l.) with wheat (triticum aestivum l.) on the diversity and community struc ...201222525061
effect of a rye b chromosome and its segments on homoeologous pairing in hybrids between common wheat and aegilops variabilis.rye b chromosomes, which are supernumerary chromosomes dispensable for the host but increase in number by non-disjunction after meiosis, have been reported to affect meiotic homoeologous pairing in wheat-rye hybrids. the effect of a rye b chromosome (b) and its segments (b-9 and b-10) on homoeologous pairing was studied in hybrids between common wheat (2n=42) and aegilops variabilis (2n=28), with reference to the ph1 gene located on wheat chromosome 5b. the b-9 and b-10 chromosomes are derived f ...201222531789
variation in abscisic acid responsiveness of aegilops tauschii and hexaploid wheat synthetics due to the d-genome diversity.common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is an allohexaploid that originated from natural hybridization between tetraploid wheat (triticum turgidum) and diploid aegilops tauschii. ae. tauschii is considered one of the potential sources of new genetic variation in abiotic stress tolerance for improving common wheat. abscisic acid (aba) plays an important role in plant adaptation to environmental stresses. in this study, aba responsiveness of 67 ae. tauschii accessions and their synthetic hexaploid whe ...201222531790
fine mapping, phenotypic characterization and validation of non-race-specific resistance to powdery mildew in a wheat-triticum militinae introgression line.introgression of several genomic loci from tetraploid triticum militinae into bread wheat cv. tähti has increased resistance of introgression line 8.1 to powdery mildew in seedlings and adult plants. in our previous work, only a major quantitative trait locus (qtl) on chromosome 4al of the line 8.1 contributed significantly to resistance, whereas qtl on chromosomes 1a, 1b, 2a, 5a and 5b were detected merely on a suggestive level. to verify and characterize all qtls in the line 8.1, a mapping pop ...201222534789
effects of different combinations of benzyl adenine and indole acetic acid concentrations on in vitro plant regeneration in hexaploid wheat.development of a reliable in vitro plant regeneration procedure for hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is a prerequisite for its improvement by genetic transformation. here, we report the effects of two growth regulators, benzyl adenine (ba) and indole acetic acid (iaa) on callus induction and plant regeneration from scutellum cultures of two commercial bread wheat cultivars: giza 164 and sakha 69. callus induction was obtained from isolated embryos cultured on modified murashige and s ...201622538227
isolation and characterization of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from wheat roots by wheat germ agglutinin labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate.thirty-two isolates were obtained from wheat rhizosphere by wheat germ agglutinin (wga) labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc). most isolates were able to produce indole acetic acid (65.6%) and siderophores (59.3%), as well as exhibited phosphate solubilization (96.8%). fourteen isolates displayed three plant growth-promoting traits. among these strains, two phosphate-dissolving ones, ws29 and ws31, were evaluated for their beneficial effects on the early growth of wheat (triticum aestiv ...201222538646
genetics of flowering time in bread wheat triticum aestivum: complementary interaction between vernalization-insensitive and photoperiod-insensitive mutations imparts very early flowering habit to spring wheat.time to flowering in the winter growth habit bread wheat is dependent on vernalization (exposure to cold conditions) and exposure to long days (photoperiod). dominant vrn-1 (vrn-a1, vrn-b1 and vrn-d1) alleles are associated with vernalization independent spring growth habit. the semidominant ppd-d1a mutation confers photoperiod-insensitivity or rapid flowering in wheat under short day and long day conditions. the objective of this study was to reveal the nature of interaction between vrn-1 and p ...201222546824
effects of genotype and environment on the contents of betaine, choline, and trigonelline in cereal grains.this study examined the environmental and genetic variation in methyl donor contents and compositions of 200 cereal genotypes. glycine betaine, choline, and trigonelline contents were determined by (1)h nmr, and significant differences were observed between cereal types (g) and across harvesting years and growing locations (e). glycine betaine was the most abundant methyl donor in all of the 200 lines grown on a single site, and concentrations ranged from 0.43 ± 0.09 mg/g dm in oats to 2.57 ± 0. ...201222559314
chromosome arm-specific bac end sequences permit comparative analysis of homoeologous chromosomes and genomes of polyploid wheat.bread wheat, one of the world's staple food crops, has the largest, highly repetitive and polyploid genome among the cereal crops. the wheat genome holds the key to crop genetic improvement against challenges such as climate change, environmental degradation, and water scarcity. to unravel the complex wheat genome, the international wheat genome sequencing consortium (iwgsc) is pursuing a chromosome- and chromosome arm-based approach to physical mapping and sequencing. here we report on the use ...201222559868
molecular cytogenetic characterization and stripe rust response of a trigeneric hybrid involving triticum, psathyrostachys, and thinopyrum.trigeneric hybrids offer opportunities to transfer alien traits into cultivated wheat. in this study, a new trigeneric hybrid involving species of triticum, psathyrostachys, and thinopyrum was synthesized by crossing triticum aestivum l. (wheat)--thinopyrum intermedium (host) barkworth & d.r. dewey amphiploid zhong 3 with wheat--psathyrostachys huashanica keng ex kuo amphiploid phw-sa. crossability of the two amphiploids was 19.74%, and the fertility of the hybrid was 16.20%. the mean meiotic co ...201222563730
rye chromosome-specific polymerase chain reaction products developed by primers designed from the ecoo109i recognition site.from our analysis of repeat sequences in the rye genome, the presence of multiple restriction sites of ecoo109i (5'-puggnccpy-3') across the genome has been predicted. by first using primers designed to contain ecoo109i sites in polymerase chain reaction (pcr), polymorphic dna markers were effectively obtained. a total of 43 types of 10-mer primers containing ecoo109i sites were applied for pcr by using genomic dna of secale cereale self-fertile line ir27 and triticum aestivum 'chinese spring' ( ...201222563759
disposal of metal treated salvinia biomass in soil and its effect on growth and photosynthetic efficiency of wheat.phytoremediation technologies generate huge quantities of biomass, the disposal of which is a serious concern. wastewater samples collected from electroplating industries were treated with salvinia biomass. the effect of application of metal loaded salvinia plant biomass in soil on growth and physiological indices of 10-day-old seedlings of triticum aestivum was evaluated. controls (a) consisted of soil supplemented with untreated plant biomass. seed germination, seedling height, total chlorophy ...201222567692
[involvement of salicylic acid and nitric oxide in protective reactions of wheat under the influence of heavy metals].this article studies the effect of salicylic acid (sa) and nitric oxide (no) on triticum aestivum l. wheat plants exposed to the influence of high concentrations of copper and zinc compounds. it is shown that heavy metals (hms) caused a decrease in the growth parameters in the overground and underground plant parts and contributed to a sharp deterioration in the energy balance and the situation regarding oxidative stress. sa and no exerted a protective effect, which was expressed in the increase ...201322567892
[genetic architecture of grain protein content in wheat].studies on identification and localization of quantitative traits for grain protein content (qgpc-loci) on chromosomes in triticum aestivum and triticum durum are reviewed. association of qgpc with various traits of morphology, physiology, adaptation and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors is shown. genetic and environmental qgpc contexts that should be taken into account when using molecular markers in breeding for the grain protein content are considered.201222567993
[the β-amylase polymorphism of winter common wheat grains].the polymorphism of winter common wheat with respect to β-amylase isoenzymes has been analyzed using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (paag) buffered with a tris-glycine system (ph 8.3). seven β-amylase isoenzymes have been found in wheat cultivars and the breeding stock. isoenzymes a, b, and c are the most frequent in russian and ukrainian cultivars (51.7 4.7, 30.7 3.8, and 11.9 2.5%, respectively). two alleles of the β-amy-d1 locus of the long arm of chromosome 4d have been identified. th ...201222567995
characterization of three vernalization insensitive3-like (vil) homologs in wild wheat, aegilops tauschii coss.control of flowering time is an adaptive trait of plants for different growth habitats. a vernalization requirement is a major genetic component determining wheat flowering time. arabidopsis vernalization insensitive3 (vin3) and vin3-like 1 (vil1) play critical roles in the vernalization pathway of flowering, and three wheat vil homologs are upregulated by vernalization in einkorn wheat. to study the relationship between vernalization and wheat vil homologs in aegilops tauschii, the d-genome pro ...201222568701
characterization of sbeiia homoeologous genes in bread wheat.to elucidate some of the molecular mechanisms involved in genome differentiation and evolution of cultivated wheats, we compared orthologous genes encoding starch branching enzyme iia (sbeiia). bread wheat is an allohexaploid species comprising the three genomes a, b and d, each of which contributes a copy of the sbeiia gene, involved in starch biosynthesis and known to control important quality traits related to technological and nutritional value of wheat-based food products. alignment of the ...201222570075
changes in ps ii heterogeneity in response to osmotic and ionic stress in wheat leaves (triticum aestivum).high salt stress involves ionic stress as well as osmotic stress. in this work we have tried to differentiate between the ionic and osmotic effects of salt stress on the basis of their ability to cause changes in ps ii heterogeneity. ps ii heterogeneity is found to vary with environmental conditions. osmotic stress caused no change in the q(b) reducing side heterogeneity and a reversible change in antenna heterogeneity. the number of q(b) non-reducing centers increased under ionic stress but wer ...201222576351
simplified and lower cost methods for culinary-medicinal mushrooms cultivation.the importance and prospect of growing mushrooms through utilization of low-cost, technologically simple methods for developing third world countries has recently been outlined. three different species from genus pleurotus (p. djamor, p. pulmonarius, and p. sajor-caju) and one from genus hypsizygus (h. ulmarius) were studied. whole stalk wheat straw, shredded wheat straw, and ground maize cob (zea mays) were used as the substrates. wheat straw is the post-harvest stalk of triticum aestivum. biol ...201222577981
development of high amylose wheat through tilling.wheat (triticum spp.) is an important source of food worldwide and the focus of considerable efforts to identify new combinations of genetic diversity for crop improvement. in particular, wheat starch composition is a major target for changes that could benefit human health. starches with increased levels of amylose are of interest because of the correlation between higher amylose content and elevated levels of resistant starch, which has been shown to have beneficial effects on health for comba ...201222584013
identification of markers linked to the race ug99 effective stem rust resistance gene sr28 in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).wheat stem rust caused by puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici can cause devastating yield losses in wheat. over the past several decades, stem rust has been controlled worldwide through the use of genetic resistance. stem rust race ttksk (ug99), first detected in uganda in 1998, threatens global wheat production because of its unique virulence combination. as the majority of the currently grown cultivars and advanced breeding lines are susceptible to race ttksk, sources of resistance need to be ide ...201222584633
subgenomic analysis of micrornas in polyploid wheat.in this study, a survey of mirnas using the next-generation sequencing data was performed at subgenomic level. after analyzing shotgun sequences from chromosome 4a of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.), a total of 68 different mirnas were predicted in silico, of which 37 were identified in wheat for the first time. the long arm of the chromosome was found to harbor a higher variety (51) and representation (3,928) of mirnas compared with the short arm (49; 2,226). out of the 68 mirnas, 32 were de ...201222592659
isolation of a new phlorotannin, a potent inhibitor of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, from the brown alga sargassum patens.ethanol extracts from 15 kinds of marine algae collected from the coast of the noto peninsula in japan were examined for their inhibitory effects on human salivary α-amylase. four extracts significantly suppressed the enzyme activity. an inhibitor was purified from the extract of sargassum patens . the compound was a new phloroglucinol derivative, 2-(4-(3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy) benzene-1,3,5-triol (ddbt), which strongly suppressed the hydrolysis of amylopectin by human salivar ...201222594840
obviation of wheat resistance to the hessian fly through systemic induced susceptibility.unlike most documented plant-insect interactions, hessian fly-resistance [mayetiola destructor (say)] in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is initiated by a gene-for-gene recognition event in which plants carrying a specific r gene recognize salivary effectors encoded by a corresponding larval avirulence gene. however, dual infestation resulting from oviposition by virulent insects from 5 d before to 3 d after oviposition by avirulent insects on the same host plant, lead to systemic induced susceptib ...201222606837
residual efficacy of methoprene for control of tribolium castaneum (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) larvae at different temperatures on varnished wood, concrete, and wheat.the residual efficacy of the juvenile hormone analog methoprene (diacon ii) was evaluated in bioassays using larvae of tribolium castaneum (herbst) (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) exposed on unsealed concrete or varnished wood treated with a liquid formulation and held at different temperatures. when these two types of surfaces were stored at 20, 30 or 35 degrees c for 0-24 wk, the percentage of adult emergence on concrete increased with time. in contrast, there was no adult emergence from larvae ex ...201222606845
insecticidal activity of wheat hessian fly responsive proteins hfr-1 and hfr-3 towards a non-target wheat pest, cereal aphid (sitobion avenae f.).the interaction between hessian fly (mayetiola destructor) and wheat (triticum aestivum) involves a gene-for-gene resistance mechanism. the incompatible interaction leading to resistance involves up-regulation of several hfr (hessian fly responsive) genes encoding proteins with potential insecticidal activity. the encoded proteins hfr-1, hfr-2 and hfr-3 all possess lectin-like domains. hfr-1 and hfr-3 were produced as recombinant proteins using escherichia coli and pichia pastoris, respectively ...201222609418
durable resistance to stripe rust is due to three specific resistance genes in french bread wheat cultivar apache.quantitative resistance is postulated to be more durable than qualitative (r-gene mediated) resistance, which is usually quickly overcome by the pathogen population. despite its wide use for nearly 10 years in france, the french bread wheat cultivar apache remains resistant to stripe rust. here, we investigated the genetic architecture of cv. apache resistance to examine whether its durability could be explained by quantitative characteristics. we identified quantitative trait loci (qtl) by comp ...201222610360
biolistic- and agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocols for wheat.after rice, wheat is considered to be the most important world food crop, and the demand for high-quality wheat flour is increasing. although there are no gm varieties currently grown, wheat is an important target for biotechnology, and we anticipate that gm wheat will be commercially available in 10-15 years. in this chapter, we summarize the main features and challenges of wheat transformation and then describe detailed protocols for the production of transgenic wheat plants both by biolistic ...201222610641
pollen-mediated gene flow in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) in a semiarid field environment in spain.transgenic wheat (triticum aestivum l.) varieties are being developed and field-tested in various countries. concerns regarding gene flow from genetically modified (gm) crops to non-gm crops have stimulated research to estimate outcrossing in wheat prior to the release and commercialization of any transgenic cultivars. the aim is to ensure that coexistence of all types of wheat with gm wheat is feasible in accordance with current regulations. the present study describes the result of a field exp ...201222615061
development of a deletion and genetic linkage map for the 5a and 5b chromosomes of wheat (triticum aestivum).the aims of the present study were to provide deletion maps for wheat ( triticum aestivum l.) chromosomes 5a and 5b and a detailed genetic map of chromosome 5a enriched with popular microsatellite markers, which could be compared with other existing maps and useful for mapping major genes and quantitative traits loci (qtl). physical mapping of 165 gssr and est-ssr markers was conducted by amplifying each primer pair on chinese spring, aneuploid lines, and deletion lines for the homoeologous grou ...201222624876
quantitative proteomic analysis of wheat cultivars with differing drought stress tolerance.using a series of multiplexed experiments we studied the quantitative changes in protein abundance of three australian bread wheat cultivars (triticum aestivum l.) in response to a drought stress. three cultivars differing in their ability to maintain grain yield during drought, kukri (intolerant), excalibur (tolerant), and rac875 (tolerant), were grown in the glasshouse with cyclic drought treatment that mimicked conditions in the field. proteins were isolated from leaves of mature plants and i ...201122639595
aluminium tolerance of root hairs underlies genotypic differences in rhizosheath size of wheat (triticum aestivum) grown on acid soil.we found significant genetic variation in the ability of wheat (triticum aestivum) to form rhizosheaths on acid soil and assessed whether differences in aluminium (al(3+) ) tolerance of root hairs between genotypes was the physiological basis for this genetic variation. a method was developed to rapidly screen rhizosheath size in a range of wheat genotypes. backcrossed populations were generated from cv fronteira (large rhizosheath) using cv ega-burke (small rhizosheath) as the recurrent parent. ...201222642366
genotype-dependent efficiency of endosperm development in culture of selected cereals: histological and ultrastructural studies.the paper reports studies, including histological and ultrastructural analyses, of in vitro cell proliferation and development of immature endosperm tissue isolated from caryopses of triticum aestivum, triticum durum, and triticosecale plants. endosperm isolated at 7-10 days post-anthesis developed well on ms medium supplemented with auxins and/or cytokinins. the efficiency of endosperm response was highly genotype-dependent and best in two winter cultivars of hexaploid species. the pathways of ...022643840
snp identification and allelic-specific pcr markers development for tagw2, a gene linked to wheat kernel weight.tagw2, an orthologous gene of rice osgw2, has been associated with kernel width and weight of bread wheat (triticum aestivum). difference in tagw2 coding sequence was not found among different wheat varieties in previous researches. in this study, we found eight exons and seven introns in tagw2 with a full-length cdna sequence of 1,275 bp, which contains a conserved function domain and seven splice sites that shared homology with rice osgw2. a single t-base insertion in the eighth exon of tagw2 ...201222643902
identification and molecular characterisation of hmw glutenin subunit 1by16* in wild emmer.in this study, a novel y-type high molecular weight glutenin subunit (hmw-gs) in wild emmer wheat triticum turgidum l. var. dicoccoides (körn.) accession ku1952 was identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), capillary electrophoresis (ce) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation/time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms). its electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight were similar to those of 1by16 and was designated as 1by16*. the complet ...201222644727
triannot: a versatile and high performance pipeline for the automated annotation of plant genomes.in support of the international effort to obtain a reference sequence of the bread wheat genome and to provide plant communities dealing with large and complex genomes with a versatile, easy-to-use online automated tool for annotation, we have developed the triannot pipeline. its modular architecture allows for the annotation and masking of transposable elements, the structural, and functional annotation of protein-coding genes with an evidence-based quality indexing, and the identification of c ...201222645565
novel variants of hmw glutenin subunits from aegilops section sitopsis species in relation to evolution and wheat breeding.high molecular weight glutenin subunits (hmw-gss), encoded by the genes at glu-1 loci in wheat and its related species, are significant in the determination of grain processing quality. however, the diversity and variations of hmw-gss are relatively low in bread wheat. more interests are now focused on wheat wild relatives in triticeae. the genus aegilops represents an important germplasm for novel hwm-gss and other useful genes for wheat genetic improvement.201222646663
the effect of high concentrations of glufosinate ammonium on the yield components of transgenic spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) constitutively expressing the bar gene.we present an experiment done on a bar(+) wheat line treated with 14 different concentrations of glufosinate ammonium-an effective component of nonselective herbicides-during seed germination in a closed experimental system. yield components as number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, thousand kernel weight, and yield per plant were thoroughly analysed and statistically evaluated after harvesting. we found that a concentration of glufosinate ammonium 5000 times the lethal dose was ...201222649303
chemometric evaluation of different experimental conditions on wheat (triticum aestivum l.) development using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (lc-ms) profiles of benzoxazinone derivatives.different chemometric techniques have been used to evaluate the effect of distinct experimental conditions and factors on triticum aestivum l. plant development. the study was conducted using three wheat varieties, astron, ritmo and stakado. these varieties were grown under organic and conventional cultivation systems. samples were collected at five growth stages. shoots and roots of each plant at these stages were analysed. three replicates of each analysed sample were performed to improve repr ...201222652261
molecular cytogenetic identification of a wheat (triticum aestivum)-american dune grass (leymus mollis) translocation line resistant to stripe rust.leymus mollis, a perennial allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 28), known as american dune grass, is a wild relative of wheat that could be useful for cultivar improvement. shannong0096, developed from interspecific hybridization between common wheat cv. yannong15 and l. mollis, was analyzed with cytological procedures, genomic in situ hybridization, stripe-rust resistance screening and molecular marker analysis. we found that shannong0096 has 42 chromosomes in the root-tip cells at mitotic metaphase and ...201222653669
assessment of the use potential of edible sea urchins (paracentrotus lividus) processing waste within the agricultural system: influence on soil chemical and biological properties and bean (phaseolus vulgaris) and wheat (triticum vulgare) growth in an amended acidic soil.in this study we evaluated the influence of ground purple sea urchin (paracentrotus lividus) endoskeletons, a processing waste common to all edible sea urchin plants, on the chemical, biochemical and microbiological features of an acidic (ph 5.65) sandy-loam soil. the purple sea urchin endoskeletons were characterized by a high content of total carbonates (∼94%), a moderately alkaline ph in water (ph 7.88) and electrical conductivity values (3.55 ms/cm) very similar to those of commercial lime. ...201222659645
genetic analysis and molecular mapping of a new powdery mildew resistant gene pm46 in common wheat.powdery mildew (pm), caused by blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (bgt), has become a serious disease and caused severe yield losses in the wheat production worldwide. resistance gene(s) in wheat cultivars can be quickly overcome by newly evolved pathogen races when these genes are employed for long time or in a large area. it is urgent to search for new sources of resistance to be used in wheat breeding. tabasco is a german resistant cultivar and a new source of resistance gene(s) to pm. an f(2) ...201222660629
agronomic performance of lines derived from anther culture, maize pollination and single-seed descent in a spring wheat cross.anther culture and maize hybridization are two frequently used techniques for doubled haploid production in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). information on the field performance of lines derived from these techniques is limited. this study was conducted to compare the performance of f(4:6) lines obtained by single-seed descent with lines obtained by anther culture and maize (zea mays l.) pollination from the same cross of spring wheat, 'chris'/mn 7529. thirty-three lines derived from each of those ...199922665175
single-stranded dna in the genetic transformation of wheat (triticum aestivum l.): transformation frequency and integration pattern.two non-linked marker genes (gus and bar) were co-introduced by microprojectile bombardment into wheat cells. four different dna structures were compared with respect to ability to integrate into the wheat genome: circular or linear (l) dna as a single- or double-stranded plasmid (ss and ds, respectively). in eight independent experiments, linearized dna integrated in the ds or ss form with a high efficiency of up to 14% for l-ssdna. molecular analyses by southern blotting showed that all dna fo ...199922665182
down-regulation of glucan, water-dikinase activity in wheat endosperm increases vegetative biomass and yield.a novel mechanism for increasing vegetative biomass and grain yield has been identified in wheat (triticum aestivum). rnai-mediated down-regulation of glucan, water-dikinase (gwd), the primary enzyme required for starch phosphorylation, under the control of an endosperm-specific promoter, resulted in a decrease in starch phosphate content and an increase in grain size. unexpectedly, consistent increases in vegetative biomass and grain yield were observed in subsequent generations. in lines where ...201222672098
deciphering the genomic structure, function and evolution of carotenogenesis related phytoene synthases in grasses.carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments, essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection in plants. the enzyme phytoene synthase (psy) plays an essential role in mediating condensation of two geranylgeranyl diphosphate molecules, the first committed step in carotenogenesis. psy are nuclear enzymes encoded by a small gene family consisting of three paralogous genes (psy1-3) that have been widely characterized in rice, maize and sorghum.201222672222
co-ordinate regulation of cytokinin gene family members during flag leaf and reproductive development in wheat.as the global population continues to expand, increasing yield in bread wheat is of critical importance as 20% of the world's food supply is sourced from this cereal. several recent studies of the molecular basis of grain yield indicate that the cytokinins are a key factor in determining grain yield. in this study, cytokinin gene family members in bread wheat were isolated from four multigene families which regulate cytokinin synthesis and metabolism, the isopentenyl transferases (ipt), cytokini ...201222672647
carbon and nitrogen partitioning during the post-anthesis period is conditioned by n fertilisation and sink strength in three cereals.further knowledge of the processes conditioning nitrogen use efficiency (nue) is of great relevance to crop productivity. the aim of this paper was characterise c and n partitioning during grain filling and their implications for nue. cereals such as bread wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv califa sur), triticale (× triticosecale wittmack cv. imperioso) and tritordeum (× tritordeum asch. & graebn line ht 621) were grown under low (ln, 5 mm nh(4) no(3)) and high (hn, 15 mm nh(4)no(3)) n conditions. w ...022672709
gene expression in the developing aleurone and starchy endosperm of wheat.wheat is a critical food source globally. food security is an increasing concern; current production levels are not expected to keep pace with global demand. new technologies have provided a vast array of wheat genetic data; however, best use of this data requires placing it within a framework in which the various genes, pathways and interactions can be examined. here we present the first systematic comparison of the global transcriptomes of the aleurone and starchy endosperm of the developing w ...201222672716
multi-trait evolution of farmer varieties of bread wheat after cultivation in contrasting organic farming systems in europe.because of the lack of varieties for organic agriculture, associations of organic farmers in several european countries have begun cultivating landraces and historic varieties, effectively practicing in situ conservation of agricultural biodiversity. to promote agrobiodiversity conservation, a special list for "conservation varieties" was implemented in 2008 by the eu because for any exchange and marketing of seeds in the eu, a variety must be registered in an official catalog. our study aimed a ...201222678726
[genetic control of several alpha-amylase isozymes in winter hexaploid wheat].alpha-amylase isozymes were detected via electrophoretic separation in a tris-glycine polyacrylamide gel system (ph 8.4). three chromosome 6b loci controlling the alpha-amylase isozyme composition were identified by studying the grain alpha-amylase patterns in an f --> infinity self-pollinating population of winter common wheat (donskoi mayak). the loci were found to take the following order in the long arm of chromosome 6b: cen.-alpha-amy-b3-alpha-amy-b6-alpha-amy-b1-.201222679787
accumulation, translocation and impact of tio2 nanoparticles in wheat (triticum aestivum spp.): influence of diameter and crystal phase.intensive production of tio(2) nanoparticles (tio(2)-nps) would lead to their release in the environment. their ecotoxicological impact is still poorly documented, while their use in commercial goods is constantly increasing. in this study we compare root accumulation and root-to-shoot translocation in wheat of anatase and rutile tio(2)-nps with diameters ranging from 14 nm to 655 nm, prepared in water. np distribution in plant tissues was mapped by synchrotron-radiation micro-x-ray fluorescence ...201222684121
expression of vernalization responsive genes in wheat is associated with histone h3 trimethylation.the transition to flowering in winter wheat requires prolonged exposure to low temperature, a process called vernalization. this process is regulated by a genetic pathway that involves at least three genes, triticum aestivum vernalization 1 (tavrn1), triticum aestivum vernalization 2 (tavrn2) and triticum aestivum flowering locus t-like 1 (taft1). these genes regulate flowering by integrating environmental and developmental cues. to determine whether the expression of these genes is associated w ...022684814
overexpression of wheat lipid transfer protein gene taltp5 increases resistances to cochliobolus sativus and fusarium graminearum in transgenic wheat.the fungus cochliobolus sativus is the main pathogen of common root rot, a serious soil-borne disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the fungus fusarium graminearum is the primary pathogen of fusarium head blight, a devastating disease of wheat worldwide. in this study, the wheat lipid transfer protein gene, taltp5, was cloned and evaluated for its ability to suppress disease development in transgenic wheat. taltp5 expression was induced after c. sativus infection. the taltp5 expression vector ...201222689341
allelopathic effect of bromus spp. and lolium spp. shoot extracts on some crops.allelopathy is an untapped resource for weed control in crops that could give good possibilities for environmentally sound, integrated crop production. allelopathy is defined as the direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effects of one plant on another through the production of chemical compounds, called allelochemicals, which escape into the environment. allelochemicals can be produced by weeds and affect crops, and the reverse is also true. allelopathic interactions include weed-weed, weed-c ...201122696963
allelopathic effects of ragweed (ambrosia artemisiifolia l.) on cultivated plants.during the past years ragweed has been coming to the forefront of interest in hungary and in other european countries as well because its serious health risk. results of the 5th national weed survey has proven that ragweed is the most important weed species on hungarian field lands, its coverage shows a rising tendency in cereals moreover it not only occurs in cultivated plants. allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts derived from different parts of ragweed plants (air dried leafy stems, seeds) ...201122696964
photosystem ii thermostability in situ: environmentally induced acclimation and genotype-specific reactions in triticum aestivum l.photosystem ii (psii) thermostability and acclimation effects on psii photochemical efficiency were analyzed in thirty field grown winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) genotypes using prompt chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics before and after dark heat treatment. a gradual increase in temperature caused the appearance of k-bands at 300 μs on the chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve, indicating the impairment of the psii donor side (even by heat treatment at 38 °c). an increase in basal fluor ...201222698752
targeted re-sequencing of the allohexaploid wheat exome.bread wheat, triticum aestivum, is an allohexaploid composed of the three distinct ancestral genomes, a, b and d. the polyploid nature of the wheat genome together with its large size has limited our ability to generate the significant amount of sequence data required for whole genome studies. even with the advent of next-generation sequencing technology, it is still relatively expensive to generate whole genome sequences for more than a few wheat genomes at any one time. to overcome this proble ...201222703335
identification, characterization and mapping of differentially expressed genes in a winter wheat cultivar (centenaire) resistant to fusarium graminearum infection.fusarium head blight (fhb), predominantly caused by fusarium graminearum, is a destructive disease that poses a serious threat to wheat (triticum aestivum l.) production around the world. a suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) cdna library was constructed from f. graminearum infected spikes of a resistant belgian winter wheat variety centenaire, exhibiting type ii resistance to fhb. forty-three differentially expressed transcripts were identified and classified in different categories acc ...201222718510
alleviation of high salt toxicity-induced oxidative damage by salicylic acid pretreatment in two wheat cultivars.role of exogenous salicylic acid (sa) in the antioxidative response to salt toxicity of two wheat (triticum aestivum) cultivars (gerek-79 and bezostaya) was investigated. hydroponic growth environment of 10-day wheat seedlings grown under normal conditions (22/20°c) was adjusted to 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 m of salt (nacl), and then freshly prepared sa solutions (0.0, 0.01 and 0.1 mm) were once sprayed on leaves of the same seedlings. activities of superoxide dismutase (sod), peroxidase (pox) an ...201322722774
celiac disease t-cell epitopes from gamma-gliadins: immunoreactivity depends on the genome of origin, transcript frequency, and flanking protein variation.celiac disease (cd) is caused by an uncontrolled immune response to gluten, a heterogeneous mixture of wheat storage proteins. the cd-toxicity of these proteins and their derived peptides is depending on the presence of specific t-cell epitopes (9-mer peptides; cd epitopes) that mediate the stimulation of hla-dq2/8 restricted t-cells. next to the thoroughly characterized major t-cell epitopes derived from the α-gliadin fraction of gluten, γ-gliadin peptides are also known to stimulate t-cells of ...201222726570
wheat f-box protein recruits proteins and regulates their abundance during wheat spike development.f-box proteins, components of the skp1-cullin1-f-box (scf) protein e3 ubiquitin ligase complex, serve as the variable component responsible for substrate recognition and recruitment in scf-mediated proteolysis. f-box proteins interact with skp1 through the f-box motif and with ubiquitination substrates through c-terminal protein interaction domains. f-box proteins regulate plant development, various hormonal signal transduction processes, circadian rhythm, and cell cycle control. we isolated an ...201222729884
[construction and study of leaf rust-resistant common wheat lines with translocations of aegilops speltoides tausch].genotyping was performed for the leaf rust-resistant line 73/00i (triticum aestivum x aegilops speltoides). fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with probes spelt1 and psc119.2 in combination with microsatellite analysis were used to determine the locations and sizes of the ae. speltoides genetic fragments integrated into the line genome. translocations were identified in the long arms of chromosomes 5b and 6b and in the short arm of chromosome 1b. the spelt1 and psc119.2 molecular cytologi ...201222730768
safety assessment of dehydration-responsive element-binding (dreb) 4 protein expressed in e. coli.dehydration-responsive element-binding (dreb) proteins are important transcription factors in plant responses and signal transduction. the dreb proteins can improve the drought and salt tolerance of plants, which provides an excellent opportunity to develop stress-tolerant genetically modified crops in the future. in the present study, a novel tadreb4 gene (genbank accession no: ay781355.1) from triticum aestivum was amplified by pcr (polymerase chain reaction), and the recombinant plasmid pet 3 ...201222735501
damage repair effect of he-ne laser on wheat exposed to enhanced ultraviolet-b radiation.we explored the use of he-ne laser on alleviating the effects of ultraviolet-b (uv-b) light on winter wheat development. triticum aestivum l. cv. linyuan 077038 seeds were irradiated with either uv-b (10.08 kj m(-2) d(-1)) (enhanced uv-b) or a combination of uv-b light and the he-ne laser (5.43 mw mm(-2)). plants also were exposed to the he-ne laser alone. our results showed that enhanced uv-b produced negative effects on seed germination and seedling development. germination rate and shoot grow ...201222738866
single nucleotide polymorphism discovery from wheat next-generation sequence data.single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) are the most abundant type of molecular genetic marker and can be used for producing high-resolution genetic maps, marker-trait association studies and marker-assisted breeding. large polyploid genomes such as wheat present a challenge for snp discovery because of the potential presence of multiple homoeologs for each gene. autosnpdb has been successfully applied to identify snps from sanger sequence data for several species, including barley, rice and bras ...201222748104
a shrunken-2 transgene increases maize yield by acting in maternal tissues to increase the frequency of seed development.the maize (zea mays) shrunken-2 (sh2) gene encodes the large subunit of the rate-limiting starch biosynthetic enzyme, adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase. expression of a transgenic form of the enzyme with enhanced heat stability and reduced phosphate inhibition increased maize yield up to 64%. the extent of the yield increase is dependent on temperatures during the first 4 d post pollination, and yield is increased if average daily high temperatures exceed 33 °c. as found in wheat (triticum aestivum) ...201222751213
investigation of cell wall composition related to stem lodging resistance in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) by ftir spectroscopy.we explored the rapid qualitative analysis of wheat cultivars with good lodging resistances by fourier transform infrared resonance (ftir) spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis. ftir imaging showing that wheat stem cell walls were mainly composed of cellulose, pectin, protein, and lignin. principal components analysis (pca) was used to eliminate multicollinearity among multiple peak absorptions. pca revealed the developmental internodes of wheat stems could be distributed from low t ...201222751311
proteomic and genetic analysis of wheat endosperm albumins and globulins using deletion lines of cultivar chinese spring.albumins and globulins from the endosperm of triticum aestivum l. cv chinese spring (cs) were analysed to establish a proteome reference map for this standard wheat cultivar. approximately, 1,145 coomassie-stained spots were detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2de), 410 of which were identified using mass spectrometry and data mining. salt-soluble endosperm proteins from 67 cs deletion lines were also separated by 2de (four gels per line). image analysis of the 268 2de gels as compa ...201222751952
response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grown conventionally and on beds in a sandy loam soil.the present study was undertaken to assess the benefit and compare the functioning of am fungi on wheat grown conventionally and on beds. ten treatment combinations were used, treatments 1 and 2: no fertilizers with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi (in vitro produced glomus intraradices); 3:100% of recommended npk: (120 kg ha(-1) n; 60 kg ha(-1) p; 50 kg ha(-1) k), and 4 and 5: 75% of recommended npk dose with and without am inoculation in a 5 × 2 split-plot design on wheat using co ...201122754021
physiological and molecular changes of detached wheat leaves in responding to various treatments.leaf senescence is induced or accelerated when leaves are detached. however, the senescence process and expression pattern of senescence-associated genes (sags) when leaves are detached are not clearly understood. to detect senescence-associated physiological changes and sag expression, wheat (triticum aestivum l.) leaves were detached and treated with light, darkness, low temperature (4 °c), jasmonic acid (ja), abscisic acid (aba), and salicylic acid (sa). the leaf phenotypes, chlorophyll conte ...201222765286
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