Publications

the pseudomonas syringae phytotoxin coronatine promotes virulence by overcoming salicylic acid-dependent defences in arabidopsis thaliana.	summary successful pathogen infection likely involves the suppression of general antimicrobial host defences. one pseudomonas syringae virulence factor proposed to act in this manner is coronatine (cor), a phytotoxin believed to function as an analogue of one or more jasmonates, a family of plant growth regulators. cor biosynthetic (cor(-)) mutants of p. syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000 exhibit reduced virulence on arabidopsis thaliana and tomato. in the present study, three genetically and bio ...	2005	20565685
rapid and sensitive detection of citrus bacterial canker by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with simple visual evaluation methods.	citrus bacterial canker (cbc) is a major, highly contagious disease of citrus plants present in many countries in asia, africa and america, but not in the mediterranean area. there are three types of citrus bacterial canker, named a, b, and c that have different genotypes and posses variation in host range within citrus species. the causative agent for type a cbc is xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, while xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii, strain b causes type b cbc and xanthomonas fuscans s ...	2010	20565886
genome comparison of the epiphytic bacteria erwinia billingiae and e. tasmaniensis with the pear pathogen e. pyrifoliae.	the genus erwinia includes plant-associated pathogenic and non-pathogenic enterobacteria. important pathogens such as erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight and e. pyrifoliae causing bacterial shoot blight of pear in asia belong to this genus. the species e. tasmaniensis and e. billingiae are epiphytic bacteria and may represent antagonists for biocontrol of fire blight. the presence of genes that are putatively involved in virulence in e. amylovora and e. pyrifoliae is of special ...	2010	20565991
escherichia coli cell surface perturbation and disruption induced by antimicrobial peptides bp100 and pepr.	the potential of antimicrobial peptides (amps) as an alternative to conventional therapies is well recognized. insights into the biological and biophysical properties of amps are thus key to understanding their mode of action. in this study, the mechanisms adopted by two amps in disrupting the gram-negative escherichia coli bacterial envelope were explored. bp100 is a short cecropin a-melittin hybrid peptide known to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic gram-negative bacteria. pepr, on the othe ...	2010	20566635
functional analysis of the arabidopsis pal gene family in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stress.	phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) catalyzes the first step of the phenylpropanoid pathway, which produces precursors to a variety of important secondary metabolites. arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) contains four pal genes (pal1-pal4), but there has been no genetic analysis to assess the biological functions of the entire gene family. here, we report the generation and analysis of combined mutations for the four arabidopsis pal genes. contrary to a previous report, we found that three independ ...	2010	20566705
location and activity of members of a family of virppha homologues in pathovars of pseudomonas syringae and p. savastanoi.	summary virppha is a major determinant of the pathogenicity of pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola to phaseolus bean. a family of homologues of virppha was detected in pathovars of p. savastanoi and p. syringae. we examined the structure and activity of alleles designated virppha, virppha(pgy), and virppha(psv) from p. savastanoi pathovars phaseolicola, glycinea, and savastanoi, respectively, and avrptob from p. syringae pv. tomato. sequencing showed that the virppha(pgy) homologue had a 48- ...	2002	20569328
primary structure and tissue-specific expression of the pathogenesis-related protein pr-1b in potatodagger.	summary the infection of potato (solanum tuberosum) leaves with the late blight pathogen phytophthora infestans, or treatment with fungal elicitor, leads to the massive accumulation of pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins in the extracellular leaf space. the most abundant of these proteins was purified to apparent homogeneity and identified as a new, basic member of the pr-1 family of defence proteins, designated pr-1b. antibodies raised against the protein and a cdna isolated by differential scre ...	2002	20569341
localization of hrpa-induced pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in infected tomato leaves.	summary pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato is the causative agent of bacterial speck of tomato. the key virulence determinant of p. syringae is the hrp gene cluster, which encodes a type iii secretion system. the type iii system is used by a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria for transporting virulence proteins from the bacteria directly into the eukaryotic host cell. hrp pilus, which is composed of hrpa pilin subunits, is an indispensable component of the type iii secretion system in p. syringae. ...	2002	20569352
deciphering host resistance and pathogen virulence: the arabidopsis/pseudomonas interaction as a model.	summary the last decade has witnessed steady progress in deciphering the molecular basis of plant disease resistance and pathogen virulence. although contributions have been made using many different plant and pathogen species, studies of the interactions between arabidopsis thaliana and pseudomonas syringae have yielded a particularly significant body of information. the present review focuses on recent findings regarding r gene products and the guard hypothesis, rar1/sgt1 and other examples wh ...	2003	20569411
a pseudomonas syringae adp-ribosyltransferase inhibits arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases.	the successful recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) as a danger signal is crucial for plants to fend off numerous potential pathogenic microbes. the signal is relayed through mitogen-activated protein kinase (mpk) cascades to activate defenses. here, we show that the pseudomonas syringae type iii effector hopf2 can interact with arabidopsis thaliana map kinase kinase5 (mkk5) and likely other mkks to inhibit mpks and pamp-triggered immunity. inhibition of pamp-induced mpk ...	2010	20571112
a dsba mutant of pseudomonas syringae exhibits reduced virulence and partial impairment of type iii secretion.	abstract to identify virulence genes of p. syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000 we screened for mutants with reduced virulence on its plant hosts, arabidopsis thaliana and tomato. we isolated a tn5-insertion mutant that exhibited reduced virulence on both hosts. further characterization showed that this mutant carried a single tn5 insertion in the dsba gene, which encodes a periplasmic disulphide bond-forming protein. in addition to reduced virulence, the dsba mutant exhibits mucoid colony morpholo ...	2000	20572960
evidence for the mobility of an avirulence gene, avrppia1, between the chromosome and plasmids of races of pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi.	abstract an 8.5-kb dna fragment containing the avirulence gene avrppia1 is present in the chromosome of race 2 but not present in race 4b of pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi. the likely acquisition of avrppia1 in race 2 at some time in the past was indicated by the presence of direct repeat sequences at the boundaries of the 8.5-kb region, which was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), cloned and sequenced. the sequence analysis of the 8.5-kb fragment revealed the presence of rulab genes, ...	2000	20572966
expression of the shpx2 peroxidase gene of stylosanthes humilis in transgenic tobacco leads to enhanced resistance to phytophthora parasitica pv. nicotianae and cercospora nicotianae.	abstract previous research indicated that the constitutive expression of a pathogen-inducible peroxidase gene (shpx6a) from stylosanthes humilis in transgenic plants resulted in enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens ( kazan, k., goulter, k.c., way, h.m. and manners, j.m. (1998) expression of a pathogenesis-related peroxidase of stylosanthes humilis in transgenic tobacco and canola and its effect on disease development. plant sci. 136, 207-217). we have now investigated another pathogen-inducib ...	2000	20572969
domain switching between hrpr and hrps affects the regulatory function of the hybrid genes in pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola.	abstract in prokaryotes, a diverse set of physiological processes is regulated by transcription factors which belong to the well-conserved, enhancer-binding protein (ebp) family. these regulatory proteins function together with the alternate sigma factor (sigma(54)). structurally, the ebps are characterized by a central activator domain, containing the recognition motif for the rna polymerase/sigma(54) complex (esigma(54)), and the c-terminal domain, containing a dna-binding helix-turn-helix mot ...	2000	20572970
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato: the right pathogen, of the right plant, at the right time.	abstract pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and the closely related pathovar p. s. pv. maculicola have been the focus of intensive research in recent years, not only because of the diseases they cause on tomato and crucifers, but because strains such as p. s. pv. tomato dc3000 and p. s. pv. maculicola es4326 are pathogens of the model plant arabidopsis thaliana. consequently, both p. s. pv. tomato and p. s. pv. maculicola have been widely used to study the molecular mechanisms of host responses to ...	2000	20572973
plant stomata: a checkpoint of host immunity and pathogen virulence.	stomata are microscopic pores formed by pairs of guard cells in the epidermis of terrestrial plants; they are essential for gas exchange with the environment and controlling water loss. accordingly, plants regulate stomatal aperture in response to environmental conditions, such as relative humidity, co(2) concentration, and light intensity. stomatal openings are also a major route of pathogen entry into the plant and plants have evolved mechanisms to regulate stomatal aperture as an immune respo ...	2010	20573499
what's in a name? the semantics of quorum sensing.	the expression of many bacterial phenotypes is regulated according to the concentration of chemical cues that they or other bacteria produce, a process often termed quorum sensing (qs). many aspects of the environment can affect cue concentration. thus these molecules might be indirect proxies for any one or combination of environmental factors. recent research suggests that the adaptive significance of qs varies depending on its evolutionary and ecological context. consequently, some researcher ...	2010	20573513
arabidopsis putative deacetylase atsrt2 regulates basal defense by suppressing pad4, eds5 and sid2 expression.	the silent information regulator protein (sir2) and its homologs are nad(+)-dependent deacetylase enzymes that play important roles in a variety of physiological processes. however, the functions of the sir2 family in plants are poorly understood. here, we report that arabidopsis atsrt2, a homolog of yeast sir2, negatively regulates plant basal defense against the pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pstdc3000). in response to pstdc3000 infection, the expression of atsrt2 was down-re ...	2010	20573705
sopra: scaffolding algorithm for paired reads via statistical optimization.	high throughput sequencing (hts) platforms produce gigabases of short read (<100 bp) data per run. while these short reads are adequate for resequencing applications, de novo assembly of moderate size genomes from such reads remains a significant challenge. these limitations could be partially overcome by utilizing mate pair technology, which provides pairs of short reads separated by a known distance along the genome.	2010	20576136
genome-driven investigation of compatible solute biosynthesis pathways of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and their contribution to water stress tolerance.	the foliar pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae exhibits an exceptional ability to survive on asymptomatic plants as an epiphyte. intermittent wetting events on plants lead to osmotic and matric stresses which must be tolerated for survival as an epiphyte. in this study, we have applied bioinformatic, genetic, and biochemical approaches to address water stress tolerance in p. syringae pv. syringae strain b728a, for which a complete genome sequence is available. p. syringae pv. syringae b72 ...	2010	20581190
bacterial effectors target bak1-associated receptor complexes: one stone two birds.	the long-standing association between hosts and microbes has generated some of most intricate relationships. the studies on molecular mechanisms of host-microbe interaction have been revealing many fascinating stories. here we zoom in on a specific topic on the interplay between bacterial effectors and plant innate immune signaling. in particular, we will summarize our recent discovery that bacterial effector proteins, avrpto and avrptob, target plant immune signaling receptor complexes to inter ...	2010	20585495
the rhizobacterial elicitor acetoin induces systemic resistance in arabidopsis thaliana.	the majority of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) confer plant immunity against a wide range of foliar diseases by activating plant defences that reduce a plant's susceptibility to pathogen attack. here we show that arabidopsis thaliana (col-0) plants exposed to bacillus subtilis strain fb17 (hereafter fb17), results in reduced disease severity against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (hereafter dc3000) compared to plants without fb17 treatment. exogenous application of the b. su ...	2010	20585504
nleg type 3 effectors from enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli are u-box e3 ubiquitin ligases.	nleg homologues constitute the largest family of type 3 effectors delivered by pathogenic e. coli, with fourteen members in the enterohaemorrhagic (ehec) o157:h7 strain alone. identified recently as part of the non-lee-encoded (nle) effector set, this family remained uncharacterised and shared no sequence homology to other proteins including those of known function. the c-terminal domain of nleg2-3 (residues 90 to 191) is the most conserved region in nleg proteins and was solved by nmr. structur ...	2010	20585566
a putative lytic transglycosylase tightly regulated and critical for the ehec type three secretion.	open reading frame l0045 in the pathogenic island of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 has been predicted to encode a lytic transglycosylase that is homologous to two different gene products encoded by the same bacteria at loci away from the island. to deduce the necessity of the presence in the island, we created an l0045-deleted strain of ehec and observed that both the level of cytosolic espa and that of the other type iii secreted proteins in the media were affected. in a complement ...	2010	20587027
rna-seq analysis of sulfur-deprived chlamydomonas cells reveals aspects of acclimation critical for cell survival.	the chlamydomonas reinhardtii transcriptome was characterized from nutrient-replete and sulfur-depleted wild-type and snrk2.1 mutant cells. this mutant is null for the regulatory ser-thr kinase snrk2.1, which is required for acclimation of the alga to sulfur deprivation. the transcriptome analyses used microarray hybridization and rna-seq technology. quantitative rt-pcr evaluation of the results obtained by these techniques showed that rna-seq reports a larger dynamic range of expression levels ...	2010	20587772
systematizing the generation of missing metabolic knowledge.	genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions are built from all of the known metabolic reactions and genes in a target organism. however, since our knowledge of any organism is incomplete, these network reconstructions contain gaps. reactions may be missing, resulting in dead-ends in pathways, while unknown gene products may catalyze known reactions. new computational methods that analyze data, such as growth phenotypes or gene essentiality, in the context of genome-scale metabolic networks, h ...	2010	20589842
on the possible role of robustness in the evolution of infectious diseases.	robustness describes the capacity for a biological system to remain canalized despite perturbation. genetic robustness affords maintenance of phenotype despite mutational input, necessarily involving the role of epistasis. environmental robustness is phenotypic constancy in the face of environmental variation, where epistasis may be uninvolved. here we discuss genetic and environmental robustness, from the standpoint of infectious disease evolution, and suggest that robustness may be a unifying ...	2010	20590337
presence of a classical rrm-fold palm domain in thg1-type 3'- 5'nucleic acid polymerases and the origin of the ggdef and crispr polymerase domains.	almost all known nucleic acid polymerases catalyze 5'-3' polymerization by mediating the attack on an incoming nucleotide 5' triphosphate by the 3'oh from the growing polynucleotide chain in a template dependent or independent manner. the only known exception to this rule is the thg1 rna polymerase that catalyzes 3'-5' polymerization in vitro and also in vivo as a part of the maturation process of histidinyl trna. while the initial reaction catalyzed by thg1 has been compared to adenylation cata ...	2010	20591188
ethylene signaling regulates accumulation of the fls2 receptor and is required for the oxidative burst contributing to plant immunity.	reactive oxygen species (ros) are potent signal molecules rapidly generated in response to stress. detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns induces a transient apoplastic ros through the function of the nadph respiratory burst oxidase homologs d (rbohd). however, little is known about the regulation of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-elicited ros or its role in plant immunity. we investigated ros production triggered by bacterial flagellin (flg22) in arabidopsis (arabidopsis tha ...	2010	20592040
differential expression of maize chitinases in the presence or absence of trichoderma harzianum strain t22 and indications of a novel exo- endo-heterodimeric chitinase activity.	the interaction of plants with endophytic symbiotic fungi in the genus trichoderma alters the plant proteome and transcriptome and results in enhanced plant growth and resistance to diseases. in a previous study, we identified the numerous chitinolytic enzyme families and individual enzymes in maize which are implicated in plant disease resistance and other plant responses.	2010	20594307
higher plant calreticulins have acquired specialized functions in arabidopsis.	calreticulin (crt) is a ubiquitous er protein involved in multiple cellular processes in animals, such as protein folding and calcium homeostasis. like in animals, plants have evolved divergent crts, but their physiological functions are less understood. arabidopsis contains three crt proteins, where the two crts atcrt1a and crt1b represent one subgroup, and atcrt3 a divergent member.	2010	20596537
isolation and characterisation of efem, a periplasmic component of the putative efeuobm iron transporter of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.	the efem protein is a component of the putative efeuobm iron-transporter of pseudomonas syringae pathovar syringae and is thought to act as a periplasmic, ferrous-iron binding protein. it contains a signal peptide of 34 amino acid residues and a c-terminal 'peptidase_m75' domain of 251 residues. the c-terminal domain contains a highly conserved 'hxxe' motif thought to act as part of a divalent cation-binding site. in this work, the gene (efem or 'psyr_3370') encoding efem was cloned and over-exp ...	2010	20599727
analysis of the role of the type iii effector inventory of pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448a in interaction with the plant.	in pseudomonas syringae, the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is essential for disease in compatible hosts and for eliciting the hypersensitive response in incompatible hosts. p. syringae pathovars secrete a variable number of type iii effectors that form their secretomes. the secretome of pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448a (pph1448a) currently includes 22 experimentally validated effectors, one hrpl-regulated candidate for which translocation results have been inconsistent, two translo ...	2010	20601478
activation of an arabidopsis resistance protein is specified by the in planta association of its leucine-rich repeat domain with the cognate oomycete effector.	activation of plant immunity relies on recognition of pathogen effectors by several classes of plant resistance proteins. to discover the underlying molecular mechanisms of effector recognition by the arabidopsis thaliana recognition of peronospora parasitica1 (rpp1) resistance protein, we adopted an agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient protein expression system in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum), which allowed us to perform coimmunoprecipitation experiments and mutational analyses. herein, ...	2010	20601497
molecular battles between plant and pathogenic bacteria in the phyllosphere.	the phyllosphere, i.e., the aerial parts of the plant, provides one of the most important niches for microbial colonization. this niche supports the survival and, often, proliferation of microbes such as fungi and bacteria with diverse lifestyles including epiphytes, saprophytes, and pathogens. although most microbes may complete the life cycle on the leaf surface, pathogens must enter the leaf and multiply aggressively in the leaf interior. natural surface openings, such as stomata, are importa ...	2010	20602017
the role of vacuolar processing enzyme (vpe) from nicotiana benthamiana in the elicitor-triggered hypersensitive response and stomatal closure.	elicitors/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) trigger the plant immune system, leading to rapid programmed cell death (hypersensitive response, hr) and stomatal closure. previous reports have shown that the vacuolar processing enzyme (vpe), a cysteine proteinase responsible for the maturation of vacuolar proteins, has caspase-1-like activity and mediates tmv- and mycotoxin-induced cell death. the role of vpe from nicotiana benthamiana in the response to three elicitors: bacterial harp ...	2010	20603283
inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway alters cellular levels of nitric oxide in tomato seedlings.	nitric oxide (no) is involved in diverse plant growth processes; however, little is known about pathways regulating no levels in plants. in this study, we isolated a no-overproducing mutant of tomato (solanum lycopersicum) in which hyper-accumulation of no, associated with increase in nitric oxide synthase (nos)-like activity, caused diminished vegetative growth of plants and showed delayed flowering. the hyper-accumulation of no caused drastic shortening of primary root (shr) in the seedlings, ...	2010	20603380
overexpression of the epidermis-specific homeodomain-leucine zipper iv transcription factor outer cell layer1 in maize identifies target genes involved in lipid metabolism and cuticle biosynthesis.	transcription factors of the homeodomain-leucine zipper iv (hd-zip iv) family play crucial roles in epidermis-related processes. to gain further insight into the molecular function of outer cell layer1 (ocl1), 14 target genes up- or down-regulated in transgenic maize (zea mays) plants overexpressing ocl1 were identified. the 14 genes all showed partial coexpression with ocl1 in maize organs, and several of them shared preferential expression in the epidermis with ocl1. they encoded proteins invo ...	2010	20605912
the lysin motif receptor-like kinase (lysm-rlk) cerk1 is a major chitin-binding protein in arabidopsis thaliana and subject to chitin-induced phosphorylation.	plants detect potential pathogens by sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns via pattern recognition receptors. in the dicot model plant arabidopsis, the lysin motif (lysm)-containing chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (cerk1) has been shown to be essential for perception of the fungal cell wall component chitin and for resistance to fungal pathogens. recent in vitro studies with cerk1 protein expressed heterologously in yeast suggested direct chitin binding activity. here we show in an aff ...	2010	20610395
pseudomonas syringae hijacks plant stress chaperone machinery for virulence.	plant heat shock protein hsp70 is the major target of hopi1, a virulence effector of pathogenic pseudomonas syringae. hsp70 is essential for the virulence function of hopi1. hopi1 directly binds hsp70 through its c-terminal j domain and stimulates hsp70 atp hydrolysis activity in vitro. in plants, hopi1 forms large complexes in association with hsp70 and induces and recruits cytosolic hsp70 to chloroplasts, the site of hopi1 localization. deletion of a central p/q-rich repeat region disrupts hop ...	2010	20615948
balanced nuclear and cytoplasmic activities of eds1 are required for a complete plant innate immune response.	an important layer of plant innate immunity to host-adapted pathogens is conferred by intracellular nucleotide-binding/oligomerization domain-leucine rich repeat (nb-lrr) receptors recognizing specific microbial effectors. signaling from activated receptors of the tir (toll/interleukin-1 receptor)-nb-lrr class converges on the nucleo-cytoplasmic immune regulator eds1 (enhanced disease susceptibility1). in this report we show that a receptor-stimulated increase in accumulation of nuclear eds1 pre ...	2010	20617163
pks5, a snf1-related kinase, interacts with and phosphorylates npr1, and modulates expression of wrky38 and wrky62.	npr1 (nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1) is a major co-activator of plant defense. phosphorylations of npr1 play important roles in fine-tuning its activity, however a kinase corresponding to such modification remains uncharacterized. here, we report that npr1 interacts with pks5 (sos2-like protein kinase 5). the akr (ankyrin repeats) motif of npr1 is required for this interaction. pks5 phosphorylates npr1 at the c-terminal region. expression of pks5 is induced quickly by pseudomonas s ...	2010	20621018
sirnas from mirna sites mediate dna methylation of target genes.	arabidopsis microrna (mirna) genes (mir) give rise to 20- to 22-nt mirnas that are generated predominantly by the type iii endoribonuclease dicer-like 1 (dcl1) but do not require any rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrs) or rna polymerase iv (pol iv). here, we identify a novel class of non-conserved mir genes that give rise to two small rna species, a 20- to 22-nt species and a 23- to 27-nt species, at the same site. genetic analysis using small rna pathway mutants reveals that the 20- to 22-nt s ...	2010	20621980
towards elucidating the differential regulation of floral and extrafloral nectar secretion.	nectar is a rich source of sugars that serves the attraction of pollinators (floral nectar) or predatory arthropods (extrafloral nectar). we just begin to understand the similarities and differences that underlie the secretory control of these two important types of plant secretions. jasmonates are phytohormones, which are well documented to be involved in plant developmental processes and plant defence responses against herbivores, including the secretion of extrafloral nectar. recently, jasmon ...	2010	20622524
structural basis of fic-mediated adenylylation.	the fic family of adenylyltransferases, defined by a core hpfx(d/e)gn(g/k)r motif, consists of over 2,700 proteins found in organisms from bacteria to humans. the immunoglobulin-binding protein a (ibpa) from the bacterial pathogen histophilus somni contains two fic domains that adenylylate the switch1 tyrosine residue of rho-family gtpases, allowing the bacteria to subvert host defenses. here we present the structure of the second fic domain of ibpa (ibpafic2) in complex with its substrate, cdc4 ...	2010	20622875
luxr-type quorum-sensing regulators that are detached from common scents.	the ability of luxr-type proteins to regulate transcription is controlled by bacterial pheromones, n-acylhomoserine lactones (ahls). most luxr-family proteins require their cognate ahls for activity, and at least some of them require ahls for folding and protease resistance. however, a few members of this family are able to fold, dimerize, bind dna, and regulate transcription in the absence of ahls; moreover, these proteins are antagonized by their cognate ahls. complexes between some of these p ...	2010	20624221
cryptochrome 2 and phototropin 2 regulate resistance protein-mediated viral defense by negatively regulating an e3 ubiquitin ligase.	light harvested by plants is essential for the survival of most life forms. this light perception ability requires the activities of proteins termed photoreceptors. we report a function for photoreceptors in mediating resistance (r) protein-derived plant defense. the blue-light photoreceptors, cryptochrome (cry) 2 and phototropin (phot) 2, are required for the stability of the r protein hrt, and thereby resistance to turnip crinkle virus (tcv). exposure to darkness or blue-light induces degradat ...	2010	20624951
plant immunity directly or indirectly restricts the injection of type iii effectors by the pseudomonas syringae type iii secretion system.	plants perceive microorganisms by recognizing microbial molecules known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) inducing pamp-triggered immunity (pti) or by recognizing pathogen effectors inducing effector-triggered immunity (eti). the hypersensitive response (hr), a programmed cell death response associated with eti, is known to be inhibited by pti. here, we show that pti-induced hr inhibition is due to direct or indirect restriction of the type iii protein secretion system's (t3ss) a ...	2010	20624999
biocontrol activity and induction of systemic resistance in pepper by compost water extracts against phytophthora capsici.	we investigated the effects of water extracts of composts (cwe) from commercial compost facilities for controlling root and foliar infection of pepper plants by phytophthora capsici. among 47 cwe tested, cwe from composts iljuk-3, iljuk-7, shinong-8, and shinong-9 significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited zoospore germination, germ tube elongation, mycelial growth, and population of p. capsici. all selected cwe significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the disease incidence and severity in the seedling and plan ...	2010	20626281
evolution of new enzymatic function by structural modulation of cysteine reactivity in pseudomonas fluorescens isocyanide hydratase.	isocyanide (formerly isonitrile) hydratase (ec 4.2.1.103) is an enzyme of the dj-1 superfamily that hydrates isocyanides to yield the corresponding n-formamide. in order to understand the structural basis for isocyanide hydratase (ich) catalysis, we determined the crystal structures of wild-type and several site-directed mutants of pseudomonas fluorescens ich at resolutions ranging from 1.0 to 1.9 å. we also developed a simple uv-visible spectrophotometric assay for ich activity using 2-naphthyl ...	2010	20630867
a putative rna-binding protein positively regulates salicylic acid-mediated immunity in arabidopsis.	rna-binding proteins (rbp) can control gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. plants respond to pathogen infection with rapid reprogramming of gene expression. however, little is known about how plant rbp function in plant immunity. here, we describe the involvement of an rbp, arabidopsis thaliana rna-binding protein-defense related 1 (atrbp-dr1; at4g03110), in resistance to the pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000. atrbp-dr1 loss-of-function mutants ...	2010	20636102
the pseudomonas syringae effector protein hopz1a suppresses effector-triggered immunity.	*the pseudomonas syringae pv syringae type iii effector hopz1a is a member of the hopz effector family of cysteine-proteases that triggers immunity in arabidopsis. this immunity is dependent on hopz1a cysteine-protease activity, and independent of known resistance genes. we have previously shown that hopz1a-triggered immunity is partially additive to that triggered by avrrpt2. these partially additive effects could be caused by at least two mechanisms: their signalling pathways share a common el ...	2010	20636323
cloning and phylogenetic analyses of serine/threonine kinase class defense-related genes in a wild fruit crop 'chestnut rose'.	abstract:	2010	20637125
genomic island tnsmu2 of streptococcus mutans harbors a nonribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of pigments involved in oxygen and h2o2 tolerance.	the oral biofilm community consists of >800 microbial species, among which streptococcus mutans is considered a primary pathogen for dental caries. the genomic island tnsmu2 of s. mutans comprises >2% of the genome. in this study, we demonstrate that tnsmu2 harbors a gene cluster encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrps), polyketide synthases (pks), and accessory proteins and regulators involved in nonribosomal peptide (nrp) and polyketide (pk) biosynthesis. interestingly, the sequences o ...	2010	20639370
evidence for light wavelength-specific photoelectrophysiological signaling and memory of excess light episodes in arabidopsis.	although light is essential for photosynthesis, excess light can damage the photosynthetic apparatus and deregulate other cellular processes. thus, protective integrated regulatory responses that can dissipate excess of absorbed light energy and simultaneously optimize photosynthesis and other cellular processes under variable light conditions can prove highly adaptive. here, we show that the local and systemic responses to an excess light episode are associated with photoelectrophysiological si ...	2010	20639446
arabidopsis resistance protein snc1 activates immune responses through association with a transcriptional corepressor.	in both plants and animals, nucleotide-binding (nb) domain and leucine-rich repeat (lrr)-containing proteins (nlr) function as sensors of pathogen-derived molecules and trigger immune responses. although nlr resistance (r) proteins were first reported as plant immune receptors more than 15 years ago, how these proteins activate downstream defense responses is still unclear. here we report that the toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor (tir)-nb-lrr r protein, suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (snc1 ...	2010	20647385
genetic dissection of basal resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola in accessions of arabidopsis.	we have examined the genetics of nonhost resistance in arabidopsis, using the bean pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola race 6 1448a to probe accessions for natural variation in basal defense. symptoms rarely developed in leaves of niedersenz (nd), some yellowing and occasional necrosis developed in columbia (col), whereas tissue collapse was observed in wassilewskija (ws) after inoculation by infiltration. analysis of f2 progeny and recombinant inbred lines (ril) from a cross between ...	2010	20653411
quantitative pcr assay for mycobacterium pseudoshottsii and mycobacterium shottsii and application to environmental samples and fishes from the chesapeake bay.	striped bass (morone saxatilis) in the chesapeake bay are currently experiencing a very high prevalence of mycobacteriosis associated with newly described mycobacterium species, mycobacterium pseudoshottsii and m. shottsii. the ecology of these mycobacteria outside the striped bass host is currently unknown. in this work, we developed quantitative real-time pcr assays for m. pseudoshottsii and m. shottsii and applied these assays to dna extracts from chesapeake bay water and sediment samples, as ...	2010	20656856
culturable bacterial microflora associated with nectarine fruit and their potential for control of brown rot.	microflora of fruit surfaces have been the best source of antagonists against fungi causing postharvest decay of fruit. however, there is little information on microflora colonizing surfaces of fruits other than grape, apple, and citrus. we characterized bacterial microflora on nectarine fruit surfaces from the early stage of development until harvest. identification of bacterial strains was made using midi (fatty acid methyl ester analysis) and biolog systems. biolog identified 35% and midi 53% ...	2010	20657618
anthrax spore detection by a luminex assay based on monoclonal antibodies that recognize anthrose-containing oligosaccharides.	the similarity of endospore surface antigens between bacteria of the bacillus cereus group complicates the development of selective antibody-based anthrax detection systems. the surface of b. anthracis endospores exposes a tetrasaccharide containing the monosaccharide anthrose. anti-tetrasaccharide monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and anti-anthrose-rhamnose disaccharide mabs were produced and tested for their fine specificities in a direct spore enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with inactiv ...	2010	20660139
network modeling reveals prevalent negative regulatory relationships between signaling sectors in arabidopsis immune signaling.	biological signaling processes may be mediated by complex networks in which network components and network sectors interact with each other in complex ways. studies of complex networks benefit from approaches in which the roles of individual components are considered in the context of the network. the plant immune signaling network, which controls inducible responses to pathogen attack, is such a complex network. we studied the arabidopsis immune signaling network upon challenge with a strain of ...	2010	20661428
direct transcriptional control of the arabidopsis immune receptor fls2 by the ethylene-dependent transcription factors ein3 and eil1.	in plant innate immunity, the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase fls2 recognizes the bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp) flagellin. the molecular mechanisms underlying pamp perception are not fully understood. here, we reveal that the gaseous phytohormone ethylene is an integral part of pamp-triggered immunity. plants mutated in the key ethylene-signaling protein ein2 are impaired in all fls2-mediated responses, correlating with reduced fls2 transcription and protein accumula ...	2010	20663954
transcriptome analysis of hpa1xoo transformed cotton revealed constitutive expression of genes in multiple signalling pathways related to disease resistance.	the transcriptome profile in leaves and roots of the transgenic cotton line t-34 expressing hpa1(xoo) from xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was analysed using a customized 12k cotton cdna microarray. a total of 530 cdna transcripts involved in 34 pathways were differentially expressed in the transgenic line t-34, in which 123 differentially expressed genes were related to the cotton defence responses including the hypersensitive reaction, defence responses associated with the recognition of pathoge ...	2010	20667962
confocal imaging of pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola colony development in bean reveals reduced multiplication of strains containing the genomic island pphgi-1.	pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola is the seed borne causative agent of halo blight in the common bean phaseolus vulgaris. pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola race 4 strain 1302a contains the avirulence gene hopar1 (located on a 106-kb genomic island, pphgi-1, and earlier named avrpphb), which matches resistance gene r3 in p. vulgaris cultivar tendergreen (tg) and causes a rapid hypersensitive reaction (hr). here, we have fluorescently labeled selected pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola ...	2010	20672876
construction of self-transmissible green fluorescent protein-based biosensor plasmids and their use for identification of n-acyl homoserine-producing bacteria in lake sediments.	many bacteria utilize quorum sensing (qs) systems to communicate with each other by means of the production, release, and response to signal molecules. n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl)-based qs systems are particularly widespread among the proteobacteria, in which they regulate various functions. it has become evident that ahls can also serve as signals for interspecies communication. however, knowledge on the impact of ahls for the ecology of bacteria in their natural habitat is scarce, due main ...	2010	20675456
characterization of the enzymes encoded by the anthrose biosynthetic operon of bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis spores, the etiological agents of anthrax, possess a loosely fitting outer layer called the exosporium that is composed of a basal layer and an external hairlike nap. the filaments of the nap are formed by trimers of the collagenlike glycoprotein bcla. multiple pentasaccharide and trisaccharide side chains are o linked to bcla. the nonreducing terminal residue of the pentasaccharide side chain is the unusual sugar anthrose. a plausible biosynthetic pathway for anthrose biosynt ...	2010	20675481
predicted class-i aminoacyl trna synthetase-like proteins in non-ribosomal peptide synthesis.	recent studies point to a great diversity of non-ribosomal peptide synthesis systems with major roles in amino acid and co-factor biosynthesis, secondary metabolism, and post-translational modifications of proteins by peptide tags. the least studied of these systems are those utilizing trnas or aminoacyl-trna synthetases (aatrs) in non-ribosomal peptide ligation.	2010	20678224
root secretion of defense-related proteins is development-dependent and correlated with flowering time.	proteins found in the root exudates are thought to play a role in the interactions between plants and soil organisms. to gain a better understanding of protein secretion by roots, we conducted a systematic proteomic analysis of the root exudates of arabidopsis thaliana at different plant developmental stages. in total, we identified 111 proteins secreted by roots, the majority of which were exuded constitutively during all stages of development. however, defense-related proteins such as chitinas ...	2010	20682788
effects of galu mutation on pseudomonas syringae-plant interactions.	bacterial galu coding for a uridine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase plays an important role in carbohydrates biosynthesis, including synthesis of lipopolysaccharides (lps), membrane-derived oligosaccharides, and capsular polysaccharides. in this study, we characterized the galu mutant of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 (psy61), a necrotizing plant pathogen whose pathogenicity depends on a functional type iii secretion system (t3ss), and showed that the psy61 galu mutant had reduced bi ...	2010	20687808
role of small rnas in host-microbe interactions.	plant defense responses against pathogens are mediated by activation and repression of a large array of genes. host endogenous small rnas are essential in this gene expression reprogramming process. here, we discuss recent findings on pathogen-regulated host micrornas (mirnas) and small interfering rnas (sirnas) and their roles in plant-microbe interaction. we further introduce small rna pathway components, including dicer-like proteins (dcls), double-stranded rna (dsrna) binding protein, rna-de ...	2010	20687832
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the adp-ribosyltransferase hopu1.	several gram-negative pathogens of plants and animals and some eukaryotic associated bacteria use type iii protein-secretion systems (t3sss) to deliver bacterial virulence-associated ;effector' proteins directly into host cells. hopu1 is a type iii effector protein from the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae, which causes plant bacterial speck disease. hopu1 quells host immunity through adp-ribosylation of grp7 as a substrate. hopu1 has been reported as the first adp-ribosyltransferase virulenc ...	2010	20693672
genome-wide sequencing data reveals virulence factors implicated in banana xanthomonas wilt.	banana xanthomonas wilt is a newly emerging disease that is currently threatening the livelihoods of millions of farmers in east africa. the causative agent is xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum (xcm), but previous work suggests that this pathogen is much more closely related to species xanthomonas vasicola than to x. campestris. we have generated draft genome sequences for a banana-pathogenic strain of xcm isolated in uganda and for a very closely related strain of x. vasicola pathovar ...	2010	20695894
sgt1 positively regulates the process of plant cell death during both compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen interactions.	sgt1 (suppressor of g2 allele of skp1), an interactor of scf (skp1-cullin-f-box) ubiquitin ligase complexes that mediate protein degradation, plays an important role at both g1-s and g2-m cell cycle transitions in yeast, and is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes. plant sgt1 is required for both resistance (r) gene-mediated disease resistance and nonhost resistance to certain pathogens. using virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) in nicotiana benthamiana, we demonstrate that sgt1 positively reg ...	2010	20695999
multiple distinct small rnas originate from the same microrna precursors.	micrornas (mirnas), which originate from precursor transcripts with stem-loop structures, are essential gene expression regulators in eukaryotes.	2010	20696037
atspla2-alpha nuclear relocalization by the arabidopsis transcription factor atmyb30 leads to repression of the plant defense response.	the hypersensitive response (hr), characterized by a rapid and localized cell death at the inoculation site, is one of the most efficient resistance reactions to pathogen attack in plants. the transcription factor atmyb30 was identified as a positive regulator of the hr and resistance responses during interactions between arabidopsis and bacteria. here, we show that atmyb30 and the secreted phospholipase atspla(2)-alpha physically interact in vivo, following the atmyb30-mediated specific relocal ...	2010	20696912
intergenic transposable elements are not randomly distributed in bacteria.	insertion sequences (iss) are mobile genetic elements in bacterial genomes. in general, intergenic is elements are probably less deleterious for their hosts than intragenic iss, simply because they have a lower likelihood of disrupting native genes. however, since promoters, shine-dalgarno sequences, and transcription factor binding sites are intergenic and upstream of genes, i hypothesized that not all neighboring gene orientations (ngos) are selectively equivalent for is insertion. to test thi ...	2010	20697140
the glabra1 mutation affects cuticle formation and plant responses to microbes.	systemic acquired resistance (sar) is a form of defense that provides resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens in plants. previous work indicates a role for plastidial glycerolipid biosynthesis in sar. specifically, mutations in fatty acid desaturase7 (fad7), which lead to reduced trienoic fatty acid levels and compromised plastidial lipid biosynthesis, have been associated with defective sar. we show that the defective sar in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) fad7-1 plants is not assoc ...	2010	20699396
a bayesian approach to the evolution of metabolic networks on a phylogeny.	the availability of genomes of many closely related bacteria with diverse metabolic capabilities offers the possibility of tracing metabolic evolution on a phylogeny relating the genomes to understand the evolutionary processes and constraints that affect the evolution of metabolic networks. using simple (independent loss/gain of reactions) or complex (incorporating dependencies among reactions) stochastic models of metabolic evolution, it is possible to study how metabolic networks evolve over ...	2010	20700467
effect of osmotic stress on plant growth promoting pseudomonas spp.	in this study we isolated and screened drought tolerant pseudomonas isolates from arid and semi arid crop production systems of india. five isolates could tolerate osmotic stress up to -0.73 mpa and possessed multiple pgp properties such as p-solubilization, production of phytohormones (iaa, ga and cytokinin), siderophores, ammonia and hcn however under osmotic stress expression of pgp traits was low compared to non-stressed conditions. the strains were identified as pseudomonas entomophila, pse ...	2010	20700582
accumulation of chlorophyll catabolites photosensitizes the hypersensitive response elicited by pseudomonas syringae in arabidopsis.	• the staygreen (sgr) gene encodes a chloroplast-targeted protein which promotes chlorophyll degradation via disruption of light-harvesting complexes (lhcs). • over-expression of sgr in arabidopsis (sgr-ox) in a columbia-0 (col-0) background caused spontaneous necrotic flecking. to relate this to the hypersensitive response (hr), col-0, sgr-ox and rnai sgr (sgri) lines were challenged with pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (pst) encoding the avirulence gene avrrpm1. increased and decreased sgr expr ...	2010	20704660
modulation of redox homeostasis under suboptimal conditions by arabidopsis nudix hydrolase 7.	nudix hydrolases play a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by hydrolyzing various nuceloside diphosphate derivatives and capped mrnas. several independent studies have demonstrated that arabidopsis nudix hydrolase 7 (atnudt7) hydrolyzes nadh and adp-ribose. loss of function atnudt7-1 mutant plants (salk_046441) exhibit stunted growth, higher levels of reactive oxygen species, enhanced resistance to pathogens. however, using the same t-dna line, two other groups reported that mutant pla ...	2010	20704736
silencing of slftr-c, the catalytic subunit of ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase, induces pathogenesis-related genes and pathogen resistance in tomato plants.	as a heterodimeric protein, ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase (ftr) catalyses the light-dependant activation of several photosynthetic enzymes. the active site of the catalytic subunit of ftr contains a redox-active disulfide and a [4fe-4s] center. we isolated the catalytic subunit gene of ftr, designated slftr-c, from tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.). slftr-c transcripts were detected in all tissues examined, including roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. interestingly, virus-induced gene ...	2010	20705057
unique features of the rice blast resistance pish locus revealed by large scale retrotransposon-tagging.	r gene-mediated resistance is one of the most effective mechanisms of immunity against pathogens in plants. to date some components that regulate the primary steps of plant immunity have been isolated, however, the molecular dissection of defense signaling downstream of the r proteins remains to be completed. in addition, r genes are known to be highly variable, however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this variability remain obscure.	2010	20707904
the cytokinin-activated transcription factor arr2 promotes plant immunity via tga3/npr1-dependent salicylic acid signaling in arabidopsis.	cytokinins affect plant immunity to various pathogens; however, the mechanisms coupling plant-derived cytokinins to pathogen responses have been elusive. here, we found that plant-derived cytokinins promote resistance of arabidopsis to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst). modulated cytokinin levels or signaling activity in ckx- or ipt-overexpressing plants or in ahk2 ahk3 mutants correlated with altered resistance. in fact, the cytokinin-activated transcription factor arr2 contributes s ...	2010	20708590
comparative analysis of metabolic networks provides insight into the evolution of plant pathogenic and nonpathogenic lifestyles in pseudomonas.	plant pathogenic pseudomonads such as pseudomonas syringae colonize plant surfaces and tissues and have been reported to be nutritionally specialized relative to nonpathogenic pseudomonads. we performed comparative analyses of metabolic networks reconstructed from genome sequence data in order to investigate the hypothesis that p. syringae has evolved to be metabolically specialized for a plant pathogenic lifestyle. we used the metabolic network comparison tool rahnuma and complementary bioinfor ...	2011	20709733
amrz beta-sheet residues are essential for dna binding and transcriptional control of pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes.	amrz is a putative ribbon-helix-helix (rhh) transcriptional regulator. rhh proteins utilize residues within the β-sheet for dna binding, while the α-helices promote oligomerization. amrz is of interest due to its dual roles as a transcriptional activator and as a repressor, regulating genes encoding virulence factors associated with both chronic and acute pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. in this study, cross-linking revealed that amrz forms oligomers in solution but that the amino terminus, con ...	2010	20709902
insights into an unusual nonribosomal peptide synthetase biosynthesis: identification and characterization of the ge81112 biosynthetic gene cluster.	the ge81112 tetrapeptides (1-3) represent a structurally unique class of antibiotics, acting as specific inhibitors of prokaryotic protein synthesis. here we report the cloning and sequencing of the ge81112 biosynthetic gene cluster from streptomyces sp. l-49973 and the development of a genetic manipulation system for streptomyces sp. l-49973. the biosynthetic gene cluster for the tetrapeptide antibiotic ge81112 (geta-n) was identified within a 61.7-kb region comprising 29 open reading frames (o ...	2010	20710026
reca-independent single-stranded dna oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis.	the expression of beta, the single-stranded annealing protein (ssap) of bacteriophage lambda in escherichia coli promotes high levels of oligonucleotide (oligo)-mediated mutagenesis and offers a quick way to create single or multiple base pair insertions, deletions, or substitutions in the bacterial chromosome. high rates of mutagenesis can be obtained by the use of mismatch repair (mmr)-resistant mismatches or mmr-deficient hosts, which allow for the isolation of unselected mutations. it has re ...	2010	20711416
nicotiana attenuata nahd20 plays a role in leaf aba accumulation during water stress, benzylacetone emission from flowers, and the timing of bolting and flower transitions.	homeodomain-leucine zipper type i (hd-zip i) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors associated with the regulation of growth and development in response to changes in the environment. nicotiana attenuata nahd20 was identified as an hd-zip i-coding gene whose expression was induced by multiple stress-associated stimuli including drought and wounding. to study the role of nahd20 in the integration of stress responses with changes in growth and development, its expression was silenced by ...	2010	20713465
nicotiana attenuata nahd20 plays a role in leaf aba accumulation during water stress, benzylacetone emission from flowers, and the timing of bolting and flower transitions.	homeodomain-leucine zipper type i (hd-zip i) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors associated with the regulation of growth and development in response to changes in the environment. nicotiana attenuata nahd20 was identified as an hd-zip i-coding gene whose expression was induced by multiple stress-associated stimuli including drought and wounding. to study the role of nahd20 in the integration of stress responses with changes in growth and development, its expression was silenced by ...	2010	20713465
plant immunity triggered by microbial molecular signatures.	pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (pamps/mamps) are recognized by host cell surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (prrs) to activate plant immunity. pamp-triggered immunity (pti) constitutes the first layer of plant immunity that restricts pathogen proliferation. pti signaling components often are targeted by various pseudomonas syringae virulence effector proteins, resulting in diminished plant defenses and increased bacterial virulence. some of the proteins targeted by p ...	2010	20713980
characterization and functional analysis of seven flagellin genes in rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. characterization of r. leguminosarum flagellins.	rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae establishes symbiotic nitrogen fixing partnerships with plant species belonging to the tribe vicieae, which includes the genera vicia, lathyrus, pisum and lens. motility and chemotaxis are important in the ecology of r. leguminosarum to provide a competitive advantage during the early steps of nodulation, but the mechanisms of motility and flagellar assembly remain poorly studied. this paper addresses the role of the seven flagellin genes in producing a functio ...	2010	20716375
diversity and strength of internal outward-oriented promoters in group iic-attc introns.	integrons are genetic elements that incorporate mobile gene cassettes by site-specific recombination and express them as an operon from a promoter (pc) located upstream of the cassette insertion site. most gene cassettes found in integrons contain only one gene followed by an attc recombination site. we have recently shown that a specific lineage of group iic introns, named group iic-attc introns, inserts into the bottom strand sequence of attc sites. here, we show that s.ma.i2, a group iic-attc ...	2010	20716518
redox regulation of the npr1-tga1 system of arabidopsis thaliana by nitric oxide.	the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in local and systemic defense reactions is well documented. npr1 and tga1 are key redox-controlled regulators of systemic acquired resistance in plants. npr1 monomers interact with the reduced form of tga1, which targets the activation sequence-1 (as-1) element of the promoter region of defense proteins. here, we report the effect of the physiological nitric oxide donor s-nitrosoglutathione on the npr1/tga1 regulation system in arabidopsis thalian ...	2010	20716698
endofungal bacterium controls its host by an hrp type iii secretion system.	burkholderia rhizoxinica and rhizopus microsporus form a unique symbiosis in which intracellular bacteria produce the virulence factor of the phytopathogenic fungus. notably, the host strictly requires endobacteria to sporulate. in this study, we show that the endofungal bacteria possess a type iii secretion system (t3ss), which has a crucial role in the maintenance of the alliance. mutants defective in type iii secretion show reduced intracellular survival and fail to elicit sporulation of the ...	2011	20720578
endofungal bacterium controls its host by an hrp type iii secretion system.	burkholderia rhizoxinica and rhizopus microsporus form a unique symbiosis in which intracellular bacteria produce the virulence factor of the phytopathogenic fungus. notably, the host strictly requires endobacteria to sporulate. in this study, we show that the endofungal bacteria possess a type iii secretion system (t3ss), which has a crucial role in the maintenance of the alliance. mutants defective in type iii secretion show reduced intracellular survival and fail to elicit sporulation of the ...	2011	20720578
recent insights into pasteurella multocida toxin and other g-protein-modulating bacterial toxins.	over the past few decades, our understanding of the bacterial protein toxins that modulate g proteins has advanced tremendously through extensive biochemical and structural analyses. this article provides an updated survey of the various toxins that target g proteins, ending with a focus on recent mechanistic insights in our understanding of the deamidating toxin family. the dermonecrotic toxin from pasteurella multocida (pmt) was recently added to the list of toxins that disrupt g-protein signa ...	2010	20722598
gene expression browser: large-scale and cross-experiment microarray data integration, management, search & visualization.	in the last decade, a large amount of microarray gene expression data has been accumulated in public repositories. integrating and analyzing high-throughput gene expression data have become key activities for exploring gene functions, gene networks and biological pathways. effectively utilizing these invaluable microarray data remains challenging due to a lack of powerful tools to integrate large-scale gene-expression information across diverse experiments and to search and visualize a large num ...	2010	20727159
characterisation of the vitis vinifera pr10 multigene family.	genes belonging to the pathogenesis related 10 (pr10) group have been studied in several plant species, where they form multigene families. until now, such an analysis has not been performed in vitis vinifera, although three different pr10 genes were found to be expressed under pathogen attack or abiotic stress, and during somatic embryogenesis induction. we used the complete genome sequence for characterising the whole v. vinifera pr10 gene family. the expression of candidate genes was studied ...	2010	20727162
transmission of plant-pathogenic bacteria by nonhost seeds without induction of an associated defense reaction at emergence.	an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the different steps of bacterial disease epidemiology is essential to develop new control strategies. seeds are the passive carriers of a diversified microbial cohort likely to affect seedling physiology. among seed-borne plant-pathogenic bacteria, seed carriage in compatible situations is well evidenced. the aims of our work are to determine the efficiency of pathogen transmission to seeds of a nonhost plant and to evaluate bacterial and plant beha ...	2010	20729326