Publications

caffeine effect on mortality and oviposition in successive generations of aedes aegypti.	previous experiments showed that caffeine blocks the development of aedes aegypti (diptera, culicidae) in the larval stage, consequently inhibiting the production of adults. this study aimed at obtaining data suggestive of caffeine resistance by these mosquitoes.	2006	17173171
novel chikungunya virus variant in travelers returning from indian ocean islands.	chikungunya virus (chikv) emerged in indian ocean islands in 2005 and is causing an ongoing outbreak that involves >260,000 patients, including travelers returning home from these islands. we investigated cases in 4 patients returning from mayotte and reunion islands with chikv infection and a nurse infected in metropolitan france after direct contact with the blood of a traveler. four patients had tenosynovitis and pain at wrist pressure, and 1 had life-threatening manifestations. four chikv st ...	2006	17176562
chikungunya infection in travelers.	the largest described outbreak of chikungunya virus has been occurring on the islands of the southwest indian ocean since march 2005. we describe the manifestations of chikungunya virus infection in travelers returning from these islands, with focus on skin manifestations.	2006	17176573
chikungunya outbreaks caused by african genotype, india.	chikungunya fever is reported in india after 32 years. immunoglobulin m antibodies and virus isolation confirmed the cause. phylogenic analysis based on partial sequences of ns4 and e1 genes showed that all earlier isolates (1963-1973) were asian genotype, whereas the current and yawat (2000) isolates were african genotype.	2006	17176577
novel acetylcholinesterase target site for malaria mosquito control.	current anticholinesterase pesticides were developed during world war ii and are toxic to mammals because they target a catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterases (aches) in insects and in mammals. a sequence analysis of aches from 73 species and a three-dimensional model of a malaria-carrying mosquito (anopheles gambiae) ache (agache) reported here show that c286 and r339 of agache are conserved at the opening of the active site of aches in 17 invertebrate and four insect species, respec ...	2006	17183688
gata transcription factor required for immunity to bacterial and fungal pathogens.	in the past decade, caenorhabditis elegans has been used to dissect several genetic pathways involved in immunity; however, little is known about transcription factors that regulate the expression of immune effectors. c. elegans does not appear to have a functional homolog of the key immune transcription factor nf-kappab. here we show that that the intestinal gata transcription factor elt-2 is required for both immunity to salmonella enterica and expression of a c-type lectin gene, clec-67, whic ...	2006	17183709
assessment of human health vulnerability to climate variability and change in cuba.	in this study we assessed the potential effects of climate variability and change on population health in cuba. we describe the climate of cuba as well as the patterns of climate-sensitive diseases of primary concern, particularly dengue fever. analyses of the associations between climatic anomalies and disease patterns highlight current vulnerability to climate variability. we describe current adaptations, including the application of climate predictions to prevent disease outbreaks. finally, w ...	2006	17185289
infectious clones of chikungunya virus (la réunion isolate) for vector competence studies.	the recent outbreak of chikungunya virus (chikv) on several islands in the indian ocean and in india has focused attention on this reemerging virus and highlighted the need for development of new tools to study vector-virus-host interactions. we have constructed and characterized, in cell culture, aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus mosquitoes, infectious cdna clones of chikv using a recent isolate from la réunion island. comparison of the growth kinetics and infection rates of the viral isolate ch ...	2006	17187566
larvicidal activity of acacia nilotica extracts and isolation of d-pinitol--a bioactive carbohydrate.	a low-molecular-weight, sugar-like compound other than glucose, fructose, sucrose, or myo-inositol showing lipophilic nature was isolated from the etoh extract of acacia nilotica. the structure of the compound was determined by spectral methods. this alicyclic polyalcohol was found to be d-pinitol (= 3-o-methyl-d-chiro-inositol; 1). the configuration of the compound was confirmed by single-crystal x-ray analysis. the compound 1 is known from soybean, australian mangroves, fagonia indica, arachis ...	2005	17192011
larvicidal activity of bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate from sterculia guttata seeds against two mosquito species.	the larvicidal activities of various fractions of the hexane extract of the seeds of sterculia guttata against larvae of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus were determined. bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate (1) was identified as one of the active principles, displaying chronic toxicity against both types of larvae, with ld50 values of 79 and 64 ppm, respectively.	2006	17193215
developing global climate anomalies suggest potential disease risks for 2006-2007.	el niño/southern oscillation (enso) related climate anomalies have been shown to have an impact on infectious disease outbreaks. the climate prediction center of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration (noaa/cpc) has recently issued an unscheduled el niño advisory, indicating that warmer than normal sea surface temperatures across the equatorial eastern pacific may have pronounced impacts on global tropical precipitation patterns extending into the northern hemisphere particularly ov ...	2006	17194307
fz2 and cdc42 mediate melanization and actin polymerization but are dispensable for plasmodium killing in the mosquito midgut.	the midgut epithelium of the mosquito malaria vector anopheles is a hostile environment for plasmodium, with most parasites succumbing to host defenses. this study addresses morphological and ultrastructural features associated with plasmodium berghei ookinete invasion in anopheles gambiae midguts to define the sites and possible mechanisms of parasite killing. we show by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence that the majority of ookinetes are killed in the extracellular space. ...	2006	17196037
mode of action of bacillus thuringiensis cry and cyt toxins and their potential for insect control.	bacillus thuringiensis crystal (cry) and cytolitic (cyt) protein families are a diverse group of proteins with activity against insects of different orders--lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera and also against other invertebrates such as nematodes. their primary action is to lyse midgut epithelial cells by inserting into the target membrane and forming pores. among this group of proteins, members of the 3-domain cry family are used worldwide for insect control, and their mode of action has been cha ...	2007	17198720
effect of novaluron (rimon 10 ec) on the mosquitoes anopheles albimanus, anopheles pseudopunctipennis, aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus and culex quinquefasciatus from chiapas, mexico.	dengue fever is a serious problem in mexico and vector control has not been effective enough at preventing outbreaks. malaria is largely under control, but it is important that new control measures continue to be developed. novaluron, a novel host-specific insect growth regulator and chitin synthesis inhibitor, has proved to be effective against agricultural pests, but its efficacy against larval mosquito vectors under field conditions remains unknown. in accordance with the world health organiz ...	2006	17199749
identification and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the mosquito anopheles funestus, malaria vector.	single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) are the most common source of genetic variation in eukaryotic species and have become an important marker for genetic studies. the mosquito anopheles funestus is one of the major malaria vectors in africa and yet, prior to this study, no snps have been described for this species. here we report a genome-wide set of snp markers for use in genetic studies on this important human disease vector.	2007	17204152
an annotated catalogue of salivary gland transcripts in the adult female mosquito, aedes aegypti.	saliva of blood-sucking arthropods contains a cocktail of antihemostatic agents and immunomodulators that help blood feeding. mosquitoes additionally feed on sugar meals and have specialized regions of their glands containing glycosidases and antimicrobials that might help control bacterial growth in the ingested meals. to expand our knowledge on the salivary cocktail of aedes aegypti, a vector of dengue and yellow fevers, we analyzed a set of 4,232 expressed sequence tags from cdna libraries of ...	2007	17204158
comparison of plants used for skin and stomach problems in trinidad and tobago with asian ethnomedicine.	this paper provides a preliminary evaluation of fifty-eight ethnomedicinal plants used in trinidad and tobago for skin problems, stomach problems, pain and internal parasites for safety and possible efficacy. thirty respondents, ten of whom were male were interviewed from september 1996 to september 2000 on medicinal plant use for health problems. the respondents were obtained by snowball sampling, and were found in thirteen different sites, 12 in trinidad and one in tobago. the uses are compare ...	2007	17207273
chikungunya.	chikungunya fever is a viral disease transmitted to humans by the bite of infected aedes aegypti mosquito. like malaria and dengue, this infection has almost become endemic in india, especially central and south india. symptoms of sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, joint pain with or without swelling, low back pain, and rash are very similar to those of dengue but, unlike dengue, there is no hemorrhagic or shock syndrome form. chikungunya is a self-limiting illness with n ...	2006	17212022
biochemical mechanisms leading to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activation.	tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (tdo) is the first enzyme in the tryptophan oxidation pathway. it is a hemoprotein and its heme prosthetic group is present as a heme-ferric (heme-fe(3+)) form that is not active. to be able to oxidize tryptophan, the heme-fe(3+) form of the enzyme must be reduced to a heme-ferrous (heme-fe(2+)) form and this study describes conditions that promote tdo activation. tdo is progressively activated upon mixing with tryptophan in a neutral buffer, which leads to an impressi ...	0	17212352
cost-effective real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) to screen for dengue virus followed by rapid single-tube multiplex rt-pcr for serotyping of the virus.	virus detection methodology provides detection of dengue virus in the early phase of the disease. pcr, targeting cdna derived from viral rna, has been used as a laboratory-based molecular tool for the detection of dengue virus. we report the development and use of three real-time one-step reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) assays to detect dengue cases and serotype the virus involved. the first rt-pcr assay uses sybr green i as the reporting dye for the purpose of cost-effective screening for de ...	2007	17215345
laminin and a plasmodium ookinete surface protein inhibit melanotic encapsulation of sephadex beads in the hemocoel of mosquitoes.	in refractory mosquitoes, melanotic encapsulation of plasmodium ookinetes and oocysts is a commonly observed immune response. however, in susceptible mosquitoes, plasmodium oocysts develop extracellularly in the body cavity without being recognized by the immune system. like plasmodium gallinaceum oocysts, negatively charged carboxymethyl (cm)-sephadex beads implanted in the hemocoel of aedes aegypti female mosquitoes were not usually melanized, but were coated with mosquito-derived laminin. con ...	2007	17224290
use of capillary blood samples as a new approach for diagnosis of dengue virus infection.	we evaluated the use of capillary blood samples stored on filter papers for diagnosis of dengue virus infection. venous and capillary blood samples were collected from 130 patients suspected of having dengue fever. we compared the performances of standard reference methods using capillary blood samples absorbed onto filter papers versus venous blood samples. the resulting sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of tests performed on filter paper compared to those performed on ven ...	2007	17229857
concerted evolution within the drosophila dumpy gene.	we have determined by reverse southern analysis and direct sequence comparisons that most of the dumpy gene has evolved in the dipteran and other insect orders by purifying selection acting on amino acid replacements. one region, however, is evolving rapidly due to unequal crossing over and/or gene conversion. this region, called "pigsfeast," or pf, encodes in d. melanogaster 30-47 repeats of 102 amino acids rich in serines, threonines, and prolines. we show that the processes of concerted evolu ...	2007	17237523
apolipocrustacein, formerly vitellogenin, is the major egg yolk precursor protein in decapod crustaceans and is homologous to insect apolipophorin ii/i and vertebrate apolipoprotein b.	in animals, the biogenesis of some lipoprotein classes requires members of the ancient large lipid transfer protein (lltp) superfamily, including the cytosolic large subunit of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (mtp), vertebrate apolipoprotein b (apob), vitellogenin (vtg), and insect apolipophorin ii/i precursor (apolp-ii/i). in most oviparous species, vtg, a large glycolipoprotein, is the main egg yolk precursor protein.	2007	17241455
spatial vulnerability to dengue in a brazilian urban area during a 7-year surveillance.	this study considers the vulnerability of the urban area of the city of belo horizonte to dengue. a total number of 89,607 cases registered in the surveillance system from 1996 to 2002 were analyzed. seven epidemic waves were identified during this period. cases were grouped into 2,563 census areas, and three risk categories were proposed based on how many times each area reached a threshold established for each epidemic wave. the association between the risk categories and the socioeconomic, de ...	0	17243024
experimental cutaneous bacillus anthracis infections in hairless hrs/j mice.	previous studies of experimental bacillus anthracis cutaneous infections in mice have implicated hair follicles as a likely entry site. hairless hrs/j mice were used to investigate this possibility because of their non-functional hair follicles that lack penetrating hair shafts. these mice also have diminished macrophage function, increased susceptibility to listeria, and enhanced neutrophil responses. hrs/j and balb/c mice were found to be resistant to epicutaneous inoculation with bacillus ant ...	2007	17244341
climate, mosquito indices and the epidemiology of dengue fever in trinidad (2002-2004).	between january 2002 and december 2004, a population-based study on the effects of climate and mosquito indices on the incidences of dengue fever (df) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) was conducted in trinidad, west indies. the incidence of df was 5.05 cases/1000 population in 2002, largely as the result of a major outbreak, but declined to 0.49 case/1000 in 2004. the monthly aedes aegypti (l.) breteau indices (bi) did not decline over the 3-year study period, however, but increased from a me ...	2007	17244411
high level of soluble expression in escherichia coli and characterisation of the cloned bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba domain iii fragment.	similar to the other known structures of bacillus thuringiensis cry delta-endotoxins, the crystal structure of the 65-kda activated cry4ba toxin comprises three domains which are, from the n- to c-terminus, a bundle of alpha-helices, a three-beta-sheet domain, and a beta-sandwich. to investigate the properties of the c-terminal domain iii in isolation from the rest of the toxin, the cloned cry4ba-domain iii was over-expressed as a 21-kda soluble protein in escherichia coli, which cross-reacted w ...	2007	17244483
an insight into the sialome of anopheles funestus reveals an emerging pattern in anopheline salivary protein families.	anopheles funestus, together with anopheles gambiae, is responsible for most malaria transmission in sub-saharan africa, but little is known about molecular aspects of its biology. to investigate the salivary repertoire of this mosquito, we randomly sequenced 916 clones from a salivary-gland cdna library from adult female f1 offspring of field-caught an. funestus. thirty-three protein sequences, mostly full-length transcripts, are predicted to be secreted salivary proteins. we additionally descr ...	2007	17244545
dynamics of immature stages of anopheles arabiensis and other mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) in relation to rice cropping in a rice agro-ecosystem in kenya.	we determined changes in species composition and densities of immature stages of anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in relation to rice growth cycle in order to generate data for developing larval control strategies in rice ecosystems. experimental rice paddies (6.3m x 3.15m) exposed to natural colonization of mosquitoes were sampled weekly for two rice growing cycles between february 2004 and march 2005. overall, 21,325 anopheles larvae were collected, of which 91.9% were 1st and 2nd instars and 8 ...	2006	17249341
physiological state of aedes (stegomyia) aegypti mosquitoes captured with mosquitraps in mirassol, são paulo, brazil.	we examined the best location in a house to install mosquitraps, sticky ovitraps that attract and capture aedes aegypti females and investigated the physiological state of captured female mosquitoes. the study was performed in a twenty-block area in mirassol, são paulo state, brazil, in which five blocks were randomly chosen for mosquitrap installation. in each block, four houses were selected for the installation of eight traps: four indoors (bedroom, living room, bathroom, and kitchen) and fou ...	2006	17249346
the effect of host type on movement patterns of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) into and out of experimental huts in thailand.	flight behavior studies were carried out from december 2004 through february 2005 at two sites in thailand to compare the movement patterns of aedes aegypti into and out of experimental huts baited with a human host, dog host, or without a host using a mark-release-recapture study design. studies were conducted in isolated villages of kanchanaburi and chiang mai provinces, thailand. in the presence of a human host only 4.9% (39/800) of the ae. aegypti females departed the hut as compared to 46.5 ...	2006	17249349
factors affecting mosquito production from stormwater drains and catch basins in two florida cities.	mosquito production from drains and catch basins in the cities of vero beach and key west, fl were monitored from may 2004 through august 2005. a total of 48,787 mosquitoes were captured during the study. of these, over 99% belonged to two species, culex nigripalpus theobald (2,630) and culex quinquefasciatus say (45,946). other species collected included culex restuans theobald, culex salinarius coquillett, aedes aegypti (l.), aedes albopictus (skuse), and uranotaenia lowii theobald. significan ...	2006	17249351
parasitoid-induced behavioral alterations of aedes aegypti mosquito larvae infected with mermithid nematodes (nematoda: mermithidae).	a wide range of parasites are known to cause behavioral changes in their hosts and parasitized insects are especially amenable to the study of such changes. the majority of studies addressing parasite-induced behavioral alterations have focused on parasites with complex life cycles and the adaptive nature of such changes. behavioral changes caused by parasitoids, single-host parasites that kill their host upon emergence, have been studied less and the adaptive nature of these changes is likely t ...	2006	17249352
differences in performance of aedes aegypti larvae raised at different densities in tires and ovitraps under field conditions in argentina.	alteration of fitness components was assessed in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, in automobile tires and vases (ovitraps) under field conditions. larval numbers were manipulated in both kinds of containers to compare low, high, and control (natural) densities. densities were set from a census of a wild population, then doubling and reducing to half the mean crowding, m*. artificially altered densities were not high or low enough to produce differences among treatments. tires generated ...	2006	17249355
aedes aegypti survival and dengue transmission patterns in french guiana.	field survival of aedes aegypti females is a key parameter for estimating the dengue transmission potential of a mosquito population. the objectives of this study were to explore the dynamics of these survival rates at different times of the year in french guiana and to analyze the results from the perspective of dengue patterns. the mosquitoes were captured, marked, released, and recaptured during four consecutive days in six houses every month, for three to 24 months, from january 1997 to dece ...	2006	17249358
medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of genus tripterygium (celastraceae).	plants in the genus tripterygium, such as tripterygium wilfordii hook.f., have a long history of use in traditional chinese medicine. in recent years there has been considerable interest in the use of tripterygium extracts and of the main bioactive constituent, the diterpene triepoxide triptolide (1), to treat a variety of autoimmune and inflammation-related conditions. the main mode of action of the tripterygium extracts and triptolide (1) is the inhibition of expression of proinflammatory gene ...	2007	17250858
individual and gender fingerprints in human body odour.	individuals are thought to have their own distinctive scent, analogous to a signature or fingerprint. to test this idea, we collected axillary sweat, urine and saliva from 197 adults from a village in the austrian alps, taking five sweat samples per subject over 10 weeks using a novel skin sampling device. we analysed samples using stir bar sorptive extraction in connection with thermal desorption gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (gc-ms), and then we statistically analysed the chromatographic ...	2007	17251141
field evaluation of the efficacy of proprietary repellent formulations with ir3535 and picaridin against aedes aegypti.	seven proprietary repellent formulations (3 hydro-alcoholic spray solutions and 4 skin lotions) with active ingredient ir3,535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate, ebaap) or picaridin (hydroxyethyl isobutyl piperidine carboxylate, kbr 3,023, bayrepel) were tested in a field study on 10 test persons over a period of 10 h for their efficacy at preventing bites. the tests were conducted in belo horizonte, brazil on field populations of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. the concentration of the ...	2007	17252270
mosquitoes do senesce: departure from the paradigm of constant mortality.	although variation in mortality is considered by virtually all vector-borne disease specialists to be one of the most important determinants of an arthropod's capacity to transmit pathogens, the operational assumption often is that insect vector mortality is independent of age. acceptance of the non-senescence assumption leads to the erroneous conclusion that mosquito age is unimportant, results in misleading predictions regarding disease reductions after vector control, and represses study of o ...	2007	17255238
testis-specific expression of the beta2 tubulin promoter of aedes aegypti and its application as a genetic sex-separation marker.	sex-specific expression of transgenes in pest insects enables novel genetic control strategies, based either on genetic sexing or the spread of transgenes through the germ-line, to be developed and then tested for implementation. we describe the isolation of the beta tubulin genes from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, and the identification of the particular beta2 tubulin gene which has expression confined to the testes. we demonstrate that the beta2 tubulin promoter of ae. aegypti can ...	2007	17257209
regulated expression of microinjected dna in adult aedes aegypti mosquitoes.	we have developed a novel molecular genetic approach to investigating gene regulation in adult mosquitoes called whole body transfection (wbt). this dna microinjection method allows for both constitutive and regulated expression of plasmid vectors in the fat body and midgut of adult mosquitoes within 24 h of injection. using a luciferase reporter gene containing the aedes aegypti heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) promoter, we optimized the wbt protocol at various times post-injection and used these ...	2007	17257211
mapping a quantitative trait locus (qtl) conferring pyrethroid resistance in the african malaria vector anopheles funestus.	pyrethroid resistance in anopheles funestus populations has led to an increase in malaria transmission in southern africa. resistance has been attributed to elevated activities of cytochrome p450s but the molecular basis underlying this metabolic resistance is unknown. microsatellite and snp markers were used to construct a linkage map and to detect a quantitative trait locus (qtl) associated with pyrethroid resistance in the fumoz-r strain of an. funestus from mozambique.	2007	17261170
transcription profiling of a recently colonised pyrethroid resistant anopheles gambiae strain from ghana.	mosquito resistance to the pyrethroid insecticides used to treat bednets threatens the sustainability of malaria control in sub-saharan africa. while the impact of target site insensitivity alleles is being widely discussed the implications of insecticide detoxification--though equally important--remains elusive. the successful development of new tools for malaria intervention and management requires a comprehensive understanding of insecticide resistance, including metabolic resistance mechanis ...	2007	17261191
spatial and sex-specific dissection of the anopheles gambiae midgut transcriptome.	the midgut of hematophagous insects, such as disease transmitting mosquitoes, carries out a variety of essential functions that mostly relate to blood feeding. the midgut of the female malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae is a major site of interactions between the parasite and the vector. distinct compartments and cell types of the midgut tissue carry out specific functions and vector borne pathogens interact and infect different parts of the midgut.	2007	17261194
dengue virus type 2: replication and tropisms in orally infected aedes aegypti mosquitoes.	to be transmitted by its mosquito vector, dengue virus (denv) must infect midgut epithelial cells, replicate and disseminate into the hemocoel, and finally infect the salivary glands, which is essential for transmission. the extrinsic incubation period (eip) is very relevant epidemiologically and is the time required from the ingestion of virus until it can be transmitted to the next vertebrate host. the eip is conditioned by the kinetics and tropisms of virus replication in its vector. here we ...	2007	17263893
[biology and thermal exigency of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) from four bioclimatic localities of paraíba].	the present work aimed at estimating the thermal requirements for the development and the number of generations per year of aedes aegypti (l.) under natural conditions. the life cycle of a. aegypti populations was studied at constant temperatures of 18, 22, 26, 30 and 34 degrees c, and 12 h photophase. the development period, egg viability and larval and pupal survival were evaluated daily as well as adult longevity and fecundity. the low threshold temperature of development (tb) and the thermal ...	2006	17273720
efficiency of salivary gland invasion by malaria sporozoites is controlled by rapid sporozoite destruction in the mosquito haemocoel.	for successful transmission to the vertebrate host, malaria sporozoites must migrate from the mosquito midgut to the salivary glands. here, using purified sporozoites inoculated into the mosquito haemocoel, we show that salivary gland invasion is inefficient and that sporozoites have a narrow window of opportunity for salivary gland invasion. only 19% of sporozoites invade the salivary glands, all invasion occurs within 8h at a rate of approximately 200 sporozoites per hour, and sporozoites that ...	2007	17275826
carboxypeptidases b of anopheles gambiae as targets for a plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking vaccine.	anopheles gambiae is the major african vector of plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly species of human malaria parasite and the most prevalent in africa. several strategies are being developed to limit the global impact of malaria via reducing transmission rates, among which are transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs), which induce in the vertebrate host the production of antibodies that inhibit parasite development in the mosquito midgut. so far, the most promising components of a tbv are paras ...	2007	17283100
reemergence of dengue virus type 4, french antilles and french guiana, 2004-2005.		2006	17283628
genotype iii saint louis encephalitis virus outbreak, argentina, 2005.	twenty-six years after it was last detected, saint louis encephalitis virus (slev) genotype iii reemerged in 2005 in c6rdoba, argentina, where it caused an outbreak. two genotype iii slev strains were isolated from culex quinquefasciatus. a 71.43% prevalence for neutralizing antibodies was found in domestic fowl in the homestead of a patient with encephalitis.	2006	17283629
isolation and characterization of the rangap gene in the mosquito aedes aegypti.	a duplicated 3'-truncated version of rangap was previously identified as segregation distorter (sd), the meiotic drive gene in drosophila melanogaster. here we report the cloning and characterization of the complete gene sequence for the rangap homolog from the mosquito aedes aegypti. the 1995 bp cdna sequence consists of a 113 bp 5' utr and 130 bp 3' utr, and encodes a 583 amino acid protein with high sequence identity with rangap homologues of several species. a 20,125 bp genomic dna sequence ...	2006	17286051
nhe8 mediates amiloride-sensitive na+/h+ exchange across mosquito malpighian tubules and catalyzes na+ and k+ transport in reconstituted proteoliposomes.	following a blood meal, the mosquito aedes aegypti will have acquired an enormous sodium load that must be rapidly excreted to restore ion homeostasis. it is a process that demands robust sodium and fluid transport capabilities. even though the identities of the components involved in this ion transport across the mosquito malpighian tubule epithelia have not been completely determined, electrophysiological studies suggest the contribution of a na(+)/h(+) exchanger extruding cations into the lum ...	2007	17287198
comparison of the morphology of oocysts and the phylogenetic analysis of four ascogregarina species (eugregarinidae: lecudinidae) as inferred from small subunit ribosomal dna sequences.	this study on the ultrastructure of the oocysts of four isolated species of ascogregarina (a. taiwanensis (lien and levine) (eugregarinidae: lecudinidae) from aedes albopictus (skuse), a. culicis (ross) (eugregarinidae: lecudinidae) from aedes aegypti (l.), a. armigerei (eugregarinidae: lecudinidae) from armigeres subalbatus (coquillet), and ascogregarina sp. (eugregarinidae: lecudinidae) from ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus (theobald)) using a scanning electron microscope revealed significant ...	2007	17291827
[insects know no border.].	one of the major consequences of the joined action of demographic pressure and evolution of human activities lies in enormous increase of transportation, both in frequence and speed; taking advantage of these facilities, some arthropods could increase their geographical distribution and create new health threats. several demonstrative examples are exposed in order to illustrate this anthropic dissemination of the vectors : the introduction of anopheles gambiae s.l. in mauritius island between 18 ...	1996	17292311
higher genetic variation estimated by microsatellites compared to isoenzyme markers in aedes aegypti from rio de janeiro.	aedes aegypti populations from five districts in rio de janeiro were analyzed using five microsatellites and six isoenzyme markers, to assess the amount of variation and patterns of gene flow at local levels. microsatellite loci were polymorphic enough to detect genetic differentiation of populations collected at small geographic scales (e.g. within a city). ae. aegypti populations were highly differentiated as well in the city center as in the outskirt. thus, dengue virus propagation by mosquit ...	2006	17293988
spatial and temporal patterns in the recovery of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) populations after insecticide treatment.	given that tools for dengue emergency control are limited, continuous evaluation of the effectiveness of insecticide applications in the field is of utmost importance. such studies will provide a sound basis for defining spraying schemes for public health authorities in dengue-affected countries. in this article, we address the following research questions: how do different space spraying strategies affect aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) populations in both space and time? more specifica ...	2007	17294922
replication of flock house virus in three genera of medically important insects.	flock house virus (family nodaviridae, genus alphanodavirus, fhv) was originally isolated from grass grubs costelytra zealandica (white) (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) in new zealand and belongs to a family of divided genome, plus-sense rna insect viruses. fhv replicates in insects, a nematode, plants, and yeast. we previously reported replication of fhv in four genera of mosquitoes and expression of green fluorescent protein in aedes aegypti (l.) produced by an fhv-based vector. we report here that ...	2007	17294927
passage of ingested mansonella ozzardi (spirurida: onchocercidae) microfilariae through the midgut of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	when virus and microfilariae are ingested concurrently by a mosquito, microfilariae (mf) may penetrate the mosquito midgut and introduce virus directly into the mosquito hemocoel, allowing mosquitoes to become infectious much sooner than normal and enhancing transmission of viruses by mosquitoes. mansonella ozzardi (manson) is a benign filarial nematode parasite of humans in latin america and is transmitted by black flies (diptera: simuliidae) and biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae). becaus ...	2007	17294928
persistence of dengue virus rna in dried aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) exposed to natural tropical conditions.	aedes aegypti (l.) is the primary vector of dengue viruses, a group of four serotypic single-stranded rna viruses. dengue virus rna can be readily detected in fresh or dried infected mosquitoes by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the current study examined the persistence and limit of dengue virus rna detection in infected ae. aegypti killed and exposed to natural ambient tropical conditions of temperature and humidity. under relatively harsh conditions, dengue rna ...	2007	17294936
larval feeding duration affects ecdysteroid levels and nutritional reserves regulating pupal commitment in the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	what little is known about the endocrine regulation of mosquito development suggests that models based on lepidoptera and drosophila may not apply. we report on basic parameters of larval development and the commitment to metamorphosis in the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti that are affected by varying the length of feeding time for last instar larvae. a critical mass for pupal commitment was achieved after 24 h of feeding by last instars, also the age at which tissue production and hemolymp ...	2007	17297145
short-hairpin rna expressed from polymerase iii promoters mediates rna interference in mosquito cells.	putative u6snrna polymerase iii (poliii) promoters were cloned from the anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti genomes. the poliii promoters were tested for their ability to express short-hairpin rna (shrna) targeted to firefly luciferase and to mediate rna interference (rnai) knockdown of a co-transfected luciferase reporter gene vector in ag-55 anopheles gambiae and atc-10 aedes aegypti cells. promoters capable of silencing expression of the co-transfected luciferase plasmid by up to 95% in ag-55 ...	2007	17298556
gp35 anoal, an abundant acidic glycoprotein of female anopheles albimanus saliva.	salivary glands of female mosquitoes produce proteins, not completely described yet, that participate in carbohydrate and blood feeding. here, we report an acidic glycoprotein of 35 kda (gp35 anoal) secreted in the saliva of the malaria vector mosquito anopheles albimanus. gp35 anoal is produced exclusively in the distal lateral lobes of adult female salivary glands, it has a pi of 4.45 and is negatively stained by regular silver stain. an 888 bp cdna clone encoding a predicted product of 240 am ...	2007	17298558
characterization of two globin genes from the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae: divergent origin of nematoceran haemoglobins.	the chironomid midges are the only insects that harbour true haemoglobin in their haemolymph. here we report the identification of haemoglobin genes in two other nematoceran species. two paralogous haemoglobin genes (glob1 and glob2) from the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae were cloned and sequenced. furthermore, we identified two orthologous haemoglobin genes in the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. all four haemoglobins were predicted to be intracellular proteins, with the amino acids re ...	2007	17298561
definition of the minimal fragments of sti1 required for dimerization, interaction with hsp70 and hsp90 and in vivo functions.	the molecular chaperone hsp (heat-shock protein) 90 is critical for the activity of diverse cellular client proteins. in a current model, client proteins are transferred from hsp70 to hsp90 in a process mediated by the co-chaperone sti1/hop, which may simultaneously interact with hsp70 and hsp90 via separate tpr (tetratricopeptide repeat) domains, but the mechanism and in vivo importance of this function is unclear. in the present study, we used truncated forms of sti1 to determine the minimal r ...	0	17300223
a biological test to quantify pyrethroid in impregnated nets.	first instar larvae of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) are very susceptible to deltamethrin, which kills all larvae at a very low dose (0.1 microg/l). thus the sensitivity of this insect to detect that pyrethroid is in parts per billion, as obtained with most common chromatographic methods of analysis. here we describe a biological test (bt) to quantify deltamethrin in long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) by exposing first instar larvae of ae. aegypti to serial extracted insecticide so ...	2007	17300632
review: artificial container-breeding mosquitoes and cemeteries: a perfect match.	artificial container-breeding mosquitoes, such as aedes aegypti, ae. albopictus, and culex pipiens, are well-recognized vectors of diseases throughout the world. cemeteries are considered major sources of mosquitoes and the results of more than 30 studies concerning mosquitoes in cemeteries have been published over the last decade. the characteristics of these environments in regard to the availability of resources for mosquito development were discussed. also, studies about early detection of a ...	2007	17300639
an adenovirus prime/plasmid boost strategy for induction of equipotent immune responses to two dengue virus serotypes.	dengue is a public health problem of global significance for which there is neither an effective antiviral therapy nor a preventive vaccine. it is a mosquito-borne viral disease, caused by dengue (den) viruses, which are members of the flaviviridae family. there are four closely related serotypes, den-1, den-2, den-3 and den-4, each of which is capable of causing disease. as immunity to any one serotype can potentially sensitize an individual to severe disease during exposure to a heterologous s ...	2007	17302980
distinct roles of broad isoforms in regulation of the 20-hydroxyecdysone effector gene, vitellogenin, in the mosquito aedes aegypti.	we investigated the role of the mosquito broad (br) gene in regulating the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e) effector vitellogenin (vg) gene. injection of double-stranded rna corresponding to the br isoform z2 led to a significant decrease in expression of the vg gene at 8 and 24h post-blood meal. knockdown of z1 or z4 resulted in enhanced vg expression beyond its normal expression time. in vitro studies suggested that the effects of br require its direct binding to the vg promoter, as well as protein-pr ...	2007	17303321
optimizing ovitrap use for aedes aegypti in cairns, queensland, australia: effects of some abiotic factors on field efficacy.	insecticide-treated lethal ovitraps are used for control of the dengue vector aedes aegypti in north queensland, australia. in an effort to optimize their use, the influence of deployment height, premise shading, and protection from wind on trap efficacy was assessed in field experiments. sticky ovitraps were used as a proxy for lethal ovitraps because they provide a direct measure of adult visitation rates. sticky ovitraps deployed at ground level for 1 wk captured significantly more female ae. ...	2006	17304930
laboratory and field assessment of some kairomone blends for host-seeking aedes aegypti.	using laboratory y-tube olfactometers, the attractiveness of lactic acid and 2 kairomone blends from the united states department of agriculture (usda) and biogents gmbh (bg) was assessed for attractiveness to aedes aegypti. four geographically disparate populations were assessed: north queensland australia (nqa), florida usa, minas gerais brazil (mgb), and singapore. in descending order, populations were attracted to usda, bg blends, and lactic acid. mgb was poorly attracted to lactic acid alon ...	2006	17304931
mechanisms of insecticide resistance in field populations of aedes aegypti (l.) from quintana roo, southern mexico.	potential insecticide-resistance mechanisms were studied with the use of biochemical assays in aedes aegypti (l.) collected from 5 municipalities representing the north part of quintana roo: benito juarez, cozumel, isla mujeres, lazaro cardenas, and solidaridad. the activities of alpha and beta esterases, mixed-function oxidases (mfo), glutathione-s-transferase (gst), acethylcholinesterase (ache), and insensitive acethylcholinesterase (iache) were assayed in microplates. three replicates were pe ...	2006	17304936
larvicidal effect of andiroba oil, carapa guianensis (meliaceae), against aedes aegypti.	the aim of this work was to evaluate the larvicidal effect of andiroba oil, carapa guyanensis, against 2 strains of aedes aegypti. after 8 h after exposure to oil, the lethal concentration (lc)90 and lc95 values for the gcz (temephos-resistant) strain larvae were 80 and 86 ppm (1st instars), 98 and 106 (2nd instars), 166 and 182 (3rd instars), and 192 and 202 ppm (4th instars), respectively. thelc90 and lc95 values for the rockefeller strain larvae were 164 and 182 ppm (1st instars), 212 and 224 ...	2006	17304939
vector control complements mass drug administration against bancroftian filariasis in tirukoilur, india.	to determine the role of vector control in further decreasing the transmission of bancroftian filariasis achieved by mass drug administration and the long-term impact on filariometric indices.	2007	17308735
dynamic range compression in the honey bee auditory system toward waggle dance sounds.	honey bee foragers use a "waggle dance" to inform nestmates about direction and distance to locations of attractive food. the sound and air flows generated by dancer's wing and abdominal vibrations have been implicated as important cues, but the decoding mechanisms for these dance messages are poorly understood. to understand the neural mechanisms of honey bee dance communication, we analyzed the anatomy of antenna and johnston's organ (jo) in the pedicel of the antenna, as well as the mechanica ...	2007	17311102
dengue in costa rica: the gap in local scientific research.		0	17316494
comparison of mosquito control programs in seven urban sites in africa, the middle east, and the americas.	mosquito control programs at seven urban sites in kenya, egypt, israel, costa rica, and trinidad are described and compared. site-specific urban and disease characteristics, organizational diagrams, and strengths, weaknesses, obstacles and threats (swot) analysis tools are used to provide a descriptive assessment of each mosquito control program, and provide a comparison of the factors affecting mosquito abatement. the information for swot analysis is collected from surveys, focus-group discussi ...	2007	17316882
dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever: history and current status.	dengue fever (df) is an old disease; the first record of a clinically compatible disease being recorded in a chinese medical encyclopaedia in 992. as the global shipping industry expanded in the 18th and 19th centuries, port cities grew and became more urbanized, creating ideal conditions for the principal mosquito vector, aedes aegypti. both the mosquitoes and the viruses were thus spread to new geographic areas causing major epidemics. because dispersal was by sailing ship, however, there were ...	2006	17319151
congenital syndactyly in cattle: four novel mutations in the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 gene (lrp4).	isolated syndactyly in cattle, also known as mulefoot, is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with variable penetrance in different cattle breeds. recently, two independent mutations in the bovine lrp4 gene have been reported as the primary cause of syndactyly in the holstein and angus cattle breeds.	2007	17319939
efficacy of botanical extracts from callitris glaucophylla, against aedes aegypti and culex annulirostris mosquitoes.	using standard who methodology, this study investigated the susceptibility of 4(th) instar aedes aegypti (l) and culex annulirostris (skuse) larvae to three extracts from callitris glaucophylla (j. thompson & l. johnson) (1: steam distillation extract, 2: liquefied refrigerant gas extract, and 3: methanol reflux extract), lambda-cyhalothrin (a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide) and fenitrothion (an organophosphorous insecticide). cx. annulirostris was significantly more susceptible than ae. aegyp ...	2006	17322820
laboratory bioefficacy of creek 1.0g (temephos) against aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (linnaeus) larvae.	the bioefficacy of a commercial formulation of temephos, creek against aedes aegypti larvae was studied in the laboratory. earthen jars were filled with 10 l tap water each. one g of temephos (creek) sand granule formulation was added into each earthen jar as recommended by the manufacturer. the final test concentration of creek was 1 mg a.i./l. one earthen jar was filled with 10 l tap water and served as a test control (untreated). thirty late 3(rd) or early 4(th) instar of lab-bred ae. aegypti ...	2006	17322825
mixed breeding of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus skuse in four dengue endemic areas in kuala lumpur and selangor, malaysia.	ovitrap surveillance was conducted in four dengue endemic areas in kuala lumpur and selangor, malaysia to determine the distribution and percentage of mixed breeding of both aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. the percentage of mixed breeding in all study sites both indoors and outdoors accounted for 10 to 32 % from the total ovitraps collected. ae. aegypti was found at a higher frequency than ae. albopictus in these ovitraps. this study again indicates that ovitrap is a sensitive tool to attrac ...	2006	17322826
transferrin in the mosquito, culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae), up-regulated upon infection and development of the filarial parasite, wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) (spirurida: onchocercidae).	transferrin is a defence protein known to be up-regulated upon infection of parasites/pathogens in aedes aegypti mosquito. however, no information is available on its up-regulation in culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of bancroftian filarial parasite. in the present study, enhancement of transferrin in c. quinquefasciatus infected with wuchereria bancrofti is demonstrated through amplification of the specific mosquito transcript, its sequencing, cloning, and expression. by using two oligonucleo ...	2007	17323140
ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in british columbia, canada.	the use of medicinal plants is an option for livestock farmers who are not allowed to use allopathic drugs under certified organic programs or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs for minor health problems of livestock.	2007	17324258
vaccine candidates for dengue virus type 1 (den1) generated by replacement of the structural genes of rden4 and rden4delta30 with those of den1.	antigenic chimeric viruses have previously been generated in which the structural genes of recombinant dengue virus type 4 (rden4) have been replaced with those derived from den2 or den3. two vaccine candidates were identified, rden2/4delta30(me) and rden3/4delta30(me), which contain the membrane (m) precursor and envelope (e) genes of den2 and den3, respectively, and a 30 nucleotide deletion (delta30) in the 3' untranslated region of the den4 backbone. based on the promising preclinical phenoty ...	2007	17328799
hemocytes ultrastructure of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	mosquitoes have an efficient defence system against infection. insect blood cells (hemocytes) play an essential role in defense against parasites and other pathogenic organisms that infect insects. we have identified by light and transmission electron microscopy six hemocytes cell types from the hemolymph of aedes aegypti. they were: prohemocytes (20%), adipohemocytes (29%), granulocytes (16%), plasmatocytes (27%), oenocytoids (7%) and thrombocytoids (0.9%). the prohemocytes were the smallest he ...	2008	17329111
bioanalytical profile of the l-arginine/nitric oxide pathway and its evaluation by capillary electrophoresis.	this review briefly summarizes recent progress in fundamental understanding and analytical profiling of the l-arginine/nitric oxide (no) pathway. it focuses on key analytical references of no actions and the experimental acquisition of these references in vivo, with capillary electrophoresis (ce) and high-performance capillary electrophoresis (hpce) comprising one of the most flexible and technologically promising analytical platform for comprehensive high-resolution profiling of no-related meta ...	2007	17329176
repellency of essential oils extracted from plants in thailand against four mosquito vectors (diptera: culicidae) and oviposition deterrent effects against aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	in this study we evaluated and reported repellent effects of essential oils from thai plants against 4 mosquito vectors: aedes aegypti, ae. albopictus, anopheles. dirus and culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions using human volunteers. the essential oils were extracted from 18 plant species, belonging to 11 families, and the oils were then prepared as 10% solution in absolute ethanol with additives. two chemical repellents, deet and ir3535, were also prepared in the same formulation ...	2006	17333734
climatic factors associated with epidemic dengue in palembang, indonesia: implications of short-term meteorological events on virus transmission.	an extensive outbreak of dengue fever and dengue hemorhagic fever occurred in the city of palembang, south sumatra, indonesia from late 1997 through march/april 1998. all surveyed administrative areas (kelurahan) in palembang were found to be 'permissive' for dengue virus transmission; and all areas that had aedes (subgenus stegomyia) larval mosquitoes in abundance experienced increased cases of dhf during the epidemic. the aedes house index (hi) for combined aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus w ...	2006	17333762
cloning and characterization of a novel crystal protein from a native bacillus thuringiensis isolate highly active against aedes aegypti.	we characterized a novel bacillus thuringiensis isolate native to argentina (fcc 41) that exhibits a mosquitocidal activity higher than the reference b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. this isolate shows a rounded crystal harboring two major proteins of about 70-80 kda. moreover, we cloned and sequenced the encoding gene of one of the crystal proteins (cry) consisting of an open reading frame of 2061 pb that encodes a protein of 687 amino acid residues. the deduced amino acid sequence has a pr ...	2007	17334846
efficacy of lagenidium giganteum metabolites on mosquito larvae with reference to nontarget organisms.	lagenidium giganteum is a water mold and an effective mosquito control agent with limited use due to poor survival and contamination during storage. invert extracellular metabolites of l. giganteum is easy to produce, long shelf life, and a potential candidate in tropical climates. this fungus was grown in pyg broth in the laboratory at 25 +/- 2 degrees c, and relative humidity was maintained at 75 +/- 5% for 15 +/- 2 days. filtration process of metabolites was done using whatman filter paper, c ...	2007	17334944
repellent and adulticide efficacy of a combination containing 10% imidacloprid and 50% permethrin against aedes aegypti mosquitoes on dogs.	this study was conducted to assess the repellent and adulticide efficacy of the combination containing 10% imidacloprid and 50% permethrin against aedes aegypti mosquitoes on dogs. blood-feeding success rates of the mosquitoes that were exposed to the treated dogs were 4.9 and 4.4% on days 3 and 7 post the combination application (pca), respectively, and blood-feeding success rates increased to 6.3, 12.8, and 24.5% on days 14, 21, and 28 pca, respectively. blood-feeding success rates between the ...	2007	17334968
proteolytic activation of pro-spätzle is required for the induced transcription of antimicrobial peptide genes in lepidopteran insects.	microbial infection leads to proteolytic activation of drosophila spätzle, which binds to the toll receptor and induces the synthesis of immune proteins. to test whether or not this mechanism exists in lepidopteran insects, we cloned the cdna of bombyx mori spätzle-1 and overexpressed the full-length and truncated bmspz1 cdna in escherichia coli. the insoluble fusion proteins were affinity-purified under denaturing condition. after the silkworm larvae were injected with renatured bmspz1, mrna le ...	2007	17337053
aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control.	five aromatic plants, carum carvi (caraway), apium graveolens (celery), foeniculum vulgare (fennel), zanthoxylum limonella (mullilam) and curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors. two laboratory-reared mosquito species, anopheles dirus, the major malaria vector in thailand, and aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in urban areas, were used. all of the volatile oils exerted significant larvicidal acti ...	2007	17337133
changing salinity induces alterations in hemolymph ion concentrations and na+ and cl- transport kinetics of the anal papillae in the larval mosquito, aedes aegypti.	mosquito larvae are found in diverse aquatic habitats ranging from freshwater to hypersaline water and must often deal with rapid changes in habitat salinity. we transferred larvae of aedes aegypti from freshwater to 30% seawater, or vice versa, and measured the time course of changes in their hemolymph ion concentrations, using ion-selective microelectrodes. we also reported the michaelis-menten kinetics of na(+) and cl(-) transport by the anal papillae for the first time using the scanning ion ...	2007	17337711
quantitative trait loci associated with photoperiodic response and stage of diapause in the pitcher-plant mosquito, wyeomyia smithii.	a wide variety of temperate animals rely on length of day (photoperiodism) to anticipate and prepare for changing seasons by regulating the timing of development, reproduction, dormancy, and migration. although the molecular basis of circadian rhythms regulating daily activities is well defined, the molecular basis for the photoperiodic regulation of seasonal activities is largely unknown. we use geographic variation in the photoperiodic control of diapause in the pitcher-plant mosquito wyeomyia ...	2007	17339202
uninfected mosquito bites confer protection against infection with malaria parasites.	despite decades of research and multiple initiatives, malaria continues to be one of the world's most debilitating infectious diseases. new insights for malaria control and vaccine development will be essential to thwart the staggering worldwide impact of this disease (a. bjorkman and a. bhattarai, acta trop. 94:163-169, 2005); ultimately successful vaccine strategies will undoubtedly be multifactorial, incorporating multiple antigens and targeting diverse aspects of the malaria parasites' biolo ...	2007	17339356
evidence for a population expansion in the west nile virus vector culex tarsalis.	population genetic structure of the west nile virus vector culex tarsalis was investigated in 5 states in the western united states using 5 microsatellite loci and a fragment of the mitochondrial reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase 4 (nd4) gene. nd4 sequence analysis revealed a lack of isolation by distance, panmixia across all populations, an excess of rare haplotypes, and a star-like phylogeny. microsatellites revealed moderate genetic differentiation and isolation ...	2007	17339636
dengue in the americas and southeast asia: do they differ?	the populations of southeast asia (se asia) and tropical america are similar, and all four dengue viruses of asian origin are endemic in both regions. yet, during comparable 5-year periods, se asia experienced 1.16 million cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf), principally in children, whereas in the americas there were 2.8 million dengue fever (df) cases, principally in adults, and only 65,000 dhf cases. this review aims to explain these regional differences. in se asia, world war ii amplifie ...	2006	17341332
chikungunya epidemic: an indian perspective.	chikungunya, caused by the chikungunya virus, recently emerged as an important public health problem in the indian ocean islands and india. in 2006, an estimated 1.38 million people across southern and central india developed symptomatic disease. the incidence of the disease may have been higher but may have been underreported due to lack of accurate reporting. first isolated in tanzania in 1953, the chikungunya virus belongs to the family togaviridae (single-stranded rna alphaviruses) and has 3 ...	2006	17343016