Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| does the nose know? the odiferous diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 17366472 | |
| diagnosis of colitis: making the initial diagnosis. | the evaluation of patients with colitis of recent onset is a relatively common clinical challenge. the main considerations are infectious colitides, idiopathic ibd, ie, ulcerative and crohn's colitis, and colonic ischemia. an initial risk assessment on the basis of such factors as concurrent symptoms in contacts, travel history, medications, and human immunodeficiency virus risk factors should be followed by a thorough clinical history, physical examination, stool studies, blood tests, and, in s ... | 2007 | 17368227 |
| inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a growing problem. | 2007 | 17368229 | |
| incidence of clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) rates have been increasing. we sought to determine whether cdad incidence has increased specifically in hospitalized patients with ibd. we also explored possible differences in the risk for and time to presentation of cdad between ibd and non-ibd patients. | 2007 | 17368233 |
| impact of clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile-associated disease has increased significantly in north american medical centers. the impact of c difficile on patients with ibd (crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) at the present time is unknown. | 2007 | 17368234 |
| clostridium difficile in discharged inpatients, germany. | 2007 | 17370545 | |
| first isolation of clostridium difficile 027 in japan. | 2007 | 17370932 | |
| transcutaneous immunization with clostridium difficile toxoid a induces systemic and mucosal immune responses and toxin a-neutralizing antibodies in mice. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. c. difficile produces two toxins (a and b), and systemic and mucosal anti-toxin a antibodies prevent or limit c. difficile-associated diarrhea. to evaluate whether transcutaneous immunization with formalin-treated c. difficile toxin a (cda) induces systemic and mucosal anti-cda immune responses, we transcutaneously immunized three cohorts of mice with cda with or without immunoadjuvantative cholera toxin (ct) on days 0 ... | 2007 | 17371854 |
| a comparison of available and investigational antibiotics for complicated skin infections and treatment-resistant staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus. | this article compares vancomycin, teicoplanin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, daptomycin, tigecyline, dalbavancin, telavancin, ceftobiprole, oritavancin, and ramoplanin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (csssi), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), enterococcus, and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, is administered intravenously, and is the mainstay of treatment for mrsa and csssi. while not available ... | 2007 | 17373167 |
| deaths involving clostridium difficile: england and wales, 2001-2005. | 2007 | 17373384 | |
| a novel toxin homologous to large clostridial cytotoxins found in culture supernatant of clostridium perfringens type c. | an unknown cytotoxin was identified in the culture supernatant of clostridium perfringens type c. the cytotoxin, named tpel, which was purified using mab-based affinity chromatography, had a lethal activity of 62 minimum lethal dose (mld) mg(-1) in mice and a cytotoxic activity of 6.2x10(5) cytotoxic units (cu) mg(-1) in vero cells. the nucleotide sequence of tpel was determined. the entire orf had a length of 4953 bases, and the same nucleotide sequence was not recorded in the genbank/embl/ddbj ... | 2007 | 17379729 |
| review: clostridium difficile-associated disorders/diarrhea and clostridium difficile colitis: the emergence of a more virulent era. | 2007 | 17380404 | |
| infection control. an outbreak of innovation. | 2007 | 17380937 | |
| infection control. the big c. | c difficile is endemic in some hospitals and is difficult to eradicate as its spores can survive indefinitely. there is a compelling incentive for trusts to reduce cases as each one extends length of stay and costs pound 4,000. isolating infected patients has been shown to be effective but can be tricky to achieve. | 2007 | 17380967 |
| clostridium difficile in cardiac surgery: risk factors and impact on postoperative outcome. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a potentially preventable and often troublesome gastrointestinal complication after cardiac surgery. | 2007 | 17383346 |
| predicting clostridium difficile toxin in hospitalized patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile infection is implicated in 20%-30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. studying hospitalized patients who received antibiotic therapy and developed diarrhea, our objective was to compare the clinical characteristics of patients who developed c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) with those of patients with a negative result of a stool assay for c. difficile toxin. | 2007 | 17385141 |
| successful use of feedback to improve antibiotic prescribing and reduce clostridium difficile infection: a controlled interrupted time series. | to investigate the effect of reinforcing a narrow-spectrum antibiotic policy on antibiotic prescription and clostridium difficile infection (cdi) rates by feedback of antibiotic use to doctors, as part of a departmental audit and feedback programme. | 2007 | 17387117 |
| how knowledgeable are nurses about c. difficile? | jacqueline randle and colleagues report the results of their small-scale study of infection control link professionals' knowledge about clostridium difficile and how they use this knowledge in practice. | 2007 | 17388150 |
| c. difficile inquest too narrow as "quebec strain" goes international. | 2007 | 17389432 | |
| clostridium difficile enteritis: an early postoperative complication in inflammatory bowel disease patients after colectomy. | clostridium difficile, the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, is known to cause severe colitis. c. difficile small bowel enteritis is rare (14 case reports) with mortality rates ranging from 60 to 83%. c. difficile has increased in incidence particularly among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. this case series of six patients from 2004 to 2006 is the largest in the literature. all patients received antibiotics before colectomies for ulcerative colitis and developed severe enter ... | 2007 | 17390162 |
| isolation and characterisation of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile in dublin, ireland. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of infectious diarrhoea in hospitalised patients. most pathogenic c. difficile strains produce two toxins, a and b; however, clinically relevant toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive (a- b+) strains of c. difficile that cause diarrhoea and colitis in humans have been isolated worldwide. the aims of this study were to isolate and characterise a- b+ strains from two university hospitals in dublin, ireland. samples positive for c. difficile were identified daily ... | 2007 | 17391385 |
| a 31-year-old, hiv-positive man presenting with emesis and bloody diarrhea. c. difficile infection. | 2007 | 17396470 | |
| upregulation of the immediate early gene product rhob by exoenzyme c3 from clostridium limosum and toxin b from clostridium difficile. | adp-ribosylation of rho(a,b,c) by the family of exoenzyme c3-like transferases induces reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton based on inactivation of rhoa. no data are available on the role of rhob in c3-treated cells. in murine fibroblasts treated with the cell-permeable exoenzyme c3 from clostridium limosum (c3), an increase in the level of rhob was observed. this upregulation of rhob was based on transcriptional activation, as it was responsive to inhibition by actinomycin d and accompanie ... | 2007 | 17397186 |
| [clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in the elderly patient]. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhea in the elderly. it may cause colitis of variable severity and extraintestinal involvement. hand transmission is the most important, and it is related to prolonged antibiotic therapies in elderly patients with severe baseline disease. diagnosis is based on culture and immunological tests to detect its toxins. when there is no response to conservative treatment (withdrawal of the antibiotic and support therapy), metronida ... | 2007 | 17397570 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile--associated disease (cdad). | 2007 | 17400866 | |
| epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection is an important health problem worldwide and leads to increased morbidity and mortality, particularly among the elderly population. antibiotics, especially those with a broad spectrum, often trigger the infection; hence the use of unnecessary antibiotics should be avoided. mild to moderate cases respond to metronidazole or vancomycin. severe cases may require bowel resection. chronic relapsing cases require a prolonged course of antibiotics, immunoglobulin, probio ... | 2007 | 17404858 |
| spores, babies, and alcohol. a nurse's battle with c. diff. | 2007 | 17405362 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis in solid organ transplantation--a single-center experience. | clostridium difficile (cd) is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in solid organ transplantation (sot). between 1996 and 2005, a total of 2474 solid organ transplants were performed at our institution, of which 43 patients developed cd-associated diarrhea. there were 3 lung, 3 heart, 20 liver, 8 kidney-pancreas, 6 kidney, 1 composite tissue, and 2 multivisceral recipients. onset of cd infection ranged from 5 to 2453 days posttransplant. all patients presented with abdominal pain and watery ... | 2007 | 17406820 |
| fatal fulminant clostridium difficile colitis during chop therapy for lymphoma: an autopsy case. | although clostridium difficile colitis is a common problem during chemotherapy, fulminant expression is rarely observed. here, we describe a 68-year-old woman who developed fatal colitis due to clostridium difficile infection. the patient was treated with chop therapy for relapsed lymphoma. in the nadir phase, she developed severe bloody diarrhea with a high fever and died within 12 hours after the beginning of symptoms. clostridium difficile was identified in her stool and an autopsy showed hem ... | 2007 | 17409606 |
| evaluation of two immunochromatographic tests (immunocard toxins a&b, xpect c. difficile toxin a&b) and pcr for the detection of clostridium difficile toxins in faecal samples. | 2007 | 17412423 | |
| urocortin ii mediates pro-inflammatory effects in human colonocytes via corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2alpha. | urocortin ii (ucnii) is a neuropeptide that binds with high affinity to the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (crhr2) in peripheral tissues. ucnii is synthesised in the intestine, but its role in human intestinal inflammation is largely unknown. | 2007 | 17412781 |
| hospital acquired infection. | 2007 | 17413144 | |
| improvement targets for c difficile must be valid. | 2007 | 17413147 | |
| [current topics concerning emerging and re-emerging bacterial infections]. | 2007 | 17419432 | |
| nosocomial diarrhea in the intensive care unit. | we made an epidemiological case-control study to examine risk factors for the development of diarrhea in the intensive care unit (icu) of a public hospital in santo andré, sp, from january to october 2002. forty-nine patients with diarrhea (cases) and 49 patients without diarrhea (controls), matched for age and gender, were included in the study. a stool culture and enzyme immunoassays for clostridium difficile toxins a and b were performed on fecal specimens from diarrhea patients. fourteen of ... | 2006 | 17420910 |
| lactobacillus plantarum 299v enhances the concentrations of fecal short-chain fatty acids in patients with recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | our objective was to document how intake of lactobacillus plantarum 299v affects the concentrations of fecal organic acids during and after metronidazole treatment in 19 patients with recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. fecal samples were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. after intake of metronidazole a significant decrease in total short-chain fatty acids was seen in the placebo group (from 77.1 to 45.5 micromol/g; p=0.028) but not in the lactobacillus group (79.8-60.4 mic ... | 2007 | 17420953 |
| [investigation of the presence of clostridium difficile in antibiotic associated diarrhea patients by culture and toxin detection methods]. | clostridium difficile-associated disease can be observed especially in hospitalized patients who use broad-spectrum antibiotics. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of c. difficile as the causative agent of diarrhea in outpatients and inpatients. during january-december 2005, 45 outpatients and 46 inpatients (of them 11 were intensive care unit patients) who had developed diarrhea due to antibiotic use, were included to the study. in addition 7 intensive care unit personnel and ... | 2007 | 17427550 |
| prevalence of pcr ribotypes among clostridium difficile isolates from pigs, calves, and other species. | pcr ribotypes were obtained for 144 clostridium difficile isolates from neonatal pigs. porcine isolates comprised four pcr ribotypes, but one, ribotype 078, predominated (83%). this was also the most common ribotype (94%) among 33 calf isolates but was rarely identified in other species. | 2007 | 17428945 |
| [treatment of community acquired pneumonia]. | the s3 guidelines for diagnosis and therapy use german epidemiological data to set the standards for a risk and degree of severity based treatment of community acquired pneumonia (cap). over the last few years, a change in pathogen epidemiology has been recognized with the significance of staphylococci and enterobacteria increasing. cap is becoming increasingly a disease of the elderly, for whom a more broadly effective initial therapy appears to be needed. resistant pathogens play an important ... | 2007 | 17431572 |
| diminished intestinal colonization by clostridium difficile and immune response in mice after mucosal immunization with surface proteins of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile pathogenesis is mainly due to toxins a and b. however, the first step of pathogenesis is the colonization process. we evaluated c. difficile surface proteins as vaccine antigens to diminish intestinal colonization in a human flora-associated mouse model. first, we used the flagellar cap protein flid of c. difficile, in order to test several immunization routes: intranasal, rectal, and intragastric. the rectal route, which is the most efficient, was used to vaccine groups of ... | 2007 | 17433506 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a-induced apoptosis is p53-independent but depends on glucosylation of rho gtpases. | clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) is one of two homologous glucosyltransferases that mono-glucosylate rho gtpases. ht29 cells were challenged with wild-type and mutant tcda to investigate the mechanism by which apoptosis is induced. the tcda-induced re-organization of the actin cytoskeleton led to an increased number of cells within the g2/m phase. depolymerization of the actin filaments with subsequent g2/m arrest, however, was not causative for apoptosis, as shown in a comparative study usi ... | 2007 | 17437185 |
| enterocolitis due to simultaneous infection with rotavirus and clostridium difficile in adult and pediatric solid organ transplantation. | diarrhea is a well-known complication of immunosuppression but is also frequently caused by pathogens such as clostridium difficile (cd) and rotavirus (rv). three adult and five pediatric solid organ recipients (sors) developed diarrhea with simultaneous identification of cd and rv. rotavirus was identified using an immunochromatografic- or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; cd was identified using a rapid immunoassay or enzyme immunoassay. one adult renal, one adult kidney-pancreas, one adult l ... | 2007 | 17440792 |
| c. difficile-associated disease on the rise. a newly recognized strain of a bacterium found mostly in hospitals is causing more illness. | 2007 | 17441266 | |
| nosocomial clostridium difficile infection: possible cause of anastomotic leakage after anterior resection of the rectum. | 2007 | 17444873 | |
| prediction of specific pathogens in patients with sepsis: evaluation of treat, a computerized decision support system. | prediction of bacterial infections and their pathogens allows for early, directed investigation and treatment. we assessed the ability of treat, a computerized decision support system, to predict specific pathogens. | 2007 | 17449883 |
| self-cutting to kill: new insights into the processing of clostridium difficile toxins. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b are the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. the toxins are one of the biggest protein toxins known, but only the n-terminal catalytic domains of the large proteins enter the cytosol. now, a new study shows that the toxins are processed by autocatalytic cleavage, which depends on the presence of inositol hexaphosphate. | 2007 | 17455899 |
| a prospective, case control study evaluating the association between clostridium difficile toxins in the colon of neonatal swine and gross and microscopic lesions. | clostridium difficile infection in swine has most often been described in suckling pigs, where it has been associated with mesocolonic edema and typhlocolitis. this prospective study was designed to assess the correlation between the presence of c. difficile toxins (tcd) in the colon contents of neonatal pigs and a number of parameters, including gross evidence of diarrhea, mesocoloninc edema, typhlitis, and colitis. c. difficile was isolated from 51% (66/129) of large intestines and tcd was det ... | 2007 | 17459832 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea after living donor liver transplantation. | to assess the incidence and analyze the risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) after living donor liver transplantation (ldlt) in adult. | 2007 | 17465450 |
| no evidence for a clear link between active intestinal inflammation and autism based on analyses of faecal calprotectin and rectal nitric oxide. | due to parental concern regarding the child's bowel habits and the ongoing discussion whether there might be an association between autism and intestinal inflammation, two inflammatory markers were analysed in a group of children with autism. | 2007 | 17465982 |
| clostridium difficile small-bowel enteritis after total proctocolectomy: a rare but fatal, easily missed diagnosis. report of a case. | clostridium difficile enteritis is a rare infection, with less than a dozen cases reported in the literature. we present a case of a patient with total proctocolectomy and ileostomy, developing clostridium difficile infection of small bowel. we discuss the role of clostridium difficile toxins and review previously reported cases of clostridium difficile enteritis after total colectomy. | 2007 | 17468989 |
| natural and experimental infection of neonatal calves with clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile toxins were associated with calf diarrhea in a recent retrospective study; however, no causal relationship has been prospectively investigated. this infection study tested whether the oral inoculation of neonatal calves with a toxigenic strain of c. difficile (pcr-ribotype 077) results in enteric disease. fourteen 6-24 h old male colostrums-fed holstein calves, received either three doses of c. difficile (1.4 x 10(8) +/- 3.5 x 10(8) cfu) (n = 8) or sterile culture broth (n ... | 2007 | 17481830 |
| implications of the changing face of clostridium difficile disease for health care practitioners. | recent reported outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated disease in canada have changed the profile of c difficile infections. historically, c difficile disease was thought of mainly as a nosocomial disease associated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, and the disease was usually not life threatening. the emergence of an epidemic strain, bi/nap1/027, which produces a binary toxin in addition to the 2 classic c difficile toxins a and b and is resistant to some fluoroquinolones, was associated ... | 2007 | 17482995 |
| effect of metronidazole on growth and toxin production by epidemic clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes 001 and 027 in a human gut model. | we compared the behaviour of clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes 001 and 027 in a human gut model, and compared the responses to metronidazole exposure. | 2007 | 17483547 |
| case of the month. pseudomembranous colitis. | 2007 | 17484335 | |
| hospitals to report c. difficile and mrsa. | 2007 | 17485683 | |
| hypervirulent strains of clostridium difficile. | north america has seen increasing numbers of hospitalised patients and others in nursing homes and the community, with more severe clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea. this is also described in northern europe and surveillance systems are being developed or improved to monitor the situation. one strain (ribotype o27) is described in detail and, like other emerging strains, is demonstrating increasing antimicrobial resistance, notably to quinolone antibiotics. however, its association with ... | 2007 | 17488855 |
| [common errors in the management of the seriously ill patient with inflammatory bowel disease]. | 2007 | 17493441 | |
| prevention of porcine clostridium difficile-associated disease by competitive exclusion with nontoxigenic organisms. | clostridium difficile is widely known as a cause of disease in humans, and has emerged as an important problem in neonatal swine. no commercial product is available for immunoprophylaxis of c. difficile-associated disease, but success in preventing experimental infections in hamsters by use of nontoxigenic strains to competitively exclude toxigenic strains led us to try this method in neonatal pigs. spores were administered orally to newborn pigs or were sprayed onto perineum and teats of dams. ... | 2007 | 17493774 |
| how long should we treat community-acquired pneumonia? | the studies reviewed in this article suggest that a shorter duration of antibiotic therapy is comparable to standard therapy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and promotes reduction of adverse events, microbial resistance, cost, and improved patient compliance. | 2007 | 17496577 |
| the missing care bundle: antibiotic prescribing in hospitals. | the care bundle involves grouping together key elements of care for procedures and the management of specific diagnoses in order to provide a systematic method to improve and monitor the delivery of clinical care processes. in short, care bundles aim to ensure that all patients consistently receive the best care or treatment, all of the time. this approach has been successfully applied to the management of various conditions, particularly in the critical care setting. the institute for healthcar ... | 2007 | 17499482 |
| postoperative hirschsprung's enterocolitis after minimally invasive swenson's procedure. | our preferred minimally invasive technique of swenson's procedure has evolved from laparoscopic (lapswen) to swenson's transanal pullthrough (swap). we studied the incidence of postoperative hirschsprung's enterocolitis (hec) over the past decade. | 2007 | 17502205 |
| simvastatin inhibits ifn-gamma-induced cd40 gene expression by suppressing stat-1alpha. | cd40, a member of the tnf receptor superfamily, is critical for productive immune responses. macrophages constitutively express cd40 at low levels, which are enhanced by ifn-gamma. ifn-gamma-induced cd40 expression involves activation of stat-1alpha as well as nf-kappab activation through an autocrine response to ifn-gamma-induced tnf-alpha production. statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (hmg)-coa reductase inhibitors, which exert anti-inflammatory effects independent of their cholesterol-low ... | 2007 | 17507688 |
| systematic review of the risk of enteric infection in patients taking acid suppression. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) and h(2) receptor antagonists (h(2)ras) have become the mainstay of therapy in acid-related upper gastrointestinal disorders. there have been concerns raised about the possible association of ppis with enteric infections. | 2007 | 17509031 |
| antimicrobial phenotypes and molecular basis in clinical strains of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile remains the leading cause of nosocomial-acquired diarrhea. this study investigated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of c. difficile over a 3-year period. three hundred seventeen c. difficile isolates recovered between 2002 and 2004 were analyzed for their susceptibility to erythromycin (ery), clindamycin (cli), moxifloxacin (mxf), doxycycline (dox), vancomycin (van), and metronidazole (mtr) by etest. the molecular basis for resistance was investigated using polymerase ... | 2007 | 17509804 |
| etiologic agents of diarrhea in solid organ recipients. | after transplantation, diarrhea may be caused by infectious agents, drug-specific effects, metabolic conditions, or mechanical complications of surgery. determining the cause helps to determine whether to initiate antimicrobial therapy and the duration of treatment. in this study we aimed to determine the causes of diarrhea in kidney or liver recipients. fifty-two diarrhea episodes among 43 solid organ recipients were evaluated. the cause of diarrhea was detected in 43 patients (82.6%). infectio ... | 2007 | 17511817 |
| rac1, rhoa, and cdc42 participate in hela cell invasion by group b streptococcus. | the group b streptococcus (gbs) is an important human pathogen with the ability to cause invasive disease. to do so, the bacteria must invade host cells. it has been well documented that gbs are able to invade a variety of nonphagocytic host cell types, and this process is thought to involve a number of pathogen-host cell interactions. while some of the molecular aspects of the gbs-host cell invasion process have been characterized, many events still remain unclear. the objective of this investi ... | 2007 | 17517067 |
| hospital-acquired clostridium difficile-associated disease in the intensive care unit setting: epidemiology, clinical course and outcome. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is a serious nosocomial infection, however few studies have assessed cdad outcome in the intensive care unit (icu). we evaluated the epidemiology, clinical course and outcome of hospital-acquired cdad in the critical care setting. | 2007 | 17517130 |
| in vitro activities of 15 antimicrobial agents against 110 toxigenic clostridium difficile clinical isolates collected from 1983 to 2004. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is increasing, and standard treatment is not always effective. therefore, more-effective antimicrobial agents and treatment strategies are needed. we used the agar dilution method to determine the in vitro susceptibility of the following antimicrobials against 110 toxigenic clinical isolates of c. difficile from 1983 to 2004, primarily from the united states: doripenem, meropenem, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxac ... | 2007 | 17517836 |
| the large clostridial toxins from clostridium sordellii and c. difficile repress glucocorticoid receptor activity. | we have previously shown that bacillus anthracis lethal toxin represses glucocorticoid receptor (gr) transactivation. we now report that repression of gr activity also occurs with the large clostridial toxins produced by clostridium sordellii and c. difficile. this was demonstrated using a transient transfection assay system for gr transactivation. we also report that c. sordellii lethal toxin inhibited gr function in an ex vivo assay, where toxin reduced the dexamethasone suppression of the pro ... | 2007 | 17517870 |
| clostridium difficile toxins a and b directly stimulate human mast cells. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b (tcda and tcdb) are the causative agents of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. mucosal mast cells play a crucial role in the inflammatory processes underlying this disease. we studied the direct effects of tcda and tcdb on the human mast cell line hmc-1 with respect to degranulation, cytokine release, and the activation of proinflammatory signal pathways. tcda and tcdb inactivate rho gtpases, the master regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. the i ... | 2007 | 17517880 |
| genome sequence of a proteolytic (group i) clostridium botulinum strain hall a and comparative analysis of the clostridial genomes. | clostridium botulinum is a heterogeneous gram-positive species that comprises four genetically and physiologically distinct groups of bacteria that share the ability to produce botulinum neurotoxin, the most poisonous toxin known to man, and the causative agent of botulism, a severe disease of humans and animals. we report here the complete genome sequence of a representative of group i (proteolytic) c. botulinum (strain hall a, atcc 3502). the genome consists of a chromosome (3,886,916 bp) and ... | 2007 | 17519437 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: bovine anti-clostridium difficile whey protein to help aid the prevention of relapses. | 2007 | 17519495 | |
| molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibilities of extra-intestinal clostridium difficile isolates. | amongst 25 extra-intestinal clinical isolates of clostridium difficile, a(+)b(+) (72%) and a(-)b(+) (4%) toxigenic phenotypes, as well as the non-toxigenic phenotype (a(-)b(-)) (24%), were identified. the a(-)b(-) isolates did not express toxin, yet carried part of the tcda and tcdb gene and are of a previously unreported toxinotype. six a(+)b(+) isolates also carried binary toxin genes. resistance to erythromycin (20%), clindamycin (48%), tetracycline (16%), moxifloxacin (16%) and imipenem (11% ... | 2007 | 17531516 |
| evaluation of clostridium difficile-associated disease pressure as a risk factor for c difficile-associated disease. | colonization pressure has been identified as an important risk factor in the transmission of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus species, but the role of colonization pressure in the transmission of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is unclear. the purpose of this study was to evaluate cdad pressure, a modified form of colonization pressure based on symptomatic cdad cases, as a risk factor for cdad. | 2007 | 17533213 |
| increasing incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in african-american and hispanic patients: association with the use of proton pump inhibitor therapy. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has been increasingly diagnosed in hospitalized patients. the number of prescriptions for proton pump inhibitors (ppis) has also increased significantly over time. few studies have reported an association between cdad and ppi use; however, the results are inconclusive. | 2007 | 17534007 |
| surveillance of prescription drug-related mortality using death certificate data. | the prescription drugs or drug classes that are most frequently associated with death in the us might be identifiable from death certificate data. | 2007 | 17536879 |
| beating the bug. | 2007 | 17539395 | |
| environmental contamination makes an important contribution to hospital infection. | meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) are capable of surviving for days to weeks on environmental surfaces in healthcare facilities. environmental surfaces frequently touched by healthcare workers are commonly contaminated in the rooms of patients colonized or infected with mrsa or vre. a number of studies have documented that healthcare workers may contaminate their hands or gloves by touching contaminated environmental surfaces, and that h ... | 2007 | 17540242 |
| clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator tcdc. | clostridium difficile, an emerging nosocomial pathogen of increasing clinical significance, produces two large protein toxins that are responsible for the cellular damage associated with the disease. the precise mechanisms by which toxin synthesis is regulated in response to environmental change have yet to be discovered. the toxin genes (tcda and tcdb) are located in a pathogenicity locus (paloc), along with tcdr and tcdc. tcdr is an alternative rna polymerase sigma factor that directly activat ... | 2007 | 17542920 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile infection: an immunodeficiency state? | 2007 | 17544993 | |
| association between igg2 and igg3 subclass responses to toxin a and recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease. | individuals who mount a significant serum immunoglobulin (ig)g response to toxin a are protected against recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). we investigated whether humoral immune deficiencies and/or specific igg subclass responses are associated with recurrent cdad. | 2007 | 17544998 |
| no-touch taps help combat c. diff spread. | dart valley's mike allen explains how no-touch taps can assist in the fight against an organism which continues to attract much attention. | 2007 | 17549948 |
| clostridium difficile in retail ground meat, canada. | clostridium difficile was isolated from 12 (20%) of 60 retail ground meat samples purchased over a 10-month period in 2005 in canada. eleven isolates were toxigenic, and 8 (67%) were classified as toxinotype iii. the human health implications of this finding are unclear, but with the virulence of toxinotype iii strains further studies are required. | 2007 | 17552108 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in new jersey hospitals, 2000-2004. | recent emergence of a virulent strain of clostridium difficile demonstrates the importance of tracking c. difficile incidence locally. our survey of new jersey hospitals documented increases in the rates of c. difficile disease (by 2-fold), c. difficile-associated complications (by 7-fold), and c. difficile outbreaks (by 12-fold) during 2000-2004. | 2007 | 17552112 |
| gyra mutations in fluoroquinolone-resistant clostridium difficile pcr-027. | 2007 | 17552115 | |
| antimicrobial drugs and community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated disease, uk. | in a population-based case-control study of community acquired clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), we matched 1,233 cases to 12,330 controls. cdad risk increased 3-fold with use of any antimicrobial agent and 6-fold with use of fluoroquinolones. prior use of antimicrobial agents did not affect risk for cdad after 6 months. | 2007 | 17553260 |
| acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. | acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (acpo) is a syndrome of massive dilation of the colon without mechanical obstruction that develops in hospitalized patients with serious underlying medical and surgical conditions. increasing age, cecal diameter, delay in decompression, and status of the bowel significantly influence mortality, which is approximately 40% when ischemia or perforation is present. evaluation of the markedly distended colon involves excluding mechanical obstruction and other causes o ... | 2007 | 17556152 |
| identification, optimal management, and infection control measures for clostridium difficile-associated disease in long-term care. | residents of long-term care facilities are at an increased risk of exposure to clostridium difficile and become more susceptible to infection after receiving antimicrobial therapy. an increasing number and more severe cases of c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) have been reported over the last few years and have been linked to the emergence of a new, more virulent strain of c. difficile. these serious cases of disease have also been associated with a more atypical clinical presentation and h ... | 2007 | 17561015 |
| vegetative clostridium difficile survives in room air on moist surfaces and in gastric contents with reduced acidity: a potential mechanism to explain the association between proton pump inhibitors and c. difficile-associated diarrhea? | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) have been identified as a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), though the mechanism is unclear because gastric acid does not kill c. difficile spores. we hypothesized that the vegetative form of c. difficile, which is killed by acid, could contribute to disease pathogenesis if it survives in room air and in gastric contents with elevated ph. we compared the numbers of c. difficile spores and vegetative cells in stools of patients prior t ... | 2007 | 17562803 |
| effect of fluoroquinolone treatment on growth of and toxin production by epidemic and nonepidemic clostridium difficile strains in the cecal contents of mice. | several recent outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) have been attributed to the emergence of an epidemic strain with increased resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. some clinical studies have suggested that fluoroquinolones with enhanced antianaerobic activity (i.e., gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin) may have a greater propensity to induce cdad than ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin do. we examined the effects of subcutaneous fluoroquinolone treatment on in vitro growth of ... | 2007 | 17562807 |
| three novel highly charged copper-based biocides: safety and efficacy against healthcare-associated organisms. | we investigated three novel highly charged copper-based inorganic biocidal formulations for their activity against organisms highly relevant to healthcare-associated infection. | 2007 | 17567632 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin: comparison of enzyme immunoassay results with results obtained by cytotoxicity assay. | several kinds of laboratory techniques are available to detect clostridium difficile toxin in fecal samples. because questions have been raised about the reliability of immunoassays compared to the accepted standard, cytotoxicity assay, we studied three enzyme immunoassays (eias) and one rapid eia, which demonstrated relatively good sensitivities and specificities compared to cytotoxicity assay. | 2007 | 17567791 |
| protease-activated receptor 2, dipeptidyl peptidase i, and proteases mediate clostridium difficile toxin a enteritis. | we studied the role of protease-activated receptor 2 (par(2)) and its activating enzymes, trypsins and tryptase, in clostridium difficile toxin a (txa)-induced enteritis. | 2007 | 17570216 |
| protease-activated receptor 2 in the intestinal inflammatory response induced by clostridium difficile toxin a. | 2007 | 17570231 | |
| clostridium difficile in the long-term care setting. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) has increased over the past few years and more severe cases of cdad have been reported. this changing epidemiology is possibly a result of the emergence of a more virulent strain of c difficile that is more resistant to fluoroquinolones and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. because of advanced age and frequent courses of antibiotic therapy, patients in long-term care facilities are at increased risk of c diffici ... | 2007 | 17570307 |
| analysis of 30-day mortality for clostridium difficile-associated disease in the icu setting. | to examine the 30-day mortality rate among patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) requiring intensive care. | 2007 | 17573523 |
| a case of pseudomembranous colitis presenting with massive ascites. | clostridium difficile-associated disease seems to be increasing worldwide. a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening disease, has been described. a case of pseudomembranous colitis with massive ascites as the main presenting manifestation is described in order to illustrate the changing clinical pattern of antibiotic-associated colitis. | 2007 | 17574110 |
| point prevalence survey for healthcare-associated infections within canadian adult acute-care hospitals. | a survey of adult patients 19 years of age and older was conducted in february 2002 in hospitals across canada to estimate the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections (hais). a total of 5750 adults were surveyed; 601 of these had 667 hais, giving a prevalence of 10.5% infected patients and 11.6% hais. urinary tract infections (uti) were the most frequent hai, shown by 194 (3.4%) of the patients surveyed. pneumonia was found in 175 (3.0%) of the patients, surgical site infections (ssi) in ... | 2007 | 17574304 |
| molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clostridium difficile strains isolated from hospitals in south-east scotland. | clostridium difficile isolates (n=149) collected in south-east scotland between august and october 2005 were typed by four different methods and their susceptibility to seven different antibiotics was determined. the aims were to define the types of strain occurring in this region and to determine whether there were any clonal relationships among them with respect to genotype and antibiotic resistance pattern. ribotyping revealed that 001 was the most common type (n=113, 75.8 %), followed by rib ... | 2007 | 17577057 |
| antimicrobial activity of lacticin 3,147 against clinical clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) is the most common hospital-acquired diarrhoea, and is a major type of gastroenteritis infection in nursing homes and facilities for the elderly. in this study the antimicrobial activity of the two-component lantibiotic, lacticin 3,147, against a range of genetically distinct c. difficile isolates was studied. the bacteriocin exhibited an mic(50) of 3.6 microg ml(-1) for 10 genetically distinct c. difficile strains isolated from healthy subjects, ... | 2007 | 17577060 |