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elicitation of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 m2e and ha2-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune response in chicken following immunization with recombinant m2e-ha2 fusion protein.the study was aimed to evaluate the elicitation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus (aiv) m2e and ha2-specific immunity in chicken to develop broad protective influenza vaccine against hpai h5n1. based on the analysis of indian aiv h5n1 sequences, the conserved regions of extracellular domain of m2 protein (m2e) and ha2 were identified. synthetic gene construct coding for m2e and two immunodominant ha2 conserved regions was designed and synthesized after codon optimization. the fus ...202133614753
influenza a virus surveillance, infection and antibody persistence in snow geese (anser caerulescens).some snow geese (anser caerulescens) migrate between eurasia and north america and exhibit high seroprevalence for influenza a viruses (iavs). hence, these birds might be expected to play a role in intercontinental dispersal of iavs. our objective in this manuscript was to characterize basic incidence and infection characteristics for snow geese to assess whether these birds are likely to significantly contribute to circulation of iavs. thus, we 1) estimated snow goose infection prevalence by su ...202133621417
reassortment and persistence of influenza a viruses from diverse geographic origins within australian wild birds: evidence from a small, isolated population of ruddy turnstones.australian lineages of avian influenza a viruses (aivs) are thought to be phylogenetically distinct from those circulating in eurasia and the americas, suggesting the circulation of endemic viruses seeded by occasional introductions from other regions. however, processes underlying the introduction, evolution and maintenance of aivs in australia remain poorly understood. waders (order charadriiformes, family scolopacidae) may play a unique role in the ecology and evolution of aivs, particularly ...202133627387
antibody prevalence to african swine fever virus, mycobacterium bovis, foot-and-mouth disease virus, rift valley fever virus, influenza a virus, and brucella and leptospira spp. in free-ranging warthog (phacochoerus africanus) populations in south africa.the warthog (phacochoerus africanus) can be used as a model for investigating disease transmission at the human, wildlife, and livestock interface. an omnivore and scavenger, a warthog moves freely between natural ecotypes, farmland, and human communities and is susceptible to diseases of zoonotic, agricultural, and conservation concern. a retrospective study using 100 individual serum samples collected from may 1999 to august 2016 was performed to determine antibody prevalence to seven pathogen ...202133635986
thiazolidines: potential anti-viral agents against avian influenza and infectious bronchitis viruses.viral outbreaks are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in livestock and human populations. lack of good vaccines and poor control measures along with natural viral genetic drifting and shifting are the common causes of new viral strains and outbreaks. the current study reports the synthesis of some 2-aryl substituted thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acids 1a-h and their 3-acetyl 2a and 3-benzoyl derivatives 3a. two important poultry viruses: avian influenza virus (aiv; a/chicken/italy/1994/h9n2) ...202033643596
surveillance and sequestration strategies to reduce the likelihood of transporting hpaiv contaminated layer manure.movement and land application of manure is a known risk factor for secondary spread of avian influenza (ai) viruses. during an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai), movement of untreated (i.e., fresh) manure from premises known to be infected would be prohibited. however, moving manure from apparently healthy (i.e., clinically normal) flocks may become critical, because some egg-layer facilities have limited on-site storage capacity. the objective of this analysis was to evaluate ...202133647945
exosomal mirna profiling from h5n1 avian influenza virus-infected chickens.exosomes are membrane vesicles containing proteins, lipids, dna, mrna, and micro rna (mirna). exosomal mirna from donor cells can regulate the gene expression of recipient cells. here, ri chickens were divided into resistant (mx/a; bf2/b21) and susceptible (mx/g; bf2/b13) trait by genotyping of mx and bf2 genes. then, ri chickens were infected with h5n1, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv). exosomes were purified from blood serum of resistant chickens for small rna sequencing. sequ ...202133658079
data on swan arrival, departure, and population size on the asadokoro tidal flat, aomori prefecture, japan, from 1956 to 2010.the arrival and departure dates and the daily maximum populations of migrating swans (cygnus cygnus) on the asadokoro tidal flat, hiranai town, aomori prefecture, japan, were recorded by elementary school students for more than 50 years between 1956 and 2010. the asadokoro tidal flat, which lies along the coast of mutsu bay, has been designated a national special natural monument, known as the swans of kominato and their migration grounds. this long history of observation unfortunately came to a ...202133659589
pathogenic assessment of avian influenza viruses in migratory birds.abstractseveral subtypes of avian influenza (ai) viruses have caused human infections in recent years; however, there is a severe knowledge gap regarding the capacity of wild bird viruses to infect mammals. to assess the risk of mammalian infection by ai viruses from their natural reservoirs, a panel of isolates from 34 wild birds was examined in animal models. all selected ai virus subtypes were found to predominantly possess eurasian lineage, although reassortment with north american lineage a ...202133666526
synergistic effect of spirulina platensis and selenium nanoparticles on growth performance, serum metabolites, immune responses, and antioxidant capacity of heat-stressed broiler chickens.this study examined the effects of dietary spirulina platensis (sp) at levels of 0, 5, and 10 g.kg-1 and selenium nanoparticles (senps) at 0, 0.1, and 0.2 mg.kg-1, individually and in combination, on heat-stressed broiler chickens for 5 weeks. four hundred fifty one-day-old ross-308 chicks were allocated to 9 dietary groups with 5 replicates (10 chicks each). the control diet was consisted of corn-soybean-based basal diet. the obtained results displayed a significant increase in final body weigh ...202133674946
caco-2 cells: a continuous cell line with sensitive and broad-spectrum utility for respiratory virus culture.primary rhesus monkey kidney cells (rhmk) can be used for the detection of respiratory viruses, including influenza and parainfluenza. the human colon adeno-carcinoma cell line, caco-2, has been previously used for the growth of multiple influenza viruses, including seasonal, novel and avian lineages.202133676967
diplotriaena obtusa infection in an eurasian blue tit (cyanistes caeruleus) in germany. pathology and phylogenetic analysis.diplotriaena obtusa is a nematode found in air sacs of a wide number of birds, including passerine species. during a period of increased mortality of blue tits (cyanistes caeruleus) in germany, we collected adult nematode worms from the air sacs of a deceased male blue tit. the nematodes showed morphological features consistent with diplotriaena ssp. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay targeting the small subunit (ssu) 18s rrna gene identified the parasite species as diplotriaena obtusa. phy ...202033678381
immunosecurity: immunomodulants enhance immune responses in chickens.the global population has increased with swift urbanization in developing countries, and it is likely to result in a high demand for animal-derived protein-rich foods. animal farming has been constantly affected by various stressful conditions, which can be categorized into physical, environmental, nutritional, and biological factors. such conditions could be exacerbated by banning on the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter together with a pandemic situation including, but not limited to, af ...202133705619
evaluation of insulated isothermal pcr devices for the detection of avian influenza virus.highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) represent important threats to the poultry industry and global human health. due to the high rates of avian influenza virus (aiv) transmission, controlling aiv outbreaks is challenging. hpaiv is known to be transmitted from wild birds to domestic ducks, from which it can be transmitted to layer and broiler chickens. therefore, surveillance of aiv in domestic ducks and chickens in advance of out ...202133711374
efficacy of recombinant marek's disease virus vectored vaccines with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (cobra) hemagglutinin insert against genetically diverse h5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses.the genetic and antigenic drift associated with the high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) viruses of goose/guangdong (gs/gd) lineage and the emergence of vaccine-resistant field viruses underscores the need for a broadly protective h5 influenza a vaccine. here, we tested experimental vector herpesvirus of turkey (vhvt)-h5 vaccines containing either wild-type clade 2.3.4.4a-derived h5 inserts or computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (cobra) inserts with challenge by homologous an ...202133715903
investigation of the 2018 thick-billed murre (uria lomvia) die-off on st. lawrence island rules out food shortage as the cause.die-offs of seabirds in alaska have occurred with increased frequency since 2015. in 2018, on st. lawrence island, seabirds were reported washing up dead on beaches starting in late may, peaking in june, and continuing until early august. the cause of death was documented to be starvation, leading to the conclusion that a severe food shortage was to blame. we use physiology and colony-based observations to examine whether food shortage is a sufficient explanation for the die-off, or if evidence ...202033716412
reassortment with dominant chicken h9n2 influenza virus contributed to the fifth h7n9 virus human epidemic.h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) is regarded as a principal donor of viral genes through reassortment to co-circulating influenza viruses that can result in zoonotic reassortants. whether h9n2 virus can maintain sustained evolutionary impact on such reassortants is unclear. since 2013, avian h7n9 virus had caused five sequential human epidemics in china; the fifth wave in 2016-2017 was by far the largest but the mechanistic explanation behind the scale of infection is not clear. here, we found t ...202133731452
a quantitative approach to assess influenza a virus fitness and transmission in guinea pigs.efforts to estimate the risk posed by potentially pandemic influenza a viruses (iav), and to understand the mechanisms governing interspecies transmission, have been hampered by a lack of animal models that yield relevant and statistically robust measures of viral fitness. to address this gap, we monitored several quantitative measures of fitness in a guinea pig model: infectivity, magnitude of replication, kinetics of replication, efficiency of transmission, and kinetics of transmission. with t ...202133731462
genetic analysis of genotype g57 h9n2 avian influenza virus isolate a/chicken/tajikistan/2379/2018 recovered in central asia.this paper presents genetic data on the full genome analysis of a/chicken/tajikistan/2379/2018 h9n2 influenza virus isolated in september 2018 from chicken pathological material received from poultry farms of the republic of tajikistan and subtyped as h9n2 by serological and molecular methods. according to the results of hemagglutinin gene sequencing, the amino acid sequence of the cleavage site was rssr/glf, which is typical for low-virulent avian influenza virus. phylogenetic analysis of the n ...202133740120
inside-out chicken enteroids with leukocyte component as a model to study host-pathogen interactions.mammalian three-dimensional (3d) enteroids mirror in vivo intestinal organisation and are powerful tools to investigate intestinal cell biology and host-pathogen interactions. we have developed complex multilobulated 3d chicken enteroids from intestinal embryonic villi and adult crypts. these avian enteroids develop optimally in suspension without the structural support required to produce mammalian enteroids, resulting in an inside-out enteroid conformation with media-facing apical brush border ...202133742093
infection and risk factors of human and avian influenza in pigs in south china.the coinfection of swine influenza (si) strains and avian/human-source influenza strains in piggeries can contribute to the evolution of new influenza viruses with pandemic potential. this study analyzed surveillance data on si in south china and explored the spatial predictor variables associated with different influenza infection scenarios in counties within the study area. blood samples were collected from 7670 pigs from 534 pig farms from 2015 to 2017 and tested for evidence of infection wit ...202133744674
highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 subtype h5n6 viruses isolated from wild whooper swans, mongolia, 2020.we identified clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n6) viruses from whooper swans (cygnus cygnus) found dead in mongolia. the identification of these infections in wild birds in this area is of concern because of the potential for virus dissemination during fall migration.202133754986
genetic characterization of h9n2 avian influenza virus previously unrecognized in korea.in this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of previously unreported y280-lineage h9n2 viruses from two live bird markets in korea in june 2020. genetic analysis revealed that they were distinct from previous h9n2 viruses circulating in korea and had highest homology to a/chicken/shandong/1844/2019(h9n2) viruses. their genetic constellation showed they belonged to genotype s, which is the predominant genotype in china since 2010, where genotype s viruses have infected humans an ...202133774937
within-host model of respiratory virus shedding and antibody response to h9n2 avian influenza virus vaccination and infection in chickens.avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2 subtype is an infectious pathogen that can affect both the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems in chickens and continues to have an important economic impact on the poultry industry. while the host innate immune response provides control of virus replication in early infection, the adaptive immune response aids to clear infections and prevent future invasion. modelling virus-innate immune response pathways can improve our understanding of early infection dyn ...202133778216
pathogen presence in wild birds inhabiting landfills in central iran.wild birds are important in the transmission of many zoonotic pathogens such as salmonella and avian influenza virus (aiv). the current study investigated the presence of bacterial and viral pathogens in birds foraging at an open landfill located in central iran. we collected blood and intestinal samples from five abundant species, including rook (corvus frugilegus), european starling (sturnus vulgaris), house sparrow (passer domesticus), black-headed gull (chroicocephalus ridibundus) and slende ...202133783651
impact of individual viral gene segments from influenza a/h5n8 virus on the protective efficacy of inactivated subtype-specific influenza vaccine.since its emergence in 2014, the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus has continuously and rapidly spread worldwide in the poultry sector resulting in huge economic losses. a typical inactivated h5n8 vaccine is prepared using the six internal genes from a/pr8/1934 (h1n1) and the two major antigenic proteins (ha and na) from the circulating h5n8 strain with the ha modified to a low pathogenic form (pr8ha/na-h5n8). the contribution of the other internal proteins from h5n8, either individua ...202133808583
avian influenza a viruses reassort and diversify differently in mallards and mammals.reassortment among co-infecting influenza a viruses (iavs) is an important source of viral diversity and can facilitate expansion into novel host species. indeed, reassortment played a key role in the evolution of the last three pandemic iavs. observed patterns of reassortment within a coinfected host are likely to be shaped by several factors, including viral load, the extent of viral mixing within the host and the stringency of selection. these factors in turn are expected to vary among the di ...202133808674
first outbreak of an h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus on a chicken farm in japan in 2020.on 5 november 2020, a confirmed outbreak due to an h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) occurred at an egg-hen farm in kagawa prefecture (western japan). this virus, a/chicken/kagawa/11c/2020 (kagawa11c2020), was the first hpai poultry isolate in japan in 2020 and had multiple basic amino acids-a motif conferring high pathogenicity to chickens-at the hemagglutinin cleavage site. mortality of chickens was 100% through intravenous inoculation tests performed according to world orga ...202133809529
multiple reassortants of h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses detected in south korea during the winter of 2020-2021.during october 2020-january 2021, we isolated a total of 67 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 viruses from wild birds and outbreaks in poultry in south korea. we sequenced the isolates and performed phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences to determine the origin, evolution, and spread patterns of these viruses. phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene showed that all the isolates belong to h5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup b (2.3.4.4b) and form two distinct genetic clu ...202133809549
identification of the dominant non-neutralizing epitope in the haemagglutinin of h7n9 avian influenza virus.h7n9 avian influenza vaccines induce high levels of non-neutralizing (nonneu) antibodies against the haemagglutinin (ha). however, the antigenic epitopes underlying this particular antibody response are still undefined. in this study, a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the ha protein of h7n9 virus was generated and 12 of them had no hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralizing activities. one linear epitope in the stalk (373-taa-375) recognized by three mabs and one conform ...202133819520
comparison of cellular immune responses to avian influenza virus in two genetically distinct, highly inbred chicken lines.low pathogenicity avian influenza causes mild disease involving the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems of wild and domestic birds. avian influenza research often emphasizes the effect of the virus genetics on disease, but the influence of host genetics on resistance to infection is not well understood. the genetic determinants of enhanced resistance to influenza can be explored by using genetically distinct, highly inbred chicken lines that differ in susceptibility to influe ...202133823380
an unusual case of haemorrhagic bursa in a pullet flock associated with a genogroup 2 infectious bursal disease virus.an unusual case of infectious bursal disease (ibd) was observed in eight-week-old commercial caged pullets. this flock (house 1) exhibited a one-day spike in mortality. on gross necropsy examination, enlarged, diffusely haemorrhagic bursas were observed. this lesion has been frequently described in cases of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvibdv). a five-week-old caged pullet flock (house 2) in an adjacent building did not display haemorrhagic bursa lesions. microscopic examinatio ...202133823706
development of an immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of h7 subtype avian influenza viruses.h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) including highly and low pathogenic viruses have been detected in china since 2013. h7n9 aiv has a high mortality rate after infection in humans, and most human cases have close contacted with poultry in the live poultry market. therefore, it is necessary to develop a rapid point-of-care testing (poct) technique for h7n9 aiv detection.202133827632
maternal transfer of antibodies specific for avian influenza viruses in captive whooper swans (cygnus cygnus).the transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring can effectively protect against avian influenza virus (aiv) infection during early life in chickens and can prevent aiv spread by decreasing the overall percentage of the avian population susceptible to this pathogen. herein, we evaluated maternal antibody transfer dynamics in whooper swans (cygnus cygnus), which represent an important aiv host species. in total, 57 eggs from 19 nests were collected to study the relationship between egg yolk aiv-s ...202133836315
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n6 (clade 2.3.4.4b) has a preferable host tropism for waterfowl reflected in its inefficient transmission to terrestrial poultry.highly-pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n6 (clade 2.3.4.4b) incurred into europe in late 2017 and was predominantly detected in wild birds, with very few terrestrial poultry cases. pekin ducks directly-infected with a uk virus (h5n6-2017) were donors of infection to investigate contact transmission to three recipient species: ducks, chickens and turkeys. h5n6-2017 transmission to ducks was 100% efficient, but transmission to in-contact galliforme species was infrequent and unpredictabl ...202133839461
pb1 s524g mutation of wild bird-origin h3n8 influenza a virus enhances virulence and fitness for transmission in mammals.influenza h3n8 viruses have been recovered frequently from wild bird species, including anseriformes (primarily from migratory ducks) and charadriiformes (primarily from shorebirds). however, little attention has been given to the transmission ability of h3n8 avian influenza viruses among mammals. here, we study the potential human health threat and the molecular basis of mammalian transmissibility of h3n8 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild bird reservoirs. we classified eight h3n8 virus ...202133840358
serosurvey of avian influenza viruses (h5, h7, and h9) and associated risk factors in backyard poultry flocks of lahore district, pakistan.rural poultry constitutes 56% of the total poultry population in pakistan; however, epidemiological information about avian influenza viruses (aivs) in backyard poultry flocks is lacking. a cross-sectional survey of villages of lahore district was conducted from july 2009 to august 2009 using two-stage cluster sampling and probability proportional to size (pps) sampling to estimate seroprevalence and its associated risk factors. a random selection of 35 clusters from 308 villages of lahore were ...202133842573
nf-кb pathway genes expression in chicken erythrocytes infected with avian influenza virus subtype h9n2.1. chicken erythrocytes in blood vessels are the most abundant circulating cells, which participate in the host's immune responses. the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb) plays a vital role in the inflammatory response following viral infections. however, the expression of the nf-κb pathway, and other immune-related genes in chicken erythrocytes infected with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv h9n2), has not been extensively studied.2. the following study determined the ...202133843365
expression of concern: recombinant m2e protein-based elisa: a novel and inexpensive approach for differentiating avian influenza infected chickens from vaccinated ones. 202133857264
potential risk factors of avian influenza virus infection in asymptomatic commercial chicken flocks in selected areas of bangladesh during 2019.avian influenza is a zoonotic disease with a pandemic potential that can infect avian and mammalian species, including humans. studies aimed at investigating avian influenza virus (aiv) status in asymptomatic chickens and their shedding are uncommon in bangladesh. therefore, the current study aimed to examine the distribution of aiv subtypes in asymptomatic commercial chicken flocks and to identify the possible risk factors associated with this infection in two selected sub-districts of banglade ...202133860012
health surveillance of penguins in the barton peninsula on king george island, antarctica.samples from 29 adult gentoo (pygoscelis papua), chinstrap (pygoscelis antarcticus), and adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) at the king sejong station on nar̢ ebski point, king george island, antarctica, were investigated to detect antibodies to avian influenza, newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, mycoplasma, and salmonella. antibodies were identified from one gentoo penguin and one chinstrap penguin against infectious bronchitis virus; from o ...202133872350
characterization of four novel h5n6 avian influenza viruses with the internal genes from h5n1 and h9n2 viruses and experimental challenge of chickens vaccinated with current commercially available h5 vaccines.since 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 viruses have been responsible for outbreaks in poultry. in this study, four h5n6 virus strains were isolated from faecal samples of sick white ducks and dead chickens in shandong in 2019. these h5n6 viruses were triple-reassortant viruses that have not been previously characterized. their ha genes were derived from the h5 viruses and were closely related to the vaccine strain re-11. their na genes all fell into the n6-like lineage and the intern ...202133872465
the effects of heat-killed tsukamurella inchonensis on intestinal morphology and humoral immune responses of broiler chickens.tsukamurella species are gram-positive rods that exist in a broad range of environments. in this study, the efficacy of heat-killed tsukamurella inchonensis on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and humoral immune responses of broiler chicken was evaluated.202133889366
neuraminidase-associated plasminogen recruitment enables systemic spread of natural avian influenza viruses h3n1.repeated outbreaks due to h3n1 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) in belgium were associated with unusually high mortality in chicken in 2019. those events caused considerable economic losses and prompted restriction measures normally implemented for eradicating high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (hpaiv). initial pathology investigations and infection studies suggested this virus to be able to replicate systemically, being very atypical for h3 lpaiv. here, we investigate t ...202133891662
high immune efficacy against different avian influenza h5n1 viruses due to oral administration of a saccharomyces cerevisiae-based vaccine in chickens.a safe and effective vaccine is the best way to control large-scale highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpai) a (h5n1) outbreaks. saccharomyces cerevisiae (s. cerevisiae) is an ideal mucosal delivery vector for vaccine development, and we have previously shown that conventional administration of a s. cerevisiae-based vaccine (eby100/pyd1-ha) via injection led to protection against the homologous h5n1 virus in a mouse model. because the diameter of s. cerevisiae is approximately 10 μm, which ...202133903693
genetic and biological properties of h7n9 avian influenza viruses detected after application of the h7n9 poultry vaccine in china.the h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) that emerged in china have caused five waves of human infection. further human cases have been successfully prevented since september 2017 through the use of an h7n9 vaccine in poultry. however, the h7n9 aiv has not been eradicated from poultry in china, and its evolution remains largely unexplored. in this study, we isolated 19 h7n9 aivs during surveillance and diagnosis from february 2018 to december 2019, and genetic analysis showed that these viruses have ...202133905456
efficacy of two vaccines against recent emergent antigenic variants of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in bangladesh.h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have caused outbreaks in poultry in bangladesh since 2007. while clade 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 hpaivs have not been detected since 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have caused continuous outbreaks since 2012 despite the use of vaccines. in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of two h5 vaccines licensed in bangladesh, re-6 inactivated vaccine, and a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine with an h5 insert (rhvt-h5), for protection against recent ...202133910774
egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) were resistant to experimental inoculation with avian-origin influenza a virus of subtype h9n2, but are susceptible to experimental infection with bat-borne h9n2 virus.influenza a viruses (iav) of subtype h9n2, endemic in world-wide poultry holdings, are reported to cause spill-over infections to pigs and humans and have also contributed substantially to recent reassortment-derived pre-pandemic zoonotic viruses of concern, such as the asian h7n9 viruses. recently, a h9n2 bat influenza a virus was found in egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus), raising the question of whether this bat species is a suitable host for iav. here, we studied the susceptibility ...202133919890
biological properties and genetic characterization of novel low pathogenic h7n3 avian influenza viruses isolated from mallard ducks in the caspian region, dagestan, russia.avian influenza viruses (aivs) are maintained in wild bird reservoirs, particularly in mallard ducks and other waterfowl. novel evolutionary lineages of aiv that arise through genetic drift or reassortment can spread with wild bird migrations to new regions, infect a wide variety of resident bird species, and spillover to domestic poultry. the vast continental reservoir of aivs in eurasia harbors a wide diversity of influenza subtypes, including both highly pathogenic (hp) and low pathogenic (lp ...202133920551
antiviral activity of isoimperatorin against influenza a virus in vitro and its inhibition of neuraminidase.influenza a virus (iav) poses a severe threat to human health and is a major public health problem worldwide. as global anti-influenza virus drug resistance has increased significantly, there is an urgent need to develop new antiviral drugs, especially drugs from natural products. isoimperatorin, an active natural furanocoumarin, exhibits a broad range of pharmacologic activities including anticoagulant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-tumor, and other pharmacological effects, ...202133927632
a novel epitope-blocking elisa for specific and sensitive detection of antibodies against h5-subtype influenza virus hemagglutinin.h5-subtype highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) cause high mortality in domestic birds and sporadic infections in humans with a frequently fatal outcome, while h5n1 viruses have pandemic potential. due to veterinary and public health significance, these hpaivs, as well as low pathogenicity (lp) h5-subtype aivs having a propensity to mutate into hp viruses, are under epidemiologic surveillance and must be reported to the world organization for animal health (oie). our previous wo ...202133931074
messenger rna biomarkers of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in the whole blood of dairy calves.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is a primary viral cause of bovine respiratory disease (brd) in young calves, which is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. infection with brsv induces global gene expression changes in respiratory tissues. if these changes are observed in tissues which are more accessible in live animals, such as whole blood, they may be used as biomarkers for diagnosis of the disease. therefore, the objective of the current study was to elucidate the wh ...202133931718
distribution of avian influenza viruses according to environmental surveillance during 2014-2018, china.recurrent infections of animal hosts with avian influenza viruses (aivs) have posted a persistent threat. it is very important to understand the avian influenza virus distribution and characteristics in environment associated with poultry and wild bird. the aim of this study was to analyze the geographic and seasonal distributions of aivs in the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous region (pma) of china, compare the aivs prevalence in different collecting sites and sampling types, analyze ...202133957986
viral-host interactome analysis reveals chicken stau2 interacts with non-structural protein 1 and promotes the replication of h5n1 avian influenza virus.as a highly pathogenic influenza virus, h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) poses a great threat to poultry production and public health. h5n1 aiv has a small genome and, therefore, relies heavily on its host cellular machinery to replicate. to develop a comprehensive understanding of how h5n1 aiv rewires host cellular machinery during the course of infection, it is crucial to identify which host proteins and complexes come into physical contact with the viral proteins. here, we utilized affinity p ...202133968009
asp149 and asp152 in chicken and human anp32a play an essential role in the interaction with influenza viral polymerase.the acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member a (anp32a) is a cellular host factor that determines the host tropism of the viral polymerase (vpol) of avian influenza viruses (aivs). compared with human anp32a (hanp32a), chicken anp32a contains an additional 33 amino acid residues (176-208) duplicated from amino acid residues 149-175 (27 residues), suggesting that these residues could be involved in increasing vpol activity by strengthening interactions between anp32a and vpol. however, the ...202133982347
exposure of wild boar to influenza a viruses in bavaria: analysis of seroprevalences and antibody subtype specificity before and after the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses a (h5n8).swine influenza a viruses (s-iav) circulate in wild boar populations worldwide. subtypes primarily reflect those actually present within the respective pig industry. accordingly, infections with swine h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 have been reported for several regions of germany. as pigs are susceptible not only to s-iav but also to avian and human influenza a viruses, it is necessary to consider the possibility that new reassortant viruses with pandemic potential may arise in these new hosts. therefore, ...202133987931
do contrasting patterns of migration movements and disease outbreaks between congeneric waterfowl species reflect differing immunity?long-distance migrations influence the dynamics of hostpathogen interactions and understanding the role of migratory waterfowl in the spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) is important. while wild geese have been associated with outbreak events, disease ecology of closely related species has not been studied to the same extent. the swan goose (anser cygnoides) and the bar-headed goose (anser indicus) are congeneric species with distinctly different hpaiv infection recor ...202134000793
h7n9 influenza virus-like particle based on bevs protects chickens from lethal challenge with highly pathogenic h7n9 avian influenza virus.h7n9 avian influenza virus poses a dual threat to both poultry industry and public health. therefore, it is highly urgent to develop an effective vaccine to reduce its pandemic potential. virus-like particles (vlp) represent an effective approach for pandemic vaccine development. in this study, a recombinant baculovirus co-expressing the ha, na and m1 genes of the h7n9 virus was constructed for generation of h7n9 vlp. single immunization of chickens with 15 μg of the vlp or the commercial whole ...202134004568
the pb2 co-adaptation of h10n8 avian influenza virus increases the pathogenicity to chickens and mice.avian influenza (ai) is an important zoonotic disease, which can be transmitted across species barriers to other hosts, especially humans, posing a serious threat to the poultry industry and public health. in recent years, human cases infected with the h10n8, h9n2, and h7n9 of avian influenza viruses (aivs) have been identified frequently as have the internal genes of h7n9 and h10n8, which are derived from h9n2 viruses. the adaptive mutation of the pb2 gene is an important way for the h10n8, h9n ...202134008327
first report of field cases of y280-like lpai h9n2 strains in south korean poultry farms: pathological findings and genetic characterization.h9n2 low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses have long been circulating in the world poultry industry, resulting in substantial economic losses. in addition to bird health consequences, viruses from specific lineages such as g1 and y280 are also known to have the potential to cause a pandemic within the human population. in south korea, after introducing inactivated h9n2 vaccines in 2007, there were no field outbreaks of h9n2 lpai since 2009. however, in june 2020, an h9n2 virus was isolat ...202134013789
incursion of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus, the netherlands, october 2020.highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus was detected in mute swans in the netherlands during october 2020. the virus shares a common ancestor with clade 2.3.4.4b viruses detected in egypt during 2018-2019 and has similar genetic composition. the virus is not directly related to h5n8 viruses from europe detected in the first half of 2020.202134013854
comparative analysis of swine leukocyte antigen gene diversity in european farmed pigs.in europe, swine represent economically important farm animals and furthermore have become a preferred preclinical large animal model for biomedical studies, transplantation and regenerative medicine research. the need for typing of the swine leukocyte antigen (sla) is increasing with the expanded use of pigs as models for human diseases and organ-transplantation experiments and their use in infection studies and for design of veterinary vaccines. in this study, we characterised the sla class i ...202134028065
health monitoring in birds using bio-loggers and whole blood transcriptomics.monitoring and early detection of emerging infectious diseases in wild animals is of crucial global importance, yet reliable ways to measure immune status and responses are lacking for animals in the wild. here we assess the usefulness of bio-loggers for detecting disease outbreaks in free-living birds and confirm detailed responses using leukocyte composition and large-scale transcriptomics. we simulated natural infections by viral and bacterial pathogens in captive mallards (anas platyrhynchos ...202134031452
respiratory tract explant infection dynamics of influenza a virus in california sea lions, northern elephant seals, and rhesus macaques.to understand susceptibility of wild california sea lions and northern elephant seals to influenza a virus (iav), we developed an ex vivo respiratory explant model and used it to compare infection kinetics for multiple iav subtypes. we first established the approach using explants from colonized rhesus macaques, a model for human iav. trachea, bronchi, and lungs from 11 california sea lions, 2 northern elephant seals, and 10 rhesus macaques were inoculated within 24 h postmortem with 6 strains r ...202134037419
biodetection of a specific odor signature in mallard feces associated with infection by low pathogenic avian influenza a virus.outbreaks of avian influenza virus (aiv) infection included the spread of highly pathogenic aiv in commercial poultry and backyard flocks in the spring of 2015. this resulted in estimated losses of more than $8.5 million from federal government expenditures, $1.6 billion from direct losses to produces arising from destroyed turkey and chicken egg production, and economy-wide indirect costs of $3.3 billion from impacts on retailers and the food service industries. additionally, these outbreaks re ...202134038460
genetic characterization of an h5n6 avian influenza virus with multiple origins from a chicken in southern china, october 2019.highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of h5 subtype pose a great threat to the poultry industry and human health. in recent years, h5n6 subtype has rapidly replaced h5n1 as the most predominate hpaiv subtype circulating in domestic poultry in china. in this study, we describe the genetic and phylogenetic characteristics of a prevalent h5n6 strain in guangdong, china.202134049549
plant-based, adjuvant-free, potent multivalent vaccines for avian influenza virus via lactococcus surface display.influenza epidemics frequently and unpredictably break out all over the world, and seriously affect the breeding industry and human activity. inactivated and live attenuated viruses have been used as protective vaccines but exhibit high risks for biosafety. subunit vaccines enjoy high biosafety and specificity but have a few weak points compared to inactivated virus or live attenuated virus vaccines, especially in low immunogenicity. in this study, we developed a new subunit vaccine platform for ...202134051041
n-glycolylneuraminic acid in animal models for human influenza a virus.the first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) and n-glycolylneuraminic acid (neu5gc) are the two main species. animal models with α2,6 linked neu5ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza a viruses. animal models that are c ...202134062844
a semiquantitative scoring system for histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of lesions and tissue tropism in avian influenza.the main findings of the post-mortem examination of poultry infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) include necrotizing inflammation and viral antigen in multiple organs. the lesion profile displays marked variability, depending on viral subtype, strain, and host species. therefore, in this study, a semiquantitative scoring system was developed to compare histopathological findings across a wide range of study conditions. briefly, the severity of necrotizing lesions in br ...202134065126
genetic characterization and pathogenesis of avian influenza virus h7n3 isolated from spot-billed ducks in south korea, early 2019.low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) introduced by migratory birds circulate in wild birds and can be transmitted to poultry. these viruses can mutate to become highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses causing severe disease and death in poultry. in march 2019, an h7n3 avian influenza virus-a/spot-billed duck/south korea/wku2019-1/2019 (h7n3)-was isolated from spot-billed ducks in south korea. this study aimed to evaluate the phylogenetic and mutational analysis of this isolate. mo ...202134067187
serological evidence of backyard pig exposure to highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus during 2016-2017 epizootic in france.in autumn/winter 2016-2017, hpai-h5n8 viruses belonging to the a/goose/guandong/1/1996 (gs/gd) lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b, were responsible for outbreaks in domestic poultry in europe, and veterinarians were requested to reinforce surveillance of pigs bred in hpai-h5nx confirmed mixed herds. in this context, ten pig herds were visited in southwestern france from december 2016 to may 2017 and serological analyses for influenza a virus (iav) infections were carried out by elisa and hemagglutination i ...202134070190
diversity and reassortment rate of influenza a viruses in wild ducks and gulls.influenza a viruses (iavs) evolve via point mutations and reassortment of viral gene segments. the patterns of reassortment in different host species differ considerably. we investigated the genetic diversity of iavs in wild ducks and compared it with the viral diversity in gulls. the complete genomes of 38 iavs of h1n1, h1n2, h3n1, h3n2, h3n6, h3n8, h4n6, h5n3, h6n2, h11n6, and h11n9 subtypes isolated from wild mallard ducks and gulls resting in a city pond in moscow, russia were sequenced. the ...202134072256
antigenic evolution of contemporary clade 2.3.4.4 hpai h5 influenza a viruses and impact on vaccine use for mitigation and control.since 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5 subtype have been maintained in poultry, periodically spilling back into wild migratory birds and spread to other geographic regions, with re-introduction to domestic birds causing severe impacts for poultry health, production and food sustainability. successive waves of infection have also resulted in substantial genetic evolution and reassortment, enabling the emergence of multiple clades and subtypes within the h5 2.3.4.4 ...202134074548
equine influenza: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatment.influenza is an extremely contagious respiratory disease, which predominantly affects the upper respiratory tract. there are four types of influenza virus, and pigs and chickens are considered two key reservoirs of this virus. equine influenza (ei) virus was first identified in horses in 1956, in prague. the influenza a viruses responsible for ei are h7n7 and h3n8. outbreaks of ei are characterized by their visible and rapid spread, and it has been possible to isolate and characterize h3n8 outbr ...202134075870
bird flu outbreak amidst covid-19 pandemic in south africa: efforts and challenges at hand.over the months of april and may 2021, south africa has witnessed several outbreaks of highly infective avian influenza (h5n1) in different poultry farms. this came as a shock to a country that was already battling with the deadly covid-19 pandemic. the emergence of the virus has spurred import bans and massive culls in the poultry business. local experts have also called for a restriction on the movement of people and cars in and out of their chicken farms. employees have also been encouraged t ...202134081338
combination therapy of zinc and trimethoprim inhibits infection of influenza a virus in chick embryo.respiratory rna viruses including influenza virus have been a cause of health and economic hardships. these viruses depend on its host for replication and infection. influenza virus infection is lethal to the chick embryo. we examined whether a combination of trimethoprim and zinc (tri-z), that acts on the host, can reduce the lethal effect of influenza a virus in chick embryo model.202134082750
epidemiological surveillance of h9n2 avian influenza virus infection among chickens in farms and backyards in egypt 2015-2016.lpai h9n2 infection among the poultry population in egypt constitutes an additional risk factor in the poultry industry. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) in commercial and backyard chickens in egypt. a 2-year survey of h9n2 aiv in chickens in farms and backyards was carried out in 2015 and 2016.202134083945
establishment of an induced pluripotent stem cell line from a female domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo) with an x chromosome instability.the domestic ferret (ferret; mustela putorius furo) is an important animal model for neuroscience and preclinical/veterinary medicine owing to its highly developed cerebral cortex and susceptibility to avian influenza and corona viruses. nevertheless, there is a lack of in vitro ferret models, since immortal cell lines including induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) of ferrets have been scarce. in this study, we established an ipsc line from ferret skin fibroblasts. the established ipsc line, f ...202134088013
a quantitative risk assessment to evaluate the efficacy of mitigation strategies to reduce highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, subtype h5n1 (hpai h5n1) in the menoufia governorate, egypt.the poultry industry in egypt has been suffering from endemic highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, subtype h5n1 since 2006. however, the emergence of h9n2, h5n8, and h5n2 in 2011, 2016, and 2019 respectively, has aggravated the situation. our objective was to evaluate how effective are the mitigation strategies by a quantitative risk assessment (qra) model which used daily outbreak data of hpai-h5n1 subtype in egypt, stratified by different successive epidemic waves from 2006 to 2016.202134098961
low-pathogenicity influenza viruses replicate differently in laughing gulls and mallards.wild aquatic birds are natural reservoirs of low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (lpaivs). laughing gulls inoculated with four gull-origin lpaivs (h7n3, h6n4, h3n8, and h2n3) had a predominate respiratory infection. by contrast, mallards inoculated with two mallard-origin lpaivs (h5n6 and h4n8) became infected and had similar virus titers in oropharyngeal (op) and cloacal (cl) swabs. the trend toward predominate op shedding in gulls suggest a greater role of direct bird transmission in mai ...202134109758
h5n1 avian flu infection in hubbard broiler chicken can be prevented or cured by methylated soy protein during 42 days rearing.methylated soy protein (msp) which is positively charged with enhanced hydrophobicity may have antiviral action. this study is verifying if msp can act inhibit h5n1 inside an animal model. five groups of hubbard chicks were challenged at the 25th day of the experiment with aiv virus (h5n1; 0.1 × 105 eid50/ml); 1 group did not receive any treatment (positive control), 2 groups (protective) received treatments before and after the challenge (0.1-0.2 g/l in drinking water ad libitum), and 2 groups ...202134110560
distinct transcriptional responses to fatal ebola virus infection in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques suggest species-specific immune responses.ebola virus (ebov) is a negative single-stranded rna virus within the filoviridae family and the causative agent of ebola virus disease (evd). nonhuman primates (nhps), including cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, are considered the gold standard animal model to interrogate mechanisms of ebov pathogenesis. however, despite significant genetic similarity (>90%), nhp species display different clinical presentation following ebov infection, notably a ∼1-2 days delay in disease progression. consequentl ...202134112056
thermal image scanning for the early detection of fever induced by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens and ducks and its application in farms.highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is considered as one of the most devastating poultry diseases. it is imperative to immediately report any known outbreaks to the world organization for animal health. early detection of infected birds is of paramount importance to control virus spread, thus minimizing the associated economic loss. in this study, thermal imaging camera devices were used to detect change in the maximum surface temperature (mst) of chickens (n = 5) and ducks (n = 2) as an ea ...202134113668
changes of avian influenza virus subtypes before and after vaccination in live poultry in nanchang, china from 2016 to 2019.we investigated fluctuations in the detection rates of avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5, h7, and h9 in live bird markets (lbms) in nanchang city, chinese province jiangxi, before and after the chinese nationwide aiv vaccination campaign against highly pathogenic (hp) aiv subtype h5 and h7. samples were tested for nucleic acid of type a avian influenza virus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technology. the h5, h7 and h9 subtypes of influenza viruses were further ...202134116164
first detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in norway.several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) caused by influenza a virus of subtype h5n8 have been reported in wild birds and poultry in europe during autumn 2020. norway is one of the few countries in europe that had not previously detected hpai virus, despite widespread active monitoring of both domestic and wild birds since 2005.202134118927
study of the host specificity of pb1-f2-associated virulence.influenza a viruses cause important diseases in both human and animal. the pb1-f2 protein is a virulence factor expressed by some influenza viruses. its deleterious action for the infected host is mostly described in mammals, while the available information is scarce in avian hosts. in this work, we compared the effects of pb1-f2 in avian and mammalian hosts by taking advantage of the zoonotic capabilities of an avian h7n1 virus. in vitro, the h7n1 virus did not behave differently when pb1-f2 wa ...202134125653
genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza a/h5n1 viruses in bangladesh.asian lineage a/h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in bangladesh since 2007. although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 hpaivs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in bangladesh. in this study, we identified a/h9n2 (n = 15), a/h5n1 (n = 19), and a/h5n1-a/h9n2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (corvus splende ...202034127940
molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 virus during co-circulation with newly-emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus in iran.identification of molecular characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 virus provides insights into the evolution of this subtype due to the modulation of genomic characteristics in co-circulation with another subtype. the present study aimed to analyze the molecular and phylogenetic characteristics of the current lpai h9n2 virus in characteristics of internal proteins are crucial for the adaptations of aivs viruses to a new host. since h9n2 is indigenous among poultry, contin ...202134130471
pathogenicity and transmissibility of current h3n2 swine influenza virus in southern china: a zoonotic potential.swine are considered as 'mixing vessels' of influenza a viruses and play an important role in the generation of novel influenza pandemics. in this study, we described that the h3n2 swine influenza (swh3n2) viruses currently circulating in pigs in guangdong province carried six internal genes from 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus (pmd09), and their antigenicity was obviously different from that of current human h3n2 influenza viruses or recommended vaccine strains (a/guangdong/1194/2019, a/hong kong/4801 ...202134132051
genomic evolution, transmission dynamics, and pathogenicity of avian influenza a (h5n8) viruses emerging in china, 2020.multiple recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n8 viruses originating in aquatic birds frequently occurred in most european countries, russia, south korea, and japan during the winter of 2020-21, and one zoonotic event of poultry workers infected with novel h5n8 viruses were reported in russia. strikingly, these novel h5n8 viruses had emerged and been co-circulating in wild birds and poultry in multiple provinces of china during 2020-21. in china, the population of aquatic birds has risen sign ...202134141450
isolation of clade 2.3.4.4b a(h5n8), a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, from a worker during an outbreak on a poultry farm, russia, december 2020.this study presents the isolation of influenza a(h5n8) virus clade 2.3.4.4b from a poultry worker during an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) among chickens at a poultry farm in astrakhan, russia in december 2020. nasopharyngeal swabs collected from seven poultry workers were positive for influenza a(h5n8), as confirmed by rt-pcr and sequencing. the influenza a(h5n8) virus was isolated from one of the human specimens and characterised. sporadic human influenza a(h5)2.3.4.4. i ...202134142650
preferential selection and contribution of non-structural protein 1 (ns1) to the efficient transmission of panzootic avian influenza h5n8 virus clades 2.3.4.4a and b in chickens and ducks.highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 caused outbreaks in poultry at an unprecedented global scale. the virus was spread by wild birds in asia in two waves: clade 2.3.4.4a in 2014/2015 and clade 2.3.4.4b from 2016 up to today. both clades were highly virulent in chickens, but only clade b viruses exhibited high virulence in ducks. viral factors which contribute to virulence and transmission of these panzootic h5n8 2.3.4.4 viruses are largely unknown. the ns1 protein, typical ...202134160261
novel reassortant 2.3.4.4b h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses circulating among wild, domestic birds in xinjiang, northwest china.the h5 avian influenza viruses (aivs) of clade 2.3.4.4 circulate in wild and domestic birds worldwide. in 2017, nine strains of h5n6 aivs were isolated from aquatic poultry in xinjiang, northwest china.202134170087
detection of virus-related sequences associated with potential etiologies of hepatitis in liver tissue samples from rats, mice, shrews, and bats.hepatitis is a major global health concern. however, the etiology of 10-20% hepatitis cases remains unclear. some hepatitis-associated viruses, like the hepatitis e virus, are zoonotic pathogens. rats, shrews, and bats are reservoirs for many zoonotic pathogens. therefore, understanding the virome in the liver of these animals is important for the investigation of the etiologies of hepatitis and monitoring the emerging zoonotic viruses. in this study, viral metagenomics and pcr methods were used ...202134177835
elucidating the local transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 in the republic of korea by integrating phylogenetic information.highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus is one of the most virulent and infectious pathogens of poultry. as a response to hpai epidemics, veterinary authorities implement preemptive depopulation as a controlling strategy. however, mass culling within a uniform radius of the infection site can result in unnecessary depopulation. therefore, it is useful to quantify the transmission distance from infected premises (ips) before determining the optimal area for preemptive depopulation. accordi ...202134199439
subclinical infection and transmission of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in mandarin duck (aix galericulata) and domestic pigeon (columbia livia domestica).since 2014, h5nx clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) have caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in multiple continents, including asia, europe, africa, and north america. wild birds were suspected to be the sources of the local and global spreads of hpaiv. this study evaluated the infectivity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 hpaiv in mandarin ducks (aixgalericulata) and domestic pigeons (columbia livia domestica). none of the birds used ...202134199847
primary chicken and duck endothelial cells display a differential response to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) in gallinaceous poultry are associated with viral infection of the endothelium, the induction of a 'cytokine storm, and severe disease. in contrast, in pekin ducks, hpaivs are rarely endothelial tropic, and a cytokine storm is not observed. to date, understanding these species-dependent differences in pathogenesis has been hampered by the absence of a pure culture of duck and chicken endothelial cells. here, we use our recently established in vi ...202134200798
in vitro inhibition of influenza virus using crispr/cas13a in chicken cells.advances in the field of crispr/cas systems are expanding our ability to modulate cellular genomes and transcriptomes precisely and efficiently. here, we assessed the cas13a-mediated targeted disruption of rna in chicken fibroblast df1 cells. first, we developed a tol2 transposon vector carrying the cas13a-msgfp-nls (pt-cas13a) transgene, followed by a stable insertion of the cas13a transgene into the genome of df1 cells to generate stable df1-cas13a cells. to assess the cas13a-mediated function ...202134201194
virus adaptation following experimental infection of chickens with a domestic duck low pathogenic avian influenza isolate from the 2017 usa h7n9 outbreak identifies polymorphic mutations in multiple gene segments.in march 2017, highly pathogenic (hp) and low pathogenic (lp) avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h7n9 were detected from poultry farms and backyard birds in several states in the southeast united states. because interspecies transmission is a known mechanism for evolution of aivs, we sought to characterize infection and transmission of a domestic duck-origin h7n9 lpaiv in chickens and genetically compare the viruses replicating in the chickens to the original h7n9 clinical field samples used as ...202134207098
single dose of multi-clade virus-like particle vaccine protects chickens against clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.virus-like particles (vlps) are recognized as an alternative vaccine platform that provide effective protection against various highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs). here, we developed multi-clade vlps expressing two has (a chimera of clade 2.3.2.1c and clade 2.3.4.4c ha) within a single vector. we then compared its protective efficacy with that of a monovalent vlp and evaluated its potency against each homologous strain. chickens vaccinated with the multi-clade vlp shed less virus ...202134215796
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