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outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n6) virus subclade 2.3.4.4h in swans, xinjiang, western china, 2020.in january 2020, the subclade 2.3.4.4h of highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n6) virus infected migratory whooper swans and mute swans in xinjiang, western china. the virus is lethal to chickens and ducks but has low pathogenicity in mice. antigenically, this subclade is similar to the h5n1 vaccine seed virus re-11.202033030424
emergence of highly pathogenic h5n2 and h7n1 influenza a viruses from low pathogenic precursors by serial passage in ovo.highly pathogenic (hpai) strains emerge from their low pathogenic (lpai) precursors and cause severe disease in poultry with enormous economic losses, and zoonotic potential. understanding the mechanisms involved in hpai emergence is thus an important goal for risk assessments. in this study ostrich-origin h5n2 and h7n1 lpai progenitor viruses were serially passaged seventeen times in 14-day old embryonated chicken eggs and ion torrent ultra-deep sequencing was used to monitor the incremental ch ...202033031421
data mining and model-predicting a global disease reservoir for low-pathogenic avian influenza (a) in the wider pacific rim using big data sets.avian influenza (ai) is a complex but still poorly understood disease; specifically when it comes to reservoirs, co-infections, connectedness and wider landscape perspectives. low pathogenic (low-path lp) ai in chickens caused by less virulent strains of ai viruses (aivs)-when compared with highly pathogenic aivs (hpaivs)-are not even well-described yet or known how they contribute to wider ai and immune system issues. co-circulation of lpaivs with hpaivs suggests their interactions in their eco ...202033033298
infectivity and pathobiology of h7n1 and h5n8 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses for pigeons (columba livia var. domestica).avian influenza (ai) is one of the most important viral diseases in poultry, wildlife and humans. available data indicates that pigeons play a minimum role in the epidemiology of ai. however, a degree of variation exists in the susceptibility of pigeons to highly pathogenic ai viruses (hpaivs), especially since the emergence of the goose/guangdong h5 lineage. here, the pathogenesis of h5n8 hpaiv in comparison with a h7n1 hpaiv and the role of pigeons in the epidemiology of these viruses were eva ...202033034513
co-inections of domestic and wild birds with avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses: implications for control and genetic mutations.co-infections of birds' upper respiratory tract by avian pathogens are common and cause increasing economic losses. this study determines co-infection status of avian influenza (ai) and newcastle disease (nd) in birds in two nigerian states with different highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) records and where modified stamping out policy contained the virus for seven years after which the virus resurged with higher infectivity in 2015. a cross-sectional study sampling 910 apparently healthy ...202033040313
selective usage of anp32 proteins by influenza b virus polymerase: implications in determination of host range.the influenza b virus (ibv) causes seasonal influenza and has accounted for an increasing proportion of influenza outbreaks. ibv mainly causes human infections and has not been found to spread in poultry. the replication mechanism and the determinants of interspecies transmission of ibv are largely unknown. in this study, we found that the host anp32 proteins are required for the function of the ibv polymerase. human anp32a/b strongly supports ibv replication, while anp32e has a limited role. un ...202033045004
selection and antigenic characterization of immune-escape mutants of h7n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus using homologous polyclonal sera.understanding the dynamics of the selection of influenza a immune escape variants by serum antibody is critical for designing effective vaccination programs for animals, especially poultry where large populations have a short generation time and may be vaccinated with high frequency. in this report, immune-escape mutants of a/turkey/new york/4450/1994 h7n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus, were selected by serially passaging the virus in the presence of continuously increasing concentrations ...202033045306
immunization with plant-derived multimeric h5 hemagglutinins protect chicken against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1.since 2003, h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) have not only caused outbreaks in poultry but were also transmitted to humans with high mortality rates. vaccination is an efficient and economical means of increasing immunity against infections to decrease the shedding of infectious agents in immunized animals and to reduce the probability of further infections. subunit vaccines from plants are the focus of modern vaccine developments. in this study, plant-made hemagglutinin (h ...202033050224
haemagglutinin displayed on the surface of lactococcus lactis confers broad cross-clade protection against different h5n1 viruses in chickens.the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus poses a potential threat to the poultry industry. the currently available avian influenza h5n1 vaccines for poultry are clade-specific. therefore, an effective vaccine for preventing and controlling h5n1 viruses belonging to different clades needs to be developed.202033059676
probiotic lactobacilli limit avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 replication in chicken cecal tonsil mononuclear cells.low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) h9n2 poses significant threat to animal and human health. the growing interest in beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on host immune system has led to research efforts studying their interaction with cells of host immune system. however, the role of lactobacilli in inducing antiviral responses in lymphoid tissue cells requires further investigation. the objective of the present study was to examine the antiviral and immunostimulatory effects of l ...202033066282
comparison of the effectiveness of two different vaccination regimes for avian influenza h9n2 in broiler chicken.low pathogenic avian influenza virus is one of the major threats that has been affecting the poultry industry in the middle east region for decades. attempts to eradicate this disease have failed. currently, there are commercial vaccines that are either imported or produced locally from recently circulating isolates of h9n2 in egypt and middle eastern countries. this present work focused on comparing the effectiveness of two vaccines belonging to these categories in egypt. two commercial broiler ...202033066560
analysis of the microrna expression profiles of chicken dendritic cells in response to h9n2 avian influenza virus infection.microrna (mirna) plays a key role in virus-host interactions. here, we employed deep sequencing technology to determine cellular mirna expression profiles in chicken dendritic cells infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv). a total of 66 known and 36 novel mirnas were differently expressed upon h9n2 infection, including 72 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated mirnas. functional analysis showed that the predicted targets of these mirnas were significantly enriched in several pathways includin ...202033069243
serological evidence of avian influenza virus subtype h5 and h9 in live bird market, myanmar.avian influenza (ai), caused by alphainfluenzaviruses (aivs), is a contagious respiratory disease in birds and mammals. aivs have been reported in poultry worldwide and the impact of aivs on human health is immense. in this study, a serological survey of aiv subtype h5 and h9 was conducted in a live bird market (lbm) in yangon, myanmar during february 2016 to september 2016. a total of 621 serum samples were collected from chickens (n = 489) and ducks (n = 132) from 48 vendors in the lbm. the sa ...202033091862
genetic characterization of an h5n6 avian influenza virus from chickens in guangdong, china. 202033098955
influenza a viruses in ruddy turnstones (arenaria interpres); connecting wintering and migratory sites with an ecological hotspot at delaware bay.each may for over three decades, avian influenza a viruses (iavs) have been isolated from shorebirds and gulls (order charadriiformes) at delaware bay (de bay), usa, which is a critical stopover site for shorebirds on their spring migration to arctic breeding grounds. at de bay, most isolates have been recovered from ruddy turnstones (arenaria interpres), but it is unknown if this species is involved in either the maintenance or movement of these viruses outside of this site. we collected and te ...202033105913
antibody response of a h9 subtype avian influenza poultry vaccine on three kinds of wild birds in shanghai zoo.a semi-annual immunization with a commercial inactivated h9 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccine developed for poultry has been used to prevent and control the avian influenza (ai) infections among captured wild birds in shanghai zoo. however, the overall safety and effectiveness of the poultry vaccine for housed birds in the zoo remains unclear. to verify the safety and efficacy of the commercial inactivated h9 ai vaccine on zoo birds, and to explore a more reasonable and effective immun ...202033108447
a review of avian influenza a virus associations in synanthropic birds.avian influenza a viruses (iav) have received significant attention due to the threat they pose to human, livestock, and wildlife health. in this review, we focus on what is known about iav dynamics in less common avian species that may play a role in trafficking iavs to poultry operations. specifically, we focus on synanthropic bird species. synanthropic species, otherwise known as peridomestic, are species that are ecologically associated with humans and anthropogenically modified landscapes, ...202033114239
viral subpopulation screening guides in designing a high interferon inducing live attenuated influenza vaccine by targeting rare mutations in ns1 and pb2 proteins.influenza a viruses continue to circulate among wild birds and poultry worldwide, posing constant pandemic threats to humans. effective control of emerging influenza viruses requires new broadly protective vaccines. live attenuated influenza vaccines with truncations in non-structural protein 1 (ns1) have shown broad protective efficacies in birds and mammals, which correlate with the ability to induce elevated interferon responses in the vaccinated hosts. given the extreme diversity of influenz ...202033115873
evaluation of the immune status of birds and domestic and companion animals for the influenza a virus in eastern saudi arabia.influenza type a virus infections are still one of the major concerns for the health of humans and various species of domestic and companion animals. wild birds play an essential role in the transmission cycle of the virus. regularly monitoring the spread of the virus is a significant step in its mitigation. highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including h5n1 and h5n8, have been reported in birds in the arabian peninsula, including saudi arabia, in recent decades. this study aimed to evalu ...202033132612
effects of licorice extract, probiotic, toxin binder and poultry litter biochar on performance, immune function, blood indices and liver histopathology of broilers exposed to aflatoxin-b1.probiotics, toxin binders, and plant extracts improve health and immunity of broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin. the effects of licorice extract (le), protexin probiotic, toxin binder (agrabound), and poultry litter biochar (plb) in experimental aflatoxicosis were evaluated. in a completely randomized design, 504 broiler chickens were allotted to 7 treatments and 6 replicates with 12 broiler chickens in each. the experimental groups were as follows: t1) basal diet (b) without any feed additiv ...202033142507
variability of nonpathogenic influenza virus h5n3 under immune pressure.mutations arising in influenza viruses that have undergone immune pressure may promote a successful spread of mutants in nature. in order to evaluate the variability of nonpathogenic influenza virus a/duck/moscow/4182-c/2010(h5n3) and to determine the common epitopes between it and highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses (hpaiv), a set of escape mutants was selected due to action of mabs specific against a/chicken/pennsylvania/8125/83(h5n2), a/vietnam/1203/04(h5n1) and a/duck/novosibirsk/ ...202033151742
identification of efficacious vaccines against contemporary north american h7 avian influenza viruses.five vaccines, including four inactivated, whole-virus water-in-oil adjuvanted vaccines and a commercial non-replicating alphavirus vectored rna particle (rp) vaccine were evaluated in chickens for their ability to provide protection against challenge with a recent h7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv) from the us (a/turkey/in/1403-1/2016 h7n8). one of the inactivated vaccines and the rp vaccine were prepared with a/turkey/in/16-01571-6/2016 h7n8 low pathogenic aiv (tk/in/16), which i ...202033152750
quick and improved immune responses to inactivated h9n2 avian influenza vaccine by purified active fraction of albizia julibrissin saponins.h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) raises public health concerns and its eradication in poultry becomes even more important in preventing influenza. ajsaf is a purified active saponin fraction from the stem bark of albizzia julibrissin. in this study, ajsaf was evaluated for the adjuvant potentials on immune responses to inactivated h9n2 avian influenza virus vaccine (ih9v) in mice and chicken in comparison with commercially oil-adjuvant.202033160337
the association between saα2,3gal occurrence frequency and avian influenza viral load in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and blue-winged teals (spatula discors).individual heterogeneity in pathogen load can affect disease transmission dynamics; therefore, identifying intrinsic factors responsible for variation in pathogen load is necessary for determining which individuals are prone to be most infectious. because low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) preferentially bind to alpha-2,3 sialic acid receptors (saα2,3gal) in the intestines and bursa of fabricius in wild ducks (anas and spatula spp.), we investigated juvenile mallards (anas platyrhync ...202033167978
isolation and characterization of low pathogenic h7n7 avian influenza virus from a red-crowned crane in a zoo in south korea.south korea conducts annual national surveillance programs to detect avian influenza (ai) in domestic poultry, live bird markets, and wild birds. in march 2017, an aiv was isolated from fecal samples in an outdoor aviary flight cage in a zoo in korea.202033167987
ongoing genetic evolution of h9n2 avian influenza viruses in iranian industrial poultry farms.despite the use of wide-scale vaccination programmes against the h9n2 virus, enzootic outbreaks of h9n2 avian influenza (ai) have often occurred and caused serious nationwide economic losses, particularly in broiler chickens. in this study, the haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of nine recent h9n2s and a common vaccine strain were fully sequenced and compared with other representative iranian viruses. phylogenetic analysis revealed that all iranian viruses were grouped into the g1 ...202033185568
nitrate is crucial for the proliferation of gut escherichia coli caused by h9n2 aiv infection and effective regulation by chinese herbal medicine ageratum-liquid.h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) infection in chickens is often accompanied by secondary bacterial infection, but the mechanism is unclear. the aim of the present study was to reveal that mechanism and explore non-antibiotic treatment. 16s rrna sequencing and metabonomics were performed in the intestinal contents of chickens infected with h9n2 aiv or h9n2 aiv and fed with ageratum-liquid (al) to reveal the metabolite that promote intestinal escherichia coli (e. coli) proliferation caused by h9n2 ...202033193136
truncation or deglycosylation of the neuraminidase stalk enhances the pathogenicity of the h5n1 subtype avian influenza virus in mallard ducks.h5n1 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) with a deletion of 20 amino acids at residues 49-68 in the stalk region of neuraminidase (na) became a major epidemic virus. to determine the effect of truncation or deglycosylation of the na stalk on virulence, we used site-directed mutagenesis to insert 20 amino acids in the short-stalk virus a/mallard/huadong/s/2005 (sy) to recover the long-stalk virus (rsna+). a series of short-stalk or deglycosylated-stalk viruses were also constructed basing on the ...202033193225
characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene in h9 influenza viruses from chickens in morocco from 2017 to 2019.since the early 2000s, the avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h9n2 has been widely circulating in north african countries, including libya, tunisia, and egypt. for unknown reasons, h9n2 was not detected in moroccan farms until the end of 2016, and at present, it is endemic in poultry. this study was carried out to evaluate the evolution of h9 aivs in morocco from 2017 to 2019. in this study, 16 h9 viruses collected from 2017 to 2019 in morocco were isolated and sequenced. the genomic signatures ...202033205168
prevalence and distribution of avian influenza viruses in domestic ducks at the waterfowl-chicken interface in wetlands.ducks are a natural reservoir of influenza a viruses (iavs) and can act as a reassortment vessel. wetlands, such as hakaluki and tanguar haor in bangladesh, have unique ecosystems including domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) rearing, especially household and free-range ducks. a cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to explore avian influenza status and its distribution and risk factors in the wetland areas. during the three consecutive winters of 2015-2017, specifically in d ...202033207803
host anp32a mediates the assembly of the influenza virus replicase.aquatic birds represent a vast reservoir from which new pandemic influenza a viruses can emerge1. influenza viruses contain a negative-sense segmented rna genome that is transcribed and replicated by the viral heterotrimeric rna polymerase (flupol) in the context of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes2,3. rna polymerases of avian influenza a viruses (flupola) replicate viral rna inefficiently in human cells because of species-specific differences in acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 (anp32), a fami ...202033208942
pattern-recognition receptors in duck (anas platyrhynchos): identification, expression and function analysis of toll-like receptor 3.1. innate immunity provides the first line of defence against pathogenic organisms through a myriad of germline encoded receptors called pattern-recognition receptors (prrs). toll-like receptor (tlr) 3, as an important member of prrs, is indispensable for host defence against viral infection by recognising virus-derived rnas. however, little is known about the structure and function of tlr3 in ducks (anas platyrhynchos), a natural host for the avian influenza virus.2. this study cloned the full- ...202033215508
coinfection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus enhances the severity of pneumonia in golden syrian hamsters.clinical outcomes of the interaction between the co-circulating pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and seasonal influenza viruses are unknown.202133216851
dominant subtype switch in avian influenza viruses during 2016-2019 in china.we have surveyed avian influenza virus (aiv) genomes from live poultry markets within china since 2014. here we present a total of 16,091 samples that were collected from may 2016 to february 2019 in 23 provinces and municipalities in china. we identify 2048 aiv-positive samples and perform next generation sequencing. aiv-positive rates (12.73%) from samples had decreased substantially since 2016, compared to that during 2014-2016 (26.90%). additionally, h9n2 has replaced h5n6 and h7n9 as the do ...202033219213
equine-like h3 avian influenza viruses in wild birds, chile.since their discovery in the united states in 1963, outbreaks of infection with equine influenza virus (h3n8) have been associated with serious respiratory disease in horses worldwide. genomic analysis suggests that equine h3 viruses are of an avian lineage, likely originating in wild birds. equine-like internal genes have been identified in avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in the southern cone of south america. however, an equine-like h3 hemagglutinin has not been identified. we ...202033219648
molecular characteristics of h9n2 influenza viruses isolated from farmed raccoon dogs and arctic foxes in china.in this study, eight h9n2 iavs were isolated from infected diseased, farmed raccoon dogs and arctic foxes. eight genes shared 98.6%-100% identity among the isolates possessing a psrssr/gl motif at the ha cleavage site, which is same as the motif of g1 and y280 lineages of h9n2 iavs. the phylogenetic analysis showed that the ha genes of the eight isolates clustered with y280-like viruses, whereas the na genes belonged to f/98-like sublineage. interestingly, the ns, np, pb2 and pa genes of the iso ...202033223121
probiotic lactobacilli enhance immunogenicity of an inactivated h9n2 influenza virus vaccine in chickens.avian influenza viruses (aivs) infect a wide range of hosts, including humans and many avian species. efforts have been made to control this pathogen in chickens using vaccination programs, but that has been met with varying degrees of success. therefore, identification of more efficacious vaccination strategies is warranted. this study was undertaken to investigate the potential effects of probiotics on the immunogenicity of a beta-propiolactone-whole inactivated virus (wiv) vaccine of h9n2 sub ...202033236974
evolution and pathogenicity of h6 avian influenza viruses isolated from southern china during 2011 to 2017 in mice and chickens.h6 subtype avian influenza viruses spread widely in birds and pose potential threats to poultry and mammals, even to human beings. in this study, the evolution and pathogenicity of h6 aivs isolated in live poultry markets from 2011 to 2017 were investigated. these h6 isolates were reassortant with other subtypes of influenza virus with increasing genomic diversity. however, no predominant genotype was found during this period. all of the h6n2 and most of the h6n6 isolates replicated efficiently ...202033239647
factors influencing chicken farmers' decisions to implement prevention and control measures to reduce avian influenza virus spread under endemic conditions.the ongoing circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 poses a threat to both poultry and public health. adapting the constructs of the health belief model (hbm) framework, we investigated perceptions of backyard, commercial broiler and layer chicken farmers to implement hpai prevention and control measures in bangladesh. two cross-sectional studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 on 144 backyard, 106 broiler and 113 layer chicken farms. using structural equation modelling, we ...202033241659
efficacy of soya protein concentrates on the performance and immunity of broiler chickens.this study examines the supplementation of soy protein concentrates (spc) in the diet of straight run broiler chickens and its effect on their immunity and productive performance. eight hundred ross 308 mixed chicks were randomly assigned to four varied dietary treatments (200 birds each), four replicates per dietary treatment (50 chicks/replicate). the diets were a control without supplement (t0) or supplemented with t1 (7g), t2 (8g), and t3 (9g)/bird of 5% spc, which replaced sbm in the basal ...202033251252
efficacy of a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor and neuraminidase inhibitors against h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus causing severe viral pneumonia in cynomolgus macaques.h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection in a human was first reported in 2017. a/duck/japan/aq-he29-22/2017 (h7n9) (dk/he29-22), found in imported duck meat at an airport in japan, possesses a hemagglutinin with a multibasic cleavage site, indicating high pathogenicity in chickens, as in the case of other h7 hpaivs. in the present study, we examined the pathogenicity of dk/he29-22 and the effectiveness of a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir) and neuraminidase ...202133257455
mutations in pb1, np, ha, and na contribute to increased virus fitness of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4 in chickens.the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) clade 2.3.4.4 virus spread to north america by wild birds and reassorted to generate the h5n2 hpai virus that caused the poultry outbreak in the united states in 2015. in previous studies, we showed that h5n2 viruses isolated from poultry in the later stages of the outbreak had higher infectivity and transmissibility in chickens than the wild bird index h5n2 virus. here, we determined the genetic changes that contributed to the difference in host ...202033268526
comparative infectivity and transmissibility studies of wild-bird and chicken-origin highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n8 in chickens.despite the recent advances in avian influenza viruses surveillance and genomic data, fundamental questions concerning the ecology and evolution of these viruses remain elusive. in egypt, h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) are co-circulating simultaneously with hpaivs of subtypes h5n1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) of subtype h9n2 in both commercial and backyard poultry. in order to isolate aivs from wild birds and to assess their potential in causing in ...202033271478
the effect of i155t, k156q, k156e and n186k mutations in hemagglutinin on the virulence and reproduction of influenza a/h5n1 viruses.the continued circulation of influenza a virus subtype h5 may cause the emergence of new potential pandemic virus variants, which can be transmitted from person to person. the occurrence of such variants is mainly related to mutations in hemagglutinin (ha). previously we discovered mutations in h5n1 influenza virus hemagglutinin, which contributes to virus immune evasion. the purpose of this work was to study the role of these mutations in changing other, non-antigenic properties of the virus an ...202033276361
non-basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site of a european h9n2 avian influenza virus modulate virulence in turkeys.h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) is the most widespread low pathogenic (lp) aiv in poultry and poses a serious zoonotic risk. vaccination is used extensively to mitigate the economic impact of the virus. however, mutations were acquired after long-term circulation of h9n2 virus in poultry, particularly in the hemagglutinin (ha) proteolytic cleavage site (cs), a main virulence determinant of aiv. compared to chickens, little is known about the genetic determinants for adaptation of h9n2 aiv to tu ...202033277593
avian influenza overview - update on 19 november 2020, eu/eea and the uk.since 16 october 2020, outbreaks ofhighly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruseshavebeen reported inseveral eu/eeacountries -belgium, denmark, france, germany, ireland, the netherlands, and swedenas well asin the united kingdom.as of 19 november,12pm, 302 hpai a(h5) detections have been reported, with the majority of the detections referring to wild birds (n=281), and a few related to outbreaks in poultry (n=18) and captive birds (n=3). most of the detections in wild birds were in wild waterb ...202033281979
hemagglutinin stalk-based monoclonal antibody elicits broadly reactivity against group 1 influenza a virus.influenza virus remains a continuous and severe threat to public health worldwide, and its prevention and treatment have always been a major international issue. because of its ability to evade immune surveillance through rapid antigenic drift and antigenic shift, broad-spectrum vaccines seem increasingly important.202033287849
establishing a multicolor flow cytometry to characterize cellular immune response in chickens following h7n9 avian influenza virus infection.avian influenza virus (aiv) emerged and has continued to re-emerge, continuously posing great threats to animal and human health. the detection of hemagglutination inhibition (hi) or virus neutralization antibodies (na) is essential for assessing immune protection against aiv. however, the hi/na-independent immune protection is constantly observed in vaccines' development against h7n9 subtype aiv and other subtypes in chickens and mammals, necessitating the analysis of the cellular immune respon ...202033291218
highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b subtype h5n8 virus isolated from mandarin duck in south korea, 2020.in october 2020, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) subtype h5n8 virus was identified from a fecal sample of a wild mandarin duck (aix galericulata) in south korea. we sequenced all eight genome segments of the virus, designated as a/mandarin duck/korea/k20-551-4/2020(h5n8), and conducted genetic characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis to track its origin. genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis show that the hemagglutinin gene belongs to h5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup b. a ...202033291548
effect of baicalin on bacterial secondary infection and inflammation caused by h9n2 aiv infection in chickens.h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (h9n2 aiv) is a low pathogenic virus that is widely prevalent all over the world. h9n2 aiv causes immunosuppression in the host and often leads to high rates of mortality due to secondary infection with escherichia. due to the drug resistance of bacteria, many antibiotics are not effective in the treatment of secondary bacterial infection. therefore, the purpose of this study is to find effective nonantibiotic drugs for the treatment of h9n2 aiv infection-induc ...202033294434
evaluation of baloxavir marboxil and peramivir for the treatment of high pathogenicity avian influenza in chickens.control measures in the case of high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in poultry include culling, surveillance, and biosecurity; wild birds in captivity may also be culled, although some rare bird species should be rescued for conservation. in this study, two anti-influenza drugs, baloxavir marboxil (bxm) and peramivir (pr), used in humans, were examined in treating hpai in birds, using chickens as a model. chickens were infected with h5n6 hpai virus and were treated immediately or ...202033302389
a single dose of inactivated oil-emulsion bivalent h5n8/h5n1 vaccine protects chickens against the lethal challenge of both highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.in this study, two highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 viruses were isolated from chicken and geese in 2018 and 2019 (chicken/me-2018 and geese/egypt/mg4/2019). the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene analyses revealed their close relatedness to the clade-2.3.4.4b h5n8 viruses isolated from egypt and eurasian countries. a monovalent inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine containing a reassortant virus with ha gene of the chicken/me-2018/h5n8 strain and a bivalent vaccine containing same rea ...202033307456
re-invasion of h5n8 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4b in hokkaido, japan, 2020.global dispersion of high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai), especially that caused by h5 clade 2.3.4.4, has threatened poultry industries and, potentially, human health. an hpai virus, a/northern pintail/hokkaido/m13/2020 (h5n8) (np/hok/20) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b, was isolated from a fecal sample collected at a lake in hokkaido, japan where migratory birds rested, october 2020. in the phylogenetic trees of all eight gene segments, np/hok/20 fell into in the cluster of european isolates ...202033327524
a comparative study of the innate humoral immune response to avian influenza virus in wild and domestic mallards.domestic mallards (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) are traditionally used as a model to investigate infection dynamics and immune responses to low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) in free-living mallards. however, it is unclear whether the immune response of domestic birds reflects the response of their free-living counterparts naturally exposed to these viruses. we investigated the extent to which the innate humoral immune response was similar among (i) wild-type domestic mallards in ...202033329501
ha1 (hemagglutinin) quantitation for influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 high yield reassortant vaccine candidate seed viruses by rp-uplc.the only effective measure to decrease morbidity and mortality caused by the influenza virus in the human population is worldwide vaccination. vaccination produces neutralizing antibodies that target the ha1 subunit of the ha (hemagglutinin) protein and are strain specific. the effectiveness of new influenza vaccines are linked to two factors, the correct prediction of the circulating strains in the population in a particular season and the concentration of the ha1 protein in the vaccine formula ...202033341306
avian influenza overview august - december 2020.between 15 august and 7 december 2020, 561highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus detections were reported in 15eu/eea countries and uk in wild birds, poultry andcaptive birds, with germany (n=370), denmark (n=65), the netherlands (n=57) being the most affected countries.the majority of the detections have been reported in wild birds(n=510), primarily in barnacle goose, greylag goose, andeurasian wigeon. raptors have also been detected infected, particularly common buzzard. the majority o ...202033343738
genetic incompatibilities and reduced transmission in chickens may limit the evolution of reassortants between h9n2 and panzootic h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza virus showing high virulence for mammals.the unprecedented spread of h5n8- and h9n2-subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) in birds across asia, europe, africa, and north america poses a serious public health threat with a permanent risk of reassortment and the possible emergence of novel virus variants with high virulence in mammals. to gain information on this risk, we studied the potential for reassortment between two contemporary h9n2 and h5n8 viruses. while the replacement of the pb2, pa, and ns genes of highly pathogenic h5n8 by hom ...202033343923
role of the hemagglutinin residue 227 in immunogenicity of h5 and h7 subtype avian influenza vaccines in chickens.many h5 and h7 subtype avian influenza vaccines are poorly immunogenic in terms of inducing hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody titers. residue 227 (h3 numbering) in the receptor binding site in the hemagglutinin (ha) is critical for the detectability of hi antibodies induced by h5 influenza vaccines. however, whether the effect of residue 227 on immunogenicity can be generalized in different subtypes is unclear. in this study, the impact of ha residue 227 on immunogenicity of h5n1, h5n6, ...202033347548
protection of chickens with maternal immunity against avian influenza virus (aiv) by vaccination with a novel recombinant newcastle disease virus vector.newcastle disease virus (ndv) vectors expressing avian influenza virus (aiv) hemagglutinin of subtype h5 protect specific pathogen-free chickens from newcastle disease and avian influenza. however, maternal aiv antibodies (aiv-mda+) are known to interfere with active immunization by influencing vaccine virus replication and gene expression, resulting in inefficient protection. to overcome this disadvantage, we inserted a transgene encoding a truncated soluble hemagglutinin (ha) in addition to th ...202033347549
molecular identification and phylogenetic characterization of influenza a virus at a wildlife-livestock interface in mexico.influenza a virus (iav) outbreaks constitute a constant threat to public health and pose a remarkable impact on socio-economic systems worldwide. interactions between wild and domestic birds, humans and swine can lead to spillover events. backyard livestock systems in proximity to wetlands represent high-risk areas for viral spread. however, some gaps remain in our knowledge of iav transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface in mexico. hence, the study aimed at molecular identification and ...202033350099
comparative pathogenicity and environmental transmission of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses.strategies to control spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses by wild birds appear limited, hence timely characterization of novel viruses is important to mitigate the risk for the poultry sector and human health. in this study we characterize three recent h5-clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, the h5n8-2014 group a virus and the h5n8-2016 and h5n6-2017 group b viruses. the pathogenicity of the three viruses for chickens, pekin ducks and eurasian wigeons was compared. the three viruses wer ...202133350337
diagnosis and treatment of heavy metal toxicosis in six waldrapp ibis (geronticus eremita).six adult waldrapp ibis (geronticus eremita) were presented with heavy metal toxicosis secondary to paint chip ingestion after being placed in an indoor confinement enclosure because of a regional highly pathogenic avian influenza epornitic and government restrictions. four of the ibis developed clinical disease signs between 45 and 64 days of confinement, including weakness, lethargy, inability to fly, low body condition, and bilateral wing droop while 2 birds appeared to remain normal during t ...202033355415
comparative analysis of key immune protection factors in h9n2 avian influenza viruses infected and immunized specific pathogen-free chicken.h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv) continue to circulate in vaccinated chicken flocks in china, which prompted us to investigate the differential immune protection factors induced by h9n2 aiv infection and immunization for analyzing the reason of protection deficiency of h9n2 aiv inactivated vaccine. in this study, we firstly explored virus-induced optimal immune responses in chicken after h9n2 aiv infection. and, we found that h9n2 hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody level, antiviral inte ...202033357705
host range of influenza a virus h1 to h16 in eurasian ducks based on tissue and receptor binding studies.dabbling and diving ducks partly occupy shared habitats but have been reported to play different roles in wildlife infectious disease dynamics. influenza a virus (iav) epidemiology in wild birds has been based primarily on surveillance programs focused on dabbling duck species, particularly mallard (anas platyrhynchos). surveillance in eurasia has shown that in mallards, some subtypes are commonly (h1 to h7 and h10), intermediately (h8, h9, h11, and h12), or rarely (h13 to h16) detected, contrib ...202133361418
comparative safety and efficacy of two bivalent vaccines containing newcastle disease lasota and avian influenza h9n2 sidrap isolate formulated with different oil adjuvants.newcastle disease (nd) and avian influenza (ai) are two devastating diseases of poultry, which cause great economic losses to the poultry industry and disrupt food security in our country. the use of nd-ai inactive bivalent vaccine is very effective and economical to prevent and control nd and ai disease. bivalent nd lasota-ai h9n2 vaccine is not yet available in indonesia. the inactivated vaccines used in poultry industry often require oil adjuvant to elicit a sufficient immune response. this s ...202033363346
emergence of novel reassortant h1n1 avian influenza viruses in korean wild ducks in 2018 and 2019.influenza a virus subtype h1n1 has caused global pandemics like the spanish flu in 1918 and the 2009 h1n1 pandemic several times. h1n1 remains in circulation and survives in multiple animal sources, including wild birds. surveillance during the winter of 2018-2019 in korea revealed two h1n1 isolates in samples collected from wild bird feces: knu18-64 (a/greater white-fronted goose/south korea/knu18-64/2018(h1n1) and wku19-4 (a/wild bird/south korea/wku19-4/2019(h1n1). phylogenetic analysis indic ...202033375376
the evolutionary dynamics of influenza a viruses circulating in mallards in duck hunting preserves in maryland, usa.duck hunting preserves (dhp) have resident populations of farm-raised mallard ducks, which create potential foci for the evolution of novel influenza a viruses (iavs). through an eleven-year (2003-2013) iav surveillance project in seven dhps in maryland, usa, we frequently identified iavs in the resident, free-flying mallard ducks (5.8% of cloacal samples were iav-positive). the iav population had high genetic diversity, including 12 ha subtypes and 9 na subtypes. by sequencing the complete geno ...202033375548
transcriptome profiles of highly pathogenic pure avian h7n9 virus-infected lungs of balb/c mice.avian influenza a (h7n9) viruses emerged in china in 2013 and caused a zoonotic disease associated with a high case-fatality ratio of more than 30%. transcriptional profiles obtained using animal models reveal host responses to the disease, thereby providing insights into disease pathogenesis. therefore, we aimed to characterize the host responses of the h7n9 virus infected-mouse lungs in this study. first, we isolated an avian-originated h7n9 strain, which was shown to be highly pathogenic to b ...202033409298
establishment of a genetically engineered chicken df-1 cell line for efficient amplification of influenza viruses in the absence of trypsin.the initial step of influenza infection is binding of the virus to specific sialic acid receptors expressed by host cells. this is followed by cell entry via endocytosis. cleavage of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) protein is critical for infection; this is performed by host cell proteases during viral replication. in cell culture systems, ha is cleaved by trypsin added to the culture medium. the vast majority of established cell lines are mammalian.202133413322
improvement of pr8-derived recombinant clade 2.3.4.4c h5n6 vaccine strains by optimization of internal genes and h103y mutation of hemagglutinin.clade 2.3.4.4c h5n6 avian influenza a viruses (aivs) may have originally adapted to infect chickens and have caused highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in poultry and human fatalities. although a/puerto rico/8/1934 (h1n1) (pr8)-derived recombinant clade 2.3.4.4c h5n6 vaccine strains have been effective in embryonated chicken eggs-based vaccine production system, they need to be improved in terms of immunogenicity and potential mammalian pathogenicity. we replaced the pb2 gene alone or the p ...202033419331
the effect of i155t, k156q, k156e and n186k mutations in hemagglutinin on the virulence and reproduction of influenza a/h5n1 viruses.the continued circulation of influenza a virus subtype h5 may cause the emergence of new potential pandemic virus variants, which can be transmitted from person to person. the occurrence of such variants is mainly related to mutations in hemagglutinin (ha). previously we discovered mutations in h5n1 influenza virus hemagglutinin, which contributes to virus immune evasion. the purpose of this work was to study the role of these mutations in changing other, non-antigenic properties of the virus an ...202133424035
molecular detection of influenza a viruses and h5 subtype among migratory amur falcons (falco amurensis) and captive birds of prey.influenza a viruses (iavs) and newcastle disease viruses (ndvs) are major human and animal health threats with geographic differences in prevalence, characteristics and host populations. currently, there is sparse information on iavs and ndvs in avian species in south africa. because raptors feed on live wild birds which are the reservoir hosts of iavs and ndvs, we considered them a good sentinel for surveillance. therefore, in addition to other resident birds of prey, migratory amur falcons (fa ...202133428819
n-linked glycosylation at site 158 of the ha protein of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is important for viral biological properties and host immune responses.since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 has become the dominant epidemic branch of the asian lineage h5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) in southern and eastern china, while the h5n6 subtype is the most prevalent. we have shown earlier that lack of glycosylation at position 158 of the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein due to the t160a mutation is a key determinant of the dual receptor binding property of clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx subtypes. our present study aims to explore other effects of this ...202133436086
molecular characteristics of the h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets in anhui province, china, 2013 to 2018.h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) has low-pathogenicity but causes respiratory symptoms and drop in egg production in chicken with long-term virus shedding, resulting in great economic losses due to high mortality related to secondary infection with other pathogens. in recent years, h9n2 viruses have been posing a threat to public health, causing human infection in china. compared to studies on other aiv subtypes, there are relatively few studies on the pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 vi ...202133437876
retraction notice to modified newcastle disease virus vectors expressing the h5 hemagglutinin induce enhanced protection against highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in chickens vaccine 32(35) (2014) 4428-4435. 202133446369
a risk marker of tribasic hemagglutinin cleavage site in influenza a (h9n2) virus.low pathogenic avian influenza a(h9n2) virus is endemic worldwide and continually recruit internal genes to generate human-infecting h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 influenza variants. here we show that hemagglutinin cleavage sites (hacs) of h9n2 viruses tended to mutate towards hydrophilic via evolutionary transition, and the tribasic hacs were found at high prevalence in asia and the middle east. our finding suggested that the tribasic h9n2 viruses increased the viral replication, stability, patho ...202133452423
effect of chromium supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, and immune response of unstressed broiler chickens: a dose-response meta-analysis.studies investigating the effects of chromium (cr) supplementation on unstressed broiler chickens have reported an inconsistent association between cr supplementation and broiler chickens' responses. we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis of previous studies to assess the dose-response associations between cr supplementation and performance parameters, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and immune indices of non-stressed broiler chickens. the results showed that cr supplementation was not as ...202133454850
pathogenicity and transmissibility assessment of two strains of human influenza virus isolated in china in 2018.influenza season occurs every year in china, but its presentation was unusual in the period from december 2017 to early 2018. during this period, influenza activity was increasing across the country and was much greater than during the same period in previous years, with great harm to people's health.202133472481
a broad spectrum hvt-h5 avian influenza vector vaccine which induces a rapid onset of immunity.current methods to combat highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in poultry rely on stamping out and preventive culling, which can lead to high economic losses and invoke ethical resistance. emergency vaccination could be an alternative as vaccination is one of the most efficient and cost-effective measures to protect poultry from hpai infection, preventing spreading to other poultry and greatly reducing the potential transmission to humans. current conventional inactivated ai vaccin ...202133483211
cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in chickens.copper oxide nanoparticles (cuo-nps) are consciously used to control the growth of bacteria, fungi, and algae. several studies documented the beneficial and hazardous effects of cuo-nps on human cells and different experimental animals but there are not many studies that report the effect of cuo-nps in poultry. therefore, the present study was performed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on the growth performance, immune status, oxidant/antioxidant capacity, ...202133484442
highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus spread by short- and long-range transmission, france, 2016-17.we detected 3 genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus in france during winter 2016-17. genotype a viruses caused dramatic economic losses in the domestic duck farm industry in southwestern france. our phylogenetic analysis suggests that genotype a viruses formed 5 distinct geographic clusters in southwestern france. in some clusters, local secondary transmission might have been started by a single introduction. the intensity of the viral spread seems to correspond to the den ...202133496244
detection of newly introduced y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in korea.we report the first detection of y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in korea during july 2020. the viruses were isolated from domestic ducks and chickens traded in three markets in two different provinces, indicating dispersal of the newly introduced viruses. complete genome sequencing and comparative phylogenetic analyses of all eight gene segments of the viruses showed high nucleotide homology to a y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza virus isolated in a chicken farm i ...202133523603
influenza a viruses in whistling ducks (subfamily dendrocygninae).as compared to other anseriformes, data related to influenza a virus (iav) detection and isolation, and iav antibody detection in whistling ducks (dendrocygna spp. and thalassornis leuconotus; subfamily dendrocygninae) are limited. to better evaluate the potential role of whistling ducks in the epidemiology of iav, we (1) conducted surveillance for iav from black-bellied whistling ducks (bbwd, dendrocygnaautumnalis) sampled in coastal louisiana, usa, during february 2018 and 2019, and (2) review ...202133525360
effect of fennel essential oil on performance, serum biochemistry, immunity, ileum morphology and microbial population, and meat quality of broiler chickens fed corn or wheat-based diet.1. the effect of foeniculi aetheroleum essential oil (eo) on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, serum biochemistry, immune response, ileum morphology, microbial population and meat quality of broiler chickens fed a corn- or wheat-based diet were determined.2. a total of 360 broiler chickens were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial assay in a completely randomised design with six replicates and 15 birds per experimental unit. birds were fed corn- or wheat-based diets supplemented with (200 mg/kg ...202133530744
development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive elisa for the detection of antibodies against h7 avian influenza virus.h7 subtype avian influenza has caused great concern in the global poultry industry and public health. the conventional serological subtype-specific diagnostics is implemented by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay despite lengthy operation time. in this study, an efficient, rapid and high-throughput competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) was developed for detection of antibodies against h7 avian influenza virus (aiv) based on a novel monoclonal antibody specific to the hemaggl ...202133531001
modeling influenza virus infection in mature wistar rats.it has now been established that blood vessels are target for influenza, but the mechanism by which the influenza virus affects the cardiovascular system is unknown. the aim - adaptation of influenza virus a/st. petersburg/48/16 h1n1(pdm09) to mature wistar rats, as these animals are the main experimental model for studying the pathology of the cardiovascular system.202033533218
the role of glycosylation in the n-terminus of the hemagglutinin of a unique h4n2 with a natural polybasic cleavage site in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo.to date, only low pathogenic (lp) h5 and h7 avian influenza viruses (aiv) have been observed to naturally shift to a highly pathogenic (hp) phenotype after mutation of the monobasic hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage site (hacs) to polybasic motifs. the lpaiv monobasic hacs is activated by tissue-restricted trypsin-like enzymes, while the hpaiv polybasic hacs is activated by ubiquitous furin-like enzymes. however, glycosylation near the hacs can affect proteolytic activation and reduced virulence of so ...202133538209
pa-x is an avian virulence factor in h9n2 avian influenza virus.influenza a viruses encode several accessory proteins that have host- and strain-specific effects on virulence and replication. the accessory protein pa-x is expressed due to a ribosomal frameshift during translation of the pa gene. depending on the particular combination of virus strain and host species, pa-x has been described as either acting to reduce or increase virulence and/or virus replication. in this study, we set out to investigate the role pa-x plays in h9n2 avian influenza viruses, ...202133544070
host-cell dependent role of phosphorylated keratin 8 during influenza a/nws/33 virus (h1n1) infection in mammalian cells.in this study, we investigated the involvement of keratin 8 during human influenza a/nws/33 virus (h1n1) infection in semi-permissive rhesus monkey-kidney (llc-mk2) and permissive human type ii alveolar epithelial (a549) cells. in a549 cells, keratin 8 showed major expression and phosphorylation levels. influenza a/nws/33 virus was able to subvert keratin 8 structural organization at late stages of infection in both cell models, promoting keratin 8 phosphorylation in a549 cells at early phases o ...202133556415
genetic characterization of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from falcated ducks and environmental water in japan in november 2020.we isolated two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of subtype h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b from falcated duck (anas falcata) feces and environmental water collected at an overwintering site in japan. our isolates were almost genetically identical to each other and showed high genetic similarity with h5n8 hpaivs recently isolated in south korea, a distant part of japan, and european countries. these results suggest the potential role of falcated ducks in the dissemination of hpaivs.202133557405
h9n2 influenza virus spillover into wild birds from poultry in china bind to human-type receptors and transmit in mammals via respiratory droplets.h9n2 influenza virus has been reported worldwide for several decades, and it has evolved into multiple genotypes among domestic poultry. however, the study involving ecology and evolution of low pathogenic avian influenza virus h9n2 in wild birds in china is limited. here, we carried out surveillance of avian influenza virus h9n2 in wild birds along with the east asian-australian migratory flyway in china in 2017. to estimate the prevalence of h9n2 avian virus in wild birds, information on expos ...202133566453
h7n7 avian influenza virus mutation from low to high pathogenicity on a layer chicken farm in the uk.avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5 and h7 are capable of mutating from low to high pathogenicity strains, causing high mortality in poultry with significant economic losses globally. during 2015, two outbreaks of h7n7 low pathogenicity aiv (lpaiv) in germany, and one each in the united kingdom (uk) and the netherlands occurred, as well as single outbreaks of h7n7 high pathogenicity aiv (hpaiv) in germany and the uk. both hpaiv outbreaks were linked to precursor h7n7 lpaiv outbreaks on the s ...202133567525
a cluster epidemic of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus infection in four captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).in january 2019, four cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) kept at a japanese zoo intermittently showed respiratory signs following the incidence of seasonal influenza in animal caregivers. respiratory materials (saliva, sputum and food tray swabs) were non-invasively collected from the four cheetahs. although we were unable to isolate the virus, the np gene of influenza a virus was detected in three of the cheetahs but not in the fourth cheetah that had nearly recovered. from a food tray swab which test ...202133576190
development and application of a novel triplex protein microarray method for rapid detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus, newcastle disease virus, and avian infectious bronchitis virus.avian influenza virus (aiv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), and avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) inflict immense damage on the global poultry industry annually. serological diagnostic methods are fundamental for the effective control and prevention of outbreaks caused by these viruses. in this study, a novel triplex protein microarray assay was developed and validated for the rapid and simultaneous visualized detection of antibodies against aiv, ndv, and ibv in chicken sera. the aiv nucle ...202133576898
development of lateral flow assay based on anti-ibdv igy for the rapid detection of gumboro disease in poultry.the poultry industry faces serious problems against infectious diseases, including gumboro, which is caused by contagious bursal disease virus (ibdv). ibdv infects the bursa of fabricius (bf), a lymphoid organ for controlling the b-cell maturation. thus, it can trigger the secondary infection's vulnerability, leading to the high mortality and morbidity of the chicken. moreover, managing the gumboro post-outbreaks also requires considerable time and costs. besides vaccination programs, the early ...202133577956
differences in highly pathogenic h5n6 avian influenza viral pathogenicity and inflammatory response in chickens and ducks.infection with h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus caused high mortality in chickens, while ducks often appear to be asymptomatic. but, some recent h5nx subtype viruses could cause high mortality in ducks. the variation between different species and the mechanisms by which some h5nx viruses cause death in ducks requires investigation to identify the key processes in influenza susceptibility and pathogenesis. here, we characterized two representative h5n6 viruses, a/pavo cristatus/jiangx ...202133584608
the biological characteristics of novel h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and its pathogenesis in ducks.clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have caused outbreaks in poultry in the world. some of these viruses acquired internal genes from other subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) such as h9 and h6 for the generation of novel reassortant viruses and continually circulated in poultry. here, we applied a duck-origin virus dk87 and a chicken-origin virus ck66 to assess the biological characteristics of novel reassortant h5n6 hpaivs and its pathogenesis in ducks. a g ...202133584629
quantitative risk assessment of the introduction of low pathogenic avian influenza h5 and h7 strains into poland via legal import of live poultry.low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) caused by h5 and h7 viruses is considered a threatening disease for poultry production due to the possibility of prolonged undetected virus circulation in a poultry flock and its potential to mutate to highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). the occurrence of hpai may have devastating impact on the poultry industry and has serious economic consequences. the possibility of lpai virus (lpaiv) being introduced into poland via import of live poultry from eu co ...202133588326
g1-like m and pb2 genes are preferentially incorporated into h7n9 progeny virions during genetic reassortment.genotype s h9n2 viruses have become predominant in poultry in china since 2010. these viruses frequently donate their whole internal gene segments to other emerging influenza a subtypes such as the novel h7n9, h5n6, and h10n8 viruses. we recently reported that the pb2 and m genes of the genotype s h9n2 virus, which are derived from the g1-like virus, enhance the fitness of h5nx and h7n9 avian influenza viruses in chickens and mice. however, whether the g1-like pb2 and m genes are preferentially ...202133588843
a live attenuated h9n2 avian influenza vaccine prevents the viral reassortment by exchanging the ha and ns1 packaging signals.the h9n2 avian influenza virus is not only an important zoonotic pathogen, it can also easily recombine with other subtypes to generate novel reassortments, such as the h7n9 virus. although h9n2 live attenuated vaccines can provide good multiple immunities, including humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity, the risk of reassortment between the vaccine strain and wild-type virus is still a concern. here, we successfully rescued an h9n2 live attenuated strain [rtx-ns1-128 (mut)] that can interdict ...202133613465
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