Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| protective efficacy of vaccines of the korea national antigen bank against the homologous h5nx clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | the occurrence of severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in korea led to establishment of a national antigen bank for emergency preparedness. here, we developed five vaccines for this bank (clade 2.3.2.1c, clade 2.3.4.4a, b, c, and d) by reverse genetics, inactivated them with formalin, and evaluated the protective efficacy and potency of serial dilutions against lethal homologous challenge in specific-pathogen-free chickens. after vaccination with one dose, each vaccine resulted ... | 2020 | 31669062 |
| maternally-derived antibodies protect against challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the h7n3 subtype. | vaccination of hens against influenza leads to the transfer of protective maternally-derived antibodies (mda) to hatchlings. however, little is known about the transfer of h7n3 vaccine-induced mda. here, we evaluated transfer, duration, and protective effect of mda in chickens against h7n3 hpaiv. to generate chickens with mda (mda (+)), 15-week-old white leghorn hens were vaccinated and boosted twice with an inactivated h7n3 low pathogenic avian influenza virus vaccine, adjuvanted with montanide ... | 2019 | 31671571 |
| domestic ducks play a major role in the maintenance and spread of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in south korea. | the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4 spread from eastern china to korea in 2014 and caused outbreaks in domestic poultry until 2016. to understand how h5n8 hpaivs spread at host species level in korea during 2014-2016, a bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used for ancestral state reconstruction and estimation of the host transition dynamics between wild waterfowl, domestic ducks and chickens. our data support that h5n8 hpaiv most likely transmitt ... | 2020 | 31675474 |
| pathobiology and innate immune responses of gallinaceous poultry to clade 2.3.4.4a h5nx highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection. | in the 2014-2015 eurasian lineage clade 2.3.4.4a h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreak in the u.s., backyard flocks with minor gallinaceous poultry and large commercial poultry (chickens and turkeys) operations were affected. the pathogenesis of the first h5n8 and reassortant h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4a hpai u.s. isolates was investigated in six gallinaceous species: chickens, japanese quail, bobwhite quail, pearl guinea fowl, chukar partridges, and ring-necked pheasants. both viruses cau ... | 2019 | 31675983 |
| susceptibility of chickens to low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses of wild bird- and poultry-associated subtypes. | analysis of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses circulating in the netherlands in a previous study revealed associations of specific hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) subtypes with wild bird or poultry hosts. in this study, we identified putative host associations in lpai virus internal proteins. we show that lpai viruses isolated from poultry more frequently carried the allele a variant of the nonstructural protein (ns) gene, compared to wild bird viruses. we determined the su ... | 2019 | 31683727 |
| a novel neuraminidase-dependent hemagglutinin cleavage mechanism enables the systemic spread of an h7n6 avian influenza virus. | in this study, we demonstrate a novel mechanism for hemagglutinin (ha) activation in a naturally occurring h7n6 avian influenza a virus strain, a/mallard duck/korea/6l/2007 (a/mdk/6l/07). this novel mechanism allows for systemic infection of chickens, ducks, and mice, and a/mdk/6l/07 can replicate in vitro without exogenous trypsin and exhibits broad tissue tropism in animals despite the presence of a monobasic ha cleavage motif (peipkgr/g). the trypsin-independent growth phenotype requires the ... | 2019 | 31690675 |
| elucidating the interactions between influenza virus polymerase and host factor anp32a. | the avian-origin influenza a virus polymerase is restricted in human cells. this restriction has been associated with species differences in host factor anp32a. avian anp32a supports the activity of an avian-origin polymerase. however, the avian-origin polymerase is incompatible with human anp32a. avian anp32a proteins harbor an additional 33 amino acids compared to human anp32a proteins, which are crucial for their ability to support the avian-origin influenza virus polymerase. here, we elucida ... | 2020 | 31694956 |
| evolution of h5-type avian influenza a virus towards mammalian tropism in egypt, 2014 to 2015. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) of the h5-subtype have circulated continuously in egypt since 2006, resulting in numerous poultry outbreaks and considerable sporadic human infections. the extensive circulation and wide spread of these viruses in domestic poultry have resulted in various evolutionary changes with a dramatic impact on viral transmission ability to contact mammals including humans. the transmitted viruses are either (1) adapted well enough in their avian hosts to ... | 2019 | 31703251 |
| molecular, antigenic, and pathogenic characterization of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in the democratic republic of congo in 2017. | in may 2017, high mortality of chickens and muscovy ducks due to the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) was reported in the democratic republic of congo (dr congo). in this study, we assessed the molecular, antigenic, and pathogenic features in poultry of the h5n8 hpaiv from the 2017 congolese outbreaks. phylogenetic analysis of the eight viral gene segments revealed that all 12 dr congo isolates clustered in clade 2.3.4.4b together with other h5n8 hpaivs isolated in africa and ... | 2020 | 31707455 |
| effect of omega-3 rich diet on the response of japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) infected with newcastle disease virus or avian influenza virus h9n2. | this study was performed to evaluate the effects of omega-3 supplementation on growth performance, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, haemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody titres, gene expression and histopathology in quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) infected with newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2. one hundred, 40-day-old male quails were divided into 5 groups: g1, fed a control basal diet; g2a, infected with ndv; g2b, infected with h9n2; g3a, infected ... | 2020 | 31712184 |
| efficacy of clade 2.3.2 h5-recombinant baculovirus vaccine in protecting muscovy and pekin ducks from clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza infection. | in late 2016, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus subtype h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 was reported in egypt in migratory birds; subsequently, the virus spread to backyard and commercial poultry in several egyptian governorates, causing severe economic losses to the poultry industry. here, a recombinant subunit commercial h5 vaccine prepared from the clade 2.3.2 h5 segment on baculovirus was evaluated in pekin ducks (anasplatyrhynchos domesticus) and muscovy ducks (cairina moschata) in biosaf ... | 2019 | 31713400 |
| highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza h5 subtype viruses in wild birds in ukraine. | there have been three waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in commercial, backyard poultry, and wild birds in ukraine. the first (2005-2006) and second (2008) waves were caused by h5n1 hpai virus, with 45 outbreaks among commercial poultry (chickens) and backyard fowl (chickens, ducks, and geese) in four regions of ukraine (ar crimea, kherson, odesa, and sumy oblast). h5n1 hpai viruses were isolated from dead wild birds: cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo) and great crested g ... | 2019 | 31713401 |
| comparative pathogenicity and transmissibility of the h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and the h7n9 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. | there were five outbreaks of h7n9 influenza virus in humans in china since it emerged in 2013, infecting >1000 people. the h7n9 low pathogenic influenza virus was inserted into four amino acids in the ha protein cleavage site to mutate into the h7n9 highly pathogenic virus. this emerging virus caused 15 outbreaks in chickens from the end of 2016 to date. two h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) strains, a/chicken/guangdong/a46/2013 (lpaiv) and a/chicken/guangdong/q29/2017 (hpaiv), were selected to c ... | 2019 | 31717632 |
| phylogeny, pathogenicity, transmission, and host immune responses of four h5n6 avian influenza viruses in chickens and mice. | h5nx viruses have continuously emerged in the world, causing poultry industry losses and posing a potential public health risk. here, we studied the phylogeny, pathogenicity, transmission, and immune response of four h5n6 avian influenza viruses in chickens and mice, which were isolated from waterfowl between 2013 and 2014. their ha genes belong to clade 2.3.4.4, circulated in china since 2008. their na genes fall into n6-like/eurasian sublineage. their internal genes originated from different h ... | 2019 | 31717638 |
| comparative virological and pathogenic characteristics of avian influenza h5n8 viruses detected in wild birds and domestic poultry in egypt during the winter of 2016/2017. | the surveillance and virological characterization of h5n8 avian influenza viruses are important in order to assess their zoonotic potential. the genetic analyses of the egyptian h5n8 viruses isolated through active surveillance in wild birds and domestic poultry in the winter of 2016/2017 showed multiple introductions of reassortant viruses. in this study, we investigated and compared the growth kinetics, infectivity, and pathogenicity of the three reassortant forms of h5n8 viruses detected in w ... | 2019 | 31717865 |
| mouse-adapted h9n2 avian influenza virus causes systemic infection in mice. | h9n2 influenza viruses continuously circulate in multiple avian species and are repeatedly transmitted to humans, posing a significant threat to public health. to investigate the adaptation ability of h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) to mammals and the mutations related to the host switch events, we serially passaged in mice two h9n2 viruses of different ha lineages - a/quail/hong kong/g1/97 (g1) of the g1-like lineage and a/chicken/shandong/zb/2007 (zb) of the bj/94-like lineage -and generat ... | 2019 | 31718675 |
| improvement of a recombinant avian avulavirus serotype 10 vectored vaccine by the addition of untranslated regions. | we have previously developed a recombinant avian avulavirus serotype 10 (raavv-10/ha) expressing the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) as an emergency vaccine for poultry. raavv-10/ha can overcome the activity of the anti-aavv-1 (newcastle disease virus) antibody acquired by commercial chickens upon routine vaccination. most chickens do not have the anti-aavv-10 antibody, which could interfere with the vaccine efficacy. however, the vaccine efficacy of ... | 2020 | 31718900 |
| the effect of a lipopolysaccharide from rhodobacter capsulatus pg on inflammation caused by various influenza strains. | the development of a specific inflammation in mice that had been infected by two influenza virus strains, a/chicken/kurgan/5/2005 (h5n1) and a/hamburg/2009 ma (h1n1), was studied. we investigated the effect of a non-toxic lipopolysaccharide from rhodobacter capsulatus pg on the survival and body weight of the mice, production of igg antibodies, and the induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in blood serum. the administration of the r. capsulatus pg lipopolysaccharide was shown to indu ... | 2020 | 31720016 |
| conserved ha-peptides expressed along with flagellin in trichoplusia ni larvae protects chicken against intranasal h7n1 hpaiv challenge. | the immunization of poultry where h5 and h7 influenza viruses (ivs) are endemic is one of the strategies to prevent unexpected zoonoses. our group has been focused on conserved ha-epitopes as potential vaccine candidates to obtain multivalent immune responses against distinct iv subtypes. in this study, two conserved epitopes (ng-34 and cs-17) fused to flagellin were produced in a baculovirus platform based on trichoplusia ni larvae as living biofactories. soluble extracts obtained from larvae e ... | 2020 | 31735501 |
| analysis of antibody response to an epitope in the haemagglutinin subunit 2 of avian influenza virus h5n1 for differentiation of infected and vaccinated chickens. | the h5n1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has been circulating in poultry in indonesia since 2003 and vaccination has been used as a strategy to eradicate the disease. however, monitoring of vaccinated poultry flocks for h5n1 infection by serological means has been difficult, as vaccine antibodies are not readily distinguishable from those induced by field viruses. therefore, a test that differentiates infected and vaccinated animals (diva) would be essential. currently, no sim ... | 2020 | 31738584 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus in gray seals, baltic sea. | we detected a highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus in lung samples of 2 gray seals (halichoerus grypus) stranded on the baltic coast of poland in 2016 and 2017. this virus, clade 2.3.4.4 b, was closely related to avian h5n8 viruses circulating in europe at the time. | 2019 | 31742519 |
| influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus infection in a captive giant panda, hong kong. | we report influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus infection in a captive giant panda in hong kong. the viral load peaked on day 1 and became undetectable on day 5, and an antibody response developed. genome analysis showed 99.3%-99.9% nucleotide identity between the virus and influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus circulating in hong kong. | 2019 | 31742520 |
| immunopathological immunohistochemical study of low pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 infection in lovebirds (agapornis spp.) in indonesia. | to date, persistent infection with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h5n1 (lpai h5n1) in chickens is widespread in indonesia. commercially available ornamental birds on markets play an important role in triggering the occurrence of aiv outbreaks. thus, the presence of aiv in ornamental birds such as lovebirds needs to be closely monitored. here, the presence of lpai h5n1 was investigated in lovebirds with no clinical signs that, although apparently healthy, can be a continuous s ... | 2019 | 31749584 |
| genetic and antigenic characterization of the first h7n7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in vietnam. | during the annual surveillance of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in vietnam in 2018, three h7n7 aiv isolates were identified in domestic ducks in a single flock in vinh long province. the present study is the first documented report of h7n7 virus isolates in vietnam and aimed to characterize these viruses, both genetically and antigenically. deduced amino acid sequences for the hemagglutinins (has) indicated a low pathogenicity of these viruses in chickens. phylogenetic analysis revealed that th ... | 2020 | 31760087 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 hemagglutinin fused with the a subunit of type iib escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin elicited protective immunity and neutralization by intranasal immunization in mouse and chicken models. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are classified by the world organization for animal health (oie) as causes of devastating avian diseases. this study aimed to develop type iib escherichiacoli heat-labile enterotoxin (ltiib) as novel mucosal adjuvants for mucosal vaccine development. the fusion protein of h5 and ltiib-a subunit was expressed and purified for mouse and chicken intranasal immunizations. intranasal immunization with the h5-ltiib-a fusion protein in mice elicited potent neut ... | 2019 | 31766677 |
| mimicking the passage of avian influenza viruses through the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. | in contrast to human influenza viruses that replicate in the respiratory tract and are airborne transmitted, avian viruses also replicate in gut epithelial cells and are transmitted via the fecal-oral route. on this route, the virus is exposed to destructive fluids of the digestive tract, which are acidic and contain the proteases pepsin (gizzard) or chymotrypsin and trypsin (intestine). only the latter enzyme activates virus by cleaving hemagglutinin (ha) into ha1 and ha2 subunits. we mimicked ... | 2019 | 31767100 |
| genetic and pathogenic characteristics of clade 2.3.2.1c h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry outbreaks in laos during 2015-2018. | since 2004, there have been multiple outbreaks of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses in laos. here, we isolated h5n1 hpai viruses from poultry outbreaks in laos during 2015-2018 and investigated their genetic characteristics and pathogenicity in chickens. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c and that they differed from previous laos viruses with respect to genetic composition. in particular, the isolates were divided into two genotypes, eac ... | 2020 | 31769586 |
| murine model for the study of influenza d virus. | a novel genus within the orthomyxoviridae family was identified in the united states and named influenza d virus (idv). bovines have been proposed to be the primary host, and three main viral lineages (d/ok-like, d/660-like, and d/japan-like) have been described. experimental infections had previously been performed in swine, ferrets, calves, and guinea pigs in order to study idv pathogenesis. we developed a murine experimental model to facilitate the study of idv pathogenesis and the immune res ... | 2020 | 31776281 |
| equine mx1 restricts influenza a virus replication by targeting at distinct site of its nucleoprotein. | interferon-mediated host factors myxovirus (mx) proteins are key features in regulating influenza a virus (iav) infections. viral polymerases are essential for viral replication. the mx1 protein has been known to interact with viral nucleoprotein (np) and pb2, resulting in the influence of polymerase activity and providing interspecies restriction. the equine influenza virus has evolved as an independent lineage to influenza viruses from other species. we estimated the differences in antiviral a ... | 2019 | 31810278 |
| the evolution and genetic diversity of avian influenza a(h9n2) viruses in cambodia, 2015 - 2016. | low pathogenic a(h9n2) subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) were originally detected in cambodian poultry in 2013, and now circulate endemically. we sequenced and characterised 64 a(h9n2) aivs detected in cambodian poultry (chickens and ducks) from january 2015 to may 2016. all a(h9) viruses collected in 2015 and 2016 belonged to a new bj/94-like h9-4.2.5 sub-lineage that emerged in the region during or after 2013, and was distinct to previously detected cambodian viruses. overall, there was a ... | 2019 | 31815945 |
| characterization and phylodynamics of reassortant h12nx viruses in northern eurasia. | wild waterfowl birds are known to be the main reservoir for a variety of avian influenza viruses of different subtypes. some subtypes, such as h2nx, h8nx, h12nx, and h14nx, occur relatively rarely in nature. during 10-year long-term surveillance, we isolated five rare h12n5 and one h12n2 viruses in three different distinct geographic regions of northern eurasia and studied their characteristics. h12n2 from the far east region was a double reassortant containing hemagglutinin (ha), non-structural ... | 2019 | 31816947 |
| genetic characteristics and pathogenicity analysis in chickens and mice of three h9n2 avian influenza viruses. | h9n2 avian influenza is a remarkable disease that has circulated in domestic poultry in large regions of china and posed a serious threat to the poultry industry. the h9n2 virus can not only infect mammals directly, but also provide gene segments to generate novel, but lethal human reassortants. therefore, it is important to study the evolution, pathogenicity, and transmission of the h9n2 virus. in this study, three h9n2 viruses isolated from chickens in different layer farms were identified. ph ... | 2019 | 31817585 |
| human matriptase/st 14 proteolytically cleaves h7n9 hemagglutinin and facilitates the activation of influenza a/shanghai/2/2013 virus in cell culture. | influenza is a zoonotic disease that infects millions of people each year resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, and in turn devastating pandemics. influenza is caused by influenza viruses, including influenza a virus (iav). there are many subtypes of iav but only a few seem to be able to adapt to humans and to cause disease. in 2013, an h7n9 iav subtype emerged in china that does not cause clinical symptoms in its chicken host but leads to severe infections when transmitted into humans. ... | 2020 | 31820577 |
| influenza's newest trick. | influenza a viruses are important pathogens for humans and for many birds and mammals. hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are the major surface proteins of this enveloped rna virus. hemagglutinin requires proteolytic cleavage for activation, but because the viral genome does not encode its own protease, an exogenous serine protease must be provided by host cells. a novel, neuraminidase-dependent mechanism for hemagglutinin activation was described, in which a thrombin-like protease allows an influe ... | 2019 | 31822589 |
| a novel bursin-like peptide as a potential virus inhibitor and immunity regulator in spf chickens infected with recombinant alv. | avian leukosis viruses (alvs) are important contagious suppressive factors of chicken immunity and growth performance, resulted in enormous economic loss. although virus eradication programs are applied in breeder flocks, alvs are still widespread globally. therefore, other valuable adjunct to reduce the negative effect of alvs should be considered. bursin-like peptide (blp) showed remarkable immunomodulatory effects, whereas their influence on alv-infected avian groups has not been reported. he ... | 2019 | 31823780 |
| outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza in 2018 in the northern regions of south africa were unrelated to those of 2017. | asian-origin h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5 goose/guangdong/96 lineage, clade 2.3.4.4 group b, reached south africa by june 2017. by the end of that year, 5.4 million layers and broiler chickens died or were culled, with total losses in the poultry industry estimated at us$ 140 million, and thousands of exotic birds in zoological collections, endangered endemic species and backyard poultry and pet birds also perished. the 2017 h5n8 hpai outbreaks were characteriz ... | 2020 | 31833671 |
| tilapia lake virus does not hemagglutinate avian and piscine erythrocytes and nh4cl does not inhibit viral replication in vitro. | tilapia lake virus (tilv) is a negative-sense single-stranded rna (-ssrna) icosahedral virus classified to be the only member in the family amnoonviridae. although tilv segment-1 shares homology with the influenza c virus pb1 and has four conserved motifs similar to influenza a, b, and c polymerases, it is unknown whether there are other properties shared between tilv and orthomyxovirus. in the present study, we wanted to determine whether tilv agglutinated avian and piscine erythrocytes, and wh ... | 2019 | 31842425 |
| avian influenza virus transmission is suppressed in chickens fed lactobacillus paracasei expressing the 3d8 single-chain variable fragment protein. | the 3d8 single-chain variable fragment (scfv) is a mini-antibody sequence with independent nuclease activity that shows antiviral effects against all types of viruses in chickens and mice. in this study, chickens were treated daily with an oral dose of 109 cfu lactobacillus paracasei (l. paracasei) expressing either a secreted or anchored 3d8 scfv for three weeks. after l. paracasei administration, the chickens were challenged with avian influenza virus (aiv). from each experimental group, three ... | 2019 | 31842597 |
| transcriptomic profile of chicken bone marrow-derive dendritic cells in response to h9n2 avian influenza a virus. | avian influenza subtype h9n2 infection is a mild but highly contagious disease that is associated with a decrease in the efficacy of vaccine interventions, and an increase in susceptibility to secondary infections in poultry. however, the immune evasion mechanism of h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) in chickens is poorly understood. dendritic cells (dcs) are immune cells of major importance, involved in innate immune responses against viruses, but also in the setting of adaptive immune respons ... | 2020 | 31846798 |
| highly pathogenic h5n6 avian influenza virus outbreak in pavo cristatus in jiangxi province, china. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is a persistent threat to poultry, wild birds, humans, and other mammals. the continually evolving hpai h5n6 virus has induced great losses in breeding industries in growing regions around the world. in this study, we confirmed an outbreak of the hpai h5n6 virus in captive pavo cristatus in jiangxi province, china. the causative agents h5n6 viruses were isolated and designated js01, js02, and k10. animal experiments showed that all three isolates exhibite ... | 2019 | 31851878 |
| continuing evolution of h6n2 influenza a virus in south african chickens and the implications for diagnosis and control. | the threat of poultry-origin h6 avian influenza viruses to human health emphasizes the importance of monitoring their evolution. south africa's h6n2 epidemic in chickens began in 2001 and two co-circulating antigenic sub-lineages of h6n2 could be distinguished from the outset. the true incidence and prevalence of h6n2 in the country has been difficult to determine, partly due to the continued use of an inactivated whole virus h6n2 vaccine and the inability to distinguish vaccinated from non-vacc ... | 2019 | 31852473 |
| novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n2) virus in broiler chickens, egypt. | we detected a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n2) virus in 3 poultry farms in egypt. the virus carried genome segments of a pigeon h9n2 influenza virus detected in 2014, a nucleoprotein segment of contemporary chicken h9n2 viruses from egypt, and hemagglutinin derived from the 2.3.4.4b h5n8 virus clade. | 2020 | 31855539 |
| influenza a virus infections in dromedary camels, nigeria and ethiopia, 2015-2017. | we examined nasal swabs and serum samples acquired from dromedary camels in nigeria and ethiopia during 2015-2017 for evidence of influenza virus infection. we detected antibodies against influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) viruses and isolated an influenza a(h1n1)pdm09-like virus from a camel in nigeria. influenza surveillance in dromedary camels is needed. | 2020 | 31855544 |
| orbitally shaken single-use bioreactor for animal cell cultivation: fed-batch and perfusion mode. | increasing the cultivation volume from small to large scale can be a rather complex and challenging process when the method of aeration and mixing is different between scales. orbitally shaken bioreactors (osbs) utilize the same hydrodynamic principles that define the success of smaller-scale cultures, which are developed on an orbitally shaken platform, and can simplify scale-up. here we describe the basic working principles of scale-up in terms of the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kl ... | 2020 | 31858465 |
| protection of white leghorn chickens by recombinant fowlpox vector vaccine with an updated h5 insert against mexican h5n2 avian influenza viruses. | despite decades of vaccination, surveillance, and biosecurity measures, h5n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus infections continue in mexico and neighboring countries. one explanation for tenacity of h5n2 lpai in mexico is the antigenic divergence of circulating field viruses compared to licensed vaccines due to antigenic drift. our phylogenetic analysis indicates that the h5n2 lpai viruses circulating in mexico and neighboring countries since 1994 have undergone antigenic drift awa ... | 2020 | 31862196 |
| infectious bursal disease virus: molecular epidemiologic perspectives and impact on vaccine efficacy against avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses. | infectious bursal disease (ibd) virus (ibdv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease of chickens with huge economic losses to the poultry industry despite extensive vaccination. analysis of isolated ibdv field strains from vaccinated birds would greatly improve the current immunization regimens and support the development of vaccines that offer better immunity. the study investigated the genetic characteristics and pathologic features of ibdvs in commercial br ... | 2019 | 31865675 |
| isolation and characterization of newcastle disease virus from live bird markets in tanzania. | chickens in live bird markets (lbms) from six different regions of tanzania were surveyed for newcastle disease (nd) virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus in 2012. elisa-based serology, virus isolation, and characterization, including pathotyping was conducted. virulent ndv was isolated from almost 10% of the tested samples, with two distinct genotypes being detected. one genotype was similar to recent viruses circulating in kenya and uganda, which share a northern border with tanzania. several ... | 2019 | 31865678 |
| isolation and characterization of avian influenza h9n2 viruses from different avian species in pakistan 2016-17. | avian influenza (ai) virus (aiv) subtype h9n2 continues to cause significant outbreaks among commercial and backyard poultry in pakistan. despite this, the characterization of h9n2 viruses in avian hosts other than chickens in pakistan has not been thoroughly investigated. in this study, 12 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses subtype h9n2 were isolated from peacocks (n = 4), ducks (n = 4), pheasants (n = 2), geese (n = 1), and black swans (n = 1) in pakistan during 2016 and were characteri ... | 2019 | 31865688 |
| structure, function, and evolution of gga-avbd11, the archetype of the structural avian-double-β-defensin family. | out of the 14 avian β-defensins identified in the gallus gallus genome, only 3 are present in the chicken egg, including the egg-specific avian β-defensin 11 (gga-avbd11). given its specific localization and its established antibacterial activity, gga-avbd11 appears to play a protective role in embryonic development. gga-avbd11 is an atypical double-sized defensin, predicted to possess 2 motifs related to β-defensins and 6 disulfide bridges. the 3-dimensional nmr structure of the purified gga-av ... | 2020 | 31871151 |
| adaptive amino acid substitutions enable transmission of an h9n2 avian influenza virus in guinea pigs. | h9n2 is the most prevalent low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) in domestic poultry in the world. two distinct h9n2 poultry lineages, g1-like (a/quail/hong kong/g1/97) and y280-like (a/duck/hong kong/y280/1997) viruses, are usually associated with binding affinity for both α 2,3 and α 2,6 sialic acid receptors (avian and human receptors), raising concern whether these viruses possess pandemic potential. to explore the impact of mouse adaptation on the transmissibility of a y280-like viru ... | 2019 | 31875046 |
| dual-mode detection of avian influenza virions (h9n2) by icp-ms and fluorescence after quantum dot labeling with immuno-rolling circle amplification. | avian influenza virus (aivs), hosted in poultry, are the pathogens of many poultry diseases and human infections, which bring huge losses to the poultry breeding industry and huge panic to society. therefore, it is of great significance to establish accurate and sensitive detection methods for aivs. in this work, a dual-mode detection method based on immuno-rolling circle amplification (immuno-rca) and quantum dots (qds) labeling for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp-ms) and fluo ... | 2020 | 31883585 |
| experimental infections and serology indicate that american white ibis (eudociumus albus) are competent reservoirs for type a influenza virus. | the american white ibis (eudocimus albus) is a nomadic wading bird common to wetland habitats in the southeastern us. in south florida, us, habitat depletion has driven many ibis to become highly urbanized. although they forage in neighborhood parks, artificial wetlands, backyards, and golf courses, the majority continue to nest in natural wetlands, often in dense, mixed species colonies. adults and juveniles commonly disperse thousands of kilometers to other breeding colonies along the gulf and ... | 2020 | 31895646 |
| molecular characterisation of an avian influenza (h5n8) outbreak in backyard flocks in al ahsa, eastern saudi arabia, 2017-2018. | avian influenza viruses are still causing major concern not only to the poultry industry but also to human health across the globe. the live poultry markets and the small-scale local breeding of various species of birds in backyards are still playing important roles in the sustainability of most virulent influenza viruses, especially h5n8. | 2019 | 31897300 |
| antiviral responses against chicken respiratory infections: focus on avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus. | some of the respiratory viral infections in chickens pose a significant threat to the poultry industry and public health. in response to viral infections, host innate responses provide the first line of defense against viruses, which often act even before the establishment of the infection. host cells sense the presence of viral components through germinal encoded pattern recognition receptors (prrs). the engagement of prrs with pathogen-associated molecular patterns leads to the induction of pr ... | 2020 | 31901597 |
| epidemiologic survey of avian influenza virus infection in shorebirds captured in hokkaido, japan. | there is limited information about virus epidemiology of shorebirds (family charadriidae and scolopacidae) in the east asia-australasia flyway. we investigated the prevalence of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in shorebirds in hokkaido, japan, the stopover site of the flyway, to understand the ecology of aiv translocation in the flyway from 2006 to 2010. in total, 1,698 shorebirds belonging to 26 species were captured and released into two different sites using mist nets. tracheal and cloacal swa ... | 2020 | 31917635 |
| comparative pathogenicity and transmissibility of pandemic h1n1, avian h5n1, and human h7n9 influenza viruses in tree shrews. | influenza a viruses (iavs) continuously challenge the poultry industry and human health. studies of iavs are still hampered by the availability of suitable animal models. chinese tree shrews (tupaia belangeri chinensis) are closely related to primates physiologically and genetically, which make them a potential animal model for human diseases. in this study, we comprehensively evaluated infectivity and transmissibility in chinese tree shrews by using pandemic h1n1 (a/sichuan/1/2009, pdmh1n1), av ... | 2019 | 31921093 |
| avian influenza virus detection rates in poultry and environment at live poultry markets, guangdong, china. | we report the use of environmental samples to assess avian influenza virus activity in chickens at live poultry markets in china. results of environmental and chicken samples correlate moderately well. however, collection of multiple environmental samples from holding, processing, and selling areas is recommended to detect viruses expected to have low prevalence. | 2020 | 31922954 |
| precision cut lung slices: a novel versatile tool to examine host-pathogen interaction in the chicken lung. | the avian respiratory tract is a common entry route for many pathogens and an important delivery route for vaccination in the poultry industry. immune responses in the avian lung have mostly been studied in vivo due to the lack of robust, relevant in vitro and ex vivo models mimicking the microenvironment. precision-cut lung slices (pcls) have the major advantages of maintaining the 3-dimensional architecture of the lung and includes heterogeneous cell populations. pcls have been obtained from a ... | 2020 | 31924278 |
| characterization of thermostable newcastle disease virus recombinants expressing the hemagglutinin of h5n1 avian influenza virus as bivalent vaccine candidates. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been used as a vector in the development of vaccines and gene delivery. in the present study, we generated the thermostable recombinant ndv (rndv) expressing the different forms of hemagglutinin (ha) of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 based on the full-length cdna clone of thermostable ts09-c strain. the recombinant thermostable newcastle disease viruses, rts-ha, rts-ha1 and rts-tpas/ha1, expressed the ha, ha1 or modified ha1 protein with th ... | 2020 | 31937412 |
| detection and isolation of h9n2 subtype of avian influenza virus in house sparrows (passer domesticus) of ahvaz, iran. | avian influenza (ai) is an acute infectious disease with worldwide significance causing extensive economic losses in the poultry industry. avian influenza viruses (aivs) belong to the family orthomyxoviridae and categorized in the genus influenza virus a. these viruses have been isolated from more than 100 species of free-living birds. migratory birds are considered as reservoirs for aivs and are the major agents responsible for global outbreaks. the passeriformes are found in most parts of the ... | 2019 | 31939262 |
| assessing the susceptibility of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses to oseltamivir using embryonated chicken eggs. | the susceptibility of influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) is studied using enzyme-based assays, sequence analysis and in vitro and in vivo studies. oseltamivir carboxylate (oc) is the active prodrug of the nai oseltamivir. there is lack of information on the use of embryonated chicken eggs for studying susceptibility of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses to antiviral drugs. the aim of the present study was to assess the use of 10 day old embryonated chicken eg ... | 2019 | 31939392 |
| detection of a reassortant h9n2 avian influenza virus with intercontinental gene segments in a resident australian chestnut teal. | the present study reports the genetic characterization of a low-pathogenicity h9n2 avian influenza virus, initially from a pool and subsequently from individual faecal samples collected from chestnut teals (anas castanea) in southeastern australia. phylogenetic analyses of six full gene segments and two partial gene segments obtained from next-generation sequencing showed that this avian influenza virus, a/chestnut teal/australia/ct08.18/12952/2018 (h9n2), was a typical, low-pathogenicity, euras ... | 2020 | 31940999 |
| e190v substitution of h6 hemagglutinin is one of key factors for binding to sulfated sialylated glycan receptor and infection to chickens. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) recognize sialic acid linked α2,3 to galactose (saα2,3gal) glycans as receptors. in this study, the interactions between hemagglutinins (has) of aivs and sulfated saα2,3gal glycans were analyzed to clarify the molecular basis of interspecies transmission of aivs from ducks to chickens. it was revealed that e190v and n192d substitutions of the ha increased the recovery of viruses derived from an h6 duck virus isolate, a/duck/hong kong/960/1980 (h6n2), in chickens. r ... | 2020 | 31943329 |
| reassortment and adaptive mutations of an emerging avian influenza virus h7n4 subtype in china. | human infections with avian influenza viruses including h5, h7 and h9 hemagglutinin subtypes occur at a low rate. among human infections with h7 viruses, regional outbreaks with h7n2, h7n3, h7n7 and h7n9 have been documented. early in 2018, a human infection with a novel h7n4 avian influenza virus was reported in jiangsu, china. this study is aimed at understanding the probable origin and molecular features of this emerging h7n4 virus. genomic segments encoding hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminida ... | 2020 | 31951605 |
| quantifying within-host diversity of h5n1 influenza viruses in humans and poultry in cambodia. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) periodically cross species barriers and infect humans. the likelihood that an aiv will evolve mammalian transmissibility depends on acquiring and selecting mutations during spillover, but data from natural infection is limited. we analyze deep sequencing data from infected humans and domestic ducks in cambodia to examine how h5n1 viruses evolve during spillover. overall, viral populations in both species are predominated by low-frequency (<10%) variation shaped by ... | 2020 | 31951644 |
| agricultural and geographic factors shaped the north american 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 outbreak. | the 2014-2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5nx outbreak represents the largest and most expensive hpai outbreak in the united states to date. despite extensive traditional and molecular epidemiological studies, factors associated with the spread of hpai among midwestern poultry premises remain unclear. to better understand the dynamics of this outbreak, 182 full genome hpai h5n2 sequences isolated from commercial layer chicken and turkey production premises were analyzed using evolu ... | 2020 | 31961906 |
| efficacy of bivalent inactivated vaccine containing insect cell-expressed avian influenza h5 and egg-based newcastle disease virus (ndv) against dual infection with highly pathogenic h5n1 and velogenic ndv in chickens. | the genetic evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in egypt has developed a new clade h5n1 (2.2.1.2) since 2014. meanwhile, the new avian influenza virus (aiv) clade mutually with the velogenic newcastle disease virus (ndv) isolate of genotype vii in egypt (genotype vii) has resulted in severe economic losses in the broiler industry. an inactivated bivalent vaccine containing h5 (belonging to h5n1 clade 2.3.2) recombinant baculovirus expressed by insect cell (rech5) and egg-based ... | 2019 | 31967431 |
| emergence and selection of a highly pathogenic avian influenza h7n3 virus. | low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) viruses of subtypes h5 and h7 have the ability to spontaneously mutate to highly pathogenic (hpai) virus variants, causing high mortality in poultry. the highly pathogenic phenotype is caused by mutation of the hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage site, but additional mutations may play a role. evidence from the field for the switch to high pathogenicity remains scarce. this study provides direct evidence for lpai-to-hpai virus mutation during h7n3 infection of a ... | 2020 | 31969434 |
| mouse adaptation of the h9n2 avian influenza virus causes the downregulation of genes related to innate immune responses and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in mice. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses sporadically infect humans worldwide. these viruses have also contributed internal genes to h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 viruses, which have been isolated from humans with infections and are a substantial public health threat. to investigate the potential pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 virus, we performed serial lung-to-lung passage of an avirulent h9n2 avian influenza virus (a/chicken/shandong/416/2016 [sd/416]) in mice to increase the pathogenicity of this virus. ... | 2020 | 31982962 |
| hemagglutinin-specific non-neutralizing antibody is essential for protection provided by inactivated and viral-vectored h7n9 avian influenza vaccines in chickens. | hemagglutination inhibition (hi) and virus neutralization antibody (nab) do not always correlate with the protection of h7 avian influenza vaccines in mammals and humans. the contribution of different classes of antibodies induced by h7n9 vaccines to protection is poorly characterized in chickens. in this study, antibody responses induced by both inactivated and viral-vectored h7n9 vaccines in chickens were dissected. chickens immunized with inactivated h7n9 vaccine showed 50% seroconversion rat ... | 2019 | 31998763 |
| molecular and serological prevalence of influenza a viruses in poultry and poultry farmers in the ashanti region, ghana. | for an analysis of the prevalence of influenza a viruses (iavs) circulating in chickens and their farmers in the ashanti region, ghana, we examined 2,400 trachea and cloaca swabs (chickens) and 102 oropharyngeal swabs (farmers) by qrt-pcr. sera from 1,200 (chickens) and 102 (farmers) were analysed for iav antibodies by elisa and haemagglutination inhibition (hi). avian influenza virus (aiv) was detected in 0.2% (n = 5) of chickens but not farmers. virus detection was more pronounced in the cloac ... | 2019 | 32002146 |
| quantitative evaluation of viral interference among egyptian isolates of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (h5n1 and h5n8) with the lentogenic and velogenic newcastle disease virus genotype vii in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs model. | mixed infections of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) are considered the most distressing problem of the poultry industry. the problem arises due to the influence of a hidden virus on the replication of another suspected virus. consequently, misdiagnosis of the real cause of disease may become a source of infection for other healthy stock by transmission and dissemination of the hidden virus. this study aimed to determine the impact of hpaiv an ... | 2019 | 32009763 |
| pathogenicity of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in rooks (corvus frugilegus). | rooks (corvus frugilegus) are considered migratory crows in japan. some rooks share a wintering site in the izumi plain in kagoshima prefecture with hooded cranes (grus monacha) and white-necked cranes (grus vipio), which are designated as "endangered" in the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) red list of threatened species. highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai), caused by h5 subtype viruses, has recently been reported in these crane species in japan, in conjunction with a ... | 2020 | 32013539 |
| a broad and potent h1-specific human monoclonal antibody produced in plants prevents influenza virus infection and transmission in guinea pigs. | although seasonal influenza vaccines block most predominant influenza types and subtypes, humans still remain vulnerable to waves of seasonal and new potential pandemic influenza viruses for which no immunity may exist because of viral antigenic drift and/or shift. previously, we described a human monoclonal antibody (hmab), kpf1, which was produced in human embryonic kidney 293t cells (kpf1-hek) with broad and potent neutralizing activity against h1n1 influenza a viruses (iav) in vitro, and pro ... | 2020 | 32024281 |
| evidence of avian influenza virus in seabirds breeding on a norwegian high-arctic archipelago. | wild aquatic birds serve as the natural reservoir for avian influenza virus (aiv), a disease with significant implications for avian and mammalian health. climate change is predicted to impact the dynamics of aiv, particularly in areas such as the arctic, but the baseline data needed to detect these shifts is often unavailable. in this study, plasma from two species of gulls breeding on the high-arctic svalbard archipelago were screened for antibodies to aiv. | 2020 | 32028933 |
| filamentous versus spherical morphology: a case study of the recombinant a/wsn/33 (h1n1) virus. | influenza a virus is a serious human pathogen that assembles enveloped virions on the plasma membrane of the host cell. the pleiomorphic morphology of influenza a virus, represented by spherical, elongated, or filamentous particles, is important for the spread of the virus in nature. using fixative protocols for sample preparation and negative staining electron microscopy, we found that the recombinant a/wsn/33 (h1n1) (rwsn) virus, a strain considered to be strictly spherical, may produce filame ... | 2020 | 32036809 |
| characterization of viral, bacterial, and parasitic causes of disease in small-scale chicken flocks in the mekong delta of vietnam. | in the mekong delta region of vietnam, small-scale chicken farming is common. however, high levels of disease or mortality in such flocks impair economic development and challenge the livelihoods of many rural households. we investigated 61 diseased small-scale flocks (122 chickens) for evidence of infection with 5 bacteria, 4 viruses, and helminths. serological profiles (elisa) were also determined against 6 of these pathogens. the aims of this study were the following: (1) to investigate the p ... | 2020 | 32036978 |
| a recombinant avian paramyxovirus serotype 3 expressing the hemagglutinin protein protects chickens against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is a devastating disease of poultry and a serious threat to public health. vaccination with inactivated virus vaccines has been applied for several years as one of the major policies to control highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infections in chickens. viral-vectored ha protein vaccines are a desirable alternative for inactivated vaccines. however, each viral vector possesses its own advantages and disadvantages for the development of a ha-ba ... | 2020 | 32042001 |
| host innate immune response of geese infected with clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | since 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n6 viruses have circulated in waterfowls and caused human infections in china, posing significant threats to the poultry industry and the public health. however, the genetics, pathogenicity and innate immune response of h5n6 hpaivs in geese remain largely unknown. in this study, we analyzed the genetic characteristic of the two h5n6 viruses (gs38 and dk09) isolated from apparently healthy domestic goose and duck in live poultry markets (lpms ... | 2020 | 32046051 |
| risk assessment for recrudescence of avian influenza in caged layer houses following depopulation: the effect of cleansing, disinfection and dismantling of equipment. | following an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) in a poultry house, control measures are put in place to prevent further spread. an essential part of the control measures based on the european commission avian influenza directive 2005/94/ec is the cleansing and disinfection (c&d) of infected premises. cleansing and disinfection includes both preliminary and secondary c&d, and the dismantling of complex equipment during secondary c&d is also required, which is costly to t ... | 2020 | 32051058 |
| effects of hogweed (heracleum persicum) powder, flavophospholipol, and probiotics as feed supplements on the performance, carcass and blood characteristics, intestinal microflora, and immune response in broilers. | the effect of different levels of hogweed powder (hp; heracleum persicum), flavophospholipol (antibiotic), and probiotics in diet on the performance, carcass quality, blood biochemical parameters, immunity, and intestinal flora of broiler chickens was investigated. in total, 270-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned to six treatment groups as follows: control basal-diet and diet supplemented with flavophospholipol, probiotics, or 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75% hp. birds in each group were divided i ... | 2019 | 32055223 |
| transmission dynamics between infected waterfowl and terrestrial poultry: differences between the transmission and tropism of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (clade 2.3.4.4a) among ducks, chickens and turkeys. | h5n8 highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs, clade 2.3.4.4) have spread globally via migratory waterfowl. pekin ducks infected with a uk virus (h5n8-2014) served as the donors of infection in three separate cohousing experiments to attempt onward transmission chains to sequentially introduced groups of contact ducks, chickens and turkeys. efficient transmission occurred among ducks and turkeys up to the third contact stage, with all (100%) birds becoming infected. introduction of an a ... | 2020 | 32056709 |
| genetic characterization of avian influenza a (h11n9) virus isolated from mandarin ducks in south korea in 2018. | in july 2018, a novel avian influenza virus (a/mandarin duck/south korea/knu18-12/2018(h11n9)) was isolated from mandarin ducks in south korea. phylogenetic and molecular analyses were conducted to characterize the genetic origins of the h11n9 strain. phylogenetic analysis indicated that eight gene segments of strain h11n9 belonged to the eurasian lineages. analysis of nucleotide sequence similarity of both the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes revealed the highest homology with a/ ... | 2020 | 32059510 |
| major difference in clinical outcome and replication of a h3n1 avian influenza strain in young pullets and adult layers. | in this study, we investigated the pathogenicity, replication and tropism of the low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) strain a/chicken/belgium/460/2019(h3n1) in adult spf layers and young spf males. the inoculated hens showed 58% mortality and a 100% drop in egg production in the second week post inoculation. the high viral loads in the cloacal samples coincided with the period of the positive immunohistochemistry of the oviduct, acute peritonitis and time of mortality, suggesting that the repl ... | 2020 | 32064915 |
| a review of pathogens in selected baltic sea indicator species. | here we review the state-of-the-art of pathogens in select marine and terrestrial key species of the baltic sea, i.e. ringed seal (pusa hispida), harbour seal (phoca vitulina), grey seal (halichoerus grypus), harbour porpoise (phocoena phocoena), common eider (somateria mollissima), pink-footed goose (anser brachyrhynchus) and white-tailed eagle (haliaeetus albicilla). this review is the first to merge and present available information and baseline data for the fp7 bonus balthealth project: balt ... | 2020 | 32070804 |
| emergence of human avian influenza a(h7n9) virus infections in wenshan city in southwest china, 2017. | the emergence of human infection with avian influenza a(h7n9) virus was reported in wenshan city, southwestern china in 2017. the study describes the epidemiological and virological features of the outbreak and discusses the origin of the infection. | 2020 | 32075579 |
| influenza-infected newborn and adult monkeys exhibit a strong primary antibody response to hemagglutinin stem. | the specificity of antibodies (abs) generated against influenza a virus (iav) infection can significantly alter protection and viral clearance. at present, the impact of age upon this process is relatively unexplored. here, we evaluated the ab response in newborn and adult african green monkeys following infection with iav using a strain that enables us to determine the immunodominance (id) hierarchy of the ab response to hemagglutinin (ha), the principal target of protective abs. this revealed ... | 2020 | 32078584 |
| anti-influenza virus phytochemicals from radix paeoniae alba and characterization of their neuraminidase inhibitory activities. | bai shao (radix paeoniae alba, bs), the root of paeonia lactiflora pall., in ancient china was used for wen bing (warm disease) treatment. wen bing has the symptoms of influenza. ethanol extract of the root has recently been shown to possess anti-influenza activity. however, the active compounds have not yet been identified. | 2020 | 32081739 |
| a unique feature of swine anp32a provides susceptibility to avian influenza virus infection in pigs. | both the replication and transcription of the influenza virus are catalyzed by the viral polymerase complex. the polymerases of most avian influenza a viruses have poor performance in mammalian cells, which is considered to be one of the important species barriers. pigs have been long considered as important intermediate hosts for interspecies transmission of the avian influenza virus, because of their susceptibility to infection with both avian and mammalian influenza viruses. however, the mole ... | 2020 | 32084248 |
| an oleanolic acid derivative inhibits hemagglutinin-mediated entry of influenza a virus. | influenza a viruses (iav) have been a major public health threat worldwide, and options for antiviral therapy become increasingly limited with the emergence of drug-resisting virus strains. new and effective anti-iav drugs, especially for highly pathogenic influenza, with different modes of action, are urgently needed. the influenza virus glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a potenti ... | 2020 | 32085430 |
| risk factors and spatial relative risk assessment for influenza a virus in poultry and swine in backyard production systems of central chile. | backyard production systems (bps) are a common form of poultry and swine production worldwide. the limited implementation of biosecurity standards in these operations makes bps a potential source for the emergence of pathogens that have an impact on both animal and public health. information regarding circulation of influenza a virus (iav) in poultry and swine raised in bps is scarce; particularly in south american countries. the objective of this study was to estimate prevalence and seroprevale ... | 2020 | 32086880 |
| characterization of experimental oro-nasal inoculation of seba's short-tailed bats (carollia perspicillata) with bat influenza a virus h18n11. | in 2012 and 2013, the genomic sequences of two novel influenza a virus (iav) subtypes, designated h17n10 and h18n11, were identified via next-generation sequencing in the feces of the little yellow-shouldered fruit bat (sturnira lilium) and the flat-faced fruit-eating bat (artibeus planirostris), respectively. the pathogenesis caused by these viruses in their respective host species is currently insufficiently understood, which is primarily due to the inability to obtain and keep these bat speci ... | 2020 | 32093076 |
| molecular survey and interaction of common respiratory pathogens in chicken flocks (field perspective). | the present study was designed for the detection of the most prevalent respiratory infections in chicken flocks and clarifying their interaction and impact on flock health. | 2019 | 32095050 |
| eco-virological preliminary study of potentially emerging pathogens in hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus) recovered at a wildlife treatment and rehabilitation center in northern italy. | the western european hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus) is one of the four hedgehog species belonging to the genus erinaceus. among them, e. amurensis is extant in east asia's areas only, whereas e. europaeus, e. roumanicus and e. concolor are mainly found in europe. e. europaeus is endemically distributed from western to central and southern europe, including italy. western european hedgehogs' ecological and feeding habits, along with their high population densities, notable synanthropic attitudes, ... | 2020 | 32121543 |
| bearing the brunt: mongolian khulan (equus hemionus hemionus) are exposed to multiple influenza a strains. | the majority of influenza a virus strains are hosted in nature by avian species in the orders of anseriformes and charadriformes. a minority of strains have been able to cross species boundaries and establish themselves in novel non-avian hosts. influenza viruses of horses, donkeys, and mules represent such successful events of avian to mammal influenza virus adaptation. mongolia has over 3 million domestic horses and is home to two wild equids, the asiatic wild ass or khulan (equus hemionus hem ... | 2020 | 32122608 |
| the effect of different concentrations of gold nanoparticles on growth performance, toxicopathological and immunological parameters of broiler chickens. | the present study aimed to evaluate what dosage of gold nanoparticles (gnps) would improve growth performance, antioxidant levels and immune defense in broiler chickens. the experiment was carried out on 90 one-day-old mixbred cobb chicks. the birds were allocated into three groups with three replicates. group (1) kept as a negative control. groups (2) and (3) received 5, 15 ppm gnps via drinking water weekly for 35 days of chicks' life. blood samples were collected at 8, 15, 22 and 36 days for ... | 2020 | 32124930 |
| comparison of the efficiency of blup and gblup in genomic prediction of immune traits in chickens. | : poultry diseases pose a large threat to poultry production. selection to improve immune traits is a feasible way to prevent and control avian diseases. the objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of estimation of genetic parameters for antibody response to avian influenza virus (ab-aiv), antibody response to newcastle disease virus (ab-ndv), sheep red blood cell antibody titer (srbc), the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (h/l), immunoglobulin g (igg), the spleen immune ind ... | 2020 | 32138151 |
| engineered recombinant single chain variable fragment of monoclonal antibody provides protection to chickens infected with h9n2 avian influenza. | passive immunisation with neutralising antibodies can be a potent therapeutic strategy if used pre- or post-exposure to a variety of pathogens. herein, we investigated whether recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mabs) could be used to protect chickens against avian influenza. avian influenza viruses impose a significant economic burden on the poultry industry and pose a zoonotic infection risk for public health worldwide. traditional control measures including vaccination do not provide rapid pro ... | 2020 | 32138253 |
| complete genome sequence of the highly pathogenic strain a/domestic goose/pavlodar/1/05 (h5n1) of the avian influenza virus, isolated in kazakhstan in 2005. | here, we present the complete genome sequence of a highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza a virus/domestic goose/pavlodar/1/05 (h5n1) (gs/1/05), which belongs to clade 2.2. this strain of the influenza virus was isolated in northern kazakhstan in 2005. | 2020 | 32139571 |
| immunization with dna prime-subunit protein boost strategy based on influenza h9n2 virus conserved matrix protein m1 and its epitope screening. | developing an effective universal influenza vaccine against influenza virus with highly conserved antigenic epitopes could induce a broad-spectrum immune response to prevent infection. the soluble protein m1 that can induce the m1 specific immune response was first confirmed in our previous study. in this study, we characterized the immune response induced by dna prime-subunit protein boost strategy based on the relatively conserved matrix protein 1 (m1) in the balb/c mouse model, and evaluated ... | 2020 | 32139720 |