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antiprotozoal activity of ferroquine.ferroquine (fq, ssr97193) is a synthetic compound currently in development for the treatment of malaria. the use of a single compound to treat several parasitoses would be very convenient for multi-infected patients and also for financial considerations. in this work, the activity of fq was investigated on three other protista parasites: kinetoplastidae (leishmania and trypanosoma) and the cosmopolite parasite trichomonas vaginalis. fq exhibited a significant in vitro activity on trypanosoma bru ...201323229318
sexually transmitted infections among hiv-infected heavy drinkers in st petersburg, russia.the objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and identify correlates of four sexually transmitted infections (stis) among hiv-infected russians reporting heavy alcohol use and recent unprotected sex, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the hermitage study. the primary outcome was any current sti, based on urine tests for neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis and serological testing for infection with treponema pallidum. dat ...201223258823
depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use is not associated with risk of incident sexually transmitted infections among adolescent women.to determine whether depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (dmpa) use is associated with an increased risk of acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (stis) in a cohort of healthy adolescents, for whom prospective evidence is sparse.201323260839
fastannotator--an efficient transcript annotation web tool.recent developments in high-throughput sequencing (hts) technologies have made it feasible to sequence the complete transcriptomes of non-model organisms or metatranscriptomes from environmental samples. the challenge after generating hundreds of millions of sequences is to annotate these transcripts and classify the transcripts based on their putative functions. because many biological scientists lack the knowledge to install linux-based software packages or maintain databases used for transcri ...201223281853
[prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women attending a public hospital in chile].the epidemiologic rates of gonorrhea have declined steadily in chile, while the incidence of infections with trichomonas vaginalis and chlamydia trachomatis is not well known.201223282493
female genital mutilation and infections: a systematic review of the clinical evidence.female genital mutilation (fgm) is a common practice especially performed in women with no anaesthesia or antibiotics and in absence of aseptic conditions. the aim of this systematic review is to explore and analyze for first time in the current literature, the clinical evidence related to the presence of infections in the practice of fgm.201323315098
a trich-y question: should trichomonas vaginalis infection be reportable? 201323321992
trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis in obstetrics and gynecology practice: new concepts and controversies.trichomonas vaginalis (tv) is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. annually, 7.4 million new infections are estimated in the united states, which is greater than combined new cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. serious adverse reproductive health outcomes including pregnancy complications, pelvic inflammatory disease, and an increased risk of hiv acquisition have been linked to tv infection. there are several sensitive and specific diagnostic tests available ...201323322080
performance of a rapid self-test for detection of trichomonas vaginalis in south africa and brazil.women participating in studies in brazil (n = 695) and south africa (n = 230) performed rapid point-of-care tests for trichomonas vaginalis on self-collected vaginal swabs. using pcr as the gold standard, rapid self-testing achieved high specificity (99.1%; 95% confidence interval [ci], 98.2 to 99.6%) and moderate sensitivity (76.7%; 95% ci, 61.4 to 88.2%). these tests may be considered an alternative to syndromic management in resource-poor settings.201323325818
effect of echinophora platyloba, stachys lavandulifolia, and eucalyptus camaldulensis plants on trichomonas vaginalis growth in vitro.trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite which causes vaginitis in women worldwide. metronidazole with vast side effects is drug of choice for this infection. in search for an alternative drug, in this study the effect of three plants on trichomonas vaginalis has been investigated in vitro.201223326809
hiv and other sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of women involved in high-risk sexual behavior in kampala, uganda.uganda has long been successful in controlling the hiv epidemic; however, there is evidence that hiv prevalence and incidence are increasing again. data on the hiv/sti epidemic among sex workers are so far lacking from uganda. this paper describes the baseline epidemiology of hiv/sti in a newly established cohort of women involved in high-risk sexual behavior in kampala, uganda.201123330152
the cytopathic effects of trichomonas vaginalis on fibroblast cell culture alone and with c. albicans and e. coli.in this study, the cytopathic effects of trichomonas vaginalis were investigated in l929 mouse fibroblast cell cultures (fcc) under different conditions: only parasite, or coexistence with candida albicans and escherichia coli.201223339937
prevalence and morbidity of urethral trichomonas vaginalis in japanese men with or without urethritis.trichomonas vaginalis is one of the pathogens causing sexually transmitted infections. this microorganism is a common pathogen among women, but its significance as a cause of morbidity among men remains uncertain. we sought to determine the prevalence and morbidity of t. vaginalis infection in japanese men with and without urethritis.201323349337
trichomonas vaginalis infection in men who submit self-collected penile swabs after internet recruitment.submission of self-collected penile samples collected at home could remove barriers that men face in getting tested for sexually transmitted infections (stis).201323354525
[a review on the impact of iud in cervical cytology: mardin region data].the aim of the study was to provide an overview to infectious and reactive cytological effects of intrauterine devices, which are one of the most widely used methods of contraception, with the results we obtained in the mardin region.201323354797
a partner-related risk behavior index to identify people at elevated risk for sexually transmitted infections.the purpose of this study was to develop and test a sexual-partner-related risk behavior index to identify high-risk individuals most likely to have a sexually transmitted infection (sti). patients from five sti and adolescent medical clinics in three us cities were recruited (n = 928; m age = 29.2 years). data were collected using audio-computer-assisted self-interviewing. of seven sexual-partner-related variables, those that were significantly associated with the outcomes were combined into a ...201323355254
clinical evidence for the role of trichomonas vaginalis in regulation of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in the female genital tract.secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (slpi) is responsible for regulating inflammatory damage to and innate and adaptive immune responses in the vaginal mucosa. depressed cervicovaginal slpi levels have been correlated with both trichomonas vaginalis infection and poor reproductive health outcomes.201323355743
the synthesis and antiparasitic activity of aryl- and ferrocenyl-derived thiosemicarbazone ruthenium(ii)-arene complexes.a series of aryl-functionalized and ferrocenyl monothiosemicarbazone compounds (l1-l4) were synthesized in moderate yields via a general schiff-base condensation reaction. the thiosemicarbazone (tsc) ligands were reacted with the ruthenium dimer [ru(ar)(μ-cl)cl](2) (ar = benzene; p-cymene) to yield a series of cationic mononuclear ruthenium(ii)-arene thiosemicarbazone complexes of the general type [ru(cl)(tsc)(ar)]cl (1-8). the thiosemicarbazone ligands act as bidentate chelating ligands that co ...201323361649
the rarity of trichomonas vaginalis in urban australia.infection with trichomonas vaginalis has declined dramatically in urban australia but remains endemic in some predominantly indigenous rural regions. the objective was to determine t vaginalis positivity rates in clinical specimens by pcr detection, from a large community-based private pathology laboratory servicing rural and urban australian populations.201323372016
to determine of the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, candida sp, mixed infections (bacterial vaginosis + candida sp), trichomonas vaginalis, actinomyces sp in turkish women from ankara, turkey.to determine of the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, candida sp, mixed infections (bacterial vaginosis + candida sp), trichomonas vaginalis, actinomyces sp in ankara, turkey and analyze whether there is seasonal variation in these infectious agents.201223383559
development of pcr assays for detection of trichomonas vaginalis in urine specimens.trichomonas vaginalis infections are usually asymptomatic or can result in nonspecific clinical symptoms, which makes laboratory-based detection of this protozoan parasite essential for diagnosis and treatment. we report the development of a battery of highly sensitive and specific pcr assays for detection of t. vaginalis in urine, a noninvasive specimen, and development of a protocol for differentiating among trichomonas species that commonly infect humans.201323390274
development of a latex agglutination test as a simple and rapid method for diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection.trichomoniasis is a worldwide infection and due to its complications rapid and accurate diagnosis of infection especially in pregnant women is very important. in this study, development of a latex agglutination test using native antigens for rapid diagnosis of trichomoniasis is investigated. trichomonas vaginalis was harvested from tyis33 culture medium and anti trichomonas vaginalis antiserum was raised in rabbits. salt precipitation method was used for antibody purification. polyesteren latex ...201023408769
trichomonas vaginalis contact-dependent cytolysis of epithelial cells.trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular protozoan parasite that binds to the epithelium of the human urogenital tract during infection. in this study, we examined the propensities of 26 t. vaginalis strains to bind to and lyse prostate (bph-1) and ectocervical (ect1) epithelium and to lyse red blood cells (rbcs). we found that only three of the strains had a statistically significant preference for either bph-1 (msa1103) or ect1 (la1 and msa1123). overall, we observed that levels of adherence ...201323429535
retrospective study of the effect of enhanced systematic sexually transmitted infection screening, facilitated by the use of electronic patient records, in an hiv-infected cohort.the aim of the study was to assess the impact of electronic checklists in enhancing sexually transmitted infection (sti) screening in routine hiv care.201323432731
il-10 release by bovine epithelial cells cultured with trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus.trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus are parasitic protists of the human and bovine urogenital tracts, respectively. several studies have described the cytotoxic effects of trichomonads on urogenital tract epithelial cells. however, little is known about the host cell response against trichomonads. the aim of this study was to determine whether t. foetus and t. vaginalis stimulated the release of the cytokine interleukin (il)-10 from cultured bovine epithelial cells. to characterise t ...201323440124
il-22 levels are associated with trichomonas vaginalis infection in the lower genital tract.il-22 has important functions at mucosal surfaces, including the induction of antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of epithelium. however, il-22 has not been investigated in the genital tract during tv infection.201323445169
trichomonas vaginalis infection among women receiving gynaecological care at an alabama hiv clinic.trichomoniasis vaginalis is a risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of hiv. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of t vaginalis (using culture) among hiv-infected women receiving gynaecological care at an university hiv clinic in alabama in addition to predictors of infection.201323449600
comparison of in vitro activity of metronidazole and garlic-based product (tomex®) on trichomonas vaginalis.trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted parasite in humans. metronidazole has been the gold standard for treatment of trichomoniasis. the prevalence of metronidazole resistance and its unpleasant adverse effects drew the attention to the investigation of other lines of treatment, as that of herbal medicine. garlic has been proven to have antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antihelminthic activity. the current study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available g ...201323455944
opportunistic parasites in children with pneumococcal infection in greater cairo, egypt.vaccination remains the primary preventive strategy in the elderly against streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza infections. however, the effectiveness of vaccines decreases with increasing age and among patients. this study evaluated the opportunistic parasites infecting vaccinated and non-vaccinated pneumococcal children. the result showed that invasive children (4%) had bacternrmid, septicemid and pneumococcal but no meningitis while the non-invasive ones (86%) had community acquired freunon ...201223469649
hydrogenosome metabolism is the key target for antiparasitic activity of resveratrol against trichomonas vaginalis.metronidazole (mdz) and related 5-nitroimidazoles are the recommended drugs for treatment of trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease caused by the protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis. however, novel treatment options are needed, as recent reports have claimed resistance to these drugs in t. vaginalis isolates. in this study, we analyzed for the first time the in vitro effects of the natural polyphenol resveratrol (resv) on t. vaginalis. at concentrations of between 25 and 100 μm, res ...201323478970
unique vaginal microbiota that includes an unknown mycoplasma-like organism is associated with trichomonas vaginalis infection.the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis infection is highest in women with intermediate nugent scores. we hypothesized that the vaginal microbiota in t. vaginalis-infected women differs from that in t. vaginalis-uninfected women.201323482642
[statement of the polish gynecological society expert group on the use of macmiror complex 500].the group of experts representing the polish gynecologic society has issued this statement based on the review of available literature on the potential benefits of the use of macmiror complex 500 in obstetrical and gynecologic practice. mixed vaginitis (mv) eg. the vaginal infection caused by at least two out of the triad of pathogens (fungi, bacteria and trichomonas vaginalis [tv]), constitutes the type of vaginitis which is underestimated as for its prevalence. mixed pathogens are responsible ...201223488303
knockout of the abundant trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomal membrane protein tvhmp23 increases hydrogenosome size but induces no compensatory up-regulation of paralogous copies.the trichomonas vaginalis genome encodes up to 60000 genes, many of which stem from genome duplication events. paralogous copies thus accompany most t. vaginalis genes, a phenomenon that limits genetic manipulation. we characterized one of the parasite's most abundant hydrogenosomal membrane proteins, tvhmp23, which is phylogenetically distinct from canonical metabolite carriers, and which localizes to the inner hydrogenosomal membrane as shown through sub-organellar fractionation and protease p ...201323499435
trichomoniasis: an update.trichomoniasis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (stis) with a prevalence of 5-75%. in india, trichomoniasis accounts for 2-7% of all stis. infection with trichomonas vaginalis is known to cause vaginitis. significant association has also been noted between trichomoniasis and cervical cancer, atypical pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, low birth weight, and respiratory-tract infection in neonates. of interest are the recent documentations of association of this par ...201123508486
the tvlegu-1, a legumain-like cysteine proteinase, plays a key role in trichomonas vaginalis cytoadherence.the goal of this paper was to characterize a trichomonas vaginalis cysteine proteinase (cp) legumain-1 (tvlegu-1) and determine its potential role as a virulence factor during t. vaginalis infection. a 30-kda band, which migrates in three protein spots (pi~6.3, ~6.5, and ~6.7) with a different type and level of phosphorylation, was identified as tvlegu-1 by one- and two-dimensional western blot (wb) assays, using a protease-rich trichomonad extract and polyclonal antibodies produced against the ...201323509742
the actin-based machinery of trichomonas vaginalis mediates flagellate-amoeboid transition and migration across host tissue.trichomonas vaginalis is the most widespread non-viral pathogen of the human urogenital tract, infecting ∼ 3% of the world's population annually. at the onset of infection the protist changes morphology within minutes: the flagellated free-swimming cell converts into the amoeboid-adherent stage. the molecular machinery of this process is not well studied, but is thought to involve actin reorganization. we have characterized amoeboid transition, focusing in particular on tvfim1, the only expresse ...201323530917
respiratory disease and trichomonas vaginalis in premature newborn twins.in premature newborn twins with respiratory disease, trichomonas vaginalis infection was diagnosed by chance findings in respiratory samples and was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction of urine and vaginal samples from the boy and girl, respectively. trichomonas vaginalis should be considered as a possible cause of respiratory disease in newborns and modern molecular detection techniques can help in the diagnosis.201323538520
the clinical spectrum of trichomonas vaginalis infection and challenges to management.trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. t vaginalis infections in women can range from asymptomatic to acute inflammatory vaginitis. in men, this infection is typically asymptomatic but is increasingly being recognised as a cause of non-gonococcal urethritis. diagnosis of t vaginalis has traditionally been made by direct microscopic examination of a wet mount of vaginal fluid or through the use of culture. the recent commercial availability of n ...201323543252
structure of a protozoan virus from the human genitourinary parasite trichomonas vaginalis.the flagellated protozoan trichomonas vaginalis is an obligate human genitourinary parasite and the most frequent cause of sexually transmitted disease worldwide. most clinical isolates of t. vaginalis are persistently infected with one or more double-stranded rna (dsrna) viruses from the genus trichomonasvirus, family totiviridae, which appear to influence not only protozoan biology but also human disease. here we describe the three-dimensional structure of trichomonas vaginalis virus 1 (tvv1) ...201323549915
retrospective assessment of transcription-mediated amplification-based screening for trichomonas vaginalis in male sexually transmitted infection clinic patients.transcription-mediated amplification (tma) enhances detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis from rectal and pharyngeal sources. the utility of tma for detection of trichomonas vaginalis has recently been described. we report on the performance of tma for detection of sexually transmitted infection (sti) agents from extraurogenital sources, with a focus on t. vaginalis. within a 21-month interval, 1,314 consecutive male patient encounters at an sti clinic resulted in collecti ...201323554208
antimicrobial resistance of abnormal vaginal discharges microorganisms in ouagadougou, burkina faso.to assess the prevalence of bacterial strains and fungal strains infecting the vaginal tract and test their sensitivity to antibiotics in women attending saint camille medical centre in ouagadougou.201223569916
unexpected properties of nadp-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (adh-1) in trichomonas vaginalis and other microaerophilic parasites.our previous observation that nadp-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (adh-1) is down-regulated in metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis isolates prompted us to further characterise the enzyme. in addition to its canonical enzyme activity as a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase, a pronounced, so far unknown, background nadph-oxidising activity in absence of any added substrate was observed when the recombinant enzyme or t. vaginalis extract were used. this activity was strongly enhan ...201323578856
tvmp50 is an immunogenic metalloproteinase during male trichomoniasis.trichomonas vaginalis, a human urogenital tract parasite, is capable of surviving in the male microenvironment, despite of the presence of zn(2+). concentrations > 1.6 mm of zn(2+) have a trichomonacidal effect; however, in the presence of ≤1.6 mm zn(2+), several trichomonad proteins are up- or down-regulated. herein, we analyzed the proteome of a t. vaginalis male isolate (hgmn01) grown in the presence of zn(2+) and found 32 protein spots that were immunorecognized by male trichomoniasis patien ...201323579185
quantity, not frequency, of alcohol use moderates the association between multiple sexual partners and trichomonas vaginalis among women attending an urban std clinic.the purpose of this study is to investigate alcohol use, sexual risk behaviour and trichomoniasis in a sample of low-income, largely minority, women patients at a publicly funded sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic in the usa.201323580608
implications of trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification testing on medical training and practice. 201323592856
response to "implications of trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification testing on medical training and practice". 201323592857
survival of trichomonas vaginalis in wet preparation and on wet mount.microscopy is an insensitive method for detection of trichomonas vaginalis, but is widely used because it is both rapid and inexpensive. diagnosis of trichomoniasis by microscopy requires that motile forms be identified in vaginal fluid samples. however, microscopy cannot always be performed immediately after sample collection. the objective of this study was to assess the impact of sample storage at room temperature on trichomonad motility.201323605849
trends and associations of trichomonas vaginalis infection in men and women with genital discharge syndromes in johannesburg, south africa.to better understand the epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis infection, we investigated the association between t vaginalis and demographic, clinical, microbiological and behavioural characteristics of patients presenting with genital discharges to a primary healthcare clinic in johannesburg, south africa.201323605850
trichomoniasis and hiv interactions: a review.to discuss the epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and hiv co-infections, the role of tv in acquisition and transmission of hiv, special treatment considerations for tv among women with hiv and the prevention of tv among hiv-infected persons.201323605851
a new rapid molecular point-of-care assay for trichomonas vaginalis: preliminary performance data.trichomonas vaginalis infection is the most prevalent treatable sexually transmitted infection (sti) in the world. an accurate point-of-care (poc) molecular test would enable patients to be tested and treated for t vaginalis in a single visit to the genitourinary medicine clinic, community sti clinic, pharmacy or doctor's office. in this report, we describe a rapid prototype assay for t vaginalis designed for use in conjunction with the atlas io poc platform, and initial verification of its perf ...201323605852
prevalence and incidence of trichomonas vaginalis infections in women participating in a clinical trial in durban, south africa.trichomonas vaginalis is known to be the most common, curable, sexually transmitted infection among sexually active women and may be associated with the acquisition and transmission of hiv. the purpose of this analysis is to determine the prevalence and incidence of t vaginalis and assess risk factors associated with t vaginalis infection in a cohort of women participating in a clinical trial.201323605853
the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis detected by wet mount and polymerase chain reaction in sydney women.objectives although trichomonas vaginalis (tv) has a low profile in urban australia, local data has estimated the prevalence in women to be 10 times higher when using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) versus wet mount microscopy (4.8% v. 0.4%). our aim was to determine the prevalence of tv in sydney women using both wet mount and pcr.201323611496
epitopes of the highly immunogenic trichomonas vaginalis α-actinin are serodiagnostic targets for both women and men.there is a need for a point-of-care serodiagnostic test for women and men for sexually transmitted infections (stis) caused by trichomonas vaginalis. sera from women with this sti and sera from men that were analyzed in studies showing a relationship between serostatus and prostate cancer are highly seropositive in response to trichomonad α-actinin and its truncated protein (act-p2) (positive control sera). epitope mapping experiments showed that positive control sera from women had antibodies t ...201323616456
synthesis of 1h-1,2,3-triazole linked β-lactam-isatin bi-functional hybrids and preliminary analysis of in vitro activity against the protozoal parasite trichomonas vaginalis.twenty-two different triazoles were prepared to examine the anti-trichomonas vaginalis structure-activity relationships (sar) within the β-lactam-isatin-triazole conjugate family. the compounds were synthesized by copper-catalyzed 'click chemistry.'in vitro activity against t. vaginalis was determined at 10 and 100 μm for each compound, with eighteen of the synthesized hybrids showing 100% growth inhibition at 100 μm. the compound 5i, with no cytotoxicity on cultured cho-k1 cells, is considered ...201323631874
association of trichomonas vaginalis with its symbiont mycoplasma hominis synergistically upregulates the in vitro proinflammatory response of human monocytes.trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. in recent years we have described the symbiotic relationship between t vaginalis and mycoplasma hominis. how this biological association might affect the pathogenicity of one or both the microorganisms is still unknown. since local inflammation is thought to play a central role in t vaginalis infection, we investigated the in vitro response of human macrophages to natur ...201323633668
modern diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection.recent advances in tests for the sexually transmitted protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis have increased opportunities for diagnosis and treatment of this important sexually transmitted infection. this review summarises currently available tests, highlighting their performance characteristics, advantages and limitations. the recent development of molecular tests for the detection of t vaginalis, including rapid antigen detection and nucleic acid amplification tests, has significantly improv ...201323633669
are plant extracts a potential therapeutic approach for genital infections?more than 40% of the new drugs registered from 1981 to 2006 were obtained, derived or inspired from natural compounds. the influence of natural products in the anti-infective area is quite marked, being a great percentage of drugs derived or extracted from natural products. vaginal infections are one of the most common reasons a women visits a gynecologist. given the high popularity of natural therapies among women who suffer from chronic infections, it is urgent for women's healthcare providers ...201323651308
effects of contraception on cervical cytology: data from mardin city.mardin is an area of low socioeconomic level with low rates of contraceptive method use. our aim in this study was to evaluate the effects of the contraceptive methods used in the area on epithelial cell abnormalities and vaginal flora changes.201323661348
a prospective cohort study comparing the effect of single-dose 2 g metronidazole on trichomonas vaginalis infection in hiv-seropositive versus hiv-seronegative women.this analysis compared the frequency of persistent trichomonas vaginalis (tv) among hiv-seropositive and hiv-seronegative women.201323677023
does antiretroviral therapy interfere with the treatment of trichomonas vaginalis among hiv+ women? 201323677024
correlation of leukorrhea and trichomonas vaginalis infection.trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted infection (sti) causing vaginitis. microscopy has poor sensitivity but is used for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in resource-poor settings. we aimed to provide a more reliable diagnosis of trichomoniasis by investigating an association with leukorrhea. women presenting for evaluation of vaginal discharge, sti exposure, or preventative gynecologic examination were evaluated for trichomonas infection. vaginal ph was determined and microscopy was ...201323678058
double-stranded rna viral infection in tehran trichomonas vaginalis isolates.trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogenic protozoon and may be contaminated with dsrna virus called trichomonas vaginalis virus (tvv). the viral infection is an important factor for its pathogenesis and sensitivity to metronidazole. the presence of tvv is associated with qualitative and quantitative expression of cysteine proteinases and surface immunogenic; p270. the purpose of this study was to determine tvv frequency in t. vaginalis clinical isolates in tehran, iran.201323682261
diagnosis and molecular characterization of trichomonas vaginalis in sex workers in the philippines.trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogenic protozoon which causes the sexually transmitted infection, trichomoniasis. the absence or non-specificity of symptoms often leads to misdiagnosis of the infection. in this study, 969 samples consisting of vaginal swabs and urine were collected and screened from social hygiene clinics across the philippines. of the 969 samples, 216 were used for the comparative analysis of diagnostic tools such as wet mount microscopy, culture, and pcr utilizing universal tri ...201323683368
deep sequencing of trichomonas vaginalis during the early infection of vaginal epithelial cells and amoeboid transition.the human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis has the largest protozoan genome known, potentially encoding approximately 60,000 proteins. to what degree these genes are expressed is not well known and only a few key transcription factors and promoter domains have been identified. to shed light on the expression capacity of the parasite and transcriptional regulation during phase transitions, we deep sequenced the transcriptomes of the protozoan during two environmental stimuli of the early infection ...201323688716
[vaginal infections in pregnant women at the regional hospital of sokode (togo) in 2010 and 2011].the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the major microorganisms causing vaginal infections in pregnant women consulting at the regional hospital of sokodé and to assess their sensitivity to antibiotics.201623692693
genetic diversity of trichomonas vaginalis reinfection in hiv-positive women.recently developed genotyping tools allow better understanding of trichomonas vaginalis population genetics and epidemiology. these tools have yet to be applied to t vaginalis collected from hiv+ populations, where understanding the interaction between the pathogens is of great importance due to the correlation between t vaginalis infection and hiv transmission. the objectives of the study were twofold: first, to compare the genetic diversity and population structure of t vaginalis collected fro ...201323694936
trichomonas vaginalis virulence factors: an integrative overview.the elusive nature of trichomonas vaginalis, the most common, non-viral, sexually transmitted pathogen has hampered our knowledge of its significance for human health for over 150 years. the combination of epidemiology, molecular cell biology, immunology and more recently genomics and other allied omics data, are all contributing at shedding new light onto what is increasingly recognised as a significant human pathogen leading to important health sequelae due to multifaceted interactions with it ...201323694938
cervicitis: limited clinical utility for the detection of mycoplasma genitalium in a cross-sectional study of women attending a new zealand sexual health clinic.although multiple studies have confirmed mycoplasma genitalium as a cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men, there is less evidence of its pathogenicity in women. our aims were to determine the prevalence of m. genitalium in a sample of women attending a sexual health clinic and to assess whether there was any association between the detection of m. genitalium and a diagnosis of cervicitis in this population.201323702105
performance of the osom trichomonas rapid test for diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection among women in mysore, india.background trichomonas vaginalis is the world's most common treatable sexually transmissible infection. currently, wet mount microscopy and syndromic management based on vaginal discharge are the most widely used methods for diagnosing and treating trichomoniasis in resource-constrained settings. wet mount microscopy requires equipment and trained technicians, who are in short supply. we examined the diagnostic accuracy of the osom trichomonas rapid test for detecting t. vaginalis vaginal infect ...201323702272
genetic diversity in trichomonas vaginalis.recent advances in genetic characterisation of trichomonas vaginalis isolates show that the extensive clinical variability in trichomoniasis and its disease sequelae are matched by significant genetic diversity in the organism itself, suggesting a connection between the genetic identity of isolates and their clinical manifestations. indeed, a high degree of genetic heterogeneity in t vaginalis isolates has been observed using multiple genotyping techniques. a unique two-type population structure ...201323702460
the dimension of trichomonas vaginalis as measured by scanning electron microscopy.it is known that physicochemical conditions (e.g., ph, temperature, and ionic strength) affect the size of trichomonads. in this study, the sizes of 4 isolates of trichomonas vaginalis cultured for more than a year (called "old t") and 3 isolates freshly isolated from vaginitis cases (called "fresh t") were compared by scanning electron microscopy. although the fresh t had shorter body length, body width, and flagellar length than old t, total length (about 26 µm), including body length, flagell ...201323710095
antibody to a conserved antigenic target is protective against diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens.microbial capsular antigens are effective vaccines but are chemically and immunologically diverse, resulting in a major barrier to their use against multiple pathogens. a β-(1→6)-linked poly-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine (pnag) surface capsule is synthesized by four proteins encoded in genetic loci designated intercellular adhesion in staphylococcus aureus or polyglucosamine in selected gram-negative bacterial pathogens. we report that many microbial pathogens lacking an identifiable intercellular adhe ...201323716675
the adherence of trichomonas vaginalis to host ectocervical cells is influenced by lactobacilli.trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease, and adhesion of the pathogen trichomonas vaginalis to the host vaginal cells is the first step in establishing infection. for this to happen, the pathogen has to overcome a natural protective barrier composed mostly of lactobacilli. the objective of this study was to understand the role of lactobacilli in the adhesion of t vaginalis to host cells.201323720602
[diagnosis of vaginitis-vaginosis by hibridization with dna strands].vaginal infections lie among the most common causes women ask for medical advice. in order of frequency bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis are responsible for 90% of vaginitis/vaginosis.201323720932
detection of trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal swab clinical samples from palestinian women by culture.background. trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by trichomonas vaginalis. it is a major health problem worldwide. the world health organization (who) has estimated that 180 million infections are acquired annually worldwide. methodology. vaginal swabs (1207) were cultured for t. vaginalis on trichomonas medium no. 2 (oxoid) soon after specimen collection. the cultures were examined daily using a light microscope to detect the presence of t. vaginalis. results. the prev ...201123724313
synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of novel 2-{[2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]sulfanyl}-1h-benzimidazole derivatives.a series of 19 new 2-{[2-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]sulfanyl}-1h-benzimidazole derivatives was synthesized starting from the properly substituted 1,2-phenylendiamine. these compounds have hydrogen or methyl at position 1; while hydrogen, chlorine, ethoxy or methoxycarbonyl group is at position 5 and/or 6. the novel compounds were tested against protozoa trichomonas vaginalis, giardia intestinalis and entamoeba histolytica. experimental evaluations revealed strong activity for all tested compounds, ...201323731944
structural and thermodynamic folding characterization of triosephosphate isomerases from trichomonas vaginalis reveals the role of destabilizing mutations following gene duplication.we report the structures and thermodynamic analysis of the unfolding of two triosephosphate isomerases (tvtim1 and tvtim2) from trichomonas vaginalis. both isoforms differ by the character of four amino acids: e/q 18, i/v 24, i/v 45, and p/a 239. despite the high sequence and structural similarities between both isoforms, they display substantial differences in their stabilities. tvtim1 (e18, i24, i45, and p239) is more stable and less dissociable than tvtim2 (q18, v24, v45, and a239). we postul ...201423733417
iron-induced changes in the proteome of trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomes.iron plays a crucial role in metabolism as a key component of catalytic and redox cofactors, such as heme or iron-sulfur clusters in enzymes and electron-transporting or regulatory proteins. limitation of iron availability by the host is also one of the mechanisms involved in immunity. pathogens must regulate their protein expression according to the iron concentration in their environment and optimize their metabolic pathways in cases of limitation through the availability of respective cofacto ...201323741475
global epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis.despite having the highest prevalence of any sexually transmitted infection (sti) globally, there is a dearth of data describing trichomonas vaginalis (tv) incidence and prevalence in the general population. the lack of basic epidemiological data is an obstacle to addressing the epidemic. once considered a nuisance infection, the morbidities associated with tv have been increasingly recognised over the past decade, highlighting the importance of this pathogen as a public health problem. recent d ...201323744960
drug repurposing: mining protozoan proteomes for targets of known bioactive compounds.to identify potential opportunities for drug repurposing by developing an automated approach to pre-screen the predicted proteomes of any organism against databases of known drug targets using only freely available resources.201623757409
antibodies to trichomonas vaginalis surface glycolipid.human trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, yet immune responses are not well studied.201323785040
identification and analysis of putative homologues of mechanosensitive channels in pathogenic protozoa.mechanosensitive channels play important roles in the physiology of many organisms, and their dysfunction can affect cell survival. this suggests that they might be therapeutic targets in pathogenic organisms. pathogenic protozoa lead to diseases such as malaria, dysentery, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis that are responsible for millions of deaths each year worldwide. we analyzed the genomes of pathogenic protozoa and show the existence within them of genes encoding putative homologues of mec ...201323785469
drug library screening against metronidazole-sensitive and metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis isolates.metronidazole and tinidazole are effective treatments for most patients with trichomoniasis but not for individuals who are infected with very resistant strains of trichomonas vaginalis or persons with hypersensitivity to the 5-nitroimidazole drugs. thus, there is a need for additional oral therapies to treat trichomoniasis.201323794105
low positivity rate after systematic screening for trichomonas vaginalis in three patient cohorts from general practitioners, sti clinic and a national population-based chlamydia screening study.the goal of this multi-cohort study is to investigate the positivity rate of trichomonas vaginalis (tv) among three distinct dutch patient populations and its relation with chlamydia trachomatis (ct) positivity. few studies have been performed in europe where tv positivity rate seems to be low. additionally, the majority of earlier studies have focused on high risk or specific populations.201323821769
designed chemical intervention with thiols for prophylactic contraception.unlike somatic cells, sperm have several-fold more available-thiols that are susceptible to redox-active agents. the present study explains the mechanism behind the instant sperm-immobilizing and trichomonacidal activities of pyrrolidinium pyrrolidine-1-carbodithioate (ppc), a novel thiol agent rationally created for prophylactic contraception by minor chemical modifications of some known thiol drugs. ppc, and its three derivatives (with potential active-site blocked by alkylation), were synthes ...201323826278
bilateral conjunctivitis due to trichomonas vaginalis without genital infection: an unusual presentation in an adult man.we report an unusual case of extragenital infection with trichomonas vaginalis of the conjunctiva of a 32-year-old man. only one other similar case has been reported in the english language literature. the present report reinforces the widening pathologic spectrum of trichomonads in humans, especially in the context of emerging extragenital infections.201323843487
trichomonas vaginalis exosomes deliver cargo to host cells and mediate host∶parasite interactions.trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted parasite that colonizes the human urogential tract where it remains extracellular and adheres to epithelial cells. infections range from asymptomatic to highly inflammatory, depending on the host and the parasite strain. here, we use a combination of methodologies including cell fractionation, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, rna, proteomic and cytokine analyses and cell adherence assays to examine pathogenic properties of t. vagi ...201323853596
remarkable anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of plants traditionally used by the mbyá-guarani indigenous group in brazil.trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellate protozoan, is the causative agent of trichomonosis, the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. taking into account the increased prevalence of metronidazole-resistant isolates, alternative drugs are essential for the successful treatment. natural products are the source of most new drugs, and popular wisdom about the use of medicinal plants is a powerful tool in this search. in this study, the activity of 10 medicinal plants extensively u ...201323865068
plants traditionally used individually and in combination to treat sexually transmitted infections in northern maputaland, south africa: antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity.although medicinal plants are used extensively to treat sexually transmitted infections (stis) in rural northern maputaland, kwazulu-natal, the efficacy and safety of these plants have not previously been evaluated.201323880127
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis and risk factors in women treated at public health units in brazil: a transversal study.studies have revealed high prevalence rates of trichomonas vaginalis in men and women worldwide. in brazil, where reporting is not mandatory, the true prevalence rate is unknown. this study determined the prevalence of the parasite in women attending public health units in the city of uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil, identifying possible risk factors for infection, and also compared three diagnostic techniques for detecting the parasite.201323880884
spermicidal and anti-trichomonas vaginalis activity of brazilian sapindus saponaria.sapindus saponaria is used traditionally for curing ulcers, external wounds and inflammations. the spermicidal and anti-trichomonas activity of s. saponaria and its effect on lactobacillus acidophilus were evaluated.201323890053
identification of trichomonas vaginalis in different papanicolaou test preparations: trends over time in the college of american pathologists educational interlaboratory comparison program.the college of american pathologists' interlaboratory comparison program in gynecologic cytology has seen an increase in enrollment in liquid-based papanicolaou test challenges with a decrease for conventional papanicolaou tests. trichomonas vaginalis can be difficult to identify in all preparation types.201323899059
the villain team-up or how trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis alter innate immunity in concert.complex interactions of vaginal microorganisms with the genital tract epithelium shape mucosal innate immunity, which holds the key to sexual and reproductive health. bacterial vaginosis (bv), a microbiome-disturbance syndrome prevalent in reproductive-age women, occurs commonly in concert with trichomoniasis, and both are associated with increased risk of adverse reproductive outcomes and viral infections, largely attributable to inflammation. to investigate the causative relationships among in ...201323903808
trichomonas vaginalis and associated factors among women living with hiv/aids in amazonas, brazil.our goal was to determine the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis and its associated factors among women living with hiv attending an aids clinic in manaus, amazonas, brazil.201323916452
current status and prospects for development of a vaccine against trichomonas vaginalis infections.trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted pathogen with an annual worldwide incidence of over 276 million infections, the highest of all curable and non-viral sti. a large proportion of cases are asymptomatic and under-diagnosed with conventional diagnostic tools. infection has important maternal and fetal health consequences and can lead to a higher probability of hiv transmission and susceptibility. lack of affordable accurate diagnostic tests globally and metronidazole resistance hinder ...201423916988
trichomoniasis: how do we diagnose in a resource poor setting?diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis vaginalis infection based solely on clinical symptoms and signs is unreliable because the spectrum of infection is broad and other sexually transmitted pathogens cause similar signs and symptoms.201323919051
insights into trichomoniasis as a result of highly sensitive molecular diagnostics screening in a high-prevalence sexually transmitted infection community.we briefly examine the clinical significance and pathogenesis of trichomonas vaginalis and provide a comprehensive summary of non-molecular and molecular diagnostics for the organism. transcription-mediated amplification (tma) identifies more cases of trichomoniasis than other detection modalities. in our high-prevalence sexually transmitted infection community, tma has allowed us to investigate female and male trichomoniasis epidemiology. distribution of the organism is community-wide and simil ...201323944153
intravaginal metronidazole/miconazole for the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis.trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of the most common curable sexually transmitted disease in the world. the infection is treated with a single oral dose of metronidazole or tinidazole, currently the only licensed class of drugs available for this indication; however, both of these antimicrobials are associated with significant gastrointestinal adverse effects, and some individuals are unable to tolerate them because of these adverse effects.201323949586
prevalent, treatable and significant: barriers to the control of trichomonas vaginalis in women. 201323956294
basic biology of trichomonas vaginalis: current explorations and future directions. 201323956295
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