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a screen against leishmania intracellular amastigotes: comparison to a promastigote screen and identification of a host cell-specific hit.the ability to screen compounds in a high-throughput manner is essential in the process of small molecule drug discovery. critical to the success of screening strategies is the proper design of the assay, often implying a compromise between ease/speed and a biologically relevant setting. leishmaniasis is a major neglected disease with limited therapeutic options. in order to streamline efforts for the design of productive drug screens against leishmania, we compared the efficiency of two screeni ...201121811648
leishmania donovani: proteasome-mediated down-regulation of methionine adenosyltransferase.summarymethionine adenosyltransferase (mat) is an important enzyme for metabolic processes, to the extent that its product, s-adenosylmethionine (adomet), plays a key role in trans-methylation, trans-sulphuration and polyamine synthesis. previous studies have shown that a mat-overexpressing strain of leishmania donovani controls adomet production, keeping the intracellular adomet concentration at levels that are compatible with cell survival. this unexpected result, together with the fact that m ...201121813028
chemical constituents of the new endophytic fungus mycosphaerella sp. nov. and their anti-parasitic activity.chemical investigation of a new endophytic fungus, mycosphaerella sp. nov. strain f2140, associated with the foliage of the plant psychotria horizontalis (rubiaceae) in panama, resulted in the isolation of cercosporin (1) and a new cercosporin analog (3) as the major components. the structures of minor compounds in the extract were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis as 2-(2-butyl)-6-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylcyclohex-2-ene-1,5-dione (4), 3-(2-butyl)-6-ethyl-5-hydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl- ...201121815421
increased metacyclogenesis of antimony-resistant leishmania donovani clinical lines.summarymathematical models predict that the future of epidemics of drug-resistant pathogens depends in part on the competitive fitness of drug-resistant strains. considering metacyclogenesis (differentiation process essential for infectivity) as a major contributor to the fitness of leishmania donovani, we tested its relationship with pentavalent antimony (sbv) resistance in clinical lines. different methods for the assessment of metacyclogenesis were cross-validated: gene expression profiling ( ...201121819638
solution structure and dynamics of adf from toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii adf (tgadf) belongs to a functional subtype characterized by strong g-actin sequestering activity and low f-actin severing activity. among the characterized adf/cofilin proteins, tgadf has the shortest length and is missing a c-terminal helix implicated in f-actin binding. in order to understand its characteristic properties, we have determined the solution structure of tgadf and studied its backbone dynamics from (15)n-relaxation measurements. tgadf has conserved adf/cofilin f ...201121820516
[immunogenicity of the recombinant plasmid of leishmania donovani amastin gene].to investigate the immunogenicity of recombinant plasmid pcdna3.1-amastin with leishmania donovani amastin gene.201121826897
characterization of leishmania donovani mcm4: expression patterns and interaction with pcna.events leading to origin firing and fork elongation in eukaryotes involve several proteins which are mostly conserved across the various eukaryotic species. nuclear dna replication in trypanosomatids has thus far remained a largely uninvestigated area. while several eukaryotic replication protein orthologs have been annotated, many are missing, suggesting that novel replication mechanisms may apply in this group of organisms. here, we characterize the expression of leishmania donovani mcm4, and ...201121829589
antimonial resistance in leishmania donovani is associated with increased in vivo parasite burden.leishmania donovani is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis (vl). antimonials (ssg) have long been the first-line treatment against vl, but have now been replaced by miltefosine (mil) in the indian subcontinent due to the emergence of ssg-resistance. our previous study hypothesised that ssg-resistant l. donovani might have increased in vivo survival skills which could affect the efficacy of other treatments such as mil. the present study attempts to validate the ...201121829701
immunogenicity of leishmania donovani iron superoxide dismutase b1 and peroxidoxin 4 in balb/c mice: the contribution of toll-like receptor agonists as adjuvant.in this study, we assessed the immune response of two leishmania donovani recombinant proteins: iron superoxide dismutase b1 (sodb1) and peroxidoxin 4 (pxn4) in balb/c mice. assessment of the immunogenicity of these proteins alone or combined with toll-like receptor 9 (tlr-9) agonist (cpg odn) or tlr-4 agonist (gla-se) showed that they elicit specific antibody as well as cytokine production in response to the respective antigen in vitro. the use of adjuvants augmented immunogenicity of these ant ...201121835175
detection of leishmania donovani infection using magnetic beads-based serum peptide profiling by maldi-tof ms in mice model.leishmaniasis is an important parasitic disease, and definite diagnosis using a specific and sensitive method is the first step to cure the disease. here, we present a novel diagnostic strategy based on serum peptide profiling by magnetic beads and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms). the serum peptides from the leishmani donovani-infected and healthy mice were enriched by the optimized magnetic beads. the mass spectrograms were acquired by ...201121850454
enrichment of invariant natural killer t cells in the bone marrow of visceral leishmaniasis patients.lipid antigens of leishmania donovani like lipophosphoglycans are shown as a potent ligand for the activation of invariant natural killer t (inkt) cells. it is reported that activation of inkt cells augments the disease pathology in experimental visceral leishmaniasis (vl). in this study, we demonstrate the enrichment of inkt cells in the bone marrow, one of the disease sites among patients with vl.201121851364
Identification of TLR inducing Th1-responsive Leishmania donovani amastigote-specific antigens.Leishmania is known to elicit Th2 response that causes leishmaniasis progression; on the other hand, Th1 cytokines restricts amastigote growth and disease progression. In this study, we report the potential of two leishmanial antigens (65 and 98 kDa, in combination) which enhance strong macrophage effector functions, viz., production of respiratory burst enzymes, nitric oxide, and Th1 cytokines. The identification of antigens were done by resolving the crude soluble antigens on SDS-PAGE and elut ...201221858498
Genetic heterogeneity in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani from India.Genetic diversity within 45 Indian Leishmania donovani isolates was analyzed using seven genetic markers. While kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) analysis revealed 15 genotypes, 8 genotypes were obtained by analysis of other markers. In contrast to earlier reports, our data suggest that significant genetic polymorphisms exist in L. donovani strains in Bihar, India. Our results confirm the presence of 2 zymodemes in India.201121865422
Leishman-Donovan bodies in the bone marrow biopsy. 201121866587
synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activities of 5-phenyliminobenzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives.a series of 5-phenyliminobenzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives were synthesized. the in vitro antiprotozoal activities were evaluated against plasmodium falciparum k1, trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania donovani and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. n,n-diethyl-5-((4-methoxyphenyl)imino)-5h-benzo[a]phenoxazin-9-amine shows ic(50)=0.040 μmol l(-1) with a selective index of 1425 against plasmodium falciparum k1.201121868222
multilocus genotyping reveals a polyphyletic pattern among naturally antimony-resistant leishmania braziliensis isolates from peru.in order to understand the epidemiological dynamics of antimonial (sb(v)) resistance in zoonotic tegumentary leishmaniasis and its link with treatment outcome, we analyzed the population structure of 24 peruvian leishmania braziliensis clinical isolates with known in vitro antimony susceptibility and clinical phenotype by multilocus microsatellite typing (14 microsatellite loci). the genetic variability in the peruvian isolates was high and the multilocus genotypes were strongly differentiated f ...201121871584
il-10 neutralization promotes parasite clearance in splenic aspirate cells from patients with visceral leishmaniasis.the mechanisms underlying the failure to contain the growth of leishmania parasites in human visceral leishmaniasis (vl) are not understood. l donovani amastigotes were quantified in cultured splenic aspirate cells to assess the function of il-10 in lesional tissue ex vivo. in 67 patients with active vl, il-10 neutralization promoted parasite killing in 73% and complete clearance in 30%, while 18% had more parasites and 9% did not change. the splenic cells secreted increased levels of both tumor ...201121881130
Recent advances in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a challenge for clinicians and researchers, because its burden is poorly investigated and pathogenesis is disputable. However, recent studies contributed to understanding of the pathogenesis of PKDL especially its association with host immunological factors, and also how to improve its diagnosis and treatment. This review focuses on recent advances in diagnosis, new insights into pathogenesis and case management.201121885919
hematologic changes in visceral leishmaniasis/kala azar.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) or kala azar is a chronic infectious disease caused by parasites of the leishmania donovani complex that can cause various hematologic manifestations. it is characterized by fever, enlargement of liver and spleen, weight loss, pancytopenia and hypergammaglobinemia. it is endemic in the indian subcontinent, mainly seen in the states of bihar and west bengal. patients with vl can present to the haematologist for various haematological problems prior to receiving the dia ...201021886387
Changing trends in visceral leishmaniasis: 10 years' experience at a referral hospital in Nepal.Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is mainly confined to the southeast area in the Terai region of Nepal. This study aimed to assess time trends and geographical distribution of VL at a referral hospital over a 10-year period in Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 1521 patients were admitted to the hospital during the study period (April 1999 to March 2009). Overall, 88% of cases were from endemic areas and 10% were from non-endemic areas. There was a significant decreasing trend in the number of VL cases in ...201121889181
IMP dehydrogenase deficiency in Leishmania donovani causes a restrictive growth phenotype in promastigotes but is not essential for infection in mice.Leishmania cannot synthesize purines de novo and therefore must scavenge purines from its host for survival and growth. Biochemical and genomic analyses have indicated that Leishmania species express three potential routes for the synthesis of guanylate nucleotides: (1) a two-step pathway that converts IMP to GMP; (2) a three-step pathway that starts with the deamination of guanine to xanthine, followed by phosphoribosylation to XMP and then conversion to GMP; or (3) direct guanine phosphoribosy ...201121907738
Leishmania donovani encodes a functional enzyme involved in vitamin C biosynthesis: arabino-1,4-lactone oxidase.Plants and most animals can synthesize ascorbate (vitamin C) for their own requirements, but humans have lost this ability during evolution. The last step in the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid involves the conversion of an aldonolactone substrate to ascorbate (or analogues), reactions catalyzed by a family of flavoprotein aldonolactone oxidase/dehydrogenases. We report cloning, molecular characterization, localization and functional importance of arabinonolactone oxidase (LdALO), an enzyme from ...201121907739
Immunity to visceral leishmaniasis using genetically defined live-attenuated parasites.Leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasitic disease endemic to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, with three major clinical forms, self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Drug treatments are expensive and often result in the development of drug resistance. No vaccine is available against leishmaniasis. Subunit Leishmania vaccine immunization in animal models has shown some efficacy but little or none in humans. How ...201221912560
Development of Vaccines against Visceral Leishmaniasis.Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease resulting in a global morbidity of 2,090 thousand Disability-Adjusted Life Years and a mortality rate of approximately 60,000 per year. Among the three clinical forms of leishmaniasis (cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral), visceral leishmaniasis (VL) accounts for the majority of mortality, as if left untreated VL is almost always fatal. Caused by infection with Leishmania donovani or L. infantum, VL represents a serious public health problem in endemic regions a ...201221912561
phenology and population dynamics of sand flies in a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern azarbaijan province, north western of iran.to investigate species composition, density, accumulated degree-day and diversity of sand flies during april to october 2010 in azarshahr district, a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis in north western iran.201121914536
Characterisation of antimony-resistant Leishmania donovani isolates: Biochemical and biophysical studies and interaction with host cells.Recent clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani from the hyperendemic zone of Bihar were characterised in vitro in terms of their sensitivity towards sodium stibogluconate in a macrophage culture system. The resulting half maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) values were compared with those of known sensitive isolates. Fifteen of the isolates showed decreased sensitivity towards SSG with an average EC(50) of 25.7±4.5µg/ml pentavalent antimony (defined as antimony resistant), whereas nine sho ...201121920365
A novel 12.6-kDa protein of Leishmania donovani for the diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis.For the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), rK39 antigen-based rapid test is widely used. Unfortunately, up to 32% healthy individuals from endemic region test positive with this antigen. There is an urgent need to search for a more specific antigen with sensitivity similar to rK39.201121923256
validation of a β-me elisa for detection of anti leishmania donovani antibodies in eastern sudan.a β-mercaptoethnol (β-me)-treated promastigote antigen of l. donovani was successfully employed in direct agglutination test (dat) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl).201121931201
Restoration of IFN?R subunit assembly, IFN? signaling and parasite clearance in Leishmania donovani infected macrophages: role of membrane cholesterol.Despite the presence of significant levels of systemic Interferon gamma (IFN?), the host protective cytokine, Kala-azar patients display high parasite load with downregulated IFN? signaling in Leishmania donovani (LD) infected macrophages (LD-MØs); the cause of such aberrant phenomenon is unknown. Here we reveal for the first time the mechanistic basis of impaired IFN? signaling in parasitized murine macrophages. Our study clearly shows that in LD-MØs IFN? receptor (IFN?R) expression and their l ...201121931549
Serological markers of sand fly exposure to evaluate insecticidal nets against visceral leishmaniasis in India and Nepal: a cluster-randomized trial.Visceral leishmaniasis is the world' second largest vector-borne parasitic killer and a neglected tropical disease, prevalent in poor communities. Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LNs) are a low cost proven vector intervention method for malaria control; however, their effectiveness against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is unknown. This study quantified the effect of LNs on exposure to the sand fly vector of VL in India and Nepal during a two year community intervention trial.201121931871
Arabinosylated lipoarabinomannan skews Th2 phenotype towards Th1 during Leishmania infection by chromatin modification: involvement of MAPK signaling.The parasitic protozoan Leishmania donovani is the causative organism for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) which persists in the host macrophages by deactivating its signaling machinery resulting in a critical shift from proinflammatory (Th1) to an anti-inflammatory (Th2) response. The severity of this disease is mainly determined by the production of IL-12 and IL-10 which could be reversed by use of effective immunoprophylactics. In this study we have evaluated the potential of Arabinosylated Lipoar ...201121935379
asymptomatic infection of visceral leishmaniasis in hyperendemic areas of vaishali district, bihar, india: a challenge to kala-azar elimination programmes.a cohort of 91 asymptomatic individuals with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) were identified during base line screening using recombinant 39-aminoacid antigen (rk-39) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) conducted from december 2005 to june 2006 involving 997 individuals of two highly endemic villages of vaishali district, bihar. the point prevalence of asymptomatic infection was 98 per 1000 persons at baseline. there was no statistically significant difference between rk-39 and pcr positivity rate ( ...201121945327
[Leishmania donovani: structural insignt in the recognition of C-methylated analogues of spermidine as natural polyamine].The ability of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and omega-methylated spermidine analogues to restore the growth of L. donovani promastigotes that were depleted of putrescine and spermidine was investigated. Only beta-methylated spermidine, like natural spermidine was capable of restoring the growth of L. donovani, while the remaining three analogues turned out to be inactive. Considering that alpha-methylated spermidine is a functionally active spermidine surrogate both in vivo and in vitro, this analogue ...201121954600
screening natural products database for identification of potential antileishmanial chemotherapeutic agents.leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection caused by unicellular protozoan organism belonging to the family trypanosomatidae. among various forms of the disease, visceral leishmaniasis is the most lethal and caused by leishmania infantum or leishmania donovani. the redox metabolism of parasite requires a key enzyme, trypanothione reductase which is a validated drug target. in the past decade, it was observed that these protozoan parasites had developed resistance against many of available drugs. imp ...201121956744
effect of pam3cys induced protection on the therapeutic efficacy of miltefosine against experimental visceral leishmaniasis.prophylactic potential of synthetic bacterial lipopeptide and a tlr2 agonist, pam3cys was first evaluated against experimental visceral leishmaniasis in rodent model. after establishing the potential its effect on therapeutic efficacy of miltefosine was also studied. pam3cys showed 74.64% inhibition in parasitic establishment when administered by ip route at a dose of 100 μg/animal spaced at two weeks, i.e. on day -7 and +7 of challenge with leishmania donovani amastigotes. however, when aforesa ...201121959258
molecular and serological detection of leishmania spp. in captive wild animals from ilha solteira, sp, brazil.leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease that affects 12 million people worldwide. several mammalian species can serve as a reservoir for this disease. dogs are the main reservoir for visceral leishmaniasis in urban areas, which has become a serious public health concern in brazil. the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of leishmania spp. in captive wild animals from ilha solteira, são paulo, brazil. blood and various tissues samples were collected from animals of five different species: ...201121961752
cyp5122a1, a novel cytochrome p450 is essential for survival of leishmania donovani.cytochrome p450s (cyp450s) are hemoproteins catalysing diverse biochemical reactions important for metabolism of xenobiotics and synthesis of physiologically important compounds such as sterols. therefore, they are functionally important for survival of invading pathogens. one such opportunistic pathogen leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis worldwide, which is an important public health problem due to significant disease burden. the parasite genome database, gene db, annotates 3 cyp ...201121966477
tgf-β(1) re-programs tlr4 signaling in l. donovani infection: enhancement of shp-1 and ubiquitin-editing enzyme a20.visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused by leishmania donovani, is a major health concern in india. it represents t-helper type 2 (th2) bias of cytokines in active state and th1 bias at cure. however, the role of the parasite in regulating toll-like receptor (tlr)-mediated macrophage activation in vl patients remains elusive. in this report, we demonstrated that later stages of l. donovani infection rendered tolerance to macrophages, leading to incapability for the production of inflammatory cytokin ...201121968712
characterization of leishmania donovani aquaporins shows presence of subcellular aquaporins similar to tonoplast intrinsic proteins of plants.leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, resides in the macrophages of the mammalian host. the aquaporin family of proteins form important components of the parasite-host interface. the parasite-host interface could be a potential target for chemotherapy. analysis of l. major and l. infantum genomes showed the presence of five aquaporins (aqps) annotated as aqp9 (230aa), aqp putative (294aa), aqp-like protein (279aa), aqp1 (314aa) and aqp-like protein (596aa). we report here the structural mod ...201121969862
cloning, expression, characterization, and inhibition studies on trypanothione synthetase, a drug target enzyme, from leishmania donovani.abstract trypanothione synthetase, a validated drug target, synthesizes trypanothione form glutathione (gsh) and spermidine. we report cloning, expressing, characterization and inhibition studies of trypanothione synthetase from leishmania donovani (ldtrys). the purified recombinant ldtrys enzyme obeyed michaelis-menten kinetics. high substrate inhibition was observed with glutathione (k(m)= 33.24 µm, k(cat)= 1.3s(-1), k(i)= 866 µm). enzyme obeyed simple hyperbolic kinetics with fixed glutathi ...201121972939
first report on ambisome-associated allergic reaction in two sudanese leishmaniasis patients.post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ml) are serious clinical forms of leishmaniasis caused by leishmania donovani parasites in sudan. although pentavalent antimonys are used as the first line of treatment of all clinical forms of leishmaniasis, persistent pkdl and ml patients are treated with liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome) as a second-line drug. in this work, we report the development of allergic reactions by a pkdl and a ml sudanese patient to ambisome. th ...201121976565
expression of a leishmaniadonovani nucleotide sugar transporter in leishmaniamajor enhances survival in visceral organs.leishmania donovani and leishmaniainfantum infections cause fatal visceral leishmaniasis, and leishmaniamajor causes self healing cutaneous lesions. it is poorly understood what genetic differences between these leishmania species are responsible for the different pathologies of infection. to investigate whether l.donovani species-specific genes are involved in visceral leishmania infection, we have examined a l.donovani species-specific gene ld1590 (ortholog of linj15_v3.0900) that is a pseudog ...201121978449
visceral leishmaniasis and arsenic: an ancient poison contributing to antimonial treatment failure in the indian subcontinent? 201121980542
structure and in vitro antiparasitic activity of constituents of citropsis articulata root bark.from the results of an ethnomedicinal investigation of plants from uganda with antimalarial activity, citropsis articulata was selected because of the antiplasmodial effect of an ethyl acetate extract of its root bark. thus, from the cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts, two new heterocyclic compounds, omubioside (1) and katimborine (2), were isolated in addition to five known coumarins (rutarin (3), seselin (4), suberosin (5), demethylsuberosin (6), and haploperoside (7)), two know ...201121985060
Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infections in high-endemic foci in India and Nepal: a prospective study.Incidence of Leishmania donovani infection and Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) was assessed in a prospective study in Indian and Nepalese high-endemic villages. DAT-seroconversion was used as marker of incident infection in 3 yearly surveys. The study population was followed up to month 30 to identify incident clinical cases. In a cohort of 9034 DAT-negative individuals with neither active signs nor history of VL at baseline, 42 VL cases and 375 asymptomatic seroconversions were recorded in the firs ...201121991397
serum chemokine profiles in visceral leishmaniasis, hiv and hiv/ visceral leishmaniasis co-infected ethiopian patients.the search for a correlation between chemokine levels in plasma or serum and protection from hiv infection or progression to aids has been attempted by a number of workers. chemokines are also suggested to play a role in immunity to leishmania and leishmania co-infection with hiv.201121991751
critical roles for light and its receptors in generating t cell-mediated immunity during leishmania donovani infection.light (tnfsf14) is a member of the tnf superfamily involved in inflammation and defence against infection. light signals via two cell-bound receptors; herpes virus entry mediator (hvem) and lymphotoxin-beta receptor (ltβr). we found that light is critical for control of hepatic parasite growth in mice with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by infection with the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. light-hvem signalling is essential for early dendritic cell il-12/il-23p40 production, and the ...201121998581
serological markers for leishmania donovani infection in nepal: agreement between direct agglutination test and rk39 elisa.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is an important vector-borne disease caused by leishmania donovani in the indian subcontinent. the actual incidence and role of asymptomatic infections in the region are not wellknown. we used the direct agglutination test (dat) and the rk39 elisa as l. donovani infection markers in 10 vl endemic villages in nepal. dat titre distribution showed two subgroups in the population (infected and non-infected individuals), while rk39 did not. the agreement between both tests ...201021998875
a localized foci of kala-azar in a village of chandi phc (nalnda district). 200922010490
identification of novel inhibitors of dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase of leishmania donovani via ligand-based virtual screening and biological evaluation.current treatment of leishmaniasis is based on chemotherapy, which relies on a handful of drugs with serious limitations, such as high cost, toxicity, and lack of efficacy in endemic regions. therefore, development of new, effective, and affordable anti-leishmanial drugs is a global health priority. dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase has been characterized and established as a drug target for antileishmanial drug discovery. we virtually screened a large chemical library of 15 452 compounds against a 3d ...201122014034
bone marrow leishmaniasis: a review of situation in thailand.leishmaniasis is an important tropical vector-borne disease. this infection can be seen in tropical area and it is considered to be one of the most important vector-borne infections at present. the general situation of the leishmaniasis in thailand is hereby reviewed. although thailand is a tropical country, the leishmaniasis is not endemic but sporadic. the imported cases are documented in some literatures. the serious form of leishmaniasis, the visceral leishmaniasis is also detectable in thai ...201122014727
the histone h4 lysine 14 acetylation in leishmania donovani is mediated by the myst family protein hat4.post-translational modifications (ptms) of histones regulate almost all facets of dna metabolism in eukaryotes, such as replication, repair, transcription and chromatin condensation. while histone ptms have been exhaustively examined in yeast and higher eukaryotes, less is known of their functional consequences in trypanosomatids. trypanosome histones are highly divergent from other eukaryotes, and specific ptms have been identified in histones of trypanosoma species. the characterization of thr ...201122016570
Radio-attenuated leishmanial parasites as immunoprophylactic agent against experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis.The present study intends to evaluate the role of radio-attenuated leishmania parasites as immunoprophylactic agents for experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis. BALB/c mice were immunized with gamma (?)-irradiated Leishmania donovani. A second immunization was given after 15days of first immunization. After two immunizations, mice were infected with virulent L. donovani promastigotes. Protection against Kala-azar (KA) was estimated from spleen and liver parasitic burden along with the measur ...201222019416
diverse viscerotropic isolates of leishmania all express a highly conserved secretory nuclease during human infections.previously, we characterized a gene encoding the unique nuclease (ldnuc(s)) from a sudanese isolate of the human pathogen leishmania donovani. this parasite secretory enzyme is involved in the salvage of host-derived purines and is constitutively expressed by both developmental forms of the parasite. currently, we assessed whether an ldnuc(s)-like nuclease was conserved among other geographically disparate isolates of l. donovani and whether this enzyme was produced by intracellular amastigotes ...201222020747
protective therapy with novel chromone derivative against leishmania donovani infection induces th1 response in vivo.background: visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic protozoan disease caused by leishmania donovani, an obligatory intracellular parasite that resides and multiplies within macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of nine novel synthetic chromone derivatives as antileishmanial molecules in experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis. methods: in vitro activity of the molecules (2, 5 and 10 μg/ml) was assessed against promastigotes of both penta ...201122024637
Discovery of Safe and Orally Effective 4-Aminoquinaldine Analogues as Apoptotic Inducers with Activity against Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis.Novel antileishmanials are urgently required to overcome emergence of drug resistance, cytotoxic effects, and difficulties in oral delivery. Toward this, we investigated a series of novel 4-aminoquinaldine derivatives, a new class of molecules, as potential antileishmanials. 4-Aminoquinaldine derivatives presented inhibitory effects on L. donovani promastigotes and amastigotes (50% inhibitory concentration range, 0.94 to 127 µM). Of these, PP-9 and PP-10 were the most effective in vitro and demo ...201222024817
in vitro antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities of five medicinal plants from burkina faso.after ethnobotanical surveys in central and western regions of burkina faso, five plants namely lantana ukambensis (verbenaceae), xeoderris sthulmannii (fabaceae), parinari curatellifollia (chrysobalanaceae), ozoroa insignis (anacardiaceae), and ficus platyphylla (moraceae) were selected for their traditional use in the treatment of parasitic diseases and cancer. our previous studies have focused on the phytochemical, genotoxicity, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activities of these plants. i ...201122037827
whole genome sequencing of multiple leishmania donovani clinical isolates provides insights into population structure and mechanisms of drug resistance.visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal disease endemic to large parts of asia and africa, primarily caused by the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. here, we report a high-quality reference genome sequence for a strain of l. donovani from nepal, and use this sequence to study variation in a set of 16 related clinical lines, isolated from visceral leishmaniasis patients from the same region, which also differ in their response to in vitro drug susceptibility. we show that whole-genome ...201122038251
Morphometric and meristic characterization of Phlebotomus argentipes species complex in northern Sri Lanka: evidence for the presence of potential leishmaniasis vectors in the country.The transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is of public health concern in Sri Lanka. The parasite Leishmania donovani is reported to be the causative agent for CL in Sri Lanka. However there is no report on the vector of CL in the country. Phlebotomus argentipes sensu lato is the well known vector of L. donovani which causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the nearby South India. The taxon Ph. argentipes previously reported to occur as a species complex comprising of two morphospe ...201122041744
Paromomycin affects translation and vesicle-mediated trafficking as revealed by proteomics of paromomycin -susceptible -resistant Leishmania donovani.Leishmania donovani is a protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and is responsible for significant mortality and morbidity. Increasing resistance towards antimonial drugs poses a great challenge in chemotherapy of VL. Paromomycin is an aminoglycosidic antibiotic and is one of the drugs currently being used in the chemotherapy of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. To understand the mode of action of this antibiotic at the molecular level, we have investigated the global pro ...201122046323
Cloning, expression, characterization and inhibition studies on trypanothione synthetase, a drug target enzyme, from Leishmania donovani.Trypanothione synthetase, a validated drug target, synthesizes trypanothione from glutathione and spermidine. Here we report the gene cloning, expression, characterization and inhibition studies of trypanothione synthetase from Leishmania donovani (LdTryS). The purified recombinant LdTryS enzyme obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. High substrate inhibition was observed with glutathione (K(m)=33.24 µm, k(cat)=1.3 s(-1), K(i)=866 µm). The enzyme shows simple hyperbolic kinetics with fixed glutathion ...201122050226
Bis(oxyphenylene)benzimidazoles: A novel class of anti-Plasmodium falciparum agents.A small library of 26 2,2'-[alkane-a,?-diylbis(oxyphenylene)]bis-1H-benzimidazoles has been prepared and evaluated against Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, and Plasmodium falciparum. Among the tested compounds, eight derivatives (17, 19, 20, 24, 27, 30, 32 and 35) exhibited an anti-Plasmodium falciparum activity characterized by IC(50) values in the range of 180-410nM (0.11-0.21µg/mL) and selectivity indexes (IC( ...201122061825
Downregulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 of Leishmania donovani Field Isolates Is Associated with Antimony Resistance.Emergence of resistance to pentavalent antimonials has become a severe obstacle in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) on the Indian subcontinent. The mechanisms operating in laboratory-generated strains are somewhat known, but the determinants of clinical antimony resistance are not well understood. By utilizing a DNA microarray expression profiling approach, we identified a gene encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) for the kinetoplast protozoan Leishmania donovani (LdMA ...201222064540
diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: developments over the last decade.diagnostic parameters for visceral leishmaniasis (vl), a potentially fatal parasitic disease caused by leishmania donovani, have been redefined in the last decade with the development of serological and molecular tests, though a definitive diagnosis still banks on the century-old parasitological methods in many areas. recombinant antigens have improved performance of serodiagnostic methods. serology-based tests, rk39 antigen dipstick, and direct agglutination test commonly employed in the field ...201122065060
Identification of phospholipid species affected by miltefosine action in Leishmania donovani cultures using LC-ELSD, LC-ESI/MS, and multivariate data analysis.Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease principally treated by intravenous drugs. Hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) has recently proved its efficacy by oral route. Although its mechanism of action has been investigated, and principally relies on perturbations of the metabolism of lipids and especially phospholipids, further studies need to be conducted to detect precisely which metabolic pathways are impacted. For this purpose, the present work proposes a complete lipidomic study foc ...201222065347
Screening and evaluation of antiparasitic and in vitro anticancer activities of Panamanian endophytic fungi.Many compounds produced by fungi have relevant pharmaceutical applications. The purpose of this study was to collect and isolate endophytic fungi from different regions of Panama and then to test their potential therapeutic activities against Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium falciparum, and Trypanosoma cruzi as well as their anticancer activities in MCF-7 cells. Of the 25 fungal isolates obtained, ten of them had good anti-parasitic potential, showing selective activity against L. donovani; four ...201122069153
Elongation Factor-2, a Th1 Stimulatory Protein of Leishmania donovani, Generates Strong IFN-? and IL-12 Response in Cured Leishmania-Infected Patients/Hamsters and Protects Hamsters against Leishmania Challenge.In visceral leishmaniasis, Th1 types of immune responses correlate with recovery from and resistance to disease, and resolution of infection results in lifelong immunity against the disease. Leishmanial Ags that elicit proliferative and cytokine responses in PBMCs from cured/exposed/Leishmania patients have been characterized through proteomic approaches, and elongation factor-2 is identified as one of the potent immunostimulatory proteins. In this study, we report the cloning and expression of ...201122079980
intracellular drug delivery in leishmania-infected macrophages: evaluation of saponin-loaded plga nanoparticles.drug delivery systems present an opportunity to potentiate the therapeutic effect of antileishmanial drugs. colloidal carriers are rapidly cleared by the phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system (res), rendering them ideal vehicles for passive targeting of antileishmanials. this paper describes the development of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (plga) nanoparticles (nps) for the antileishmanial saponin β-aescin. nps were prepared using the combined emulsification solvent evaporation/sal ...201122080813
[visceral leishmaniasis associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: report of four childhood cases].the clinical features of four cases of visceral leishmaniasis (vl)-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (vl-hlh) were retrospectively analyzed for the purpose of helping the diagnosis of secondary hlh.201122088188
cryptolepine-induced cell death of leishmania donovani promastigotes is augmented by inhibition of autophagy.leishmania donovani are the causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis worldwide. lack of vaccines and emergence of drug resistance warrants the need for improved drug therapy and newer therapeutic intervention strategies against leishmaniasis. in the present study, we have investigated the effect of the natural indoloquinoline alkaloid cryptolepine on l. donovani ag83 promastigotes. our results show that cryptolepine induces cellular dysfunction in l. donovani promastigotes, which leads to the ...201122091398
bioinformatic analysis of leishmania donovani long-chain fatty acid-coa ligase as a novel drug target.fatty acyl-coa synthetase (fatty acid: coa ligase, amp-forming; (ec 6.2.1.3)) catalyzes the formation of fatty acyl-coa by a two-step process that proceeds through the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. fatty acyl-coa represents bioactive compounds that are involved in protein transport, enzyme activation, protein acylation, cell signaling, and transcriptional control in addition to serving as substrates for beta oxidation and phospholipid biosynthesis. fatty acyl-coa synthetase occupies a pivotal rol ...201122091399
Evasion of Host Defence by Leishmania donovani: Subversion of Signaling Pathways.Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are responsible for causing a variety of human diseases known as leishmaniasis, which range from self-healing skin lesions to severe infection of visceral organs that are often fatal if left untreated. Leishmania donovani (L. donovani), the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, exemplifys a devious organism that has developed the ability to invade and replicate within host macrophage. In fact, the parasite has evolved strategies to interfere with ...201122091401
identification and characterization of genes involved in leishmania pathogenesis: the potential for drug target selection.identifying and characterizing leishmania donovani genes and the proteins they encode for their role in pathogenesis can reveal the value of this approach for finding new drug targets. effective drug targets are likely to be proteins differentially expressed or required in the amastigote life cycle stage found in the patient. several examples and their potential for chemotherapeutic disruption are presented. a pathway nearly ubiquitous in living cells targeted by anticancer drugs, the ubiquitin ...201122091403
Use of antimony in the treatment of leishmaniasis: current status and future directions.In the recent past the standard treatment of kala-azar involved the use of pentavalent antimonials Sb(V). Because of progressive rise in treatment failure to Sb(V) was limited its use in the treatment program in the Indian subcontinent. Until now the mechanism of action of Sb(V) is not very clear. Recent studies indicated that both parasite and hosts contribute to the antimony efflux mechanism. Interestingly, antimonials show strong immunostimulatory abilities as evident from the upregulation of ...201122091408
role of camp signaling in the survival and infectivity of the protozoan parasite, leishmania donovani.leishmania donovani, while invading macrophages, encounters striking shift in temperature and ph (from 22°c and ph 7.2 to 37°c and ph 5.5), which act as the key environmental trigger for differentiation, and increases camp level and camp-mediated responses. for comprehensive understanding of camp signaling, we studied the enzymes related to camp metabolism. a stage-specific and developmentally regulated isoform of receptor adenylate cyclase (ldraca) showed to regulate differentiation-coupled ind ...201122091412
antileishmanial activity of a formulation of 2-n-propylquinoline by oral route in mice model.2-n-propylquinoline is presently a drug-candidate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniosis in pre-clinical development. as this compound is in an oily state, it needs to be formulated and the objectives of this study are: to prepare a formulation; to demonstrate that the new salted formulation did not alter the activity of the active ingredient; and finally, that this activity was quite good compared to the reference oral drug, miltefosine. therefore, a 2-n-propylquinoline formulation, as cam ...201122091464
Paratransgenic control of vector borne diseases.Conventional methodologies to control vector borne diseases with chemical pesticides are often associated with environmental toxicity, adverse effects on human health and the emergence of insect resistance. In the paratransgenic strategy, symbiotic or commensal microbes of host insects are transformed to express gene products that interfere with pathogen transmission. These genetically altered microbes are re-introduced back to the insect where expression of the engineered molecules decreases th ...201122110385
Genome-wide SNP and microsatellite variation illuminate population-level epidemiology in the Leishmania donovani species complex.The species of the Leishmania donovani species complex cause visceral leishmaniasis, a debilitating infectious disease transmitted by sandflies. Understanding molecular changes associated with population structure in these parasites can help unravel their epidemiology and spread in humans. In this study, we used a panel of standard microsatellite loci and genome-wide SNPs to investigate population-level diversity in L. donovani strains recently isolated from a small geographic area spanning Indi ...201222119748
treatment of leishmania donovani-infected hamsters with miltefosine: analysis of cytokine mrna expression by real-time pcr, lymphoproliferation, nitrite production and antibody responses.miltefosine, an orally effective antileishmanial drug, works directly on the parasite by impairing membrane synthesis and subsequent apoptosis of the parasite and has also been reported to have macrophage-activating functions that aid parasite killing. we investigated the type of immunological responses generated in miltefosine-treated leishmania donovani-infected hamsters, which simulate the clinical situation of human kala-azar.201122121191
Redox-active antiparasitic drugs.Significance: Parasitic diseases affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide and represent major health problems. Treatment is becoming extremely difficult due to the emergence of drug-resistance, the absence of effective vaccines and the spread of insecticide-resistant vectors. Thus, identification of affordable and readily available drugs against resistant parasites is of global demand. Recent Advances: Susceptibility of many parasites to oxidative stress is a well-known phenomenon. There ...201122122517
Mechanism of Amphotericin B Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Leishmania donovani.The clinical value of Amphotericin B, the mainstay therapy for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sodium Antimony Gluconate nonresponsive zones of Bihar, is now threatened by the emergence of acquired drug resistance and a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms is the need of the hour. We have selected an Amphotericin B resistant clinical isolate which demonstrated 8 fold higher LD(50) compared to sensitive strain to explore the mechanism of Amphotericin B resistance. Fluoremetric analy ...201122123699
anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies and rheumatoid factor in sudanese patients with leishmania donovani infection.the present study evaluated the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides antibodies (anti-ccp), rheumatoid factor (rf), and circulating immune complexes (cic) in sudanese patients infected with the leishmania donovani parasite.201122124592
post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: recent developments.a substantial number of patients who recover from kala-azar will develop dermatosis [commonly known as post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl)]. it usually occurs in the indian subcontinent and east africa. as many as 10-20% of indian cases and 50-60% of sudanese cases develop pkdl after successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. most cases occur after infection with leishmania donovani and less commonly after leishmania infantum. however, the pkdl is extremely rare in patients infected ...201122126871
[A woman with a persisting ulcer on the chin].A 62-year-old woman presented with an ulcerative lesion on the chin. She had not visited tropical regions, but she had been in Cyprus. A skin biopsy revealed coccoid micro-organisms resembling Leishmania. Subsequently a PCR was performed which showed Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum complex and the diagnose 'cutaneous leishmaniasis' was confirmed.201122129807
Vaccination with Liposomal Leishmanial Antigens Adjuvanted with Monophosphoryl Lipid-Trehalose Dicorynomycolate (MPL-TDM) Confers Long-Term Protection against Visceral Leishmaniasis through a Human Administrable Route.The development of a long-term protective subunit vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis depends on antigens and adjuvants that can induce an appropriate immune response. The immunization of leishmanial antigens alone shows limited efficacy in the absence of an appropriate adjuvant. Earlier we demonstrated sustained protection against Leishmania donovani with leishmanial antigens entrapped in cationic liposomes through an intraperitoneal route. However, this route is not applicable for human adm ...201122133194
Myeloid cell IL-10 production in response to leishmania involves inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß downstream of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase.Leishmania disease expression has been linked to IL-10. In this study, we investigated the regulation of IL-10 production by macrophages infected with Leishmania donovani. Infection of either murine or human macrophages brought about selective phosphorylation of Akt-2 in a PI3K-dependent manner. These events were linked to phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß) at serine 9, as the latter was abrogated by inhibition of either PI3K or Akt. One of the transcription ...201222140263
visceral leishmaniasis in the indian subcontinent: modelling epidemiology and control.in the indian subcontinent, about 200 million people are at risk of developing visceral leishmaniasis (vl). in 2005, the governments of india, nepal and bangladesh started the first regional vl elimination program with the aim to reduce the annual incidence to less than 1 per 10,000 by 2015. a mathematical model was developed to support this elimination program with basic quantifications of transmission, disease and intervention parameters. this model was used to predict the effects of different ...201122140589
acute renal injury as a result of liposomal amphotericin b treatment in sodium stibogluconate unresponsive visceral leishmaniasis.abstract. we report an unusual case of visceral leishmaniasis occurring in a patient from sichuan china. the patient presented with a remitting fever, anemia, and pancytopenia. the case was confirmed as visceral leishmaniasis by microscopical detection of the leishmania species amastigote in bone marrow aspirate. the patient was treated with 10 mg/kg/day of sodium stibogluconate for 5 days, with no therapeutic response. as a result, the patient was treated with liposomal amphotericin b (lab) at ...201122144439
development of derivatives of 3, 3'-diindolylmethane as potent leishmania donovani bi-subunit topoisomerase ib poisons.the development of 3, 3'-diindolyl methane (dim) resistant parasite leishmania donovani (lddr50) by adaptation with increasing concentrations of the drug generates random mutations in the large and small subunits of heterodimeric dna topoisomerase i of leishmania (ldtop1ls). mutation of large subunit of ldtop1ls at f270l is responsible for resistance to dim up to 50 µm concentration.201122174820
a possible role for phlebotmus (anaphlebotmous) rodhaini (parrot 1930) in transmission of leishmania donovani.abstract: background: visceral leishmaniasis (vl, kala azar), caused by leishmania donovani is a major health problem in sudan and other east african countries. in this region the only proven vectors of l. donovani are phlebotomus orientalis in eastern sudan, ethiopia and upper nile areas of southern sudan and phlebotomus martini in ethiopia, kenya and southern sudan. in this report, we present the first evidence that phlebotomus rodhaini may also play a role in maintaining transmission of l. d ...201122188864
Antiparasitic activity of plumericin & isoplumericin isolated from Plumeria bicolor against Leishmania donovani.Background & objectives: The severe toxicity, exorbitant cost and emerging resistance of Leishmania species against most of the currently used drugs underscores the urgent need for the alternative drugs. The present study evaluates in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of Plumeria bicolor and its isolated compounds. Methods: The in vitro anti-parasitic activity of chloroform extract of Plumeria bicolor, plumericin and isoplumericin were tested alongwith appropriate controls against promastigote a ...201122199112
peripheral blood buffy coat smear: a promising tool for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.confirmative diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is still being a challenge at the primary health care facilities in most of the rural endemic areas in the indian sub-continent. conventional methods for parasitological confirmation are risky and require skilled personnel hence, unreachable to the poor people in the endemic region. buffy coat smear microscopy, as a minimally invasive simple alternative, for the parasitological diagnosis of vl was evaluated in this prospective study. one hund ...201122205790
Potentiating Effects of MPL on DSPC Bearing Cationic Liposomes Promote Recombinant GP63 Vaccine Efficacy: High Immunogenicity and Protection.Vaccines that activate strong specific Th1-predominant immune responses are critically needed for many intracellular pathogens, including Leishmania. The requirement for sustained and efficient vaccination against leishmaniasis is to formulate the best combination of immunopotentiating adjuvant with the stable antigen (Ag) delivery system. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an immunomodulator on liposomal Ag through subcutaneous (s.c.) route of immunization, and its ...201122206029
Multifaceted Population Structure and Reproductive Strategy in Leishmania donovani Complex in One Sudanese Village.Leishmania species of the subgenus Leishmania and especially L. donovani are responsible for a large proportion of visceral leishmaniasis cases. The debate on the mode of reproduction and population structure of Leishmania parasites remains opened. It has been suggested that Leishmania parasites could alternate different modes of reproduction, more particularly clonality and frequent recombinations either between related individuals (endogamy) or between unrelated individuals (outcrossing) withi ...201122206035
Metabolic Variation during Development in Culture of Leishmania donovani Promastigotes.The genome sequencing of several Leishmania species has provided immense amounts of data and allowed the prediction of the metabolic pathways potentially operating. Subsequent genetic and proteomic studies have identified stage-specific proteins and putative virulence factors but many aspects of the metabolic adaptations of Leishmania remain to be elucidated. In this study, we have used an untargeted metabolomics approach to analyze changes in the metabolite profile as promastigotes of L. donova ...201122206037
comparative assessment of a dna and protein leishmania donovani gamma glutamyl cysteine synthetase vaccine to cross-protect against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by l. major or l. mexicana infection.leishmaniasis is a major health problem and it is estimated that 12 million people are currently infected. a vaccine which could cross-protect people against different leishmania spp. would facilitate control of this disease as more than one species of leishmania may be present. in this study the ability of a dna vaccine, using the full gene sequence for l. donovani gamma glutamyl cysteine synthetase (γgcs) incorporated in the pvax vector (pvaxγgcs), and a protein vaccine, using the correspondin ...201122210224
prevalence of sand flies and leishmania donovani infection in a natural population of female phlebotomus argentipes in bihar state, india.leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease, and in the indian subcontinent the female phlebotomus argentipes is the vector for leishmania donovani. however, data on the extent of sand fly infection rates in natural settings using molecular methods have not been extensively reported in india. in this study a pcr technique was applied targeting the 18s rrna encoding region to determine the prevalence of leishmania infection in female p. argentipes captured in the field. for this study, sand flies wer ...201222217179
antiparasitic and antimicrobial isoflavanquinones from abrus schimperi.the etoh extract of abrus schimperi (fabaceae), collected in kenya, demonstrated significant activity against leishmania donovani promastigotes with ic50 value of 3.6 microg/ml. bioassay-guided fractionation of chcl3 fraction using centrifugal preparative tlc afforded two antiparasitic isoflavanquinones, namely amorphaquinone (1) and pendulone (2). they displayed ic50 values of 0.63 microg/ml and 0.43 microg/ml, respectively, against l. donovani promastigotes. both the compounds were also evalua ...201122224279
in vitro antiprotozoal activity of extracts of five turkish lamiaceae species.the in vitro antiprotozoal activities of crude methanolic extracts from the aerial parts of five lamiaceae plants (salvia tomentosa, s. sclarea, s. dichroantha, nepeta nuda subsp. nuda and marrubium astracanicum subsp. macrodon) were evaluated against four parasitic protozoa, i.e. trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, t. cruzi, leishmania donovani and plasmodium falciparum. the cytotoxic potentials of the extracts on l6 cells were also evaluated. melarsoprol, benznidazole, miltefosine, chloroquine and ...201122224291
epidemiology of imported cutaneous leishmaniasis at the hospital for tropical diseases, london, united kingdom: use of polymerase chain reaction to identify the species.abstract. this study reviewed all patients diagnosed with imported cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) at the hospital for tropical diseases in london, united kingdom, over an 11-year period. diagnostic and epidemiologic information was collected prospectively for all patients with imported cl to this hospital during 1998-2009. a total of 223 patients were given a diagnosis of cl. ninety patients were diagnosed with old world cl, which was caused most commonly by leishmania donovani complex (n = 20). a ...201222232460
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