Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| enhancing patient safety through the management of clostridium difficile at toronto east general hospital. | in 2005 toronto east general hospital experienced a steady increase in the number of c. difficile cases diagnosed within the hospital. this was identified as a patient safety issue, and several areas of the hospital came together to address the problem. pharmacy immediately started a medication review of past cases. environmental services took the lead on the environmental cleaning, and a process was put into place with infection control so that housekeeping knew of every room that contained a p ... | 2006 | 17087168 |
| high unmet-need infectious disease opportunities. | despite advances in pharmaceutical science, considerable unmet medical needs exist in the field of anti-infective therapies. while pharmaceutical companies have focused research efforts on a few selected areas of the field, new microbial diseases have steadily increased in prevalence. three emerging areas in the field of anti-infectives now represent large commercial opportunities: gram-negative infections, community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, and clostridium difficile ... | 2006 | 17096298 |
| clostridium difficile-associated pouchitis. | pouchitis is the most common long-term sequela of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (ipaa) following total proctocolectomy. no single pathogen is identified as being solely responsible for the pathogenesis of the disease. here we describe a case of clostridium difficile-associated pouchitis that was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin and tinidazole. diagnosis and management of a patient with medically refractory pouchitis associated with clostridium difficile infection is described. a 63-year-ol ... | 2006 | 17103037 |
| a probiotic treatment containing lactobacillus, bifidobacterium and enterococcus improves ibs symptoms in an open label trial. | to evaluate the efficacy and safety of live combined bifidobacterium, lactobacillus and enterococcus capsules in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. | 2006 | 17111468 |
| molecular analysis of clostridium difficile isolates recovered from horses with diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of diarrhea in horses, causing sporadic and epidemic disease of varying severity. this study evaluated the molecular characteristics of 48 c. difficile isolates recovered from diarrheic horses admitted to a veterinary hospital by using pcr-ribotyping and toxin gene profile. additionally, feces were tested for the presence of c. difficile toxin a/b via enzyme immunosorbant assay (eia) in 38 horses. the toxin genes tcda, tcdb and cdtb were present in 27 ... | 2007 | 17112686 |
| antimicrobial therapy of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is the most common etiologically-defined cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. caused by the toxins of certain strains of c difficile, cdad represents a growing concern, with epidemic outbreaks in some hospitals where very aggressive and difficult-to-treat strains have recently been found. incidence of cdad varies ordinarily between 1 to 10 in every 1,000 admissions. evidence shows that cdad increases morbidity, length of stay, and costs. this arti ... | 2006 | 17116441 |
| narrative review: the new epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis were well established soon after antibiotics became available. early work implicated staphylococcus aureus, but in 1978 clostridium difficile became the established pathogen in the vast majority of cases. in the first 5 years (1978 through 1983), the most common cause was clindamycin, the standard diagnostic test was the cytotoxin assay, and standard management was to withdraw the implicated antibiotic and treat with oral vancomycin. most patients respo ... | 2006 | 17116920 |
| emerging therapies in the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | to describe emergent therapies, such as rifaximin, nitazoxanide, intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig), tinidazole, tolevamer, and the possible use of a vaccine, in clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), one of the most common causes of diarrhea in hospitalized adults in north america. | 2006 | 17119105 |
| colonic irritation. | 2006 | 17120341 | |
| gut microbes, the innate immune system and inflammatory bowel disease: location, location, location. | 2007 | 17133076 | |
| update on clostridium difficile associated disease. | the aim of this article is to report recent changes in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile associated disease. | 2007 | 17133077 |
| [influence of selected lactobacillus sp. on clostridium difficile strains with different toxigenicity profile]. | this study was performed for determination of antagonistic activity of lactobacillus spp. (l. plantarum 2017405, l. rhamnosus gg, l. acidophilus dsm 21007 and l. fernmentumn 353) on clostridiunl difficile strains belonging to different toxigenicity profiles. forty strains c. difficile isolated from patients suffering from antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) were used. among c. difficile strains 13 produced toxin a and b (a+b+cdt-), 14 produced only toxin b (ab'cdt), 9 produced toxins a and b an ... | 2006 | 17133906 |
| treatment of a radiation-induced rectal ulcer with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a man with prostate cancer. | late radiation proctopathy is a painful and vexing complication of prostate radiation. we report a case of a 55-year-old man with prostate cancer, and complaints of tenesmus and severe rectal pain after radiation therapy. the patient was diagnosed with a locally advanced gleason score 8 prostate cancer and an increased prostate-specific antigen of 42.3 ng/ml. his past medical history was notable for a history of bilateral lymph node dissection complicated by clostridium difficile colitis. he sub ... | 2006 | 17138131 |
| nitazoxanide versus metronidazole for clostridium difficile-associated colitis. | 2007 | 17143841 | |
| epidemiology and incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea diagnosed upon admission to a university hospital. | patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) may initially develop symptoms in the community and be subsequently diagnosed at hospital admission. at the present time there is no national surveillance system and no standardized case definition of cdad in the usa, and baseline data on the incidence and epidemiology of cdad are scarce. the objective of this study was to report the incidence of cdad at a tertiary care hospital, and to determine the epidemiology of cases diagnosed ... | 2007 | 17145108 |
| difference in the cytotoxic effects of toxin b from clostridium difficile strain vpi 10463 and toxin b from variant clostridium difficile strain 1470. | glucosylation of rhoa, rac1, and cdc42 by clostridium difficile toxin b from strain vpi 10463 (tcdb) results in actin reorganization (cytopathic effect) and apoptosis (cytotoxic effect). toxin b from variant c. difficile strain 1470 serotype f (tcdbf) differs from tcdb with regard to substrate proteins, as it glucosylates rac1 and r-ras but not rhoa and cdc42. in this study, we addressed the question of whether the cellular effects of the toxins depend on their protein substrate specificity. rat ... | 2007 | 17145947 |
| past, present, and future therapies for clostridium difficile-associated disease. | to describe and examine the past, present, and potential future treatment options for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 2006 | 17148650 |
| klebsiella oxytoca as a causative organism of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. | antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis is a distinct form of antibiotic-associated colitis in which clostridium difficile is absent. although the cause is not known, previous reports have suggested a role of klebsiella oxytoca. | 2006 | 17151365 |
| [feces culture successful therapy in clostridium difficile diarrhea]. | 2006 | 17153868 | |
| accuracy of icd-9 coding for clostridium difficile infections: a retrospective cohort. | clostridium difficile (c. diff) is a major nosocomial problem. epidemiological surveillance of the disease can be accomplished by microbiological or administrative data. microbiological tracking is problematic since it does not always translate into clinical disease, and it is not always available. tracking by administrative data is attractive, but icd-9 code accuracy for c. diff is unknown. by using a large administrative database of hospitalized patients with c. diff (by icd-9 code or cytotoxi ... | 2007 | 17156501 |
| antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and campylobacter jejuni. | nitazoxanide (ntz) exhibits broad-spectrum activity against anaerobic bacteria and parasites and the ulcer-causing pathogen helicobacter pylori. here we show that ntz is a noncompetitive inhibitor (k(i), 2 to 10 microm) of the pyruvate:ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductases (pfors) of trichomonas vaginalis, entamoeba histolytica, giardia intestinalis, clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, h. pylori, and campylobacter jejuni and is weakly active against the pyruvate dehydrogenase of esch ... | 2007 | 17158936 |
| a hospital outbreak of diarrhea due to an emerging epidemic strain of clostridium difficile. | increased clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a hospital and an affiliated long-term care facility continued despite infection control measures. we investigated this outbreak to determine risk factors and transmission settings. | 2006 | 17159019 |
| cholesterol, it's not just for heart disease anymore. | recent studies have shown that cholesterol plays a significant role in the ability of toxin a from clostridium difficile to enter eukaryotic cells. the translocation process is one of three major steps during intoxication that could be targeted for intervention against the severe antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by c. difficile. | 2006 | 17163660 |
| typing and subtyping of clostridium difficile isolates by using multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis. | using the genomic sequence of clostridium difficile strain 630, we developed multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva) with automated fragment analysis and multicolored capillary electrophoresis as a typing method for c. difficile. all reference strains, representing 31 serogroups, 25 toxinotypes, and 7 known subtypes of pcr ribotype 001, could be discriminated from each other. application of mlva to 28 isolates from 7 outbreaks due to the emerging hypervirulent pcr ribotype 0 ... | 2007 | 17166961 |
| evaluation of real-time pcr and conventional diagnostic methods for the detection of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in a prospective multicentre study. | in this prospective multicentre study, an enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (vidas cda2; biomérieux), an enzyme-linked assay [premier toxins a and b (ptab); meridian] and an in-house real-time pcr amplifying the tcdb gene were compared with the cell cytotoxicity assay used as the 'gold standard' for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). faecal samples from patients with a request for c. difficile diagnosis and samples from patients with diarrhoea hospitalized for at least ... | 2007 | 17172514 |
| a portrait of the geographic dissemination of the clostridium difficile north american pulsed-field type 1 strain and the epidemiology of c. difficile-associated disease in québec. | an increase in the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile-associated disease in québec and the united states has been associated with a hypervirulent strain referred to as north american pulsed-field type 1 (nap1)/027. | 2007 | 17173224 |
| icd-9 codes and surveillance for clostridium difficile-associated disease. | we conducted a retrospective cohort study to compare clostridium difficile-associated disease rates determined by c. difficile-toxin assays and international classification of diseases, 9th revision (icd-9) codes. the correlation between toxin assay results and icd-9 codes was good (k = 0.72, p<0.01). the sensitivity of the icd-9 codes was 78% and the specificity was 99.7%. | 2006 | 17176576 |
| ramoplanin: a topical lipoglycodepsipeptide antibacterial agent. | ramoplanin, a novel antibiotic with activity against aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive bacteria, acts to prevent cell wall peptidoglycan formation by binding to a key intermediate moiety, lipid ii. it has been fast-tracked by the us fda for the prevention of enterococcal infections and the treatment of clostridium difficile. the minimum inhibitory concentration(90s) have been < or = 1.0 microg/ml against gram-positive organisms examined. in carriers of vancomycin-resistant enterococci, a doubl ... | 2006 | 17181409 |
| prophylactic antibiotics in obstetrics-gynecology: a current asset, a future liability? | currently, prophylactic antibiotics have proven effective in lowering the postoperative and postprocedure infection rate following vaginal hysterectomy, emergency cesarean section for the patient in labor, radical hysterectomy, abdominal hysterectomy, pregnancy termination, hysterosalpingogram and intrauterine device insertion. guidelines for the most effective and safe use are presented. concerns are raised regarding the widespread prolonged use of prophylactic antibiotics on women in labor to ... | 2006 | 17181412 |
| ertapenem versus cefotetan prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery. | ertapenem, a long-acting carbapenem, may be an alternative to the recommended prophylactic antibiotic cefotetan. | 2006 | 17182989 |
| old bugs learn some new tricks. | 2006 | 17186890 | |
| [clinical case of the month: clostridium difficile colitis]. | a 55-year-old patient with mant e cels underwent a cytotoxic chemotherapy (d.h.a.p. + rituximab). during the medullar aplasia related to the third cycle, diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile arised and relapsed 15 days later despite normal blood counts. this colitis was very severe with pluribacterial peritonitis, but resolved with intensive medical treatment. the incidence, the patient's risk factors, the iatrogenic and nosocomial characters of cl. difficile colitis are discussed. | 2006 | 17191741 |
| antibiotics and clostridium difficile: cause and cure. | 2007 | 17198057 | |
| direct e-test (ab biodisk) of respiratory samples improves antimicrobial use in ventilator-associated pneumonia. | ventilator-associated pneumonia is the most frequently observed nosocomial infection in intensive care units, and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. early microbiological diagnosis and the initial administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy are associated with decreased mortality and potentially reduced costs. our study evaluates the clinical and financial impact of performing rapid antimicrobial susceptibility tests directly on samples obtained from the lower respirator ... | 2007 | 17205445 |
| review article: tolevamer, a novel toxin-binding polymer: overview of preclinical pharmacology and physicochemical properties. | tolevamer is a novel toxin-binding polymer that is currently being investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of patients who have clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2006 | 17206941 |
| evaluation of three rapid assays for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b in stool specimens. | diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated disease continues to be difficult for clinical microbiology laboratories. the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three enzyme immunoassays for detection of c. difficile toxins a and b: the recently marketed rapid enzyme immunoassay ridascreen clostridium difficile toxin a/b (r-biopharm, darmstadt, germany) and two established enzyme immunoassays, the c. difficile tox a/b ii assay (techlab, blacksburg, va, usa) and the prospect c. di ... | 2007 | 17211606 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2006 | 17212182 | |
| [gastrointestinal infections due to clostridium difficile]. | 2006 | 17214219 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin b causes apoptosis in epithelial cells by thrilling mitochondria. involvement of atp-sensitive mitochondrial potassium channels. | targeting to mitochondria is emerging as a common strategy that bacteria utilize to interact with these central executioners of apoptosis. several lines of evidence have in fact indicated mitochondria as specific targets for bacterial protein toxins, regarded as the principal virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria. this work shows, for the first time, the ability of the clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb), a glucosyltransferase that inhibits the rho gtpases, to impact mitochondria. in living ... | 2007 | 17220295 |
| glutamate 2,3-aminomutase: a new member of the radical sam superfamily of enzymes. | a gene eam in clostridium difficile encodes a protein that is homologous to lysine 2,3-aminomutase (lam) in many other species but does not have the lysyl-binding residues asp293 and asp330 in lam from clostridium subterminale sb4. the c. difficile protein has lys and asn, respectively, in the sequence positions of the essential asp residues in lam. the c. difficile gene has been cloned into an e. coli expression vector, expressed in e. coli, and the protein purified and characterized. the recom ... | 2007 | 17222594 |
| risk factors for severity and relapse of pseudomembranous colitis in an elderly population. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is well recognized as an important cause of diarrhoea in patients receiving antibiotics, with significant consequences of morbidity and mortality. mortality among elderly patients is high, and even with successful treatment, a significant number of patients relapse. to evaluate the outcome of elderly patients with pmc, and to try to identify risk factors that might influence mortality or relapse. | 2007 | 17223943 |
| clostridium difficile: what to do? less responsive to treatment, more relapses. | 2006 | 17224896 | |
| fluoroquinolone use is the predominant risk factor for the development of a new strain of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2007 | 17233799 | |
| rho-glucosylating clostridium difficile toxins a and b: new insights into structure and function. | clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis and is responsible for many cases of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea. major virulence factors of c. difficile are the glucosylating exotoxins a and b. both toxins enter target cells in a ph- dependent manner from endosomes by forming pores. they translocate the n-terminal catalytic domains into the cytosol of host cells and inactivate rho guanosine triphosphatases by glucosylation. the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of to ... | 2007 | 17237138 |
| toxin production by and adhesive properties of clostridium difficile isolated from humans and horses with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is a common nosocomial pathogen in humans and animals that causes diarrhea and colitis following antibiotic therapy. isolates of c. difficile obtained from faecal material from 20 human patients and 6 equine subjects with antibiotic-associated diarrhea were investigated regarding production of toxins a and b, their capacity to adhere to the human intestinal caco-2 cell line and equine intestinal cells, and for the presence of fimbriae. the results showed that most (17/20) o ... | 2007 | 17239950 |
| antianaerobe activity of ceftobiprole, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin. | agar dilution testing of 463 anaerobes showed most gram-positive beta-lactamase-negative strains (other than some clostridium difficile and peptostreptococcus anaerobius), as well as both beta-lactamase-positive and beta-lactamase-negative strains of fusobacterium nucleatum, to have ceftobiprole mic values of < or =0.016 to 4 microg/ml. ceftobiprole was less active against beta-lactamase-positive gram-negative bacilli, especially the members of the bacteroides fragilis group. like ceftobiprole, ... | 2007 | 17240107 |
| impact of emergency colectomy on survival of patients with fulminant clostridium difficile colitis during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain. | to determine whether emergency colectomy reduces mortality in patients with fulminant clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), and to identify subgroups of patients more likely to benefit from the procedure. | 2007 | 17245181 |
| utilizing case reports to build awareness of rare complications in critical care. | 2007 | 17252060 | |
| new pcr ribotypes of clostridium difficile detected in children in brazil: prevalent types of clostridium difficile in brazil. | a total of 35 brazilian isolates of clostridium difficile from faecal stools and four isolates from hospital environments were analyzed by pcr ribotyping. a whole cell protein profile (as an alternative for serogrouping), in vitro toxin production and susceptibility to vancomycin, metronidazole and clindamycin were also investigated. all strains were typeable by both phenotypic and genotypic methods, and a total of 13 different pcr ribotypes were identified, of which seven (132, 133, 134, 135, 1 ... | 2007 | 17252315 |
| [dramatic increase of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in germany: has the new strain pcr-ribotype 027 already reached us?]. | 2007 | 17252365 | |
| central role of protein kinase cepsilon in constitutive activation of erk1/2 and rac1 in the malignant cells of hairy cell leukemia. | we have previously identified the presence of ras/raf-independent constitutive activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) in the hairy cells (hcs) of hairy cell leukemia. the aim of the present study was to characterize the signaling components involved in this activation and their relationship to the reported activation of rac1. we found that both rac1 and erk activation in hcs are downstream of active src and protein kinase c (pkc). inhibition with toxin b showed that rac1 plays ... | 2007 | 17255340 |
| in brief--clarification: hand hygiene and cdad. | 2007 | 17261967 | |
| new definitions will help, but cultures are critical for resolving unanswered questions about clostridium difficile. | 2007 | 17265390 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in oregon: increasing incidence and hospital-level risk factors. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) appears to be increasing. population-based estimates of disease have been limited, and analyses of hospital-level risk factors for cdad are lacking. we sought to determine the incidence and trends of cdad in oregon and to identify hospital-level factors associated with increases in disease. | 2007 | 17265391 |
| clostridium difficile in the intensive care unit: epidemiology, costs, and colonization pressure. | to evaluate the epidemiology, outcomes, and importance of clostridium difficile colonization pressure (ccp) as a risk factor for c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) acquisition in intensive care unit (icu) patients. | 2007 | 17265392 |
| clinical features of clostridium difficile-associated infections and molecular characterization of strains: results of a retrospective study, 2000-2004. | recent outbreaks of severe cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) reported in north america, the united kingdom, and the netherlands have emphasized the importance of an ongoing epidemiological surveillance of cdad. | 2007 | 17265393 |
| recommendations for surveillance of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | background: the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is changing, with evidence of increased incidence and severity. however, the understanding of the magnitude of and reasons for this change is currently hampered by the lack of standardized surveillance methods. objective and methods: an ad hoc c. difficile surveillance working group was formed to develop interim surveillance definitions and recommendations based on existing literature and expert opinion that can help ... | 2007 | 17265394 |
| moxifloxacin therapy as a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated disease during an outbreak: attempts to control a new epidemic strain. | an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) caused by the epidemic north american pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 (nap1) strain began after a formulary change from levofloxacin to moxifloxacin. cases of cdad were associated with moxifloxacin use, but a formulary change back to levofloxacin failed to reduce rates of disease. substituting use of one fluoroquinolone with use of another without also controlling the overall use of drugs from this class is unlikely to contro ... | 2007 | 17265402 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile infection in a hepatology ward. | during 2001, clostridium difficile infection was observed in 23 patients hospitalized in a hepatology ward (attack rate, 0.9%). since strain typing ruled out a clonal dissemination, we performed a case-control study. in addition to antibiotic use as a risk factor, the c. difficile infection rate was higher among patients with autoimmune hepatitis (p<.01). | 2007 | 17265403 |
| use of hypochlorite solution to decrease rates of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | an increased rate of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) was noted in 2 intensive care units of a university-affiliated tertiary care facility. one unit instituted enhanced environmental cleaning with a hypochlorite solution in all rooms, whereas the other unit used hypochlorite solution only in rooms of patients with cdad. the cdad rates decreased in both units. | 2007 | 17265404 |
| severity of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: evaluation of a cdad severity grading system. | the purpose of this study was to develop and test a clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) grading system based on presenting symptoms in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. patients with severe cdad had significantly shorter median survival times and more adverse outcomes than patients with mild or moderate cdad. | 2007 | 17265405 |
| an outbreak of severe clostridium difficile-associated disease possibly related to inappropriate antimicrobial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia. | we report a severe outbreak of clostridium difficile infection. according to a chart review, half of the patients who received treatment for bacterial pneumonia before they developed c. difficile infection may not have had pneumonia. excessive use of the hospital's new pneumonia care plan during the influenza season may have contributed to the intensity of this outbreak. | 2007 | 17265406 |
| response to the article: mcfarland lv. meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the treatment of clostridium difficile disease. am j gastroenterol 2006; 101:812-22. | 2007 | 17266694 | |
| fulminant postcesarean clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile infection is rarely reported in the obstetric literature. this disease process is associated with prior antibiotic exposure. | 2007 | 17267888 |
| effects of combination therapy with direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin b-immobilized fiber and oral vancomycin on fulminant pseudomembranous colitis with septic shock. | we report 2 cases of fulminant pseudomembranous colitis with septic shock. the first case showed few symptoms, whereas the second case showed recurrence. both cases rapidly developed shock and blood pressure was uncontrollable except with the use of pressor agents. direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin b-immobilized fiber, which was previously demonstrated to have excellent therapeutic effects for the treatment of hypotension in septic shock by removing circulating lipopolysaccharide and oral van ... | 2007 | 17273924 |
| which specimens should be tested for clostridium difficile toxin? | 2007 | 17275962 | |
| inappropriate use of meta-analysis to estimate efficacy of probiotics. | 2007 | 17278265 | |
| bugs be gone? prophylaxis of infection in acute pancreatitis. | 2007 | 17278269 | |
| clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes in calves, canada. | we investigated clostridium difficile in calves and the similarity between bovine and human c. difficile pcr ribotypes by conducting a case-control study of calves from 102 dairy farms in canada. fecal samples from 144 calves with diarrhea and 134 control calves were cultured for c. difficile and tested with an elisa for c. difficile toxins a and b. c. difficile was isolated from 31 of 278 calves: 11 (7.6%) of 144 with diarrhea and 20 (14.9%) of 134 controls (p = 0.009). toxins were detected in ... | 2006 | 17283624 |
| [report of icaac congress 2006: colitis caused by clostridium difficile]. | 2006 | 17290548 | |
| signaling pathways involved in oxpapc-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier protection. | increased tissue or serum levels of oxidized phospholipids have been detected in a variety of chronic and acute pathological conditions such as hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, heart attack, cell apoptosis, acute inflammation and injury. we have recently described signaling cascades activated by oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (oxpapc)in the human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (ec) and reported potent barrier-protective effects of oxpapc, which were mediated ... | 2007 | 17292425 |
| the safety of whey protein concentrate derived from the milk of cows immunized against clostridium difficile. | a whey protein concentrate prepared from the milk of cows that have been immunized against clostridium difficile (c. difficile) and its toxins, toxin a and toxin b, is produced for use as a medical food for the dietary management of patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) to prevent a relapse of the infection. the safety of anti-c. difficile whey protein concentrate (anti-cd wpc) is supported by analytical data comparing the composition of raw milk from immunized cows versus that f ... | 2007 | 17293018 |
| laboratory diagnosis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a polish pilot study into the clinical relevance of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens toxins. | in the present study, we investigated the prevalence of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpent) in stool samples originally submitted for detection of clostridium difficile toxins. fifty-two fecal samples from inpatients were screened simultaneously for c. difficile and c. perfringens toxins: 75% of the specimens were positive for tcda/tcdb toxins, 40% were positive for cpent, and 31% gave positive test results for both. it is interesting to note that only a relatively small number of c. ... | 2007 | 17300901 |
| interruption of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. | eight women who each experienced 4-8 episodes of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea were given a 2-week course of rifaximin therapy when they were asymptomatic, immediately after completing their last course of vancomycin therapy. seven of the 8 patients experienced no further diarrhea recurrence. the patient who had a recurrence responded to a second course of rifaximin therapy, but rifaximin-resistant c. difficile was recovered after treatment. a controlled trial for treating recurrent ... | 2007 | 17304459 |
| mutations in fusa associated with posttherapy fusidic acid resistance in clostridium difficile. | in silico, we identified fusa (2,067 bp) in clostridium difficile 630. sequencing of fusa in posttherapy fusidic acid-resistant c. difficile isolates from 12 patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) identified fusa mutations, one or two nonsynonymous substitutions, or in one case a deletion of one codon associated with resistance. five of these mutations have previously been described in fusa of fusidic acid-resistant staphylococcus aureus, but seven were novel fusa mutations. fusid ... | 2007 | 17307985 |
| volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. | little is known about the volatile organic compounds (vocs) in feces and their potential health consequences. patients and healthcare professionals have observed that feces often smell abnormal during gastrointestinal disease. the aim of this work was to define the volatiles emitted from the feces of healthy donors and patients with gastrointestinal disease. our hypotheses were that i) vocs would be shared in health; ii) vocs would be constant in individuals; and iii) specific changes in vocs wo ... | 2007 | 17314143 |
| toxin profiles and resistances to macrolides and newer fluoroquinolones as epidemicity determinants of clinical isolates of clostridium difficile from warsaw, poland. | amplified fragment length polymorphism genotypes, antibiotic resistance profiles, and toxin profiles of clostridium difficile strains from warsaw were determined. the isolates segregate in six major genotypes, coinciding with toxin profiles. most of the toxin a-negative toxin b-positive toxin cdt-negative strains possess ermb, and several strains were resistant to fluoroquinolones. resistograms and toxin types of c. difficile strains are epidemicity determinants. | 2007 | 17314219 |
| variant forms of the binary toxin cdt locus and tcdc gene in clostridium difficile strains. | variability in the genes for toxin a, toxin b and other pathogenicity locus regions is well known and is the basis for the distribution of clostridium difficile strains into variant toxinotypes. previous data have indicated that some c. difficile strains have a non-functional truncated form of the binary toxin (cdt) locus. this study analysed variability in the cdt locus and the presence of deleted tcdc genes in c. difficile strains. a total of 146 strains were screened, including known variant ... | 2007 | 17314362 |
| saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 905 reduces the translocation of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and stimulates the immune system in gnotobiotic and conventional mice. | previous results in the laboratory of the authors showed that saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 905, isolated during 'cachaça' production, was able to colonize and survive in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free and conventional mice, and to protect these animals against oral challenge with salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium or clostridium difficile. in the present work, the effects of s. cerevisiae 905 on the translocation of salm. typhimurium (mesenteric lymph nodes, peyer's patches, sp ... | 2007 | 17314366 |
| molecular characterization of clostridium difficile clinical isolates in a geriatric hospital. | the discriminatory potential of a combination of various typing methods was evaluated on a set of 21 clostridium difficile isolates obtained from symptomatic patients hospitalized in a geriatric unit and 7 non-toxigenic isolates from the same hospital. isolates were firstly serotyped and toxinotyped. of the 28 isolates, 19 belonged to serogroup a. pcr-ribotyping and pcr-rflp on the flic and slpa genes were then applied to these 19 isolates. the results suggest that the combination of pcr-ribotyp ... | 2007 | 17314371 |
| conflicting targets. | 2007 | 17317599 | |
| c. difficile 'endemic in health service'. | 2007 | 17319518 | |
| the complete genome sequence of clostridium difficile phage phic2 and comparisons to phicd119 and inducible prophages of cd630. | the complete genomic sequence of a previously characterized temperate phage of clostridium difficile, c2, is reported. the genome is 56 538 bp and organized into 84 putative orfs in six functional modules. the head and tail structural proteins showed similarities to that of c. difficile phage cd119 and streptococcus pneumoniae phage ej-1, respectively. homologues of structural and replication proteins were found in prophages 1 and 2 of the sequenced c. difficile cd630 genome. a putative holin ap ... | 2007 | 17322187 |
| jun n-terminal protein kinase enhances middle ear mucosal proliferation during bacterial otitis media. | mucosal hyperplasia is a characteristic component of otitis media. the present study investigated the participation of signaling via the jun n-terminal protein kinase (jnk) mitogen-activated protein kinase in middle ear mucosal hyperplasia in animal models of bacterial otitis media. otitis media was induced by the inoculation of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae into the middle ear cavity. western blotting revealed that phosphorylation of jnk isoforms in the middle ear mucosa preceded but paral ... | 2007 | 17325051 |
| methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, clostridium difficile, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing escherichia coli in the community: assessing the problem and controlling the spread. | although health care-associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile strains are primarily a risk to hospital patients, people are increasingly concerned about their potential to circulate in the community and the home. they are thus looking for support in order to understand the extent of the risk, and guidance on how to deal with situations where preventing infection from these species becomes their responsibility. a further concern are the community-acquired m ... | 2007 | 17327186 |
| clinical outcomes of intravenous immune globulin in severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | our objective was to determine if use of intravenous immune globulin (ivig) decreases the incidence of mortality, colectomies, and length of stay in the hospital in patients presenting with severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2007 | 17327194 |
| drug evaluation: opt-80, a narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic. | optimer pharmaceuticals inc, in collaboration with par pharmaceutical companies inc, is developing opt-80, a narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic secreted by the actinomycete dactylosporangium aurantiacum, for the potential treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infection. a phase iib/iii clinical trial of opt-80 in patients with cdad is underway. | 2007 | 17328233 |
| clostridium difficile: association with thrombocytosis and leukocytosis. | apart from leukocytosis, few laboratory markers suggestive of clostridium difficile infections have been described. | 2007 | 17330684 |
| is clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? | clostridium difficile has received much attention in recent years because of the increased incidence and severity of nosocomial disease caused by this organism, but c. difficile-associated disease has also been reported in the community, and c. difficile is an emerging pathogen in animals. early typing comparisons did not identify animals as an important source for human infection, but recent reports have shown a marked overlap between isolates from calves and humans, including two of the predom ... | 2007 | 17331126 |
| autocatalytic cleavage of clostridium difficile toxin b. | clostridium difficile, the causative agent of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis, possesses two main virulence factors: the large clostridial cytotoxins a and b. it has been proposed that toxin b is cleaved by a cytosolic factor of the eukaryotic target cell during its cellular uptake. here we report that cleavage of not only toxin b, but also all other large clostridial cytotoxins, is an autocatalytic process dependent on host cytosolic inositolphosphate cof ... | 2007 | 17334356 |
| prevalence of toxin a-nonproducing/toxin-b-producing clostridium difficile in the tsukuba-tsuchiura district, japan. | in japan, many clinical laboratories may not have recognized toxin a-nonproducing/toxin b-producing (a-/b+) clostridium difficile, because rapid diagnostic kits detecting toxin b of c. difficile have not been available in the laboratories. therefore, we examined the prevalence of a-/b+ strains in the tsukuba-tsuchiura district, japan. fecal specimens submitted for c. difficile toxin tests in four tertiary hospitals in the district were collected for 6 months. several c. difficile a-/b+ strains, ... | 2007 | 17334727 |
| association between gastric acid suppressants and clostridium difficile colitis and community-acquired pneumonia: analysis using pharmacovigilance tools. | recent epidemiological studies identifying an association between some classes of gastric acid suppressants and clostridium difficile colitis and community-acquired pneumonia prompted our analysis. our objective was to retrospectively apply data mining algorithms (dmas) to the food and drug administration (fda) drug safety database to see if they might have directed/redirected attention to the reported association of gastric acid suppressive drugs with c. difficile colitis and community-acquired ... | 2007 | 17336566 |
| colonic delivery of compression coated nisin tablets using pectin/hpmc polymer mixture. | nisin containing pectin/hpmc compression coated tablets were prepared and their in vitro behavior tested for colonic delivery. nisin is a 34-amino-acid residue long, heat stable peptide belonging to the group a lantibiotics with wide antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. the invention can be useful for treating colonic infectious diseases such as by clostridium difficile, and also by colonization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. in this study, each 100mg core tablet of nisin ... | 2007 | 17337171 |
| clostridium difficile colitis that fails conventional metronidazole therapy: response to nitazoxanide. | clostridium difficile-associated disease has increased in incidence and severity. recommended treatments include metronidazole and vancomycin. recent investigations, however, document the failure of metronidazole to cure a substantial proportion of patients with clostridium difficile colitis, but oral administration of vancomycin raises concerns over selection of antibiotic-resistant organisms in the hospital environment. we have recently shown that nitazoxanide is as effective as metronidazole ... | 2007 | 17337513 |
| [usefulness of immunological detection of both toxin a and toxin b in stool samples for rapid diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | toxin detection from stool specimens is critical for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). in japan, only two toxin detection kits targeting toxin a alone are commercially available. we evaluated immunocard toxin a & b (immunocard), based on enzyme immunoassay for the rapid detection of both c. difficile toxins a and b in stool specimens, compared to a toxin a detection kit (uniquick) and cytotoxin assay. c. difficile was also cultured from stool specimens and the to ... | 2007 | 17338314 |
| mapk interacts with xgef and is required for cpeb activation during meiosis in xenopus oocytes. | meiotic progression in xenopus oocytes, and all other oocytes investigated, is dependent on polyadenylation-induced translation of stockpiled maternal mrnas. early during meiotic resumption, phosphorylation of cpe-binding protein (cpeb) is required for polyadenylation-induced translation of mrnas encoding cell cycle regulators. xenopus gef (xgef), a rho-family guanine-exchange factor, influences the activating phosphorylation of cpeb. an exchange-deficient version of xgef does not, therefore imp ... | 2007 | 17344432 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: changing epidemiology and implications for management. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is increasingly being reported in many regions throughout the world. the reasons for this are unknown, are likely to be multifactorial, and are the subject of several current investigations. in addition to the upsurge in frequency of cdad, an increased rate of relapse/recurrence, disease severity and refractoriness to traditional treatment have also been noted. moreover, severe disease has been reported in non-traditional hosts (e.g. younger age, s ... | 2007 | 17352510 |
| possible patient overlap in studies. | 2007 | 17353538 | |
| [infectious diseases (beside aids)]. | important epidemiological developments include the continuing dissemination of influenza a h5n1. it is not adapted to human beings, but its potential to cause a pandemic is confirmed. chikungunya has spread around the indian ocean. a new resistant staphylococcus aureus in increasingly prevalent in the community. finally, a virulent strain of clostridium difficile is emerging in north america and europe. new therapeutic developments are scarce. several studies promote a rational use of available ... | 2007 | 17354657 |
| crystal structures reveal a thiol protease-like catalytic triad in the c-terminal region of pasteurella multocida toxin. | pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt), one of the virulence factors produced by the bacteria, exerts its toxicity by up-regulating various signaling cascades downstream of the heterotrimeric gtpases gq and g12/13 in an unknown fashion. here, we present the crystal structure of the c-terminal region (residues 575-1,285) of pmt, which carries an intracellularly active moiety. the overall structure of c-terminal region of pmt displays a trojan horse-like shape, composed of three domains with a "feet"-, ... | 2007 | 17360394 |