Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| bacterial zoonoses of fishes: a review and appraisal of evidence for linkages between fish and human infections. | human contact with and consumption of fishes presents hazards from a range of bacterial zoonotic infections. whereas many bacterial pathogens have been presented as fish-borne zoonoses on the basis of epidemiological and phenotypic evidence, genetic identity between fish and human isolates is not frequently examined or does not provide support for transmission between these hosts. in order to accurately assess the zoonotic risk from exposure to fishes in the context of aquaculture, wild fisherie ... | 2015 | 25466575 |
| clostridium cluster i and their pathogenic members in a full-scale operating biogas plant. | a biogas production plant operating with main and secondary digesters (md, sd) was analysed for the diversity of bacteria from clostridium cluster i and its pathogenic members. the plant was run in two parallel lines, both receiving silages, and one, in addition, cattle manure (cm). quantitative pcr of 16s rrna genes from directly extracted dna indicated that cluster i represented 0.2 to 5.6 % of the total bacterial communities. its prevalence was particularly low in cm and also in sd compared t ... | 2015 | 25472441 |
| combined high pressure and thermal processing on inactivation of type e and nonproteolytic type b and f spores of clostridium botulinum. | the aim of this study was to determine the resistance of multiple strains of the three nonproteolytic types of clostridium botulinum (seven strains of type e, eight of type b, and two of type f) spores exposed to combined high pressure and thermal processing. the resistance of spores suspended in n-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (aces) buffer (0.05 m, ph 7) was determined at a process temperature of 80°c with high pressures of 600, 650, and 700 mpa using a laboratory-scale pressure tes ... | 2014 | 25474050 |
| inability of non-proteolytic clostridium botulinum to grow in mussels inoculated via immersion and packaged in high oxygen atmospheres. | a series of botulism challenge studies were conducted to determine if botulinum toxin would be produced in mussels (mytilus edulis) inoculated with non-proteolytic clostridium botulinum spores and held under modified atmosphere (ma) packaging conditions at normal (4 °c) and abusive (12 °c) temperatures. spore mixtures of six strains of non-proteolytic c. botulinum were introduced into live mussels through immersion in a seawater solution with cultured algae. mussels were packed in a commercial h ... | 2015 | 25475286 |
| differential effects of sporulation temperature on the high pressure resistance of clostridium botulinum type e spores and the interconnection with sporulation medium cation contents. | high pressure thermal (hpt) processing can be used to improve traditional preservation methods and increase food safety and durability, whereas quality related characteristics can be largely maintained. clostridium (c.) botulinum type e is a non-proteolytic, psychrotrophic, toxin-producing spore former, commonly associated with aquatic environments in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. sporulation in nature is likely to occur under varying conditions including temperature and nutrient ... | 2015 | 25475313 |
| role of csp genes in nacl, ph, and ethanol stress response and motility in clostridium botulinum atcc 3502. | clostridium botulinum is a notable food pathogen and responsible for botulism due to production of botulinum neurotoxin. strains of c. botulinum can adapt to and survive in stress conditions and food processing. the cold shock protein coding genes (csp) are involved in growth at low temperature, but they may also possess other functions. in this mutational analysis we show that cspb and cspc, but not cspa, are important for nacl, ph and ethanol stress responses and for motility of c. botulinum a ... | 2015 | 25475316 |
| genomic sequences of six botulinum neurotoxin-producing strains representing three clostridial species illustrate the mobility and diversity of botulinum neurotoxin genes. | the whole genomes for six botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridial strains were sequenced to provide references for under-represented toxin types, bivalent strains or unusual toxin complexes associated with a bont gene. the strains include three clostridium botulinum group i strains (cdc 297, cdc 1436, and prevot 594), a group ii c. botulinum strain (eklund 202f), a group iv clostridium argentinense strain (cdc 2741), and a group v clostridium baratii strain (sullivan). comparisons of the grou ... | 2015 | 25489752 |
| first report of an infant botulism case due to clostridium botulinum type af. | most infant botulism cases worldwide are due to botulinum toxin types a and b. rarely, clostridium botulinum strains that produce two serotypes (ab, ba, and bf) have also been isolated from infant botulism cases. this is the first reported case of infant botulism due to c. botulinum type af worldwide. | 2015 | 25502535 |
| draft genome sequence of bivalent clostridium botulinum strain ibca10-7060, encoding botulinum neurotoxin b and a new fa mosaic type. | here we report the genome sequence of a clostridium botulinum strain ibca10-7060 producing botulinum neurotoxin serotype b and a new toxin serotype. multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed that this strain belongs to a new sequence type, and whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism analysis showed that this strain clustered with strains in lineage 2 from group i. | 2014 | 25502671 |
| the first case of a major avian type c botulism outbreak in poland. | major outbreaks of avian type c botulism have been rarely reported from central europe. in this paper, we report the first severe outbreak of avian type c botulism in poland. in 2011-12, two epizootics caused by clostridium botulinum took place at jeziorsko dam reservoir and affected an estimated number of 5500 birds in 2011 and 1600 birds in 2012. in total, 24 species ofwaterbirds were affected, including mainly waterfowl (37.0%), shorebirds (27.0%), rallids (25.7%), and larids (9.1%). mallards ... | 2014 | 25518447 |
| prevalence of toxin-producing clostridium botulinum associated with the macroalga cladophora in three great lakes: growth and management. | the reemergence of avian botulism caused by clostridium botulinum type e has been observed across the great lakes in recent years. evidence suggests an association between the nuisance algae, cladophora spp., and c. botulinum in nearshore areas of the great lakes. however, the nature of the association between cladophora and c. botulinum is not fully understood due, in part, to the complex food web interactions in this disease etiology. in this study, we extensively evaluated their association b ... | 2015 | 25577739 |
| effect of sporulation temperature on the resistance of clostridium botulinum type a spores to thermal and high pressure processing. | the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sporulation temperature on the resistance of clostridium botulinum type a spores of strains 62a and giorgioa to thermal and high pressure processing (hpp). spore crops produced in trypticase-peptone-glucose-yeast extract broth at four incubation temperatures (20, 27, 37, and 41°c) were harvested, and heat resistance studies were conducted at 105°c (strain 62a) and 100°c (strain giorgioa). resistance to hpp was evaluated by subjecting the s ... | 2015 | 25581189 |
| two-component systems and toxinogenesis regulation in clostridium botulinum. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) are the most potent toxins ever known. they are mostly produced by clostridium botulinum but also by other clostridia. bonts associate with non-toxic proteins (antps) to form complexes of various sizes. toxin production is highly regulated through complex networks of regulatory systems involving an alternative sigma factor, botr, and at least 6 recently described two-component systems (tcss). tcss allow bacteria to sense environmental changes and to respond to vario ... | 2015 | 25592073 |
| infant botulism. | infant botulism is a rare condition caused by intestinal colonization with clostridium botulinum. the enteric toxin causes intestinal immobility and progressive descending paralysis due to the effect on acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction and other cholinergic nerve terminals, particularly in the gut. herein, we report an infant with infantile botulism because of rare clinically entity, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment recover no squeal. | 2010 | 25610131 |
| occurrence of avian botulism in korea during the period from june to september 2012. | botulism is a paralytic disease caused by the botulinum neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum. in the summer season in korea, intensive outbreaks of avian botulism were reported in both poultry and wild birds, including five korean native chicken farms (hanhyup no.3), one pheasant (phasianus colchicus karpowi) farm, and one community of spot-billed ducks (anas poecilorhyncha). the affected domestic birds showed 24.5% to 58.3% mortality, with specific clinical signs including ataxia, limbe ... | 2014 | 25619016 |
| fatal outbreak of botulism in greenland. | botulism commonly occurs when the anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium clostridium botulinum, under suitable conditions, produces botulinum neurotoxins. named a-f, these toxins are the immediate causative agent of the clinical symptoms of symmetrical, descending neurological deficits, including respiratory muscle paralysis. we present five cases of foodborne botulism occurring in greenland, two with fatal outcome, caused by ingestion of tradionally preserved eider fowl. in the cases of the survivo ... | 2015 | 25622940 |
| molecular gene profiling of clostridium botulinum group iii and its detection in naturally contaminated samples originating from various european countries. | we report the development of real-time pcr assays for genotyping clostridium botulinum group iii targeting the newly defined c. novyi sensu lato group; the nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (ntnh)-encoding gene ntnh; the botulinum neurotoxin (bont)-encoding genes bont/c, bont/c/d, bont/d, and bont/d/c; and the flagellin (flic) gene. the genetic diversity of flic among c. botulinum group iii strains resulted in the definition of five major subgroups named flic-i to flic-v. investigation of flic subtypes ... | 2015 | 25636839 |
| diverse mechanisms regulate sporulation sigma factor activity in the firmicutes. | sporulation allows bacteria to survive adverse conditions and is essential to the lifecycle of some obligate anaerobes. in bacillus subtilis, the sporulation-specific sigma factors, σ(f), σ(e), σ(g), and σ(k), activate compartment-specific transcriptional programs that drive sporulation through its morphological stages. the regulation of these sigma factors was predicted to be conserved across the firmicutes, since the regulatory proteins controlling their activation are largely conserved. howev ... | 2015 | 25646759 |
| uptake of clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme into intact ht22 and j774a.1 cells. | the clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme selectively adp-ribosylates low molecular weight gtp-binding proteins rhoa, b and c. this covalent modification inhibits rho signaling activity, resulting in distinct actin cytoskeleton changes. although c3 exoenzyme has no binding, the translocation domain assures that c3 enters cells and acts intracellularly. c3 uptake is thought to occur due to the high concentration of the c3 enzyme. however, recent work indicates that c3 is selectively endocytosed, sug ... | 2015 | 25648844 |
| morphological and genetic characterization of group i clostridium botulinum type b strain 111 and the transcriptional regulator spoiiid gene knockout mutant in sporulation. | clostridium botulinum is a heat-resistant spore-forming bacterium that causes the serious paralytic illness botulism. heat-resistant spores may cause food sanitation hazards and sporulation plays a central role in the survival of c. botulinum. we observed morphological changes and investigated the role of the transcriptional regulator spoiiid in the sporulation of c. botulinum type b strain 111 in order to elucidate the molecular mechanism in c. botulinum. c. botulinum type b formed heat-resista ... | 2015 | 25652599 |
| isolation and functional characterization of the novel clostridium botulinum neurotoxin a8 subtype. | botulism is a severe neurological disease caused by the complex family of botulinum neurotoxins (bont). based on the different serotypes known today, a classification of serotype variants termed subtypes has been proposed according to sequence diversity and immunological properties. however, the relevance of bont subtypes is currently not well understood. here we describe the isolation of a novel clostridium botulinum strain from a food-borne botulism outbreak near chemnitz, germany. comparison ... | 2015 | 25658638 |
| the effects of heat activation on bacillus spore germination, with nutrients or under high pressure, with or without various germination proteins. | nutrient germination of spores of bacillus species occurs through germinant receptors (grs) in spores' inner membrane (im) in a process stimulated by sublethal heat activation. bacillus subtilis spores maximum germination rates via different grs required different 75 °c heat activation times: 15 min for l-valine germination via the gera gr and 4 h for germination with the l-asparagine-glucose-fructose-k(+) mixture via the gerb and gerk grs, with gerk requiring the most heat activation. in some c ... | 2015 | 25681191 |
| using common spatial distributions of atoms to relate functionally divergent influenza virus n10 and n11 protein structures to functionally characterized neuraminidase structures, toxin cell entry domains, and non-influenza virus cell entry domains. | the ability to identify the functional correlates of structural and sequence variation in proteins is a critical capability. we related structures of influenza a n10 and n11 proteins that have no established function to structures of proteins with known function by identifying spatially conserved atoms. we identified atoms with common distributed spatial occupancy in pdb structures of n10 protein, n11 protein, an influenza a neuraminidase, an influenza b neuraminidase, and a bacterial neuraminid ... | 2015 | 25706124 |
| ex vivo inhibition of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin types b, c, e, and f by small molecular weight inhibitors. | two small molecular weight inhibitors, compounds cb7969312 and cb7967495, that displayed inhibition of botulinum neurotoxin serotype a in a previous study, were evaluated for inhibition of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes b, c, e, and f. the small molecular weight inhibitors were assessed by molecular modeling, uplc-based peptide cleavage assay; and an ex vivo assay, the mouse phrenic nerve - hemidiaphragm assay (mpnhda). while both compounds were inhibitors of botulinum neurotoxin (bont) serotype ... | 2015 | 25707753 |
| functional characterization of botulinum neurotoxin serotype h as a hybrid of known serotypes f and a (bont f/a). | a unique strain of clostridium botulinum (ibca10-7060) was recently discovered which produces two toxins: botulinum neurotoxin (bont) serotype b and a novel bont reported as serotype h. previous molecular assessment showed that the light chain (lc) of the novel bont most resembled the bont of the light chain of known subtype f5, while the c-terminus of the heavy chain (hc) most resembled the binding domain of serotype a. we evaluated the functionality of both toxins produced in culture by first ... | 2015 | 25731972 |
| detection of clostridium botulinum in liquid manure and biogas plant wastes. | biogas plants have been considered as a source for possible amplification and distribution of pathogenic bacteria capable of causing severe infections in humans and animals. manure and biogas wastes could be sources for spore-forming bacteria such as clostridium botulinum. in the present study, 24 liquid manure and 84 biogas waste samples from dairies where the majority of the cows suffered from chronic botulism were investigated for the presence of botulinum neurotoxins (bont) and c. botulinum ... | 2015 | 25753763 |
| two complete and one draft genome sequence of nonproteolytic clostridium botulinum type e strains nctc 8266, nctc 8550, and nctc 11219. | group ii (gii) nonproteolytic clostridium botulinum strains are a major cause of foodborne botulism outbreaks. here, we report two complete genome sequences of gii type e strains nctc 8266 and nctc 8550 and one draft genome sequence of type e nctc 11219. | 2015 | 25767228 |
| viral vector effects on exoenzyme c3 transferase-mediated actin disruption and on outflow facility. | purified clostridium botulinum exoenzyme c3 transferase (c3) effects on the actin cytoskeleton in human trabecular meshwork cells (htm) and on the outflow facility response in monkey organ-cultured anterior segments (mocas) were determined in the presence or absence of viral vectors. | 2015 | 25783606 |
| insights into the origin of clostridium botulinum strains: evolution of distinct restriction endonuclease sites in rrs (16s rrna gene). | diversity analysis of clostridium botulinum strains is complicated by high microheterogeneity caused by the presence of 9-22 copies of rrs (16s rrna gene). the need is to mine genetic markers to identify very closely related strains. multiple alignments of the nucleotide sequences of the 212 rrs of 13 c. botulinum strains revealed intra- and inter-genomic heterogeneity. low intragenomic heterogeneity in rrs was evident in strains 230613, alaska e43, okra, eklund 17b, langeland, 657, kyoto, bkt01 ... | 2015 | 25805900 |
| whole-genome sequence of clostridium botulinum a2b3 87, a highly virulent strain involved in a fatal case of foodborne botulism in italy. | here, we report the genome sequence of a rare bivalent strain of clostridium botulinum, a2b3 87. the strain was isolated from a foodborne botulism case that occurred in italy in 1995. the case was characterized by rapid evolution of the illness and failure of conventional treatments. | 2015 | 25814616 |
| update on botulinum neurotoxin use in aesthetic dermatology. | botulinum toxins are among the most widely studied and versatile drugs in the medicinal market. since their extraction from clostridium botulinum, they have been harnessed and incorporated into different formulations with varied properties and actions. these products have been used to treat countless disorders such as musculoskeletal disorders, headaches, and eye disorders, among many others. in the realm of aesthetic cutaneous medicine, the evolution and creativity in the use of botulinum toxin ... | 2014 | 25830246 |
| regional variations in home canning practices and the risk of foodborne botulism in the republic of georgia, 2003. | foodborne botulism is a severe, paralytic illness caused by ingestion of preformed neurotoxins produced by clostridium botulinum. in 2003, we conducted a population-based household survey of home canning practices to explore marked regional variations in botulism incidence in the republic of georgia (rog). we designed a cluster sampling scheme and subdivided each of the 10 regions of the rog into a variable number of strata. households were selected from each stratum using a two-step cluster sam ... | 2015 | 25836400 |
| draft genome sequence of clostridium botulinum strain 277-00 type b2. | we report the draft genome sequence of clostridium botulinum strain 277-00, which encodes a botulinum neurotoxin b2 associated with a ha gene locus. strain 277-00 was isolated from a cheese responsible for an outbreak of botulism in iran in 1997. this strain is closed to the bivalent b2/fa strain ibca10-7060. | 2015 | 25838479 |
| draft genome sequence of clostridium botulinum b2 450 strain from wound botulism in a drug user in italy. | here, we report the draft genome sequence of clostridium botulinum b2 450, responsible for the first reported case of wound botulism in a drug user in italy. | 2015 | 25838491 |
| molecular subtyping of clostridium botulinum by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) has been extensively used to estimate the genetic diversity of clostridium botulinum. in addition, pfge is the standard method for investigating foodborne outbreaks associated with various enteric pathogens, including c. botulinum. pfge can be used to exclude a suspected but not confirmed food source when the patterns of the food and clinical isolates are different. indistinguishable pfge patterns may also be useful for linking isolates between patients or ... | 2015 | 25862052 |
| infant botulism: review and clinical update. | botulism is a rare neuromuscular condition, and multiple clinical forms are recognized. infant botulism was first identified in the 1970s, and it typically occurs in infants younger than 1 year of age who ingest clostridium botulinum spores. a specific treatment for infant botulism, intravenous botulism immunoglobulin (big-iv or babybig®), was developed in 2003, and this treatment has substantially decreased both morbidity and hospital costs associated with this illness. this article will review ... | 2015 | 25882077 |
| occurrence of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin in chronic disease of dairy cows. | botulism caused by neurotoxins of clostridium (c.) botulinum is a rare, but serious life-threatening disease in humans and animals. botulism in livestock is usually caused by the oral uptake of c. botulinum neurotoxins (bont) via contaminated feed and is characterized by flaccid paralysis. in the recent past a new syndrome caused by bont in dairy cattle was postulated. it was supposed that c. botulinum is able to colonize the lower intestine and may subsequently produce neurotoxin. the continuou ... | 2015 | 25882532 |
| spatial, temporal, and matrix variability of clostridium botulinum type e toxin gene distribution at great lakes beaches. | clostridium botulinum type e toxin is responsible for extensive mortality of birds and fish in the great lakes. the c. botulinum bonte gene that produces the type e toxin was amplified with quantitative pcr from 150 sloughed algal samples (primarily cladophora species) collected during summer 2012 from 10 great lakes beaches in five states; concurrently, 74 sediment and 37 water samples from four sites were also analyzed. the bonte gene concentration in algae was significantly higher than in wat ... | 2015 | 25888178 |
| studying axonal outgrowth and regeneration of the corticospinal tract in organotypic slice cultures. | studies of axonal outgrowth and regeneration after spinal cord injury are hampered by the complexity of the events involved. here, we present a simple and improved in vitro approach to investigate outgrowth, regeneration of the corticospinal tract, and intrinsic parenchymal responses. we prepared organotypic co-cultures using explants from the motor cortex of postnatal donor mice ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein and cervical spinal cord from wild type pups of the same age. our d ... | 2015 | 25923828 |
| optimal spore germination in clostridium botulinum atcc 3502 requires the presence of functional copies of sleb and ypeb, but not cwlj. | germination, the process by which dormant endospores return to vegetative growth, is a critical process in the life cycle of the notorious pathogen clostridium botulinum. crucial is the degradation by hydrolytic enzymes of an inner peptidoglycan spore layer termed the cortex. two mechanistically different systems of cortex lysis exist in spores of clostridium species. c. botulinum atcc 3502 harbours the bacillus-like system of sleb, cwlj and ypeb cortex lytic enzymes (cles). through the construc ... | 2015 | 25937262 |
| activity of botulinum neurotoxin type d (strain 1873) in human neurons. | botulinum neurotoxin type d (bont/d) causes periodic outbreaks of botulism in cattle and horses, but is rarely associated with human botulism. previous studies have shown that humans responded poorly to peripheral injection of up to 10u of bont/d. isolated human pyramidalis muscle preparations were resistant to bont/d, whereas isolated human intercostal muscle preparations responded to bont/d similarly as to other bont serotypes. in vitro data indicate that bont/d does not cleave human vamp1 eff ... | 2015 | 25937339 |
| editorial on: bacterial pathogens in the non-clinical environment. | 2015 | 25954260 | |
| use of clostridium botulinum toxin in gastrointestinal motility disorders in children. | more than a century has elapsed since the identification of clostridia neurotoxins as the cause of paralytic diseases. clostridium botulinum is a heterogeneous group of gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacteria that produce a potent neurotoxin. eight different clostridium botulinum neurotoxins have been described (a-h) and 5 of those cause disease in humans. these toxins cause paralysis by blocking the presynaptic release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction ... | 2015 | 25992183 |
| structural and functional analysis of botulinum neurotoxin subunits for ph-dependent membrane channel formation and translocation. | the structure-function relationship of botulinum neurotoxin (bont) proteins is greatly influenced by ph. while the low ph of endosome favors membrane interaction of the heavy chain (hc) for the formation of a membrane channel and translocation of the light chain (lc), the catalytic activity of the lc requires a neutral ph for cleavage of the soluble nsf attachment protein receptor (snare) complex in the cytosol. in this study, we monitored secondary structural characteristics of lc, hc and holot ... | 2015 | 26012869 |
| onabotulinum toxin a (botox) for chronic migraine treatment: an italian experience. | chronic migraine is a common and debilitating headache syndrome. botulinum neurotoxin, a potent toxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium clostridium botulinum, used largely for treatment of disorders associated with increased muscle tone and hyperhidrosis, is used for patients suffering from chronic migraine. in this study, a group of patients suffering from chronic migraine with medication overuse was treated with onabotulinum toxin a (botox) to verify its efficacy for chronic migraine. the re ... | 2015 | 26017508 |
| implications of genome-based discrimination between clostridium botulinum group i and clostridium sporogenes strains for bacterial taxonomy. | taxonomic classification of clostridium botulinum is based on the production of botulinum neurotoxin (bont), while closely related, nontoxic organisms are classified as clostridium sporogenes. however, this taxonomic organization does not accurately mirror phylogenetic relationships between these species. a phylogenetic reconstruction using 2,016 orthologous genes shared among strains of c. botulinum group i and c. sporogenes clearly separated these two species into discrete clades which showed ... | 2015 | 26048939 |
| functional csda is needed for effective adaptation and initiation of growth of clostridium botulinum atcc 3502 at suboptimal temperature. | the activity of rna helicase csda (cbo2802) after temperature downshift was compared to its activity at optimal growth temperature, and the effect of sense and antisense oriented insertional inactivation of cbo2802 on the growth of atcc 3502 at suboptimal temperature was evaluated. the relative cbo2802 transcript level was significantly induced for 30min to 5h after cold shock. in contrast, a significant decrease in the relative transcript level of cbo2802 was observed within the same time frame ... | 2015 | 26057109 |
| a novel botulinum neurotoxin, previously reported as serotype h, has a hybrid-like structure with regions of similarity to the structures of serotypes a and f and is neutralized with serotype a antitoxin. | botulism is a potentially fatal paralytic disease caused by the action of botulinum neurotoxin (bont) on nerve cells. there are 7 known serotypes (a-g) of bont and up to 40 genetic variants. clostridium botulinum strain ibca10-7060 was recently reported to produce bont serotype b (bont/b) and a novel bont, designated as bont/h. the bont gene (bont) sequence of bont/h was compared to known bont sequences. genetic analysis suggested that bont/h has a hybrid-like structure containing regions of sim ... | 2016 | 26068781 |
| clostridium botulinum type c hemagglutinin affects the morphology and viability of cultured mammalian cells via binding to the ganglioside gm3. | botulinum neurotoxin is conventionally divided into seven serotypes, designated a-g, and is produced as large protein complexes through associations with non-toxic components, such as hemagglutinin (ha) and non-toxic non-ha. these non-toxic proteins dramatically enhance the oral toxicity of the toxin complex. ha is considered to have a role in toxin transport through the intestinal epithelium by carbohydrate binding and epithelial barrier-disrupting activity. type a and b has disrupt e-cadherin- ... | 2015 | 26077172 |
| risk assessment of proteolytic clostridium botulinum in canned foie gras. | in this study, a risk assessment of proteolytic clostridium botulinum in canned foie gras was performed, the number of illnesses per year in france due to c. botulinum in foie gras was estimated. data on initial level in raw materials were collected at manufacturers and analysed using a negative binomial distribution. the effect of the usual foie gras heat treatment (equivalent time at 121 °c: f0=0.5 min) was considered at two levels: first, it led to an inactivation (estimated to 2.3 log); seco ... | 2015 | 26093992 |
| dormant bacillus spores protect their dna in crystalline nucleoids against environmental stress. | bacterial spores of the genera bacillus and clostridium are extremely resistant against desiccation, heat and radiation and involved in the spread and pathogenicity of health relevant species such as bacillus anthracis (anthrax) or clostridium botulinum. while the resistance of spores is very well documented, underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. in this study we show, by cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections and particular resin thin section electron microscopy, that dormant b ... | 2015 | 26094877 |
| virulence plasmids of spore-forming bacteria. | plasmid-encoded virulence factors are important in the pathogenesis of diseases caused by spore-forming bacteria. unlike many other bacteria, the most common virulence factors encoded by plasmids in clostridium and bacillus species are protein toxins. clostridium perfringens causes several histotoxic and enterotoxin diseases in both humans and animals and produces a broad range of toxins, including many pore-forming toxins such as c. perfringens enterotoxin, epsilon-toxin, beta-toxin, and netb. ... | 2014 | 26104459 |
| genomic epidemiology of clostridium botulinum isolates from temporally related cases of infant botulism in new south wales, australia. | infant botulism is a potentially life-threatening paralytic disease that can be associated with prolonged morbidity if not rapidly diagnosed and treated. four infants were diagnosed and treated for infant botulism in nsw, australia, between may 2011 and august 2013. despite the temporal relationship between the cases, there was no close geographical clustering or other epidemiological links. clostridium botulinum isolates, three of which produced botulism neurotoxin serotype a (bont/a) and one b ... | 2015 | 26109442 |
| clostridium botulinum group ii isolate phylogenomic profiling using whole-genome sequence data. | clostridium botulinum group ii isolates (n = 163) from different geographic regions, outbreaks, and neurotoxin types and subtypes were characterized in silico using whole-genome sequence data. two clusters representing a variety of botulinum neurotoxin (bont) types and subtypes were identified by multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and core single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) analysis. while one cluster included bont/b4/f6/e9 and nontoxigenic members, the other comprised a wide variety of differe ... | 2015 | 26116673 |
| dna vaccines targeting heavy chain c-terminal fragments of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotypes a, b, and e induce potent humoral and cellular immunity and provide protection from lethal toxin challenge. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) are deadly, toxic proteins produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum that can cause significant diseases in humans. the use of the toxic substances as potential bioweapons has raised concerns by the centers for disease control and prevention and the united states military. currently, there is no licensed vaccine to prevent botulinum intoxication. here we present an immunogenicity study to evaluate the efficacy of novel monovalent vaccines and a trivalent cockt ... | 0 | 26158319 |
| single-tube nested pcr assay for the detection of avian botulism in cecal contents of chickens. | this paper describes a novel diagnostic method for the detection of avian botulism caused by clostridium botulinum type c and c/d, using single-tube nested pcr assay. this assay was developed to overcome the disadvantages of bioassays used in experiments with mice. three primer pairs including an antisense primer were designed to target the n-terminal of the toxin gene from c. botulinum types c and c/d. the specificity of the pcr assay was confirmed by using 33 bacterial strains and chicken ceca ... | 2015 | 26159405 |
| microbiology and foodborne pathogens in honey. | honey has been considered a relatively safe foodstuff due to its compositional properties, with infant botulism caused by clostridium botulinum being the most prominent health risk associated with it. our review is focused on the honey microflora along the food chain and evaluates the pathogenic potential of those microorganisms found in honey. this product may contain a great variety of bacteria and, particularly, fungi that eventually entered the food chain at an early stage (e.g., via pollen) ... | 2017 | 26176586 |
| crispr/cas9-mediated genomic deletion of the beta-1, 4 n-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 gene in murine p19 embryonal carcinoma cells results in low sensitivity to botulinum neurotoxin type c. | botulinum neurotoxins produced by clostridium botulinum cause flaccid paralysis by inhibiting neurotransmitter release at peripheral nerve terminals. previously, we found that neurons derived from the murine p19 embryonal carcinoma cell line exhibited high sensitivity to botulinum neurotoxin type c. in order to prove the utility of p19 cells for the study of the intracellular mechanism of botulinum neurotoxins, ganglioside-knockout neurons were generated by deletion of the gene encoding beta-1,4 ... | 2015 | 26177297 |
| high pressure thermal inactivation of clostridium botulinum type e endospores - kinetic modeling and mechanistic insights. | cold-tolerant, neurotoxigenic, endospore forming clostridium (c.) botulinum type e belongs to the non-proteolytic physiological c. botulinum group ii, is primarily associated with aquatic environments, and presents a safety risk for seafood. high pressure thermal (hpt) processing exploiting the synergistic effect of pressure and temperature can be used to inactivate bacterial endospores. we investigated the inactivation of c. botulinum type e spores by (near) isothermal hpt treatments at 300-120 ... | 2015 | 26191048 |
| fate of clostridium botulinum and incidence of pathogenic clostridia in biogas processes. | this study aimed to assess the sanitary situation in agricultural biogas plants (bp) regarding pathogenic clostridium spp. | 2015 | 26198084 |
| protein tyrosine phosphatase shp2 promotes invadopodia formation through suppression of rho signaling. | invadopodia are actin-enriched membrane protrusions that are important for extracellular matrix degradation and invasive cell motility. src homolog domain-containing phosphatase 2 (shp2), a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, has been shown to play an important role in promoting cancer metastasis, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. in this study, we found that depletion of shp2 by short-hairpin rna suppressed invadopodia formation in several cancer cell lines, particularly in the sa ... | 2015 | 26204488 |
| effect of fill temperature on clostridium botulinum type a toxin activity during the hot filling of juice bottles. | the potential threat of terrorist attacks against the united states food supply using neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum (bont) has resulted in the need for studying the effect of various food process operations on the bioavailability of this toxin. the objective of this study was to evaluate c. botulinum type a neurotoxin bioavailability after a simulated hot fill juice bottling operation. c. botulinum type a acid mud toxin (∼10(6) mouse lethal dose [mld50]/ml) was deposited into juic ... | 2015 | 26219364 |
| genome sequence of clostridium sporogenes dsm 795(t), an amino acid-degrading, nontoxic surrogate of neurotoxin-producing clostridium botulinum. | clostridium sporogenes dsm 795 is the type strain of the species clostridium sporogenes, first described by metchnikoff in 1908. it is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium isolated from human faeces and belongs to the proteolytic branch of clostridia. c. sporogenes attracts special interest because of its potential use in a bacterial therapy for certain cancer types. genome sequencing and annotation revealed several gene clusters coding for proteins involved in anaerobic degradation ... | 2015 | 26221421 |
| hemagglutinin gene shuffling among clostridium botulinum serotypes c and d yields distinct sugar recognition of the botulinum toxin complex. | clostridium botulinum strains produce a large-sized toxin complex (tc) that is composed of botulinum neurotoxin (bont), non-toxic non-hemagglutinin and three different hemagglutinins (ha-70, ha-33 and ha-17). ha components enhance toxin delivery across the intestinal cell wall in a sugar chain-dependent manner. here we characterized the sugar recognition of serotype d strain 1873 (d-1873) botulinum l-tc. most l-tcs produced by serotype c and d strains bind to cells via interactions between ha-33 ... | 2015 | 26223883 |
| first complete genome sequence of clostridium sporogenes dsm 795t, a nontoxigenic surrogate for clostridium botulinum, determined using pacbio single-molecule real-time technology. | the first complete genome sequence of clostridium sporogenes dsm 795(t), a nontoxigenic surrogate for clostridium botulinum, was determined in a single contig using the pacbio single-molecule real-time technology. the genome (4,142,990 bp; g+c content, 27.98%) included 86 sets of >1,000-bp identical sequence pairs and 380 tandem repeats. | 2015 | 26227598 |
| mitochondrial dna fragmentation as a molecular tool to monitor thermal processing of plant-derived, low-acid foods, and biomaterials. | cycle threshold (ct) increase, quantifying plant-derived dna fragmentation, was evaluated for its utility as a time-temperature integrator. this novel approach to monitoring thermal processing of fresh, plant-based foods represents a paradigm shift. instead of using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) to detect pathogens, identify adulterants, or authenticate ingredients, this rapid technique was used to quantify the fragmentation of an intrinsic plant mitochondrial dna (mtdna) gene ov ... | 2015 | 26235411 |
| structure-function discrepancy in clostridium botulinum c3 toxin for its rational prioritization as a subunit vaccine. | clostridium botulinum is anaerobic pathogenic bacterium causing food-born botulism in human and animals by producing botulinum neurotoxins a-h, c2, and c3 cytotoxins. physiological group iii strains (type c and d) of this bacterium are capable of producing c2 and c3 toxins in cattle and avian. herein, we have revealed the structure-function disparity of c3 toxins from two different c. botulinum type c phage (cboc) and type d phage (cbod) to design avirulent toxins rationally. structure-function ... | 2016 | 26239365 |
| pore-forming activity of clostridial binary toxins. | clostridial binary toxins (clostridium perfringens iota toxin, clostridium difficile transferase, clostridium spiroforme toxin, clostridium botulinum c2 toxin) as bacillus binary toxins, including bacillus anthracis toxins consist of two independent proteins, one being the binding component which mediates the internalization into cell of the intracellularly active component. clostridial binary toxins induce actin cytoskeleton disorganization through mono-adp-ribosylation of globular actin and ar ... | 2016 | 26278641 |
| botulinum toxin for neuropathic pain: a review of the literature. | botulinum neurotoxin (bont), derived from clostridium botulinum, has been used therapeutically for focal dystonia, spasticity, and chronic migraine. its spectrum as a potential treatment for neuropathic pain has grown. recent opinions on the mechanism behind the antinociceptive effects of bont suggest that it inhibits the release of peripheral neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators from sensory nerves. there is some evidence showing the axonal transport of bont, but it remains controversia ... | 2015 | 26287242 |
| [intussusception in infant with diagnostic botulism: a case report]. | botulism is an important public health problem in argentina. it is a potentially fatal disease, and its diagnosis may be difficult. there are rare presentation forms of the disease, such as acute abdomen. we present a 4-month baby with a 3-day constipation condition, associated with weakness and abnormal eating attitude in the last 12 hours. the baby presented preserved muscle tone, with no changes in sucking or deglutition according to the mother's observations. altered sensorium and acute abdo ... | 2015 | 26294164 |
| structural analysis of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type d as a platform for the development of targeted secretion inhibitors. | the botulinum neurotoxin type d is one of seven highly potent toxins produced by clostridium botulinum which inhibit neurotransmission at cholinergic nerve terminals. a functional fragment derived from the toxin, lhn, consisting of the catalytic and translocation domains, has been heralded as a platform for the development of targeted secretion inhibitors. these secretion inhibitors are aimed at retargeting the toxin towards a specific cell type to inhibit vesicular secretion. here we report cry ... | 2015 | 26324071 |
| genomic characterization of italian clostridium botulinum group i strains. | clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive bacterium capable of producing the botulinum neurotoxin, a powerful poison that causes botulism, a severe neuroparalytic disease. its genome has been sequenced entirely and its gene content has been analyzed. to date, 19 full genomes and 64 draft genomes are available. the geographical origin of these genomes is predominantly from the us. in the present study, 10 italian genomes of c. botulinum group i were analyzed and compared with previously sequenced ... | 2015 | 26341861 |
| new elements to consider when modeling the hazards associated with botulinum neurotoxin in food. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) produced by the anaerobic bacterium clostridium botulinum are the most potent biological substances known to mankind. bonts are the agents responsible for botulism, a rare condition affecting the neuromuscular junction and causing a spectrum of diseases ranging from mild cranial nerve palsies to acute respiratory failure and death. bonts are a potential biowarfare threat and a public health hazard, since outbreaks of foodborne botulism are caused by the ingestion of ... | 2015 | 26350137 |
| the long journey of botulinum neurotoxins into the synapse. | botulinum neurotoxins (bont) cause the disease botulism, a flaccid paralysis of the muscle. they are also very effective, widely used medicines applied locally in sub-nanogram quantities. bonts are released together with several non-toxic, associated proteins as progenitor toxin complexes (pct) by clostridium botulinum to become highly potent oral poisons ingested via contaminated food. they block the neurotransmission in susceptible animals and humans already in nanogram quantities due to their ... | 2015 | 26363288 |
| genetic diversity within the botulinum neurotoxin-producing bacteria and their neurotoxins. | the recent availability of multiple clostridium botulinum genomic sequences has initiated a new genomics era that strengthens our understanding of the bacterial species that produce botulinum neurotoxins (bonts). analysis of the genomes has reinforced the historical group i-vi designations and provided evidence that the bont genes can be located within the chromosome, phage or plasmids. the sequences provide the opportunity to examine closely the variation among the toxin genes, the composition ... | 2015 | 26368006 |
| aesthetic use of bont: options and outcomes. | there are a multitude of uses for bont in the aesthetic realm. efficacy has been shown in softening glabellar creases, crows feet, forehead rhytides, and in correcting facial asymmetries, including mild eyelid ptosis. facial shape can be altered through injections of bont into masseter, and smiles can be altered with bont. clinical examples of the above will be shown, as well as adverse outcomes with inaccurate injection techniques. | 2015 | 26368007 |
| the role of small acid-soluble proteins (sasps) in protection of spores of clostridium botulinum against nitrous acid. | mutant strains of clostridium botulinum atcc 3502 were generated using the clostron in four genes (cbo1789, cbo1790, cbo3048, cbo3145) identified as encoding α/β-type sasp homologues. the spores of mutant strains in which cbo1789 or cbo1790 was inactivated demonstrated a significant increase in sensitivity to the damaging agent nitrous acid (p<0.01), a phenotype that was partially restored to wild-type in complementation studies. in contrast to nitrous acid, the spores of the cbo1789 and cbo1790 ... | 2016 | 26386202 |
| proteome alterations of hippocampal cells caused by clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme. | c3bot from clostridium botulinum is a bacterial mono-adp-ribosylating enzyme, which transfers an adp-ribose moiety onto the small gtpases rho a/b/c. c3bot and the catalytic inactive mutant (c3e174q) cause axonal and dendritic growth as well as branching in primary hippocampal neurons. in cultured murine hippocampal ht22 cells, protein abundances were analyzed in response to c3bot or c3e174q treatment using a shotgun proteomics approach. proteome analyses were performed at four time points over 6 ... | 2015 | 26393427 |
| wound botulism after traumatic open fracture in italy. | seventeen days after a traumatic open fracture, a clostridium botulinum wound infection was diagnosed, with self-limiting symptoms. this is the first report of wound botulism in italy and the authors discuss the possible role of aerosolized contamination of the wound prior to hospital admission. | 2015 | 26397301 |
| mass spectrometric detection of bacterial protein toxins and their enzymatic activity. | mass spectrometry has recently become a powerful technique for bacterial identification. mass spectrometry approaches generally rely upon introduction of the bacteria into a matrix-assisted laser-desorption time-of-flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometer with mass spectrometric recognition of proteins specific to that organism that form a reliable fingerprint. with some bacteria, such as bacillus anthracis and clostridium botulinum, the health threat posed by these organisms is not the organism its ... | 2015 | 26404376 |
| botulinum toxin type a as a therapeutic agent against headache and related disorders. | botulinum neurotoxin a (bont/a) is a toxin produced by the naturally-occurring clostridium botulinum that causes botulism. the potential of bont/a as a useful medical intervention was discovered by scientists developing a vaccine to protect against botulism. they found that, when injected into a muscle, bont/a causes a flaccid paralysis. following this discovery, bont/a has been used for many years in the treatment of conditions of pathological muscle hyperactivity, like dystonias and spasticiti ... | 2015 | 26404377 |
| c3-induced release of neurotrophic factors from schwann cells - potential mechanism behind its regeneration promoting activity. | previous studies revealed a peripheral nerve regeneration (pnr)(1) promoting activity of clostridium botulinum c3(2) exoenzyme or a 26(mer) c-terminal peptide fragment covering amino acids 156-181 (c3(156-181)),(3) when delivered as one-time injection at the lesion site. the current study was performed to 1) investigate if prolonged availability of c3 and c3(156-181) at the lesion site can further enhance pnr in vivo and to 2) elucidate effects of c3 and c3(156-181) on schwann cells (scs)(4)in v ... | 2015 | 26417907 |
| gut microbiome of an 11th century a.d. pre-columbian andean mummy. | the process of natural mummification is a rare and unique process from which little is known about the resulting microbial community structure. in the present study, we characterized the microbiome of paleofeces, and ascending, transverse and descending colon of an 11th century a.d. pre-columbian andean mummy by 16s rrna gene high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics. firmicutes were the most abundant bacterial group, with clostridium spp. comprising up to 96.2% of the mummified gut, while tur ... | 2015 | 26422376 |
| draft genome sequences of 17 french clostridium botulinum group iii strains. | animal botulism is mainly associated with clostridium botulinum group iii strains producing neurotoxin types c, c/d, d, and d/c. in this report, we present the draft genome sequences of fourteen strains of clostridium botulinum producing type c/d and two strains producing type d/c isolated in france, and one strain producing type d/c that originated from new caledonia. | 2015 | 26430029 |
| evidence for a natural humoral response in dairy cattle affected by persistent botulism sustained by non-chimeric type c strains. | bovine botulism is a sporadic acute disease that usually causes catastrophic losses in the herds. the unusual clinical evolution of a persistent mild outbreak in a dairy herd, prompted us to characterize the neurotoxin gene profile of the strain involved and to evaluate whether seroconversion had occurred. diagnosis was based on mild classical symptoms and was supported by pcr and bacteriological findings, which revealed the involvement of a non-mosaic type c strain. an in-house elisa was develo ... | 2015 | 26432776 |
| [intoxication of botulinum toxin]. | botulinum toxin is an egzotoxin produced by gram positive bacteria clostridium botulinum. it is among the most potent toxins known. the 3 main clinical presentations of botulism are as follows: foodborne botulism, infant botulism and wound botulism. the main symptom of intoxication is flat muscles paralysis. the treatment is supportive care and administration of antitoxin. in prevention the correct preparing of canned food is most important. botulinum toxin is accepted as a biological weapon. | 2015 | 26449577 |
| the pattern of growth observed for clostridium botulinum type a1 strain atcc 19397 is influenced by nutritional status and quorum sensing: a modelling perspective. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) produced by the anaerobic bacterium clostridium botulinum are the most poisonous substances known to mankind. however, toxin regulation and signals triggering synthesis as well as the regulatory network and actors controlling toxin production are unknown. experiments show that the neurotoxin gene is growth phase dependent for c. botulinum type a1 strain atcc 19397, and toxin production is influenced both by culture conditions and nutritional status of the medium. bu ... | 2015 | 26449712 |
| investigations into an outbreak of botulism caused by clostridium botulinum type c/d in laying hens. | this case report describes a recent botulism outbreak in commercial laying hens with a history of increased mortality and flaccid paralysis. routine diagnostic gross examination and microscopy from seven hens were inconclusive, but botulinum neurotoxin (bont) in peripheral blood was neutralized with both type c and type d antitoxins in the mouse bioassay. during a farm visit, 10 additional hens from a 34-wk-old flock on the farm were selected for clinical examination and further sampling. nine h ... | 2015 | 26473687 |
| solubility of the catalytic domains of botulinum neurotoxin serotype e subtypes. | the clostridium botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) are the most potent protein toxins known to humans. there are seven serotypes of the bonts (a-g), among which serotypes a, b, e and f are known to cause natural human intoxication. to date, eleven subtypes of lc/e, termed e1∼e11, have been identified. the lcs of bont/e were insoluble, prohibiting studies towards understanding the mechanisms of toxin action and substrate recognition. in this work, the molecular basis of insolubility of the recombinant ... | 2016 | 26477500 |
| long-term effects of botulinum toxin complex type a injection on mechano- and metabo-sensitive afferent fibers originating from gastrocnemius muscle. | the aim of the present study was to investigate long term effects of motor denervation by botulinum toxin complex type a (bont/a) from clostridium botulinum, on the afferent fibers originating from the gastrocnemius muscle of rats. animals were divided in 2 experimental groups: 1) untreated animals acting as control and 2) treated animals in which the toxin was injected in the left muscle, the latter being itself divided into 3 subgroups according to their locomotor recovery with the help of a t ... | 2015 | 26485650 |
| detection of the ha-33 protein in botulinum neurotoxin type g complex by mass spectrometry. | the disease botulism is caused by intoxication with botulinum neurotoxins (bonts), extremely toxic proteins which cause paralysis. this neurotoxin is produced by some members of the clostridium botulinum and closely related species, and is produced as a protein complex consisting of the neurotoxin and neurotoxin-associated proteins (naps). there are seven known serotypes of bont, a-g, and the composition of the naps can differ between these serotypes. it was previously published that the bont/g ... | 2015 | 26494251 |
| genetic diversity of clostridium sporogenes pa 3679 isolates obtained from different sources as resolved by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and high-throughput sequencing. | clostridium sporogenes pa 3679 is a nonpathogenic, nontoxic model organism for proteolytic clostridium botulinum used in the validation of conventional thermal food processes due to its ability to produce highly heat-resistant endospores. because of its public safety importance, the uncertain taxonomic classification and genetic diversity of pa 3679 are concerns. therefore, isolates of c. sporogenes pa 3679 were obtained from various sources and characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophores ... | 2015 | 26519392 |
| hydrolysis of synthetic polyesters by clostridium botulinum esterases. | two novel esterases from the anaerobe clostridium botulinum atcc 3502 (cbotu_esta and cbotu_estb) were expressed in escherichia coli bl21-gold(de3) and were found to hydrolyze the polyester poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (pbat). the active site residues (triad ser, asp, his) are present in both enzymes at the same location only with some amino acid variations near the active site at the surrounding of aspartate. yet, cbotu_esta showed higher kcat values on para-nitrophenyl buty ... | 2016 | 26524601 |
| livers provide a reliable matrix for real-time pcr confirmation of avian botulism. | diagnosis of avian botulism is based on clinical symptoms, which are indicative but not specific. laboratory investigations are therefore required to confirm clinical suspicions and establish a definitive diagnosis. real-time pcr methods have recently been developed for the detection of clostridium botulinum group iii producing type c, d, c/d or d/c toxins. however, no study has been conducted to determine which types of matrices should be analyzed for laboratory confirmation using this approach ... | 2016 | 26545739 |
| clostridium botulinum toxin production in relation to spoilage of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) packaged in films of varying oxygen permeabilities and with different atmospheres. | shelf life of fish packaged under modified atmosphere (ma) is extended, but within the united states, commercial application of ma with impermeable packaging films is restricted due to concerns that botulinum toxin production would precede spoilage when contaminated fish are held at abusive storage temperatures. use of semipermeable packaging films has been advocated; however, previous studies are inconclusive in determining the oxygen transmission rate (otr) of a film that is needed to achieve ... | 2015 | 26555524 |
| h-nox from clostridium botulinum, like h-nox from thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis, binds oxygen but with a less stable oxyferrous heme intermediate. | heme nitric oxide/oxygen binding protein isolated from the obligate anaerobe clostridium botulinum (cb h-nox) was previously reported to bind no with a femtomolar k(d) (nioche, p. et al. science 2004, 306, 1550-1553). on the other hand, no oxyferrous cb h-nox was observed despite full conservation of the key residues that stabilize the oxyferrous complex in the h-nox from thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis (tt h-nox) (the same study). in this study, we re-measured the kinetics/affinities of cb h-n ... | 2015 | 26574914 |
| systemic colonization of clover (trifolium repens) by clostridium botulinum strain 2301. | in recent years, cases of botulism in cattle and other farm animals and also in farmers increased dramatically. it was proposed, that these cases could be affiliated with the spreading of compost or other organic manures contaminated with clostridium botulinum spores on farm land. thus, soils and fodder plants and finally farm animals could be contaminated. therefore, the colonization behavior and interaction of the botulinum neurotoxin (bont d) producing c. botulinum strain 2301 and the non-tox ... | 2015 | 26583010 |
| characterizing the fecal microbiota of infants with botulism. | infant botulism is the most prevalent form of botulism in the usa, representing 68.5 % of cases reported from 2001-2012. infant botulism results when botulinum toxin-producing clostridia (btpc) colonize the infant gut with concomitant in vivo production of the highly potent botulinum neurotoxin (bont). the gut microbiota of infants with botulism is largely uncharacterized; therefore, it remains unclear whether the microbiota profile of these patients are distinct in composition, abundance, or di ... | 2015 | 26593441 |
| development of models to relate microbiological and headspace volatile parameters in stored atlantic salmon to acceptance and willingness to prepare the product by senior consumers. | microbial spoilage of salmon occurs during extended refrigerated storage and is often accompanied by unpleasant aromas. when spoilage is detected, it is assumed that consumers will reject the product for consumption. because sensory panels of trained individuals or consumers are expensive and labor intensive, identification of microbiological or chemical indicators to characterize the extent to which fish has spoiled is needed when experimental process and storage treatments are being evaluated. ... | 2015 | 26613910 |
| a study on the toxigenesis by clostridium botulinum in nitrate and nitrite-reduced dry fermented sausages. | nitrite has been traditionally used to control clostridium botulinum in cured meat products. however, in the case of dry fermented sausages, environmental factors such as ph, aw and the competitive microbiota may exert a more relevant role than nitrite in the inhibition of the growth and toxin production by c. botulinum. in this challenge test study, two varieties of mediterranean dry sausages (salchichón and fuet) were inoculated with spores of c. botulinum group i (proteolytic) and c. botulinu ... | 2016 | 26619314 |