Publications

Bradykinin enhances Sindbis virus infection in human brain microvascular endothelial cells.	Sindbis virus (SINV) induces inflammatory and vasoactive responses that are associated with rash and arthritis in human infections. The mechanisms underlying infection-associated microvasculopathy are still unknown. We investigated whether endothelial cells infected by SINV are differentially responsive to bradykinin (BK), a potent inducer of inflammatory edema in a broad range of infectious diseases. Human endothelial cells (HBMECs) infected with SINV presented an upregulation of bradykinin B2 ...	2012	22047990
the inside out of lentiviral vectors.	lentiviruses induce a wide variety of pathologies in different animal species. a common feature of the replicative cycle of these viruses is their ability to target non-dividing cells, a property that constitutes an extremely attractive asset in gene therapy. in this review, we shall describe the main basic aspects of the virology of lentiviruses that were exploited to obtain efficient gene transfer vectors. in addition, we shall discuss some of the hurdles that oppose the efficient genetic modi ...	2011	22049307
manipulation or capitulation: virus interactions with autophagy.	autophagy is a homeostatic process that functions to balance cellular metabolism and promote cell survival during stressful conditions by delivering cytoplasmic components for lysosomal degradation and subsequent recycling. during viral infection, autophagy can act as a surveillance mechanism that delivers viral antigens to the endosomal/lysosomal compartments that are enriched in immune sensors. additionally, activated immune sensors can signal to activate autophagy. to evade this antiviral act ...	2011	22051604
oncolytic sindbis virus targets tumors defective in the interferon response and induces significant bystander antitumor immunity in vivo.	sindbis virus (sbv) has been shown to possess oncolytic potential in many human xenograft tumor models in immunocompromised mice. however, the mechanism underlying the tumor selectivity of sbv remains undetermined. in this study, we provide evidence that the tumor tropism of sbv infection is not determined by the levels of sbv receptor but by the status of the type i interferon (ifn) response in the tumors. our results demonstrate that cells with defects in the ifn response (in either ifn-β prod ...	2011	22068428
next generation sequencing technologies for insect virus discovery.	insects are commonly infected with multiple viruses including those that cause sublethal, asymptomatic, and latent infections. traditional methods for virus isolation typically lack the sensitivity required for detection of such viruses that are present at low abundance. in this respect, next generation sequencing technologies have revolutionized methods for the discovery and identification of new viruses from insects. here we review both traditional and modern methods for virus discovery, and o ...	2011	22069519
Arterivirus and Nairovirus Ovarian Tumor Domain-Containing Deubiquitinases Target Activated RIG-I To Control Innate Immune Signaling.	The innate immune response constitutes the first line of defense against viral infection and is extensively regulated through ubiquitination. The removal of ubiquitin from innate immunity signaling factors by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) therefore provides a potential opportunity for viruses to evade this host defense system. It was previously found that specific proteases encoded by the unrelated arteri- and nairoviruses resemble the ovarian tumor domain-containing (OTU) family of DUBs. In a ...	2012	22072774
role of γδ t cells in west nile virus-induced encephalitis: friend or foe?	west nile virus (wnv)-induced encephalitis has been a public health concern in north america over the past decade. no therapeutics or vaccines are available for human use. studies in animal models have provided important information for investigations of wnv pathogenesis and the host immune response in humans. this article will give an overview of the role of γδ t cells, one of the non-classical t cell subsets in the murine model of wnv encephalitis.	2011	22078709
Development and evaluation of a real-time RT-PCR assay for Sindbis virus detection.	Sindbis virus (SINV) is an arthropod-borne alphavirus found widely in Eurasia, Africa and Oceania. Clinical SINV infection, characterized by rash and arthritis, is reported primarily in Northern Europe. The laboratory diagnosis of SINV infection is based currently on serology. A one-step TaqMan(®) real-time RT-PCR assay was developed for the detection of SINV and evaluated its clinical performance with acute-phase serum samples. The specificity and sensitivity of the real-time PCR assay were ass ...	2012	22079621
West Nile virus encodes a microRNA-like small RNA in the 3' untranslated region which up-regulates GATA4 mRNA and facilitates virus replication in mosquito cells.	West Nile virus (WNV) belongs to a group of medically important single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses causing deadly disease outbreaks around the world. The 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the flavivirus genome, in particular the terminal 3' stem-loop (3'SL) fulfils multiple functions in virus replication and virus-host interactions. Using the Kunjin strain of WNV (WNV(KUN)), we detected a virally encoded small RNA, named KUN-miR-1, derived from 3'SL. Transcription of WNV(KUN) pre-miRNA ...	2011	22080551
Research on basis of reverse genetics system of a Sindbis-like virus XJ-160.	ABSTRACT: As a Sindbis-like virus (SINLV), XJ-160 virus was isolated from a pooled sample of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China, in 1990. Recombinant plasmid pBR-XJ160 is an infectious full-length cDNA clone of XJ-160 virus, from which rescued virus BR-XJ160 can be obtained by transcription in vitro and transfection. The BR-XJ160 virus raised in BHK-21 cells was indistinguishable from the XJ-160 virus in its biological properties, including its plaque morphology, growth kinetics a ...	2011	22082202
PD 404,182 is a virucidal small molecule that disrupts hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus.	We describe a virucidal small molecule, PD 404,182, effective against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The median IC(50) values for the antiviral effect of PD 404,182 against HCV and HIV in cell culture are 11 µM and 1 µM, respectively. The antiviral activity of PD 404,182 is due to physical disruption of virions that is accompanied to varying degrees (depending on the virus and exposure temperature/time) by release of viral nucleic acids into the surrounding mediu ...	2011	22083468
interplay between single resistance-associated mutations in the hiv-1 protease and viral infectivity, protease activity, and inhibitor sensitivity.	resistance-associated mutations in the hiv-1 protease modify viral fitness through changes in the catalytic activity and altered binding affinity for substrates and inhibitors. in this report, we examine the effects of 31 mutations at 26 amino acid positions in protease to determine their impact on infectivity and protease inhibitor sensitivity. we found that primary resistance mutations individually decrease fitness and generally increase sensitivity to protease inhibitors, indicating that redu ...	2011	22083488
in vivo delivery of cytoplasmic rna virus-derived mirnas.	the discovery of micrornas (mirnas) revealed an unappreciated level of post-transcriptional control used by the cell to maintain optimal protein levels. this process has represented an attractive strategy for therapeutics that is currently limited by in vivo delivery constraints. here, we describe the generation of a single-stranded, cytoplasmic virus of negative polarity capable of producing functional mirnas. cytoplasmic rna virus-derived mirnas accumulated to high levels in vitro, generated s ...	2011	22086233
agonist-induced pkc phosphorylation regulates gluk2 sumoylation and kainate receptor endocytosis.	the surface expression and regulated endocytosis of kainate (ka) receptors (kars) plays a critical role in neuronal function. pkc can modulate kar trafficking, but the sites of action and molecular consequences have not been fully characterized. small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) modification of the kar subunit gluk2 mediates agonist-evoked internalization, but how kar activation leads to gluk2 sumoylation is unclear. here we show that ka stimulation causes rapid phosphorylation of gluk2 by pk ...	2011	22089239
Bromovirus RNA Replication Compartment Formation Requires Concerted Action of 1a's Self-Interacting RNA Capping and Helicase Domains.	All positive-strand RNA viruses replicate their genomes in association with rearranged intracellular membranes such as single- or double-membrane vesicles. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA synthesis occurs in vesicular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane invaginations, each induced by many copies of viral replication protein 1a, which has N-terminal RNA capping and C-terminal helicase domains. Although the capping domain is responsible for 1a membrane association and ER targeting, neither this domai ...	2012	22090102
Cholesterol-rich Microdomains as Docking Platforms for Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Normal Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells.	Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major causes of respiratory infections in children and it is the main pathogen causing bronchiolitis in infants. The binding and entry mechanism by which RSV infects respiratory epithelial cells has not yet been determined. In this study, the earliest stages of RSV infection in normal human bronchial epithelial cells were probed by tracking virions with fluorescent lipophilic dyes in their membranes. Virions colocalized with cholesterol-containing ...	2011	22090136
crystallization, high-resolution data collection and preliminary crystallographic analysis of aura virus capsid protease and its complex with dioxane.	the c-terminal protease domain of capsid protein from aura virus expressed in a bacterial expression system has been purified to homogeneity and crystallized. crystals suitable for x-ray diffraction analysis were obtained by the vapour-diffusion method using 0.1 m bis-tris and polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2000. crystals of the c-terminal protease domain of capsid protein in complex with dioxane were also produced and crystal data were obtained. both crystals belonged to space group c2, w ...	2011	22102240
rubella virus-like replicon particles: analysis of encapsidation determinants and nonstructural roles of capsid protein in early post-entry replication.	rubella virus (rubv) contains a plus-strand rna genome with two open reading frames, one encoding the non-structural replicase proteins and the second encoding the virion structural proteins. this study describes development and use of a trans-encapsidation system for the assembly of single-round infectious rubella virus-like replicon particles (vrps) containing rubv replicons (self replicating genomes with the structural protein open reading frame replaced with a reporter gene). first, this s ...	2011	22113006
Increased susceptibility to DNA virus infection in mice with a GCN2 mutation.	Downregulation of translation through eIF2a phosphorylation is a cellular response to diverse stresses, including viral infection, and is mediated by the kinases GCN2, PKR, PERK, and HRI. Although PKR plays a major role in defense against viruses, other eIF2a kinases may also respond to viral infection and contribute to shutdown of protein synthesis. Here we describe the recessive, loss of function mutation atchoum (atc) in Eif2ak4, encoding GCN2, which increased susceptibility to infection by t ...	2011	22114338
SH3 domain-mediated recruitment of host cell amphiphysins by alphavirus nsP3 promotes viral RNA replication.	Among the four non-structural proteins of alphaviruses the function of nsP3 is the least well understood. NsP3 is a component of the viral replication complex, and composed of a conserved aminoterminal macro domain implicated in viral RNA synthesis, and a poorly conserved carboxyterminal region. Despite the lack of overall homology we noted a carboxyterminal proline-rich sequence motif shared by many alphaviral nsP3 proteins, and found it to serve as a preferred target site for the Src-homology ...	2011	22114558
Autophagy as an innate immunity paradigm: expanding the scope and repertoire of pattern recognition receptors.	Autophagy is rapidly developing into a new immunological paradigm. The latest links now include overlaps between autophagy and innate immune signaling via TBK-1 and IKKa/ß, and the role of autophagy in inflammation directed by the inflammasome. Autophagy's innate immunity connections include responses to pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns including alarmins such as HMGB1 and IL-1ß, Toll-like receptors, Nod-like receptors including NLRC4, NLRP3 and NLRP4, and RIG-I-like receptors. ...	2011	22118953
the cell biology of receptor-mediated virus entry.	the cell imposes multiple barriers to virus entry. however, viruses exploit fundamental cellular processes to gain entry to cells and deliver their genetic cargo. virus entry pathways are largely defined by the interactions between virus particles and their receptors at the cell surface. these interactions determine the mechanisms of virus attachment, uptake, intracellular trafficking, and, ultimately, penetration to the cytosol. elucidating the complex interplay between viruses and their recept ...	2011	22123832
a non mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain exhibits neurotropism causing neurological manifestations in a novel mouse model of ev71 infection.	enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a neurotropic pathogen that has been consistently associated with the severe neurological forms of hand, foot and mouth disease. the lack of a relevant animal model has hampered our understanding of ev71 pathogenesis, in particular the route and mode of viral dissemination. it has also hindered the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic approaches, making ev71 one of the most pressing public health concerns in southeast asia.here we report a novel mouse mo ...	2011	22130542
neuroprotection: the emerging concept of restorative neural stem cell biology for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.	during the past decades neural stem cells have been considered as an alternative source of cells to replace lost neurons and nsc transplantation has been indicated as a promising treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. nevertheless, the current understanding of nsc biology suggests that, far from being mere spare parts for cell replacement therapies, nscs could play a key role in the pharmacology of neuroprotection and become protagonists of innovative treatments for neurodegenerative disease ...	0	22131940
chikungunya virus neutralization antigens and direct cell-to-cell transmission are revealed by human antibody-escape mutants.	chikungunya virus (chikv) is an alphavirus responsible for numerous epidemics throughout africa and asia, causing infectious arthritis and reportedly linked with fatal infections in newborns and elderly. previous studies in animal models indicate that humoral immunity can protect against chikv infection, but despite the potential efficacy of b-cell-driven intervention strategies, there are no virus-specific vaccines or therapies currently available. in addition, chikv has been reported to elicit ...	2011	22144891
An oral Sindbis virus replicon-based DNA vaccine containing VP2 gene of canine parvovirus delivered by Escherichia coli elicits immune responses in dogs.	A Sindbis virus replicon-based DNA vaccine containing VP2 gene of canine parvovirus (CPV) was delivered by Escherichia coli to elicit immune responses. The orally immunized dogs developed CPV-specific serum IgG and virus neutralizing antibody responses. The cellular immune responses analyzed using lymphocyte proliferation test and flow cytometry indicated CPV-specific sensitization of both CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes. This study demonstrated that the oral CPV DNA vaccine delivered by E. co ...	2011	22149493
Conformational changes in Sindbis virus induced by decreased pH revealed by small-angle neutron scattering.	Alphaviruses, such as Sindbis virus, undergo dramatic changes in three-dimensional structure upon exposure to low pH, and such an exposure can establish conditions allowing fusion of the virus membrane with a cell plasma membrane upon return to neutral pH. While exposure to low pH is not required for entry of Sindbis virus into vertebrate or invertebrate cells, the conformational changes occurring at low pH may mimic those occurring upon virus-receptor interaction. Here, we employed small-angle ...	2011	22156534
Rapid experience-dependent plasticity of synapse function and structure in ferret visual cortex in vivo.	The rules by which visual experience influences neuronal responses and structure in the developing brain are not well understood. To elucidate the relationship between rapid functional changes and dendritic spine remodeling in vivo, we carried out chronic imaging experiments that tracked visual responses and dendritic spines in the ferret visual cortex following brief periods of monocular deprivation. Functional changes, which were largely driven by loss of deprived eye responses, were tightly r ...	2011	22160713
Directed evolution of mammalian anti-apoptosis proteins by somatic hypermutation.	Recently, researchers have created novel fluorescent proteins by harnessing the somatic hypermutation ability of B cells. In this study, we examined if this approach could be used to evolve a non-fluorescent protein, namely the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-x(L), using the Ramos B-cell line. After demonstrating that Ramos cells were capable of mutating a heterologous bcl-x(L) transgene, the cells were exposed to multiple rounds of the chemical apoptosis inducer staurosporine followed by rounds of r ...	2012	22160868
inhibition of interferon induction and action by the nairovirus nairobi sheep disease virus/ganjam virus.	the nairoviruses are an important group of tick-borne viruses that includes pathogens of man (crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus) and livestock animals (dugbe virus, nairobi sheep disease virus (nsdv)). nsdv is found in large parts of east africa and the indian subcontinent (where it is known as ganjam virus). we have investigated the ability of nsdv to antagonise the induction and actions of interferon. both pathogenic and apathogenic isolates could actively inhibit the induction of type 1 i ...	2011	22163042
tissue tropism and target cells of nss-deleted rift valley fever virus in live immunodeficient mice.	rift valley fever virus (rvfv) causes disease in livestock and humans. it can be transmitted by mosquitoes, inhalation or physical contact with the body fluids of infected animals. severe clinical cases are characterized by acute hepatitis with hemorrhage, meningoencephalitis and/or retinitis. the dynamics of rvfv infection and the cell types infected in vivo are poorly understood.	2011	22163058
stress granules in the viral replication cycle.	as intracellular parasites, viruses require a host cell in order to replicate. however, they face a series of cellular responses against infection. one of these responses is the activation of the double-stranded rna (dsrna)-activated protein kinase r (pkr). pkr phosphorylates the α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eif2α), which in turn results in global protein synthesis inhibition and formation of stress granules (sgs). recent studies have shown that sgs can interfere with ...	2011	22163347
espirito santo virus: a new birnavirus that replicates in insect cells.	espirito santo virus (esv) is a newly discovered virus recovered as a contamination in a sample of a virulent strain of dengue-2 virus (strain 44/2), which was recovered from a patient in the state of espirito santo, brazil and amplified in insect cells. esv was found to be dependent upon co-infection with a virulent strain of dengue-2 and to replicate in c6/36 insect cells but not in mammalian vero cells. a sequence of the genome has been produced by de novo assembly and was not found to match ...	2011	22171264
the mosquito aedes aegypti has a large genome size and high transposable element load but contains a low proportion of transposon-specific pirnas.	the pirna pathway has been shown in model organisms to be involved in silencing of transposons thereby providing genome stability. in d. melanogaster the majority of pirnas map to these sequences. the medically important mosquito species aedes aegypti has a large genome size, a high transposon load which includes miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (mites) and an expansion of the pirna biogenesis genes. studies of transgenic lines of ae. aegypti have indicated that introduced transpo ...	2011	22171608
retargeting vesicular stomatitis virus using measles virus envelope glycoproteins.	oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) has potent antitumor activity but infects a broad range of cell types. here, we used the measles virus (mv) hemagglutinin (h) and fusion (f) envelope glycoproteins to redirect vsv entry and infection specifically to tumor-associated receptors. replication defective vsv, deleted of its glycoprotein gene (vsv-δg), were pseudotyped with mv-f and mv-h displaying single-chain antibodies specific for epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr), folate receptor ( ...	2011	22171635
IRGM Is a Common Target of RNA Viruses that Subvert the Autophagy Network.	Autophagy is a conserved degradative pathway used as a host defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. However, several viruses can evade or subvert autophagy to insure their own replication. Nevertheless, the molecular details of viral interaction with autophagy remain largely unknown. We have determined the ability of 83 proteins of several families of RNA viruses (Paramyxoviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Retroviridae and Togaviridae), to interact with 44 human autophagy-associ ...	2011	22174682
viperin: a multifunctional, interferon-inducible protein that regulates virus replication.	viperin is an interferon-inducible protein that inhibits the replication of a variety of viruses by apparently diverse mechanisms. in some circumstances, it also plays a role in intracellular signaling pathways. its expression in mitochondria, revealed by infection with human cytomegalovirus, also affects cellular metabolic pathways. we review here the current status of our understanding of this unusual molecule.	2011	22177558
construction of stable producer cells to make high-titer lentiviral vectors for dendritic cell-based vaccination.	lentiviral vectors (lvs) enveloped with an engineered sindbis virus glycoprotein can specifically bind to dendritic cells (dcs) through the surface receptor dc-sign and induce antigen expression, thus providing an efficient method for delivering dc-directed vaccines. in this study, we constructed a stable producer line (lv-mgfp) for synthesizing dc-sign-targeted hiv-1-based lvs (dc-lvs) encoding green fluorescent protein (gfp) by a concatemeric array transfection technique. we demonstrated that ...	2011	22179950
virus-derived sirnas and pirnas in immunity and pathogenesis.	cellular organisms have evolved related pathways for the biogenesis and function of small interfering rnas (sirnas), micrornas and piwi-interacting rnas (pirnas). these distinct classes of small rnas guide specific gene silencing at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels by serving as specificity determinants. small rnas of virus and host origins have been found to modulate virus–host interactions by rna interference (rnai), leading to antiviral immunity or viral pathogenesis. deep ...	0	22180767
Baculovirus GP64-mediated entry into mammalian cells.	The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) serves as an efficient viral vector not only for abundant gene expression in insect cells but also for gene delivery into mammalian cells. Lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with the baculovirus envelope glycoprotein GP64 have been shown to acquire more potent gene transduction than those with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) envelope glycoprotein G. However, there are conflicting hypotheses about the molecular mechanisms ...	2011	22190715
Genome scale phylogeny of the Alphavirus genus suggests a marine origin.	The genus Alphavirus comprises a diverse group of viruses, including some that cause severe disease. Using full-length sequences of all known alphaviruses, we produced a robust and comprehensive phylogeny of the Alphavirus genus, presenting a more complete evolutionary history of these viruses compared to previous studies based on partial sequences. Our phylogeny suggests the origin of the alphaviruses occurred in the southern oceans and spread equally through the Old and New World. Since lice a ...	2011	22190718
INTERACTIONS OF THE CYTOPLASMIC DOMAIN OF SINDBIS VIRUS E2 WITH NUCLEOCAPSID CORES PROMOTE ALPHAVIRUS BUDDING.	Alphavirus budding from the plasma membrane occurs through the specific interaction of the nucleocapsid core with the cytoplasmic domain of the E2 glycoprotein (cdE2). Structural studies of the Sindbis virus capsid protein (CP) have suggested that these critical interactions are mediated by the binding of cdE2 into a hydrophobic pocket in the CP. Several molecular genetic studies have implicated amino acids Y400 and L402 in cdE2 as important for the budding of alphaviruses. In this study, we cha ...	2011	22190727
characterization of the stop codon readthrough signal of colorado tick fever virus segment 9 rna.	termination codon readthrough is utilized as a mechanism of expression of a growing number of viral and cellular proteins, but in many cases the mrna signals that promote readthrough are poorly characterized. here, we investigated the readthrough signal of colorado tick fever virus (ctfv) segment 9 rna (seg-9). ctfv is the type-species of the genus coltivirus within the family reoviridae and is a tick-borne, double-stranded, segmented rna virus. seg-9 encodes a 36-kda protein vp9, and by readthr ...	2011	22190746
function of membrane rafts in viral lifecycles and host cellular response.	membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm) sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. membrane rafts play an important role in viral infection cycles and viral virulence. viruses are divided into four main classes, enveloped dna virus, enveloped rna virus, nonenveloped dna virus, and nonenveloped rna virus. general virus infection cycle is also classified into two sections, the early stage (entry process) and the late stage (assembly, budding, and release proce ...	2011	22191032
relationship between exposure to vector bites and antibody responses to mosquito salivary gland extracts.	mosquito-borne diseases are major health problems worldwide. serological responses to mosquito saliva proteins may be useful in estimating individual exposure to bites from mosquitoes transmitting these diseases. however, the relationships between the levels of these igg responses and mosquito density as well as igg response specificity at the genus and/or species level need to be clarified prior to develop new immunological markers to assess human/vector contact. to this end, a kinetic study of ...	2011	22195000
a cre-dependent, anterograde transsynaptic viral tracer for mapping output pathways of genetically marked neurons.	neurotropic viruses that conditionally infect or replicate in molecularly defined neuronal subpopulations, and then spread transsynaptically, are powerful tools for mapping neural pathways. genetically targetable retrograde transsynaptic tracer viruses are available to map the inputs to specific neuronal subpopulations, but an analogous tool for mapping synaptic outputs is not yet available. here we describe a cre recombinase-dependent, anterograde transneuronal tracer, based on the h129 strain ...	2011	22196330
developmental ampa receptor subunit specificity during experience-driven synaptic plasticity in the rat barrel cortex.	during early postnatal brain development, experience-driven delivery of ampa receptors to synapses participates in the initial organization of cortical function. by combining virus-mediated in vivo gene delivery with in vitro whole cell recordings, we identified a subunit-specific developmental program of experience-driven ampa receptor delivery to synapses in rat barrel cortex. we expressed green fluorescent protein (gfp)-tagged ampa receptors (gfp-glur1, or gfp-glur4) into layer 2/3 pyramidal ...	2011	22197698
advances in gene delivery systems.	the transfer of genes into cells, both in vitro and in vivo, is critical for studying gene function and conducting gene therapy. methods that utilize viral and nonviral vectors, as well as physical approaches, have been explored. viral vector-mediated gene transfer employs replication-deficient viruses such as retro-virus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus and herpes simplex virus. a major advantage of viral vectors is their high gene delivery efficiency. the nonviral vectors developed so far i ...	2011	22200988
hur function in disease.	the cytoplasmic events that control mammalian gene expression, primarily mrna stability and translation, potently influence the cellular response to internal and external signals. the ubiquitous rna-binding protein (rbp) hur is one of the best-studied regulators of cytoplasmic mrna fate. through its post-transcriptional influence on specific target mrnas, hur can alter the cellular response to proliferative, stress, apoptotic, differentiation, senescence, inflammatory and immune stimuli. in ligh ...	2012	22201738
Early activation of the host complement system is required to restrict CNS invasion and limit neuropathology during Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection.	Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a mosquito-borne RNA virus of the genus Alphavirus that is responsible for sporadic outbreaks in human and equid populations in Central and South America. In order to ascertain the role that complement plays in resolving VEEV-induced disease, we infected complement deficient C3-/- mice with a VEEV mutant (V3533) that causes mild, transient disease in immune-competent mice. In the absence of a functional complement system, peripheral inoculation wi ...	2011	22205717
self-assembly of viral capsid protein and rna molecules of different sizes: requirement for a specific high protein/rna mass ratio.	virus-like particles can be formed by self-assembly of capsid protein (cp) with rna molecules of increasing length. if the protein "insisted" on a single radius of curvature, the capsids would be identical in size, independent of rna length. however, there would be a limit to length of the rna, and one would not expect rna much shorter than native viral rna to be packaged unless multiple copies were packaged. on the other hand, if the protein did not favor predetermined capsid size, one would ex ...	2011	22205731
inhibitors of alphavirus entry and replication identified with a stable chikungunya replicon cell line and virus-based assays.	chikungunya virus (chikv), an alphavirus, has recently caused epidemic outbreaks and is therefore considered a re-emerging pathogen for which no effective treatment is available. in this study, a chikv replicon containing the virus replicase proteins together with puromycin acetyltransferase, egfp and renilla luciferase marker genes was constructed. the replicon was transfected into bhk cells to yield a stable cell line. a non-cytopathic phenotype was achieved by a pro718 to gly substitution and ...	2011	22205980
single nanoparticle detectors for biological applications.	nanoparticle research has become increasingly important in the context of bioscience and biotechnology. practical use of nanoparticles in biology has significantly advanced our understanding about biological processes in the nanoscale as well as led to many novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications. besides, synthetic and natural nanoparticles are of concern for their potential adverse effect on human health. development of novel detection and characterization tools for nanoparticles will im ...	2012	22214976
oncolytic virotherapy in veterinary medicine: current status and future prospects for canine patients.	oncolytic viruses refer to those that are able to eliminate malignancies by direct targeting and lysis of cancer cells, leaving non-cancerous tissues unharmed. several oncolytic viruses including adenovirus strains, canine distemper virus and vaccinia virus strains have been used for canine cancer therapy in preclinical studies. however, in contrast to human studies, clinical trials with oncolytic viruses for canine cancer patients have not been reported. an 'ideal' virus has yet to be identifie ...	2012	22216938
rapid molecular detection methods for arboviruses of livestock of importance to northern europe.	arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases over the past decade. their impact on both human and livestock populations has been dramatic. the early detection either through surveillance or diagnosis of virus will be a critical feature in responding and resolving the emergence of such epidemics in the future. although some of the most important emerging arboviruses are human pathogens, this paper aims to high ...	2012	22219660
mutating conserved cysteines in the alphavirus e2 glycoprotein causes virus-specific assembly defects.	there are 80 trimeric, glycoprotein spikes that cover the surface of an alphavirus particle. the spikes, which are composed of three e2 and e1 glycoprotein heterodimers, are responsible for receptor binding and mediating fusion between the viral and host-cell membranes during entry. in addition, the cytoplasmic domain of e2 interacts with the nucleocapsid core during the last stages of particle assembly, possibly to aid in particle stability. during assembly, the spikes are nonfusogenic until th ...	2012	22238319
altered response to deet repellent after infection of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) with sindbis virus.	to determine whether a sindbis virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, sinv) infection in aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) affected its response to the repellent deet, we orally exposed ae. aegypti to an artificial bloodmeal containing sinv or diluent and then allowed to feed on a 10% sucrose suspension containing 3% deet. when tested seven or more days after the initial bloodmeal, although none of the diluent-exposed mosquitoes fed on the deet-sucrose suspension, at least 60% of the ...	2011	22238883
development of the nanobody display technology to target lentiviral vectors to antigen-presenting cells.	lentiviral vectors (lvs) provide unique opportunities for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies, as they transduce a variety of cells in situ, including antigen-presenting cells (apcs). engineering lvs to specifically transduce apcs is required to promote their translation towards the clinic. we report on the nanobody (nb) display technology to target lvs to dendritic cells (dcs) and macrophages. this innovative approach exploits the budding mechanism of lvs to incorporate an apc-speci ...	2012	22241177
production of virus-derived ping-pong-dependent pirna-like small rnas in the mosquito soma.	the natural maintenance cycles of many mosquito-borne pathogens require establishment of persistent non-lethal infections in the invertebrate host. the mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood, but we have previously shown that an antiviral response directed by small interfering rnas (sirnas) is important in modulating the pathogenesis of alphavirus infections in the mosquito. however, we report here that infection of mosquitoes with an alphavirus also triggers the production of ano ...	2012	22241995
specific and nonspecific host adaptation during arboviral experimental evolution.	during the past decade or so, there has been a substantial body of work to dissect arboviral evolution and to develop models of adaptation during host switching. regardless of what species serve as host or vectors, and of the geographic distribution and the mechanisms of replication, arboviruses tend to have slow evolutionary rates in nature. the hypothesis that this is the result of replication in the disparate environments provided by host and vector did not receive solid experimental support ...	2012	22248544
a role for pi3k-akt-tor pathway during sindbis virus replication in arthropods.	efficient transmission of alphaviruses requires the establishment of a persistent infection in the arthropod vector; however the nature of the virus-arthropod host interaction is not well understood. the pi3k-akt-tor pathway is a signaling pathway with which viruses interact to manipulate cellular functions. viral activation of this pathway can enhance translation and inhibit apoptosis potentially promoting viral replication; conversely repression can enhance cell death. using a system to study ...	2012	22258238
mapping of chikungunya virus interactions with host proteins identified nsp2 as a higly connected viral component.	chikungunya virus (chikv) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has been responsible for an epidemic outbreak of unprecedented magnitude in recent years. since then, significant efforts have been made to better understand the biology of this virus but we still have a poor knowledge of chikv interactions with host cell components at the molecular level. here we describe the extensive use of high-throughput yeast two-hybrid (ht-y2h) to characterize interactions between chikv and human proteins ...	2012	22258240
nonstructural protein 2 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inhibits the antiviral function of interferon-stimulated gene 15.	type i interferon (alpha/beta interferon [ifn-α/β]) stimulates the expression of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (isg15), which encodes a ubiquitin-like protein, isg15. free isg15 and isg15 conjugates function in diverse cellular pathways, particularly regulation of antiviral innate immune responses. in this study, we demonstrate that isg15 overexpression inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) replication in cell culture and that the antiviral activity of interferon i ...	2012	22258253
identification of a specific region in the e1 fusion protein involved in zinc inhibition of semliki forest virus fusion.	the enveloped alphaviruses infect cells via a low ph-triggered membrane fusion reaction mediated by the viral transmembrane protein e1. during fusion, e1 inserts into the target membrane and refolds to a hairpin-like postfusion conformation in which domain iii (diii) and the juxta-membrane stem pack against a central core trimer. although zinc has previously been shown to cause a striking block in alphavirus fusion with liposome target membranes, the mechanism of zinc's effect on the e1 fusion p ...	2012	22258261
herc6 is the main e3 ligase for global isg15 conjugation in mouse cells.	type i interferon (ifn) stimulates expression and conjugation of the ubiquitin-like modifier ifn-stimulated gene 15 (isg15), thereby restricting replication of a wide variety of viruses. conjugation of isg15 is critical for its antiviral activity in mice. hect domain and rcc1-like domain containing protein 5 (herc5) mediates global isgylation in human cells, whereas its closest relative, herc6, does not. so far, the requirement of herc5 for isg15-mediated antiviral activity has remained unclear. ...	2012	22272257
reprogramming axonal behavior by axon-specific viral transduction.	the treatment of axonal disorders, such as diseases associated with axonal injury and degeneration, is limited by the inability to directly target therapeutic protein expression to injured axons. current gene therapy approaches rely on infection and transcription of viral genes in the cell body. here, we describe an approach to target gene expression selectively to axons. using a genetically engineered mouse containing epitope-labeled ribosomes, we find that neurons in adult animals contain ribo ...	2012	22278412
otub1 overexpression in mesangial cells is a novel regulator in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis through the decrease of dcn level.	otub1 is a member of otus (ovarian-tumor-domain-containing proteases), a deubiquitinating enzymes family (dubs), which was shown as a proteasome-associated dub to be involved in the proteins ub-dependent degradation. it has been reported that otub1 was expressed in kidney tissue. but its concrete cellular location and function in the kidney remain unclear. decorin (dcn) in mesangial cells (mc) is considered to be a potentially important factor for antagonizing glomerulonephritides, and its degra ...	2012	22279542
altered behavioral responses of sindbis virus-infected aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) to deet and non-deet based insect repellents.	changes in the time to first bite (tfb) and the bloodfeeding behavior of adult female aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes following dissemination of sindbis virus (sinv) were observed after exposure to repellents with the active ingredients (ai) deet, picaridin, 2-undecanone (2-u), and oil of lemon eucalyptus. dissemination of sinv significantly decreased (p<0.0001) the tfb of deet (15%) and picaridin (15%) by 46% and 37%, respectively. significant (p<0.0001) changes in activation, probing, and engorg ...	2012	22289669
oncolytic virus therapy for glioblastoma multiforme: concepts and candidates.	twenty years of oncolytic virus development have created a field that is driven by the potential promise of lasting impact on our cancer treatment repertoire. with the field constantly expanding-more than 20 viruses have been recognized as potential oncolytic viruses-new virus candidates continue to emerge even as established viruses reach clinical trials. they all share the defining commonalities of selective replication in tumors, subsequent tumor cell lysis, and dispersion within the tumor. m ...	0	22290260
arbovirus-derived pirnas exhibit a ping-pong signature in mosquito cells.	the sirna pathway is an essential antiviral mechanism in insects. whether other rna interference pathways are involved in antiviral defense remains unclear. here, we report in cells derived from the two main vectors for arboviruses, aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti, the production of viral small rnas that exhibit the hallmarks of ping-pong derived piwi-associated rnas (pirnas) after infection with positive or negative sense rna viruses. furthermore, these cells produce endogenous pirnas that m ...	2012	22292064
principles of virus structural organization.	viruses, the molecular nanomachines infecting hosts ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, come in different sizes, shapes, and symmetries. questions such as what principles govern their structural organization, what factors guide their assembly, how these viruses integrate multifarious functions into one unique structure have enamored researchers for years. in the last five decades, following caspar and klug's elegant conceptualization of how viruses are constructed, high-resolution structural ...	0	22297509
viral polymerases.	viral polymerases play a central role in viral genome replication and transcription. based on the genome type and the specific needs of particular virus, rna-dependent rna polymerase, rna-dependent dna polymerase, dna-dependent rna polymerase, and dna-dependent rna polymerases are found in various viruses. viral polymerases are generally active as a single protein capable of carrying out multiple functions related to viral genome synthesis. specifically, viral polymerases use variety of mechanis ...	0	22297518
risk for emergence of dengue and chikungunya virus in israel.		0	22305194
replication of alphaviruses: a review on the entry process of alphaviruses into cells.	alphaviruses are small, enveloped viruses, ~70 nm in diameter, containing a single-stranded, positive-sense, rna genome. viruses belonging to this genus are predominantly arthropod-borne viruses, known to cause disease in humans. their potential threat to human health was most recently exemplified by the 2005 chikungunya virus outbreak in la reunion, highlighting the necessity to understand events in the life-cycle of these medically important human pathogens. the replication and propagation of ...	2011	22312336
imaging early steps of sindbis virus infection by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.	sindbis virus (sinv) is an alphavirus that has a broad host range and has been widely used as a vector for recombinant gene transduction, dna-based vaccine production, and oncolytic cancer therapy. the mechanism of sinv entry into host cells has yet to be fully understood. in this paper, we used single virus tracking under total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (tirfm) to investigate sinv attachment to cell surface. biotinylated viral particles were labeled with quantum dots, which re ...	2011	22312345
deciphering the multifaceted relationship between oncolytic viruses and natural killer cells.	despite active research in virotherapy, this apparently safe modality has not achieved widespread success. the immune response to viral infection appears to be an essential factor that determines the efficacy of oncolytic viral therapy. the challenge is determining whether the viral-elicited immune response is a hindrance or a tool for viral treatment. nk cells are a key component of innate immunity that mediates antiviral immunity while also coordinating tumor clearance. various reports have su ...	2011	22312364
retargeting of viruses to generate oncolytic agents.	oncolytic virus therapy is based on the ability of viruses to effectively infect and kill tumor cells without destroying the normal tissues. while some viruses seem to have a natural preference for tumor cells, most viruses require the modification of their tropism to specifically enter and replicate in such cells. this review aims to describe the transductional targeting strategies currently employed to specifically redirect viruses towards surface receptors on tumor cells. three major strategi ...	2011	22312365
a tlr4 agonist synergizes with dendritic cell-directed lentiviral vectors for inducing antigen-specific immune responses.	tlr4 agonists can be used as adjuvants to trigger innate immune responses of antigen-presenting cells (apcs) such as dendritic cells (dcs) to enhance vaccine-specific immunity. adjuvant effects of tlr4 agonists are mediated by downstream signaling controlled by both myd88 and trif adapter proteins. in this study, we investigated the adjuvanting capacity of glucopyranosyl lipid a (gla), a chemically synthesized tlr4 agonist, to boost antigen-specific immunity elicited by dc-directed lentiviral ve ...	2012	22314134
protein phosphatase 1 subunit ppp1r15a/gadd34 regulates cytokine production in polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid-stimulated dendritic cells.	in response to inflammatory stimulation, dendritic cells (dcs) have a remarkable pattern of differentiation that exhibits specific mechanisms to control the immune response. here we show that in response to polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (pi:c), dcs mount a specific integrated stress response during which the transcription factor atf4 and the growth arrest and dna damage-inducible protein 34 (gadd34/ppp1r15a), a phosphatase 1 (pp1) cofactor, are expressed. in agreement with increased ga ...	2012	22315398
superior induction of t cell responses to conserved hiv-1 regions by electroporated alphavirus replicon dna compared to that with conventional plasmid dna vaccine.	vaccination using "naked" dna is a highly attractive strategy for induction of pathogen-specific immune responses; however, it has been only weakly immunogenic in humans. previously, we constructed dna-launched semliki forest virus replicons (drep), which stimulate pattern recognition receptors and induce augmented immune responses. also, in vivo electroporation was shown to enhance immune responses induced by conventional dna vaccines. here, we combine these two approaches and show that in vivo ...	2012	22318135
crystallography, evolution, and the structure of viruses.	my undergraduate education in mathematics and physics was a good grounding for graduate studies in crystallographic studies of small organic molecules. as a postdoctoral fellow in minnesota, i learned how to program an early electronic computer for crystallographic calculations. i then joined max perutz, excited to use my skills in the determination of the first protein structures. the results were even more fascinating than the development of techniques and provided inspiration for starting my ...	2012	22318719
animal virus schemes for translation dominance.	viruses have adapted a broad range of unique mechanisms to modulate the cellular translational machinery to ensure viral translation at the expense of cellular protein synthesis. many of these promote virus-specific translation by use of molecular tags on viral mrna such as internal ribosome entry sites (ires) and genome-linked viral proteins (vpg) that bind translation machinery components in unusual ways and promote rna circularization. this review describes recent advances in understanding so ...	0	22319551
palmitoylation by dhhc5/8 targets grip1 to dendritic endosomes to regulate ampa-r trafficking.	palmitoylation, a key regulatory mechanism controlling protein targeting, is catalyzed by dhhc-family palmitoyl acyltransferases (pats). impaired pat activity is linked to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, suggesting critical roles for palmitoylation in neuronal function. however, few substrates for specific pats are known, and functional consequences of palmitoylation events are frequently uncharacterized. here, we identify the closely related pats dhhc5 and dhhc8 as specific r ...	0	22325201
triple mammalian/yeast/bacterial shuttle vectors for single and combined lentivirus- and sindbis virus-mediated infections of neurons.	today, a large variety of viral vectors is available for ectopic gene expression in mammalian cell cultures or in vivo. among them, infection with sindbis virus- or lentivirus-derived constructs is often used to address biological questions or for applications in neuronal therapies. however, cloning of genes of interest is time consuming, since it relies on restriction and ligation, frequently of pcr-generated dna fragments with suitable restriction sites introduced by the primers employed. we h ...	2012	22327349
interferon-stimulated genes and their antiviral effector functions.	many viruses trigger the type i interferon (ifn) system, leading to the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (isgs). the products of these isgs exert numerous antiviral effector functions, many of which are still not fully described. recent efforts have been aimed at identifying which isgs are antiviral and further characterizing their mechanisms of action. ifn effectors vary widely in their magnitude of inhibitory activity and display combinatorial antiviral properties. coll ...	0	22328912
chikungunya virus and the safety of plasma products.	chikungunya virus (chikv) outbreaks were previously restricted to parts of africa, indian ocean islands, south asia, and southeast asia. in 2007, however, the first autochthonous chikv transmission was reported in europe. high-level viremia, a mosquito vector that is also present in large urban areas of europe and america, and uncertainty around the resistance of this alphavirus toward physiochemical inactivation processes raised concerns about the safety of plasma derivatives. to verify the saf ...	2012	22339168
expression of the c-type lectins dc-sign or l-sign alters host cell susceptibility for the avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus.	infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), an avian coronavirus, is a cause of great economic loss in the poultry industry. the virus mainly infects respiratory epithelium, but can be also detected in other organs. the functional receptor for the virus has not been found and field strains of ibv do not infect conventional cell lines. recently, it has been shown that the c-type lectins dc-sign/l-sign can promote entry of several coronaviruses. here we examine whether dc-sign/l-sign are entry determinants ...	2012	22340967
early events in alphavirus replication determine the outcome of infection.	alphaviruses are a group of important human and animal pathogens. they efficiently replicate to high titers in vivo and in many commonly used cell lines of vertebrate origin. they have also evolved effective means of interfering with development of the innate immune response. nevertheless, most of the alphaviruses are known to induce a type i interferon (ifn) response in vivo. the results of this study demonstrate that the first hours postinfection play a critical role in infection spread and de ...	2012	22345447
temperature-sensitive mutants and revertants in the coronavirus nonstructural protein 5 protease (3clpro) define residues involved in long-distance communication and regulation of protease activity.	positive-strand rna virus genomes are translated into polyproteins that are processed by viral proteases to yield functional intermediate and mature proteins. coronaviruses (covs) carry genes that encode an nsp5 protease (also known as 3clpro or mpro) responsible for 11 maturation cleavages. the nsp5 structure contains two chymotrypsin-like domains (d1 and d2) and a unique domain (d3), and forms functional dimers. however, little is known of interactions or communication across the structure of ...	2012	22345451
genetic divergence of rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 results in distinct serogroup-specific viroporin activity and intracellular punctate structure morphologies.	nonstructural protein 4 (nsp4) viroporin activity is critical for the replication and assembly of serogroup a rotavirus (rva); however, the dramatic primary sequence divergence of nsp4s across serogroups raises the possibility that viroporin activity is not a common feature among rvs. we tested for nsp4 viroporin activity from divergent strains, including rva (ec and ty-1), rvb (idir), and rvc (cowden). canonical viroporin motifs were identified in rva, rvb, and rvc nsp4s, but the arrangement of ...	2012	22357281
bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis and extends recombinant protein production in cells infected with sindbis viral vectors.	viruses carrying foreign genes are often used for the production of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells and other eukaryotic expression systems. though high levels of gene expression are possible using viral vectors, the host cell generally responds to the infection by inducing apoptotic cell death within several days, abruptly ending protein production. it has recently been demonstrated, however, that apoptosis can be suppressed in virally infected cells using anti-apoptotic genes, such as ...	1996	22358927
development of an elisa-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses.	japanese encephalitis virus(jev), tick-borne encephalitis virus(tbev), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) can cause symptoms of encephalitis. establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. currently, there are still no multiple antigen detection methods available clinically. an elisa-array, which detects multiple antigens, is easy to handle, and inexpensive, has enormous potent ...	2012	22369052
pkmζ is necessary and sufficient for synaptic clustering of psd-95.	the persistent activity of protein kinase mzeta (pkmζ), a brain-specific, constitutively active protein kinase c isoform, maintains synaptic long-term potentiation (ltp). structural remodeling of the postsynaptic density is believed to contribute to the expression of ltp. we therefore examined the role of pkmζ in reconfiguring psd-95, the major postsynaptic scaffolding protein at excitatory synapses. in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons, pkmζ activity was critical for increasing the size o ...	2011	22378468
cellular pharmacology of protein kinase mζ (pkmζ) contrasts with its in vitro profile: implications for pkmζ as a mediator of memory.	a number of recent studies have used pharmacological inhibitors to establish a role for protein kinase mζ (pkmζ) in synaptic plasticity and memory. these studies use zeta inhibitory peptide (zip) and chelerythrine as inhibitors of pkmζ to block long term potentiation and memory; staurosporine is used as a negative control to show that a nonspecific kinase inhibitor does not block long term potentiation and memory. here, we show that neither zip nor chelerythrine inhibits pkmζ in cultured cells o ...	2012	22378786
cell death pathways and autophagy in the central nervous system and its involvement in neurodegeneration, immunity and central nervous system infection: to die or not to die--that is the question.	death rules our lives. in this short paper, we summarize new insights into molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration. here we review the most important processes of cell death: apoptosis and oncosis. we focus on autophagy, which is pivotal for neuronal homeostasis, in the context of neurodegeneration, infection and immunity. its dysfunction has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases such as parkinson's, huntington's and alzheimer's diseases. our understanding is still incomplete, but ...	0	22385237
lateral diffusion and exocytosis of membrane proteins in cultured neurons assessed using fluorescence recovery and fluorescence-loss photobleaching.	membrane proteins such as receptors and ion channels undergo active trafficking in neurons, which are highly polarised and morphologically complex. this directed trafficking is of fundamental importance to deliver, maintain or remove synaptic proteins. super-ecliptic phluorin (sep) is a ph-sensitive derivative of egfp that has been extensively used for live cell imaging of plasma membrane proteins(1-2). at low ph, protonation of sep decreases photon absorption and eliminates fluorescence emissio ...	2012	22395448
virus maturation.	we examine virus maturation of selected nonenveloped and enveloped single-stranded rna viruses, retroviruses, bacteriophages, and herpesviruses. processes associated with maturation in the rna viruses range from subtle (nodaviruses and picornaviruses) to dramatic (tetraviruses and togaviruses). the elaborate assembly and maturation pathway of hiv is discussed in contrast to the less sophisticated but highly efficient processes associated with togaviruses. bacteriophage assembly and maturation ar ...	2012	22404678
regulation of stress granules in virus systems.	virus infection initiates a number of cellular stress responses that modulate gene regulation and compartmentalization of rna. viruses must control host gene expression and the localization of viral rnas to be successful parasites. rna granules such as stress granules and processing bodies (pbs) contain translationally silenced messenger ribonucleoproteins (mrnps) and serve as extensions of translation regulation in cells, storing transiently repressed mrnas. new reports show a growing number of ...	2012	22405519
common origins and host-dependent diversity of plant and animal viromes.	many viruses infecting animals and plants share common cores of homologous genes involved in the key processes of viral replication. in contrast, genes that mediate virus–host interactions including in many cases capsid protein (cp) genes are markedly different. there are three distinct scenarios for the origin of related viruses of plants and animals: first, evolution from a common ancestral virus predating the divergence of plants and animals; second, horizontal transfer of viruses, for exampl ...	0	22408703
endogenous rna viruses of plants in insect genomes.	endogenous viral elements (eves) derived from rna viruses with no dna stage are rare, especially those where the parental viruses possess single-strand positive-sense (ssrna+) genomes. here we provide evidence that eves that share a sequence similarity to ssrna+viruses of plants are integrated into the genomes of a number of insects, including mosquito, fruit flies, bees, ant, silkworm, pea aphid, monarch butterfly, and wasps. a preliminary phylogenetic analysis places these eves as divergent re ...	2012	22410578