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traditional cattle vs. introduced deer management in chaco serrano woodlands (argentina): analysis of environmental sustainability at increasing densities.wild ungulate populations have increased and expanded considerably in many regions, including austral woodlands and forests where deer (cervus elaphus) have been introduced as an alternative management to traditional cattle grazing. in this study, we compared traditional cattle with introduced deer management at increasing deer densities in the "chaco serrano" woodlands of argentina to assess their ecological sustainability. we used three ecological indicators (abundance of tree regeneration, wo ...201829132087
development and evaluation of an interferon gamma assay for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in red deer experimentally infected with mycobacterium bovis.red deer (cervus elaphus) is regarded as an epidemiologically relevant host for mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) and closely related members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex that cause animal tuberculosis (tb). the standard antemortem screening test for the detection of tb in deer is the intradermal tuberculin skin test, but the detection of interferon-gamma (ifnγ) produced by white blood cells exposed to m. bovis antigens can be used as an alternative or supplemental assay in most tb era ...201729145844
development and validation of a fallow deer (dama dama)-specific taqman real-time pcr assay for the detection of food adulteration.the aim of the present study was to develop a real-time pcr assay for the identification and quantification of fallow deer (dama dama) in food to detect food adulteration. despite high sequence homology among different deer species, a fallow deer-specific primer/probe system targeting a fragment of the nuclear mc1-r gene was designed. this primer/probe system did not amplify dna from 19 other animals and 50 edible plant species. moderate cross-reactivity was observed for sika deer, red deer, roe ...201829146373
tissue residue levels after immobilization of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) using a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone antagonized with naltrexone, atipamezole, and tolazoline.previous studies demonstrated that nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone (nalmed-a) can effectively immobilize adult elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), and be antagonized using naltrexone and atipamezole, with or without tolazoline. to assess duration of tissue residues for this immobilization package, we immobilized 14 captive adult elk with nalmed-a, then euthanized animals and collected tissues 0, 3, 6, 14, 21, or 28 d later. except for two animals euthanized immediately, all elk were recovered ...201729148888
antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli isolated from wild animals in poland.antimicrobial resistance was tested in escherichia coli isolated from feces (n = 660) of red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, european bison, and wild boar shot in regional forests in poland during two winter hunting seasons. indicator e. coli (n = 542) was resistant against 11 of 14 tested compounds, mostly sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, ampicillin, trimethoprim, and tetracycline (1.3-6.6% range). no significant differences were observed between boar and ruminant isolates. most of deer and bison i ...201729185858
ticks and bacterial tick-borne pathogens in piemonte region, northwest italy.a molecular screening for tick-borne pathogens was carried out in engorged and in questing ticks collected in verbano cusio ossola county, piemonte region, italy. engorged ticks were removed from wild and domestic animal hosts. the most abundant and common tick species in the area was ixodes ricinus (192 adults, 907 nymphs). few individuals of ixodes hexagonus (15) and rhipicephalus sanguineus (7) were found among the ticks removed from domestic animals (46 examined ticks). the presence of ricke ...201729189951
the effects of acaricide treatment of sheep on red grouse lagopus lagopus scotica tick burdens and productivity in a multi-host system.ixodes ricinus (ixodida: ixodidae) ticks are of economic and pathogenic importance across europe. within the uplands of the u.k., management to reduce ticks is undertaken to benefit red grouse lagopus lagopus scotica (galliformes: phasianidae). management strategies focus on the acaricide treatment of domestic sheep ovis aries (artiodactyla: bovidae), but the effectiveness of this is less certain in the presence of wild hosts, particularly red deer cervus elaphus (artiodactyla: cervidae) and mou ...201729194726
brominated flame retardants and toxic elements in the meat and liver of red deer (cervus elaphus), wild boar (sus scrofa), and moose (alces alces) from latvian wildlife.in order to evaluate the contamination status of terrestrial biota in latvia, muscle and liver tissues of red deer (cervus elaphus), wild boar (sus scrofa), and moose (alces alces) were analyzed for the content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbde), hexabromocyclododecane (hbcd), tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa), as well as cadmium and lead. the highest mean concentrations of pbdes (46.6pgg-1 wet weight (w.w.)), cadmium (0.95mgkg-1 w.w.), and lead (0.22mgkg-1 w.w.) were observed in the tissues o ...201729202283
supplemental feeding alters migration of a temperate ungulate.conservation of migration requires information on behavior and environmental determinants. the spatial distribution of forage resources, which migration exploits, often are altered and may have subtle, unintended consequences. supplemental feeding is a common management practice, particularly for ungulates in north america and europe, and carryover effects on behavior of this anthropogenic manipulation of forage are expected in theory, but have received limited empirical evaluation, particularly ...201829210236
dominance of the enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype beb6 in red deer (cervus elaphus) and siberian roe deer (capreolus pygargus) in china and a brief literature review.enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently diagnosed microsporidian species in humans and is also found in a wide range of animals. it is considered to be an important but neglected zoonotic pathogen. with the development of deer bred in captivity, the number of deer has been increasing in recent years in china and there are more people involved in this work. the aims of this study were to determine prevalence and genotypes of e. bieneusi in red deer (cervus elaphus) and siberian roe deer (c ...201729267159
molecular identification of sarcocystis halieti n. sp., sarcocystis lari and sarcocystis truncata in the intestine of a white-tailed sea eagle (haliaeetus albicilla) in norway.an emaciated white-tailed sea eagle (haliaeetus albicilla) from western norway was found and nursed briefly before it died. the necropsy revealed that the principal cause of death was an inflammation and occlusion of the bile ducts. a secondary finding was the presence in the intestinal mucosa of numerous sporulated sarcocystis oocysts measuring 21.8-22.8 × 16.0-17.0 μm. the aim of this study was to identify these oocysts to species level using molecular methods. genomic dna was extracted from 1 ...201829270360
estimating the efficacy of a commercial phase i inactivated vaccine in decreasing the prevalence of coxiella burnetii infection and shedding in red deer (cervus elaphus).the red deer (cervus elaphus) is a relevant reservoir for coxiella burnetii in iberia. c. burnetii genotypes that infect red deer also infect humans and domestic animals. integrated control approaches that target both domestic and wild ruminants are, therefore, required to reduce c. burnetii infection risks in iberia, especially in wildlife-livestock-human interaction scenarios. the aim of this field experiment was to test the efficacy of an inactivated phase i vaccine [inactivated phase i vacci ...201729270411
characterization of a xylanolytic bacterial strain c10 isolated from the rumen of a red deer (cervus elaphus) closely related of the recently described species actinomyces succiniciruminis, a. glycerinitolerans, and a. ruminicola.gram-stain-positive, catalase and oxidase-negative and short rod-shaped bacterium c10 with occasional branching was isolated under strictly anaerobic conditions from the rumen fluid of a red deer (cervus elaphus) in the course of study attempting to uncover new xylanolytic and cellulolytic rumen bacteria inhabiting the digestive tract of wild ruminants in the czech republic. the anaerobic m10 medium containing bovine rumen fluid and carboxymethylcellulose as a defined source of organic carbon wa ...201729270873
a survey of tick species in a recently reintroduced elk ( cervus elaphus canadensis) population in southeastern kentucky with potential implications for interstate translocation of zoonotic disease vectors.in the late 20th century, elk ( cervus elaphus canadensis) were reintroduced into southeastern kentucky, us. this population has since been used as a stock population for additional elk reintroductions in other eastern states. although reintroduction and translocation practices are effective, they can disseminate vectors and pathogens. therefore, we surveyed tick species residing on elk hosts a decade after elk reintroduction in kentucky by examining 263 captured individuals (female=86; male=177 ...201729286258
the red deer cervus elaphus genome cerela1.0: sequencing, annotating, genes, and chromosomes.we present here the de novo genome assembly cerela1.0 for the red deer, cervus elaphus, an emblematic member of the natural megafauna of the northern hemisphere. humans spread the species in the south. today, the red deer is also a farm-bred animal and is becoming a model animal in biomedical and population studies. stag dna was sequenced at 74× coverage by illumina technology. the allpaths-lg assembly of the reads resulted in 34.7 × 103scaffolds, 26.1 × 103of which were utilized in cer.ela1.0. ...201829294181
first detection and genetic characterisation of enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild deer in melbourne's water catchments in australia.enterocytozoon bieneusi is reported to be a common microsporidian of humans and animals in various countries. however, e. bieneusi has yet to be recorded in animals in australia. here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological investigation of e. bieneusi in three species of deer (cervus elaphus, dama dama and rusa unicolor) that live in the catchment areas that supply the city of melbourne with drinking water.201829295716
mitochondrial dna of pre-last glacial maximum red deer from nw spain suggests a more complex phylogeographical history for the species.the major climatic oscillations that characterized the quaternary had a great influence on the evolution and distribution of several species. during cold periods, the distribution of temperate-adapted species became fragmented with many surviving in southern refugia (iberian, italian, and balkan peninsulas). red deer was one of the species that contracted its original range to southern refugia. currently, two main lineages have been described for the species: western and eastern. we have analyze ...201729299249
genetic diversity, genetic structure and diet of ancient and contemporary red deer (cervus elaphus l.) from north-eastern france.in north-eastern france, red deer (cervus elaphus l.) populations were rebuilt from a few hundred individuals, which have subsisted in remote valleys of the vosges mountains, and to a lesser extent from individuals escaped from private enclosures; at present times, this species occupies large areas, mainly in the vosges mountains. in this study, we examined the population dynamics of red deer in the vosges mountains using ancient and contemporary mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from 140 samples (23 an ...201829304165
first molecular characterization of hypoderma actaeon in cattle and red deer (cervus elaphus) in portugal.hypoderma spp. larvae cause subcutaneous myiasis in several animal species. the objective of the present investigation was to identify and characterize morphologically and molecularly the larvae of hypoderma spp. collected from cattle (bos taurus taurus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in the district of castelo branco, portugal. for this purpose, a total of 8 larvae were collected from cattle (n=2) and red deer (n=6). after morphological identification of hypoderma spp. larvae, molecular characte ...201729320820
draft genome of tule elk cervus canadensis nannodes.this paper presents the first draft genome of the tule elk ( cervus elaphus nannodes), a subspecies native to california that underwent an extreme genetic bottleneck in the late 1800s.  the genome was generated from illumina hiseq 3000 whole genome sequencing of four individuals, resulting in the assembly of 2.395 billion base pairs (gbp) over 602,862 contigs over 500 bp and n50 = 6,885 bp. this genome provides a resource to facilitate future genomic research on elk and other cervids.201729333237
toxoplasma gondii in sympatric domestic and wild ungulates in the mediterranean ecosystem.toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan of worldwide distribution. the present study provides information on risk factors affecting t. gondii infection in domestic and free-ranging wild ungulates sharing habitats in mediterranean ecosystems in spain. serum samples from 482 extensively reared domestic ruminants and 2351 wild ungulates were tested for t. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (mat, cut-off 1:25). toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence was 41.2% of 194 sheep, 18.6% of ...201829344801
age-dependent changes in essential elements and oxidative stress biomarkers in blood of red deer and vulnerability to nutritional deficiencies.changes in the concentration of circulating essential elements in animals over life may be indicative of periods of vulnerability to deficiencies and associated diseases. here we studied age-related variations in essential elements (se, cu, zn and mn) and some selected oxidative stress biomarkers (gpx, sod, vitamin a and vitamin e) in blood of an iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) population living in semicaptive conditions. animals during their first year of life showed to be especial ...201829353781
social rank affects the haematologic profile in red deer hinds.we studied the effects of social rank on the haematologic profile in a herd of 24 female iberian red deer hinds. social rank hierarchy was determined and blood samples were taken and analysed. after adjusting for age and body mass, dominance ranking showed a significant negative effect (ie, lower values in dominant hinds) on white blood cell (wbc) count, haemoglobin and haematocrit. our results are similar to those reported for stressed individuals due to physical immobilisation, but do not supp ...201829374098
[identification of cervus nippon, c.elaphus and their hybridize samples based on coi and sry gene].for rapid identification of cervus nippon, c. elaphus and their hybridize samples, the specific pcr for mutual authentication of them was established based on the snps in coi and sry sequence. c. nippon, c. elaphus and their hybridize samples were collected from different origins, total dna of 24 identified samples were extracted, and the coi and sry gene was seqenced. snps in the coi and sry sequences of the samples were found by clustul x 2.1 program. primers for identifying c. nippon and c. e ...201729376256
estimating abundance of an open population with an n-mixture model using auxiliary data on animal movements.accurate assessment of abundance forms a central challenge in population ecology and wildlife management. many statistical techniques have been developed to estimate population sizes because populations change over time and space and to correct for the bias resulting from animals that are present in a study area but not observed. the mobility of individuals makes it difficult to design sampling procedures that account for movement into and out of areas with fixed jurisdictional boundaries. aeria ...201829405475
spectrum of antibody profiles in tuberculous elephants, cervids, and cattle.using multi-antigen print immunoassay and dpp®vettb assay approved in the united states for testing captive cervids and elephants, we analyzed antibody recognition of mpb83 and cfp10/esat-6 antigens in asian elephants (elephas maximus) infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis and in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), fallow deer (dama dama), elk (cervus elaphus), and cattle (bos taurus) infected with mycobacterium bovis. serum igg reactivity to mpb83 was found in the vast majority of tu ...201829408038
lack of association between leptospira spp. serovars hardjobovis and pomona and pregnancy and mid-term abortion in new zealand farmed red deer.this paper investigates leptospira borgpeterseni serovar hardjobovis and l. interrogans serovar pomona as potential causes of sub-optimum pregnancy rates and mid-term abortion in farmed red deer. rising two-year-old (r2, n = 22,130) and mixed-age (ma, n = 36,223) hinds from 87 and 71 herds, respectively, throughout new zealand were ultrasound scanned early in gestation (scan-1) and a sub-sample re-scanned (scan-2) 55-89 days later and mid-term daily abortion rate calculated. a sub-sample of sera ...201829426411
epizoochorous dispersal by ungulates depends on fur, grooming and social interactions.the transport phase of the animal-mediated plant dispersal process is critical to dispersal effectiveness as it determines the spatial distribution of the diaspores released and their chance for further recruitment. assessing this specific phase of the dispersal process generally requires combining diaspore retention times with the associated distances covered. here, we specifically tested the effect of grooming behavior, interindividual contacts and ungulate fur on diaspore retention times and ...201829435234
introgression of exotic cervus (nippon and canadensis) into red deer (cervus elaphus) populations in scotland and the english lake district.since the mid-19th century, multiple introductions of japanese sika deer (cervus nippon nippon) and north american wapiti (c. canadensis) have taken place in the british isles. while wapiti have generally been unsuccessful, sika have been very successful, especially in scotland where they now overlap at least 40% of the range of native red deer (c. elaphus). hybridization between these two species and red deer has been demonstrated in captivity and in the wild. using a panel of 22 microsatellite ...201829468030
recolonizing gray wolves increase parasite infection risk in their prey.the recent recolonization of central europe by the european gray wolf (canis lupus) provides an opportunity to study the dynamics of parasite transmission for cases when a definitive host returns after a phase of local extinction. we investigated whether a newly established wolf population increased the prevalence of those parasites in ungulate intermediate hosts representing wolf prey, whether some parasite species are particularly well adapted to wolves, and the potential basis for such adapta ...201829468033
prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis e virus in pigs, wild boars, roe deer, red deer and moose in lithuania.hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the major causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. in europe, food-borne zoonotic transmission of hev genotype 3 has been associated with domestic pigs and wild boar. controversial data are available on the circulation of the virus in animals that are used for human consumption, and to date, no gold standard has yet been defined for the diagnosis of hev-associated hepatitis. to investigate the current hev infection status in lithuanian pigs and wild ungulates, ...201829471843
preventive effects of velvet antler (cervus elaphus) against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting mapk/nf-κb activation and inducing ampk/nrf2 pathways.velvet antler (cervus elaphus) is a typical traditional animal medicine. it is considered to have various pharmacological effects including stimulation of the immune system, increase in the physical strength, and enhancement of sexual function. this paper aims to investigate the aqueous extract of velvet antler (ava) in the mouse models of lps-induced ali. inhibition of no, tnf-α, il-1β, il-6, and il-10 productions contributes to the attenuation of lps-induced lung inflammation by ava. a 5-day p ...201829483931
social interactions in a solitary carnivore.in total, 177 of 245 terrestrial carnivores are described as solitary, and much of carnivore ecology is built on the assumptions that interactions between adult solitary carnivores are rare. we employed global positioning system (gps) technology and motion-triggered cameras to test predictions of land-tenure territoriality and the resource dispersion hypothesis in a territorial carnivore, the puma puma concolor. we documented 89 independent gps interactions, 60% of which occurred at puma kills ( ...201729491995
a teat papillomatosis case in a damascus goat (shami goat) in hatay province, turkey: a new putative papillomavirus?papillomaviruses (pvs) are epitheliotropic viruses that cause benign proliferative lesions in the skin (warts or papillomas) and mucous membranes of their natural hosts. recently, new pvs have been found in many animal species. the most common current approach for identifying novel pv types is based on pcr, using various consensus or degenerated primer (broad-range primers), designed on the basis of the multiple alignment of nucleotide or amino acid sequences of a large number of different human ...201829502149
serological surveillance for tahyna virus (california encephalitis orthobunyavirus, peribunyaviridae) neutralizing antibodies in wild ungulates in austria, hungary and romania.a serosurvey for tahyna virus (tahv), a mosquito-borne california encephalitis orthobunyavirus (peribunyaviridae) endemic to europe, was performed to estimate the activity of tahv on a broad geographic scale. sera from wild boar (sus scrofa), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) were collected from austria, hungary and romania. samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against tahv using a virus microneutralization assay. the results demonstrate that tahv transmissi ...201829516663
very low influenza a virus prevalence in cervids in german national parks.influenza a viruses are one of the most important and most studied pathogens in humans and domestic animals but little is known about viral prevalence in non-avian wildlife. serum samples from three free-ranging cervid species (red [ cervus elaphus], fallow [ dama dama] , and roe deer [ capreolus capreolus]) were collected from six german national parks between 2000 and 2002. the serum was tested for the presence of influenza a antibodies using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorben ...201829517428
effects of mn supplementation in late-gestating and lactating red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) on milk production, milk composition, and calf growth.this study describes the effects of mn supplementation of 20 late-gestating and lactating iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) females (hinds) fed a balanced diet on milk production and milk composition over the lactation period. body weight of their calves at birth and at weaning was also evaluated. in addition, the effect of lactation stage was studied. for these purposes, 2 groups of hinds, one composed by 12 individuals (experimental) and the other by 8 individuals (control) were com ...201829518225
seasonality of helminth infection in wild red deer varies between individuals and between parasite taxa.parasitism in wild mammals can vary according to myriad intrinsic and extrinsic factors, many of which vary seasonally. however, seasonal variation in parasitism is rarely studied using repeated samples from known individuals. here we used a wild population of individually recognized red deer (cervus elaphus) on the isle of rum to quantify seasonality and intrinsic factors affecting gastrointestinal helminth parasitism over the course of a year. we collected 1020 non-invasive faecal samples from ...201829519265
pathologic and biochemical characterization of prpscfrom elk with prnp polymorphisms at codon 132 after experimental infection with the chronic wasting disease agent.the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) prion protein gene (prnp) is polymorphic at codon 132, with leucine (l132) and methionine (m132) allelic variants present in the population. in elk experimentally inoculated with the chronic wasting disease (cwd) agent, different incubation periods are associated with prnp genotype: ll132 elk survive the longest, lm132 elk are intermediate, and mm132 elk the shortest. the purpose of this study was to investigate potential mechanisms underlying vari ...201829523205
management of hunting waste as control measure for tuberculosis in wild ungulates in south-central spain.in recent decades, habitat change and the intensive management of wild ungulates for hunting have led to an increase in their populations in south-central spain. this implies a higher generation of hunting waste, which can favour the transmission of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (tb). the aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of the proper disposal of hunting waste as tb control measure in wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus) during the 2008/2009 to 2016/20 ...201829536638
cementoblastoma in a red deer (cervus elaphus) from the late pleistocene of rochedane, france.only relatively few cases of dental abnormalities in wild ruminants have thus far been described in the paleopathological literature. this study reports a case of cementoblastoma, a benign odontogenic tumor of ectomesenchymal origin, in a red deer (cervus elaphus) from the late pleistocene of rochedane, a prehistoric site in the french jura. the tumor was attached to the root of a heavily worn loose left maxillary third molar. ct imaging revealed several radiolucent (former soft tissue) spaces o ...201529539480
dental development pathology in wild artiodactyls: two prehistoric case studies from france.in this paper we report two unique cases of dental development anomalies observed on prehistoric faunal material from france. the first is a severely malformed first incisor from a red deer, dated to the 13th-12th millennium bc, which is interpreted as a composite odontoma, a rare pseudo-tumor of odontogenic origin. the second is a mesolithic (9th-8th millennium bc) wild boar skull presenting an anomalous tooth row including a duplication of the upper left second premolar. both pathologies are d ...201429539502
spavin in red deer: a case study from the early neolithic blagotin, serbia.pathological modifications are rarely observed in the remains of wild animals from archaeological sites. we present one such specific, pathological change - a case of spavin in a red deer specimen from the early neolithic site of blagotin, in central serbia. the left tarsal joint presented proliferative new bone formation, which was analyzed macroscopically, then subjected to x-ray and computed tomography (ct) imaging. we assume that the initial degenerative changes in this red deer tarsal joint ...201629539526
perceptions and acceptability of some stakeholders about the bovine tuberculosis surveillance system for wildlife (sylvatub) in france.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a common disease of cattle and wildlife, with economic repercussions and implications for animal and human health. the surveillance of btb in wildlife is particularly important, to shed light on the epidemiological role of wild species and for the adaptation of control measures. in france, a btb surveillance system for free-ranging wildlife, the sylvatub system, was launched in 2011 on wild boars, red deer, roe deer and badgers. it relies on active and passive survei ...201829543911
influence of insemination time on the fertility of sex sorted frozen-thawed y-sperm in red deer.the aim of this study was to assess the effect of insemination timing on pregnancy rates in red deer (cervus elaphus) when using sex-sorted sperm samples. semen was collected by electroejaculation from 8 mature stags and processed to obtain: conventional samples, following standard freezing procedures for commercial purposes; control sorted samples, diluted and handled as per sorted samples but without being submitted to the sorter passage; and y sex sorted (yss) samples. hinds were synchronized ...201829547733
tick- and fly-borne bacteria in ungulates: the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, haemoplasmas and rickettsiae in water buffalo and deer species in central europe, hungary.hunting constitutes an important industry in europe. however, data on the prevalence of vector-borne bacteria in large game animal species are lacking from several countries. blood or spleen samples (239 and 270, respectively) were taken from red, fallow and roe deer, as well as from water buffaloes, mouflons and wild boars in hungary, followed by dna extraction and molecular analyses for anaplasma phagocytophilum, haemoplasmas and rickettsiae.201829554900
carcass and meat characteristics from farm-raised and wild fallow deer (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus): a review.deer species are utilised for food, hunting and other products throughout the world. consumers are typically exposed to venison derived predominantly from both farm-raised or wild fallow (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus). the production of venison under farm conditions, compared to the meat of deer hunted in the wild, allows for a regular supply of a consistently good meat. it is lean, tasty, and rich in proteins and minerals, with a low content of fat and cholesterol. overall, the world ...201829558697
lower dietary concentrate level increases bacterial diversity in the rumen of cervus elaphus yarkandensis.the ruminal microbiota plays major roles in feed digestion. the composition and fermentation of the bacterial communities in 3 important ruminant species have been studied previously. here, we extended this research to the effect of concentrate-to-forage ratios on ruminal bacterial communities in tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis). different concentrate-to-forage ratios (2:8, 3:7, 4:6, and 5:5) were fed to tarim red deer for 20 days. ruminal bacterial communities were elucidated by 16s ...201829562140
extrinsic modification of vertebrate sex ratios by climatic variation.evidence for the influences of climate on early development, maternal condition, and offspring viability in terrestrial vertebrates suggests that climatic change has the potential to induce variation in offspring sex ratios in such organisms. using long-term data at individual and population levels, we investigated the influence of global climatic variation, as a result of the north atlantic oscillation (nao), on offspring sex ratios of red deer in norway. the state of the nao during the fetal d ...199929578787
comparative analysis of prions in nervous and lymphoid tissues of chronic wasting disease-infected cervids.the prevalence, host range and geographical bounds of chronic wasting disease (cwd), the prion disease of cervids, are expanding. horizontal transmission likely contributes the majority of new cwd cases, but the mechanism by which prions are transmitted among cwd-affected cervids remains unclear. to address the extent to which prion amplification in peripheral tissues contributes to contagious transmission, we assessed the prion levels in central nervous and lymphoreticular system tissues in whi ...201829580373
identification of first-stage dorsal-spined lungworm larvae of tunisian barbary red deer: first report of varestrongylus sagittatus and elaphostrongylus cervi in africa.barbary red deer (cervus elaphus barbarus) is a protected rare subspecies of red deer. the study of its protostrongylidae fauna based only on sporadic necropsy of naturally dead animals is difficult. therefore diagnosis of lungworms rely mainly on the identification of the first stage larvae (l1). the l1 of the different species are not readily diagnosed on morphological basis since much variation is recorded within and among dorsal-spined larvae belonging to various species. the aim of this stu ...201829581029
the prevalence of yersinia enterocolitica in game animals in poland.natural reservoirs of yersinia (y.) enterocolitica comprise different animal species, but little is known about the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of yersiniosis. the aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of y. enterocolitica among game animals in poland. the bio-serotypes and the pathogenicity markers of the analyzed isolates were determined. the experimental material comprised rectal swabs from 857 free-living animals hunter-harvested over a period of 2 years (2013-2014) in ...201829596492
bovine tuberculosis outbreak in farmed american bison (bison bison) in poland.poland has been an officially bovine tuberculosis (btb) free country for the last seven years. the problem currently observed is the increasing number of new cases of btb in wild species, kept in a farmed herd and free-living herd: european bison (bison bonasus), wild boar (sus scrofa), wolves (canis lupus) and red deer (cervus elaphus). this article presents the case of mycobacterium caprae transmission to an american bison (bison bison) herd kept on a private farm in eastern poland.201729611649
antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial pathogens isolated from faeces of red deer (cervus elaphus).antibacterial activity is the most widely studied aspect of plant extracts. antibiotics extensively produced and consumed in large quantities, have proved to be problematic due to various types of adverse effects. the development of bacterial resistance to currently available antibiotics has necessitated the search for new antibacterial agents. one of the alternative strategies for fighting antibiotic- resistant bacteria is the use of natural antimicrobial substances such as plant extracts. we t ...201729611658
mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis isolated from wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in northern italy.paratuberculosis (or johne's disease) is an infectious disease which affects mainly ruminants and it is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). during a culling program (years 2011-2015) aimed at controlling the red deer (cervus elaphus) population in stelvio national park (italian alps), where paratuberculosis was already described in this species, 382 tissue samples from the lombardy region and 102 fecal specimens from the autonomous province of bolzano were analyzed by pc ...201829615250
enamel apatite crystallinity significantly contributes to mammalian dental adaptations.the monophyodont molar teeth, prismatic enamel and the complexity of enamel microarchitecture are regarded as essential dental apomorphies of mammals. as prominent background factors of feeding efficiency and individual longevity these characters are crucial components of mammalian adaptive dynamics. little is known, however, to which degree these adaptations are influenced by the crystallographic properties of elementary hydroxyapatite crystallites, the only inorganic component of enamel. in a ...201829615748
evaluation of factors affecting the efficacy of treatment against fascioloides magna in wild red deer population.deer fascioloidosis is a serious and potentially fatal disease caused by the non-native trematode fascioloides magna. infections of red deer with f. magna in croatia have been reported for the first time in 2000 in the baranja region. subsequently, the disease spread throughout the eastern parts of the country, involving all 3 deer species (red, roe, and fallow) and mouflons. within the disease control programme (dcp), livers from all shot deer were thoroughly analysed and all detected trematode ...201829631313
low sequence diversity of the prion protein gene (prnp) in wild deer and goat species from spain.the first european cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in free-ranging reindeer and wild elk were confirmed in norway in 2016 highlighting the urgent need to understand transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in the context of european deer species and the many individual populations throughout the european continent. the genetics of the prion protein gene (prnp) are crucial in determining the relative susceptibility to tses. to establish prnp gene sequence diversity for free-ranging ...201829631620
declining home range area predicts reduced late-life survival in two wild ungulate populations.demographic senescence is increasingly recognised as an important force shaping the dynamics of wild vertebrate populations. however, our understanding of the processes that underpin these declines in survival and fertility in old age remains limited. evidence for age-related changes in foraging behaviour and habitat use is emerging from wild vertebrate studies, but the extent to which these are driven by within-individual changes, and the consequences for fitness, remain unclear. using longitud ...201829656580
transmission of helminths between species of ruminants in austria appears more likely to occur than generally assumed.helminth infections of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs can lead to devastating economical losses to the pastoral based animal production. farm animals can suffer from malnutrition, tissue damage, and blood loss resulting in impaired production traits and reproduction parameters. in austria, pastures grazed by sheep, goats, and cattle overlap with the habitats of several species of wild cervids (roe deer, red deer, sika deer, and fallow deer) and bovids (mouflon, chamois, and ibex), and tran ...201829662884
draft whole-genome sequences of three diarrheagenic escherichia coli strains isolated from farmed deer in new zealand.escherichia coli bacteria commonly colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of farmed ruminants. cattle are a well-recognized reservoir of zoonotic e. coli; we report here, however, the draft genome sequences of three diarrheagenic e. coli strains isolated from farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in the manawatu region of new zealand.201829674551
pregnancy and mid-term abortion rates in farmed red deer in new zealand.this paper describes pregnancy and mid-term abortion rate data from an investigation of sub-optimal reproductive performance in new zealand farmed red deer. for 2 years, 87 yearling (yl) and 71 mixed-age adult (ma) herds from 85 farms were observed with 15 yl and seven ma herds observed both years. hinds were pregnancy diagnosed using ultrasonography in the late autumn-early winter (pd1) and again late winter-early spring (pd2) and mid-term daily abortion rates (dar) were calculated. overall, 85 ...201829685706
a novel application of an anthelmintic mixture for use against gastrointestinal parasites of red deer (cervus elaphus).a mixture of proprietary anthelmintics delivering 0.5 mg/kg moxidectin, 9.06 mg/kg oxfendazole, 15 mg/kg levamisole, and 0.08 mg/kg selenium on bodyweight basis per os to red deer is investigated. on a deer farm with a history of parasite problems, six weaner red deer were treated orally with a 50/50 mixture of exodus pour-on and oxfen c plus (ex/ox) at a dose rate of 1 ml/5 kg bodyweight. six herd mates were untreated. eleven days later abomasal worm counts for the untreated deer revealed an ar ...201829692928
long-term occurrence of trichuris species in wild ruminants in the czech republic.the aim of this study was to identify trichuris species in wild ruminants from 32 localities in the czech republic using morphological and molecular methods (its1-5.8s rna-its2 region polymorphisms). trichurids were obtained from 176 wild ruminants (roe deer, sika deer, red deer, fallow deer and mouflons) that were culled between 2009 and 2017. trichuris discolor is the predominant trichurid of all of the above-mentioned wild ruminants, whereas trichuris ovis was identified less frequently in ro ...201829721657
a comparison of food habits and prey preferences of amur tiger (panthera tigris altaica) at the southwest primorskii krai in russia and hunchun in china.a small, isolated amur tiger population ranges across the southwest primorskii krai region in russia and hunchun region in china. many individuals, with "dual nationality," cross the border frequently. formulating effective conservation strategies requires a clear understanding of tiger food requirements in both countries. while the diets of tigers ranging in russia is clearly understood, little is known of the tigers' feeding habits in china.. we used scat analysis combined with data on the abu ...201829722132
genome sequences of two novel papillomaviruses isolated from healthy skin of pudu puda and cervus elaphus deer.we report the complete genome sequences of pudu puda papillomavirus1 (ppudpv1) and cervus elaphus papillomavirus2 (celapv2), isolated from healthy skin hair follicles of a southern pudu and a red deer, respectively. ppudpv1 is basal to the dyokappapvs, whereas celapv2 is basal to the xipvs (beta-xipv crown group).201829724829
an assessment of the use of cox1 and cox3 mitochondrial genetic markers for the identification of dictyocaulus spp. (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) in wild ruminants.lungworms of the genus dictyocaulus railliet and henry, 1907 (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) are the causative agents of parasitic bronchitis (dictyocaulosis, husk) of various ungulate hosts, including domestic and wild ruminants. correct diagnosis of lungworm species and a better understanding of the transmission patterns of dictyocaulus spp. are crucial in minimising the risk of its cross transmission between wildlife and livestock, and for the control of dictyocaulosis. the study was conducte ...201829736729
sika deer (cervus nippon)-specific real-time pcr method to detect fraudulent labelling of meat and meat products.since game meat is more valuable and expensive than meat from domesticated animal species it is a potential target for adulteration. analytical methods must allow the identification and quantification of meat species to be applicable for the detection of fraudulent labelling. we developed a real-time pcr assay for the authentication of sika deer (cervus nippon) and products thereof. the primer/probe system amplifies a 71 bp fragment of the kappa-casein precursor gene. since the target sequence c ...201829739996
a genomic region containing rec8 and rnf212b is associated with individual recombination rate variation in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus).recombination is a fundamental feature of sexual reproduction, ensuring proper disjunction, preventing mutation accumulation and generating new allelic combinations upon which selection can act. however it is also mutagenic, and breaks up favorable allelic combinations previously built up by selection. identifying the genetic drivers of recombination rate variation is a key step in understanding the causes and consequences of this variation, how loci associated with recombination are evolving an ...201829764960
common drivers of seasonal movements on the migration - residency behavior continuum in a large herbivore.this study aimed to (1) identify the scale of environmental drivers of seasonal movements on the migration - residency behavior continuum in a large herbivore species and to (2) test the hypothesis that the same environmental drivers and spatio-temporal scaling should influence spatial processes in both migrants (long distance migration) and residents (short distance range shifts). we performed a comparative analysis of the influence of plant phenology and snow cover duration on seasonal movemen ...201829769562
cinnamtannin b-1, a novel antioxidant for sperm in red deer.cinnamtannin b-1 (cnb-1) is a naturally occurring trimeric a-type proanthocyanidin contained in several plants such as cinnamon (cinnamomum zeylanicum). it is considered to be a potent antioxidant. the protective effect of cnb-1 against oxidative stress was assessed in red deer epididymal sperm incubated at 37 °c. cryopreserved sperm from six stags were thawed, pooled and extended to 400 × 106 sperm/ml in bgm (bovine gamete medium). after being aliquoted, the samples were supplemented with diffe ...201829776697
development of diagnostic snp markers to monitor hybridization between sika deer (cervus nippon) and wapiti (cervus elaphus).sika deer (cervus nippon) and wapiti (cervus elaphus) are closely related species and their hybridization can result in significant allele-shift of their gene pool. additive genetic effects and putative heterotic effects of their hybridization on growth performance could confer considerable economic advantage in deer farming. here, we used double-digest restriction site-associated dna sequencing technology (ddrad-seq) and detected ∼320,000 genome-wide snps from 30 captive individuals: 7 sika dee ...201829789312
a survey of parasite lesions in wild red deer ( cervus elaphus) from argentina.in argentina there is little information about diseases that affect exotic ungulates and the health risks that they pose to native wildlife, livestock, and humans. the aim of this study was to evaluate the health status of red deer ( cervus elaphus) in the nahuel huapi national park and surrounding areas in patagonia, argentina. during three consecutive hunting seasons, necropsies were performed on 101 red deer, and tissues were examined histologically. the most common lesions were those associa ...201829791294
elk resource selection and implications for anthrax management in montana.anthrax, caused by the spore-forming bacterium bacillus anthracis, is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and animals throughout the world. in north america, anthrax outbreaks occur in livestock and wildlife species. vaccine administration in wildlife is untenable; the most effective form of management is surveillance and decontamination of carcasses. successful management is critical because untreated carcasses can create infectious zones increasing risk for other susceptible hosts. we studi ...201629887642
prenatal histomorphological development of the rumen in dama dama.this work studies the morphological changes taking place in the dama dama rumen during prenatal development using histomorphometrics, surface microstructure and immunohistochemistry analysis as well as carrying out a comparative analysis of this species with other wild (red deer) and domestic-type ruminants. a total of 25 fallow deer embryos and fetuses were used, from the first stage of prenatal life until birth. the appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was observed at 51 day ...201829893403
game meat consumption by hunters and their relatives: a probabilistic approach.this study aimed to estimate the consumption of meat and products derived from hunting by the consumer population and, specifically, by hunters and their relatives. for this purpose, a survey was conducted on the frequency of consuming meat from the four most representative game species in spain, two of big game, wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus), and two of small game, rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) and red partridge (alectoris rufa), as well as of processed meat products (sa ...201829912678
correction: genetic diversity, genetic structure and diet of ancient and contemporary red deer (cervus elaphus l.) from north-eastern france.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189278.].201829940045
mycobacterium bovis persistence in two different captive wild animal populations in germany: a longitudinal molecular epidemiological study revealing pathogen transmission by whole-genome sequencing.bovine tuberculosis (btb) caused by mycobacterium bovis is a transmissible disease notifiable to the world organization for animal health and to the european union, with ongoing efforts of surveillance and eradication in every eu member state. in germany, a country which has been declared officially free from bovine tuberculosis since 1997 by the eu, m. bovis infections still occur sporadically in cattle and other mammals, including humans. here, the transmission routes of a btb outbreak in a wi ...201829950330
does winter supplementary feeding affect deer damage in a forest ecosystem? a field test in areas with different levels of deer pressure.supplementary feeding is a widespread but controversial practice in game management. while many studies have been conducted on this issue, there is limited empirical evidence on how feeding affects damage caused by wildlife. in this context, the present study focused on the effect of artificial winter feeding on tree damage in three mountain regions in poland.201929956445
gas and short-chain fatty acid production from feeds commonly fed to red deer (cervus elaphus l.) and incubated with rumen inoculum from red deer and sheep.efficient red deer supplementary feeding depends on estimations of the nutritive value of offered feeds, frequently estimated with the use of equations derived from domestic ruminants. the aim of this study was to compare the 24-hour in vitro true dry matter degradability (ivtd24 ), in vitro gas production (gp) kinetic parameters, gp in 24 hr of incubation (gas24 ) and short-chain fatty acid (scfa) and microbial biomass (mbs) produced after 24-hour incubation of feeds in inoculum prepared from s ...201829978922
susceptibility of human prion protein to conversion by chronic wasting disease prions.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in north america. the identification of the first cases of cwd among free-ranging reindeer and moose in europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether cwd can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. we used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether cwd prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in north america ...201830014840
metapodials of ancient bison (bison priscus) of northeast russia: "stress markers," sex and withers height.a total of 175 metapodials (mp) of pleistocene and early holocene bison (bison priscus boj.) from the vast area of northeast russia were studied. mp were attributed to males and females both visually and statistically. data on the withers height of bison from northeast russia are provided. stress markers were recorded, including so-called "buttresses." with rare exceptions, stress markers were not of a pathological nature. the origin and development of the buttresses are age-related; their preva ...201930019862
evidence of two genetically different lymphotropic herpesviruses present among red deer, sambar, and milu herds in china.herpesvirus infections in cervidae are a serious threat affecting some deer species worldwide. in our attempt to identify malignant catarrhal fever-associated herpesviruses in deer herds, ten gammaherpesviral dna fragments were identified in five species of deer in herds in china by using a pan-herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction assay targeting viral dna polymerase. notably, in sambar (rusa unicolor), a novel gamma-2 herpesvirus was identified that showed a close relationship with fallow deer ...201830041287
multiple anthropogenic interventions drive puma survival following wolf recovery in the greater yellowstone ecosystem.humans are primary drivers of declining abundances and extirpation of large carnivores worldwide. management interventions to restore biodiversity patterns, however, include carnivore reintroductions, despite the many unresolved ecological consequences associated with such efforts. using multistate capture-mark-recapture models, we explored age-specific survival and cause-specific mortality rates for 134 pumas (puma concolor) monitored in the greater yellowstone ecosystem during gray wolf (canis ...201830073082
tetraplex real-time pcr assay for the simultaneous identification and quantification of roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and sika deer for deer meat authentication.analytical methods are needed for the identification and quantification of meat species to detect food adulteration. since game meat is more expensive than meat from domesticated animal species, it is a potential target for adulteration. we present a tetraplex real-time pcr assay that allows the simultaneous determination of the content of roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and sika deer. the tetraplex assay showed only moderate cross-reactivity with closely related species. after optimization the ...201830100464
modelling strontium isotopes in past biospheres - assessment of bioavailable 87sr/86sr ratios in local archaeological vertebrates based on environmental signatures.87sr/86sr isotopic ratios in skeletal remains of archaeological vertebrates are used for provenance analysis since long. however, the definition of the past bioavailable isotopic ratio at the site of recovery is not known beforehand and geological maps can provide no more than gross expectations. therefore, the assessment of the "local sr isotopic signature" is still of crucial importance. in this study, we present a tool for the prediction of such local isotopic signatures by creating a concent ...201930118937
histopathological, morphological, and molecular characterization of sarcocystis species in elk (cervus elaphus) from pennsylvania, usa.sarcocystis sarcocysts are common in many species of domestic and wild animals. here, we report sarcocystosis in muscles from 91 free range elk (cervus elaphus) from pennsylvania, usa, tested by histopathology, transmission electron microscopy (tem), and dna sequencing. sarcocysts were detected in hematoxylin and eosin (he)-stained sections from 83 of 91 (91.2%) elk, including 83/91 (91.2%) tongues and 15/17 (88.2%) hearts. with respect to age, sarcocysts were found in 0/5 calves, 8/9 (88.8%) ye ...201830120590
meat quality of farmed red deer fed a balanced diet: effects of supplementation with copper bolus on different muscles.supplementation with copper (cu) improves deer antler characteristics, but it could modify meat quality and increase its cu content to levels potentially harmful for humans. here, we studied the effects of cu bolus supplementation by means on quality and composition of sternocephalicus (st) and rectus abdominis (ra) muscles (n=13 for each one) from yearling male red deer fed with a balanced diet. each intraruminal bolus, containing 3.4 g of cu, was administered orally in the treatment group to c ...201930134996
effect of age on nutritional properties of iberian wild red deer meat.this study assessed the effect of age (l, less than 27 months old; m, from 27 to 42 months old; h, 43 months and older) on the fatty acid profile, cholesterol content, amino acid composition and mineral content of 150 iberian wild red deer meat samples.201930144080
the importance of wildlife in the ecology and epidemiology of the tbe virus in sweden: incidence of human tbe correlates with abundance of deer and hares.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is one tick-transmitted disease where the human incidence has increased in some european regions during the last two decades. we aim to find the most important factors causing the increasing incidence of human tbe in sweden. based on a review of published data we presume that certain temperature-related variables and the population densities of transmission hosts, i.e. small mammals, and of primary tick maintenance hosts, i.e. cervids and lagomorphs, of the tbe viru ...201830153856
consumer preferences for red deer meat: a discrete choice analysis considering attitudes towards wild game meat and hunting.this study aims to analyse consumer preferences for red deer meat (rdm) (cervus elaphus) by conducting a case study in northern italy. this analysis considers how the attitudes of consumers towards wild game meat and hunting might influence such preferences. this goal is achieved by combining the results of a k-means clustering analysis of the attitudes collected by means of two valuation scales with a discrete choice experiment (ce). according to our results, a positive attitude towards wild ga ...201830173016
diverse tick-borne microorganisms identified in free-living ungulates in slovakia.free-living ungulates are hosts of ixodid ticks and reservoirs of tick-borne microorganisms in central europe and many regions around the world. tissue samples and engorged ticks were obtained from roe deer, red deer, fallow deer, mouflon, and wild boar hunted in deciduous forests of south-western slovakia. dna isolated from these samples was screened for the presence of tick-borne microorganisms by pcr-based methods.201830176908
predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons.sexually selected weapons evolved to maximize the individual reproductive success of males in many polygynous breeding species. many weapons are also retained outside of reproductive periods for secondary reasons, but the importance of these secondary functions is poorly understood. here we leveraged a unique opportunity from the predator-prey system in northern yellowstone national park, wy, usa to evaluate whether predation by a widespread, coursing predator (wolves) has influenced a specific ...201830177803
multi-locus sequence typing of ixodes ricinus and its symbiont candidatus midichloria mitochondrii across europe reveals evidence of local co-cladogenesis in scotland.ticks have relatively complex microbiomes, but only a small proportion of the bacterial symbionts recorded from ticks are vertically transmitted. moreover, co-cladogenesis between ticks and their symbionts, indicating an intimate relationship over evolutionary history driven by a mutualistic association, is the exception rather than the rule. one of the most widespread tick symbionts is candidatus midichloria, which has been detected in all of the major tick genera of medical and veterinary impo ...201930197267
shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in wild ungulates.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) are zoonotic pathogens that live in the gastrointestinal tract of wildlife and cattle without causing disease. in humans, their colonization and infection lead to life-threatening disease. we investigated the occurrence of stec in wild ungulates (wild boar, red deer and roe deer) inhabiting areas differently impacted by anthropogenic activities. stec were detected in 9% (n = 6) of the samples and were recovered from the three species: 1 of wild boar, ...201930227290
estimating selection on the act of inbreeding in a population with strong inbreeding depression.inbreeding depression is widely regarded as a driving force in the evolution of dispersal, mate choice and sperm selection. however, due to likely costs of inbreeding avoidance, which are poorly understood, it is unclear to what extent selection to avoid inbreeding is expected in nature. moreover, there are currently very few empirical estimates of the strength of selection against the act of inbreeding (mating with a relative), as opposed to the fitness costs of being inbred. here, we use data ...201830230082
treponeme-associated hoof disease of free-ranging elk ( cervus elaphus) in southwestern washington state, usa.a novel foot disease in free-ranging elk ( cervus elaphus) in southwestern washington state emerged in 2008 and spread throughout the region. initial studies showed adult elk had chronic hoof overgrowth, sole ulcers, and sloughed hoof capsules, but no cause was determined. to identify possible causes and characterize the earliest lesions, 9-, 7-, and 3-month-old elk were collected. nine-month-old elk had sole ulcers (3/9 elk) and sloughed/overgrown hoof capsules (4/9 elk) similar to adults. hist ...201930244661
infections with bartonella spp. in free-ranging cervids and deer keds (lipoptena cervi) in norway.bartonella bacteria are arthropod-borne and can cause long-term bacteremia in humans and animals. the predominant arthropod vectors and the mode of transmission for many novel bartonella species remain elusive or essentially unstudied. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bartonella spp. in norwegian cervids and deer keds (lipoptena cervi) and to characterise the bacteria by sequencing of the partial glta gene and 16 s-23 s rrna intergenic spacer region (its) in order to ev ...201830245047
comparison of anti-inflammatory effect and protein profile between the water extracts from formosan sambar deer and red deer.velvet antler (va), the unossified antler from members of the family cervidae, has been used in traditional chinese medicines and health foods for over 2000 years in enhancement of kidney function and treatment or prevention of cardiovascular, immunological and gynaecological disease. the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of velvet antler water extracts from formosan sambar deer (rusa unicolor swinhoei, svae) and red deer (cervus elaphus, rvae). results indicated ...201830249326
pathological lesions in the lungs of red deer cervus elaphus (l.) induced by a newly-described dictyocaulus cervi (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea).the large lungworms of the genus dictyocaulus are causative agents of parasitic bronchitis in various ungulate hosts, including red deer. recently, the red deer-derived lungworm d. cervi was described and separated from d. eckerti. little is known of the transmission patterns, epidemiology, geographical distribution and pathogenicity of d. cervi. histological examinations were performed on 22 formalin-fixed lung tissue samples of hunted red deer. exclusively, d. cervi adults were derived from 15 ...201830253848
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