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the use of colony hybridization in the isolation of thermostable direct hemolysin-producing vibrio parahaemolyticus from foods implicated in an incidence of food poisoning. 200010871921
vibrio parahaemolyticus, japan, 1996-1998. 199910887775
[acute gastroenteritis caused by urease positive vibrio parahaemolyticus in an immunocompromised patient]. 200010905019
characterization of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from foodborne illness outbreaks during 1992 through 1995 in taiwan.vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important foodborne pathogen in taiwan and many other asian countries. a total of 371 isolates of v. parahaemolyticus collected from patients involved in foodborne illness outbreaks in taiwan from 1992 to 1995 were characterized. these isolates had typical biochemical characteristics and only 4% were urease positive. the most frequently isolated serovars were o5:k15 (18.5%), o4:k8 (16.2%), o3:k29 (12.5%), o1:k56 (8.3%), o2:k3 (6.5%), and o4:k12 (6.0%). most of the i ...200010914657
analysis of gyrb and toxr gene sequences of vibrio hollisae and development of gyrb- and toxr-targeted pcr methods for isolation of v. hollisae from the environment and its identification.isolation of vibrio hollisae strains, particularly from the environment, is rare. this may be due, in part, to the difficulty encountered when using conventional biochemical tests to identify the microorganism. in this study, we evaluated whether two particular genes may be useful for the identification of v. hollisae. the two genes are presumed to be conserved among the bacterial species (gyrb) or among the species of the genus vibrio (toxr). a portion of the gyrb sequence of v. hollisae was cl ...200010919814
isolation of vibrio and pseudomonas from brown shrimp (penaeus californiensis holmes) intestine.bacteria of the genera vibrio, pseudomonas and aeromonas were isolated from the intestine of apparently healthy brown shrimp (penaeus californiensis holmes) cultured in a tidal pond. species from these genera of bacteria have been reported as shrimp pathogens and have been involved in human gastrointestinal disorders related to seafood consumption. isolation was done first in marine broth, then in selective media (tcbs, cetrimide and macconkey). the oxidase negative strains were discarded as ins ...199710932719
the multiple identities of vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a ubiquitous marine bacterium and human pathogen. the organism possesses multiple cell types appropriate for life under different circumstances. the swimmer cell, with a single polar flagellum, is adapted to life in liquid environments. the polar flagellum is powered by the sodium motive force and can propel the bacterium at fast speeds. the swarmer cell, propelled by many proton-powered lateral flagella, can move through highly viscous environments, colonize surfaces, ...199910941784
cl(-) secretion in colonic epithelial cells induced by the vibrio parahaemolyticus hemolytic toxin related to thermostable direct hemolysin.a hemolytic toxin related to thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), tdh-related hemolysin (trh), produced by kanagawa-phenomenon-negative vibrio parahaemolyticus is suspected of playing an important, but yet-to-be-elucidated role in diarrhea caused by this organism. in cultured human colonic epithelial cells, trh increases cl(-) secretion, followed by elevation of intracellular calcium.200010948178
mechanisms of chloride secretion induced by thermostable direct haemolysin of vibrio parahaemolyticus in human colonic tissue and a human intestinal epithelial cell line.thermostable direct haemolysin (tdh) produced by vibrio parahaemolyticus is thought to play an important role in the severe diarrhoea caused by this organism. this study investigated the enterotoxicity of tdh for human intestinal cells. addition of tdh to the mucosal side of human colonic tissue in ussing chambers caused increased short circuit currents (isc), a process that was inhibited by 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (dids), an inhibitor of ca2+ -activated chloride (cl- ...200010966228
characteristics of vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 from asia.a variety of serovars of the food-borne pathogen vibrio parahaemolyticus normally cause infection. since 1996, the o3:k6 strains of this pathogen have caused pandemics in many asian countries, including taiwan. for a better understanding of these pandemic strains, the recently isolated clinical o3:k6 strains from india, japan, korea, and taiwan were examined in terms of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) typing and other biological characteristics. after pfge and cluster analysis, all the o ...200010966418
reduction of endogenous bacteria associated with catfish fillets using the grovac process.fresh catfish (ictalurus punctatus) fillets are known to be contaminated with a large number of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. the grovac method, a new patented (u.s. 5,543,163) process, was evaluated for its efficacy in reducing the number of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms associated with food. this process involves using a processing solution containing ascorbic acid (aa) and sodium chloride (nacl), vacuum, and tumbling. a total of 51 bacterial isolates were isolated and identified f ...200010983798
relation of capsular polysaccharide production and colonial cell organization to colony morphology in vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a ubiquitous, gram-negative marine bacterium that undergoes phase variation between opaque and translucent colony morphologies. the purpose of this study was to determine the factor(s) responsible for the opaque and translucent phenotypes and to examine cell organization within both colony types. examination of thin sections of ruthenium red-stained bacterial cells by electron microscopy revealed a thick, electron-dense layer surrounding the opaque cells that was absen ...200010986256
antibiotic- and metal-resistant strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimps.enteropathogenic strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated from shrimps, penaeus monodon collected from the region of the deltaic sundarbans (west bengal, india). about 63% of the isolated strains were resistant to ampicillin, cephalexin, and kanamycin. however, all these strains were sensitive to nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and norfloxacin. the isolated strains were resistant to ni2+] (75%), cu2+ (87%), and co2+ (37%), but all the strains were resistant against cd2+, zn ...200010990273
genetic characterization of dna region containing the trh and ure genes of vibrio parahaemolyticus.we have demonstrated that possession of the gene for thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) coincides with the presence of the urease gene among clinical vibrio parahaemolyticus strains and that the location of the two genes are in close proximity on the chromosome. here, we cloned and sequenced the 15,754-bp dna region containing the trh gene and the gene cluster for urease production from the chromosome of clinical v. parahaemolyticus (th3996). we found 16 open reading frames (o ...200010992480
emergence of a new vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype in raw oysters: a prevention quandary.in may and june 1998, reported vibrio parahaemolyticus infections increased sharply in texas.200011000648
a novel action of the proton pump inhibitor rabeprazole and its thioether derivative against the motility of helicobacter pylori.the motility of helicobacter pylori was maximum at 37 degrees c and at ph 6. a newly developed proton pump inhibitor, rabeprazole (rpz), and its thioether derivative (rpz-th) markedly inhibited the motility of h. pylori. the concentrations of the drug necessary to inhibit 50% of the motility were 0.25, 16, 16, and >64 microgram/ml for rpz-th, rpz, lansoprazole, and omeprazole, respectively. no such inhibitory effects were observed with h(2) blockers or anti-h. pylori agents. the motilities of ca ...200011036024
structural variation in the 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacers of vibrio parahaemolyticus.the 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacers (igs) of vibrio parahaemolyticus were pcr-amplified and cloned with pt7blue t vector. a total of six clones were isolated dependent on size difference. the clones were different with respect to both the number and the composition of the trna genes included, and were designated igs-0, igs-e, igs-ia, igs-ae, igs-ekv and igs-ekav. igs-ekav included the cluster of trna(glu)-trna(lys)-trna(ala)-trna(val); igs-ekv, trna(glu)-trna(lys)-trna(val); igs-ae, trna(ala)-tr ...200011040431
environmental investigations of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters after outbreaks in washington, texas, and new york (1997 and 1998).total vibrio parahaemolyticus densities and the occurrence of pathogenic strains in shellfish were determined following outbreaks in washington, texas, and new york. recently developed nonradioactive dna probes were utilized for the first time for direct enumeration of v. parahaemolyticus in environmental shellfish samples. v. parahaemolyticus was prevalent in oysters from puget sound, wash.; galveston bay, tex.; and long island sound, n.y., in the weeks following shellfish-associated outbreaks ...200011055906
clonal dissemination of vibrio parahaemolyticus displaying similar dna fingerprint but belonging to two different serovars (o3:k6 and o4:k68) in thailand and india.active surveillance of vibrio parahaemolyticus infection among hospitalized patients in calcutta, india, showed the appearance of the o4:k68 serovar for the first time in march 1998 alongside the continued predominant incidence of the o3:k6 serovar. strains belonging to both these serovars have been reported to possess pandemic potential. the genomes of o3:k6 and o4:k68 strains and for comparison, non-o3:k6 and non-o4:k68 strains isolated from two different countries, india and thailand, were ex ...200011057955
a unique and common restriction fragment pattern of the nucleotide sequences homologous to the genome of vf33, a filamentous bacteriophage, in pandemic strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 o4:k68, and o1:k untypeable.vf33 is a filamentous bacteriophage isolated from vibrio parahaemolyticus. we performed southern blot hybridization analysis to examine the distribution of vf33-related genetic elements in the pandemic strains (o3:k6 strains isolated between 1995 and 1997, o4:k68 and o1:k untypeable strains isolated between 1997 and 1999) of v. parahaemolyticus. nucleotide sequences homologous to the vf33 dna were detected in all 57 test strains including pandemic and non-pandemic strains. however, the profiles ...200011064200
norm of vibrio parahaemolyticus is an na(+)-driven multidrug efflux pump.norm of vibrio parahaemolyticus apparently is a new type of multidrug efflux protein, with no significant sequence similarity to any known transport proteins. based on the following experimental results, we conclude that norm is an na(+)-driven na(+)/drug antiporter. (i) energy-dependent ethidium efflux from cells possessing norm was observed in the presence of na(+) but not of k(+). (ii) an artificially imposed, inwardly directed na(+) gradient elicited ethidium efflux from cells. (iii) the add ...200011073914
molecular evidence of clonal vibrio parahaemolyticus pandemic strains.the upsurge in worldwide incidence of vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in the last 5 years has been attributed to the recent appearance of three serotypes with pandemic potential: o3:k6, o4:k68, and o1:k untypeable (kut). thirty-five strains of these serotypes, isolated from different countries over 4 years, were characterized by ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to determine their origin. the ribotypes of the strains of these serotypes were indistinguishable, except for a japanes ...200011076722
phylogeny of vibrio cholerae based on reca sequence.we sequenced a 705-bp fragment of the reca gene from 113 vibrio cholerae strains and closely related species. one hundred eighty-seven nucleotides were phylogenetically informative, 55 were phylogenetically uninformative, and 463 were invariant. not unexpectedly, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus strains formed out-groups; we also identified isolates which resembled v. cholerae biochemically but which did not cluster with v. cholerae. in many instances, v. cholerae serogroup designat ...200011083852
production of serine protease of aeromonas sobria is controlled by the protein encoded by the gene lying adjacent to the 3' end of the protease gene.we cloned a protease gene of aeromonas sobria and determined its nucleotide sequence. the protease is composed of 624 amino acid residues and its calculated molecular weight is 66,737.7. the amino acid sequence showed the characteristic features of a bacterial serine protease. we expressed the protease gene in vibrio parahaemolyticus from which the synthesized protease is secreted into the culture medium as the mature form, and purified the mature protease by successive column chromatographies. ...200011092244
vibrio parahaemolyticus serovar o3:k6 as cause of unusually high incidence of food-borne disease outbreaks in taiwan from 1996 to 1999.the occurrence of food-borne disease outbreaks in taiwan increased dramatically in 1996, and the incidence has since remained elevated. this increase in outbreaks is correlated with a high rate of isolation of vibrio parahaemolyticus, which caused between 61 and 71% of the total outbreaks for the period 1996 to 1999. by serotyping, 40 serovars were identified from 3743 v. parahaemolyticus isolates, of which o3:k6 was the most frequently detected. the o3:k6 serovar could have emerged in taiwan as ...200011101606
virulence of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from cultured small abalone, haliotis diversicolor supertexta, with withering syndrome.outbreaks of mass mortality among cultured small abalone haliotis diversicolor supertexta with withering syndrome occurred in may and september 1998 in kao-hsiung, taiwan. bacterial strains ch-1 and b4 were isolated from the haemolymph of the moribund small abalone using tryptic soy agar supplemented with 3% nacl and/or thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar. these two strains were characterized and identified as vibrio parahaemolyticus on the basis of various biochemical tests. the b4 stra ...200011123551
characterization of the pili isolated from vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6.pilus of vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 strain lvp9 belonging to the newly identified clone was purified and characterized. the molecular mass of the pilin was estimated to be about 18 kda by sds-page, and the isoelectric point of the pilin was 5.0 +/- 0.2. the lvp9 pili were antigenically different from the other v. parahaemolyticus na2 pili and ha7 pili as previously reported, nevertheless all three had indistinguishable morphology and shared a high degree of homology in their n-terminal amino ...200011127340
metal content and biochemical analyses of a recombinant collagenase prtv from vibrio parahaemolyticus.prtv is an extracellular metalloprotease of vibrio parahaemolyticus and regarded as a collagenase. inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry analysis indicated that the recombinant prtv contains 1 mol of zinc per mol of the native enzyme. on the basis of a kinetic study using 2-furanacryloyl-leu-gly-pro-ala (falgpa, the specific substrate for bacterial collagenase) as a substrate, it was suggested that metal ions may play a significant role in the binding and catalytic steps of th ...200011128063
evaluation of nonisotopic dna hybridization methods for detection of the tdh gene of vibrio parahaemolyticus.production of the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) by vibrio parahaemolyticus is associated with pathogenicity of the organism and is encoded by the tdh gene. the timely resolution of seafood-associated outbreaks requires rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic v. parahaemolyticus. the specificity of alkaline phosphatase- and digoxigenin-labeled tdh gene probes was evaluated against 61 strains of v. parahaemolyticus (including isolates from recent outbreaks involving oysters from the pacif ...200011131887
characterization of a novel vibrio parahaemolyticus phage, kvp241, and its relatives frequently isolated from seawater.a vibriophage, kvp241, and six of its relatives were isolated independently from seawater using vibrio parahaemolyticus as the host. all of the phages had the same morphology (a hexagonal head and a tail with a contractile sheath) and the same host range (specific for some v. parahaemolyticus strains). dna-dna hybridization experiments elucidated that their genomes are highly homologous to each other. analyses of amino acid sequences of putative major capsid proteins indicated that kvp241 may be ...200011145278
preventing vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. 200111150104
evaluation of two direct plating methods using nonradioactive probes for enumeration of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters.oysters (crassostrea virginica) were collected monthly from may 1998 to april 1999 from mobile bay, ala., and analyzed to determine vibrio parahaemolyticus densities at zero time and after 5, 10, and 24 h of postharvest storage at 26 degrees c. after 24 h of storage at 26 degrees c, oysters were transferred to a refrigerator at 3 degrees c and then analyzed 14 to 17 days later. the v. parahaemolyticus numbers were determined by the most-probable-number procedure using alkaline phosphatase-labele ...200111157236
vibrio parahaemolyticus thermostable direct hemolysin can induce an apoptotic cell death in rat-1 cells from inside and outside of the cells.rat-1 cells exposed to vibrio parahaemolyticus thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) developed morphological changes including shrinkage of the cells and reduction in the size of nuclei. cells either microinjected with tdh or transfected with the tdh gene also showed morphological changes similar to those induced by externally added toxin. furthermore, tdh-exposed or tdh-transfected cells both showed chromatin condensation and dna fragmentation which suggest cells undergoing apoptosis. in contrast ...200111179658
food poisoning outbreak from contaminated fish-balls.on february 9th, 1998, a food poisoning outbreak occurred at a boarding school for underprivileged students. an unmatched case-control study was done. an environmental survey, laboratory study of rectal swab culture, fish-balls, water and the cooking utensils were also performed. there were 132 suspect cases, of which the attack rate in teachers was 9.8 per cent (4/41), 16.7 per cent (1/6) in the food handlers and 15.7 per cent (127/810) in the students. the median incubation period was 18 hours ...200011215857
characterization of vibrio parahaemolyticus manganese-resistant mutants in reference to the function of the ferric uptake regulatory protein.in many bacteria, the ferric uptake regulatory protein (fur) has a central role in the negative regulation of genes affected by iron limitation. in this study, vibrio parahaemolyticus strains carrying mutations in the fur gene encoding fur were isolated by the manganese selection method to assess the function of fur in connection with alternations in the coordinate expression of the siderophore vibrioferrin (vf) and iron-repressible outer membrane proteins (iromps). ten out of 25 manganese-resis ...200011220684
vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with cholera-like diarrhea among patients in north jakarta, indonesia.a diarrhea study was conducted in north jakarta, indonesia from december 1996 through december 1997. vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from 333 (6.1%) of 5442 rectal swab samples collected from patients with cholera-like diarrhea. vibrio cholerae o1 was isolated from 545 (10.0%) and v. cholerae non-o1 from 183 samples (3.4%), respectively. patients positive for v. parahaemolyticus were mostly adults between 20 and 40 years of age, with males constituting 62%. a majority (65%) of these patient ...200111248518
microbiological quality and safety of quahog clams, mercenaria mercenaria, during refrigeration and at elevated storage temperatures.the effects of storage temperatures and times on the microbiological quality and safety of hard-shelled quahog clams (mercenaria mercenaria) were examined. samples were stored at four different incubation temperatures (3.3, 7.2, 10.0, and 12.8 degrees c) for a period of 3 weeks, following their harvest from summer growing waters (> or = 27 degrees c) and winter waters (< or = 4 degrees c). clams were analyzed for two naturally occurring pathogens, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. d ...200111252477
monodansylcadaverine inhibits cytotoxicity of vibrio parahaemolyticus thermostable direct hemolysin on cultured rat embryonic fibroblast cells.the mechanism of action of vibrio parahaemolyticus thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) on cultured cells still remains unclear. we show that addition of osmotic stabilizers, such as polyethylene glycol and dextran, could not protect cultured rat embryonic fibroblast cells (rat-1) against cytotoxicity induced by tdh, unlike their protection against the hemolytic activity of tdh. by contrast, 100 microm monodansylcadaverine, as well as the presence of 1 mm ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether ...200111267763
identification and characterization of the soda genes encoding manganese superoxide dismutases in vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio mimicus, and vibrio vulnificus.sequencing of fur titration assay-positive clones obtained from genomic dna libraries of vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. mimicus and v. vulnificus revealed open reading frames encoding proteins of 202, 205 and 202 amino acid residues, respectively. each open reading frame was preceded by a predicted fur box which overlaps a likely promoter with similarity to the -10 and -35 consensus sequence of escherichia coli. the deduced amino acid sequences shared considerable homology with bacterial mn-contain ...200111293479
populations of vibrio parahaemolyticus in retail oysters from florida using two methods.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a naturally occurring estuarine bacterium that is often associated with gastroenteritis in humans following consumption of raw molluscan shellfish. a number of studies have investigated the environmental distribution of v. parahaemolyticus, but little is known about the levels of this organism during distribution of oysters or at the point of consumption. duplicate samples of shellstock oysters were collected monthly (september 1997 to may 1998) from the same four rest ...200111348000
detection of bacterial pathogens by phage antibody display. 200011360836
filamentous phage associated with recent pandemic strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus.a group of pandemic strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus has recently appeared in asia and north america. we demonstrate that a filamentous phage is specifically associated with the pandemic v. parahaemolyticus strains. an open reading frame unique to the phage is a useful genetic marker to identify these strains.200111384535
surface sensing, swarmer cell differentiation, and biofilm development. 200111398406
detection of rtx toxin gene in vibrio cholerae by pcr.a pcr that amplifies a recently discovered vibrio cholerae rtx (repeat in toxin) toxin gene was developed. among 166 clinical and environmental isolates of v. cholerae causing epidemics and sporadic cases of cholera in various parts of the world, all were found to be toxigenic by both pcr and hep-2 cell cytotoxicity assay. standard strains of the classical biotype containing a deletion within the gene cluster exhibited negative results by both assays. this is the first rapid genotyping method fo ...200111427575
structures of ribonuclease p rnas of vibrio core species.the structures of an rna component of ribonuclease p (rnase p rna) were examined for vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio carchariae, vibrio natriegens, vibrio campbellii, vibrio proteolyticus, vibrio pelagius and vibrio harveyi to clearly determine their genetic differences. the rnase p rnas ranged from 382 to 454 nucleotides (nt) in size, and were remarkably different from each other in the structure of two helices, p3 and p12. the p3 helices were comprised of tandem repeats o ...200111430405
the effect of ship scrapping industry and its associated wastes on the biomass production and biodiversity of biota in in situ condition at alang.the main pollutants for the ship scrapping industry and its associated wastes at alang are heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbon and bacterial contaminations. the concentration of iron, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel and mercury were 25 to 15,500% more at nearshore station of alang as compared to control site at piram. the concentration of heavy metals in the nearshore station of alang was always higher than its concentration at 10 km away. the concentration of petroleum hy ...200111468924
analysis of seawaters for the recovery of culturable vibrio parahaemolyticus and some other vibrios.we investigated the recovery of dormant and injured cells along with the normally culturable cells of vibrio species with special emphasis on v. parahaemolyticus using both selective and non-selective media at moderate (20 c) and standard (37 c) culture temperatures from a bay water environment. culture temperatures (20 or 37 c) did not affect the recovery of v. parahaemolyticus but did for other vibrios. we observed similar seasonality of v parahaemolyticus as in most other environmental studie ...200111471828
antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils and their constituents from cinnamomum osmophloeum.the antibacterial activities of the essential oils from leaves of two cinnamomum osmophloeum clones (a and b) and their chemical constituents were investigated in this study. the nine strains of bacteria, including escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella sp., and vibrio parahemolyticus, were used in the antibacterial tests. results from ...200111483389
bacterial causes of aids-associated diarrhea in thailand.the incidence of bacterial diarrhea in aids patients has increased steadily and has led to enormous medical and public health problems. in this study, the clinical data together with 350 rectal swab samples each from aids patients with diarrhea (apd) and non-aids patients with diarrhea (napd), were collected and examined for bacterial enteropathogens at the bamrasnaradura infectious diseases hospital (bidh), nonthaburi, thailand from may to december 1996. patients were matched by age and sex. th ...200111485080
[the trends of vibrio parahaemolyticus foodborne outbreaks in tokyo: 1989-2000].the total number of foodborne outbreaks due to vibrio parahaemolyticus in tokyo during the last 12 years between 1989 and 2000 were 710. the number of outbreaks in a year was 55 in 1989, 75 in 1990, and there was a gradual decrease to 24 outbreaks in 1993 which was the smallest number during those 12 years. after 1994, the number of outbreaks increased dramatically year by year until 1998 (107 outbreaks). then they had decreased slightly to 74 in 1999, 65 in 2000. the monthly incidence of v. par ...200111494566
virulence factors in vibrios and aeromonads isolated from seafood.thirty-one isolates from seafood, identified as aeromonas hydrophila (7), aeromonas caviae (11), vibrio parahaemolyticus (3), vibrio fluvialis (5), vibrio alginolytictus (3), vibrio metschnikovii (1) and vibrio damsela (1), were tested for possible virulence factors including extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, haemolysins, cytotoxins (vero and hep-2 cells) and adherence ability (hep-2 cells). all the a. hydrophila strains were beta-haemolytic and produced cytotoxins as well as one strain of v. fl ...200111497085
polar flagellar motility of the vibrionaceae.polar flagella of vibrio species can rotate at speeds as high as 100,000 rpm and effectively propel the bacteria in liquid as fast as 60 microm/s. the sodium motive force powers rotation of the filament, which acts as a propeller. the filament is complex, composed of multiple subunits, and sheathed by an extension of the cell outer membrane. the regulatory circuitry controlling expression of the polar flagellar genes of members of the vibrionaceae is different from the peritrichous system of ent ...200111528005
identification of a h+/glucose and galactose symporter gene glt from xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.we identified a glucose and galactose transporter gene from the plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. sequence analysis indicated that the gene, named glt, encoded a polypeptide of 592 amino acid residues and the product was significantly homologous with members of the na+/glucose cotransporter (sglt) family from mammalian and bacterial origin, especially with vsglt from vibrio parahaemolyticus (50% identity). glt functioned as a glucose and galactose transporter in an escher ...200111529561
the importance of serum creatine phosphokinase level in the early diagnosis, and as a prognostic factor, of vibrio vulnificus infection.vibrio vulnificus infection causes rapidly progressive skin lesions and sepsis in compromised hosts with liver cirrhosis, and is often fatal. early diagnosis and rapid treatment are important.200111531792
[spread of zoonotic agents by foods of animal origin].due to the expansion of the international trade with food, there is a great and increasing danger of transmitting zoonotic agents with these foods over long distances from one region to another. however, in concrete cases it is difficult to determine which zoonotic agents are transmitted through which foodstuffs and how great the emergency is. the worldwide distribution of most of these agents, the easing up of import controls for goods coming from certain export countries, and the abstinence fr ...200111560117
hypercapnic hypoxia compromises bactericidal activity of fish anterior kidney cells against opportunistic environmental pathogens.acute hypoxia can cause massive fish and shellfish mortality. less clear is the role that chronic sublethal hypoxia might play in aquatic animal health. this study tested whether production of reactive oxygen species (ros) and bactericidal activity of fish phagocytic cells are suppressed under the conditions of decreased oxygen and ph and increased carbon dioxide which occur in the blood and tissue of animals exposed to sublethal hypoxia. anterior head kidney (ahk) cells of the mummichog, fundul ...200111592587
chloride secretion induced by thermostable direct haemolysin of vibrio parahaemolyticus depends on colonic cell maturation.vibrio parahaemolyticus produces a thermostable direct haemolysin (tdh) that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diarrhoeal disease caused by this organism. in previous work, tdh induced cl- secretion in human colonic epithelial cells that was dependent on the intracellular ca2+ concentration, [ca2+]in. this study investigated whether cl- secretion induced by tdh is influenced by the stage of maturation of intestinal epithelial cells. two different human colonic cell lines, villus cell-li ...200111599736
identification of bacteria crucial to histamine accumulation in pacific mackerel during storage.bacterial growth and histamine formation in pacific mackerel during storage at 0, 4, 15, and 25 degrees c were monitored. to identify bacterial species contributing to histamine formation, several groups of bacteria were isolated by using selective media under temperatures corresponding to the various storage conditions. initially, low counts of bacteria were found in the gill, skin, and intestine of fresh fish, and only weak histamine formers were found in the gill. histamine was found in the m ...200111601705
automated ribotyping differentiates vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 strains associated with a texas outbreak from other clinical strains.automated ribotyping with a qualicon riboprinter was used to determine whether clinical isolates of vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 recovered during two u.s. outbreaks of oyster-associated gastroenteritis in 1998 were related to each other and to a previously identified highly virulent asian clone of this serotype. the patterns produced using the restriction enzymes eco ri and pst i suggest that the outbreak in the northeastern united states was caused by a single strain closely related to the asi ...200111601716
heterotrophic bacteria community and pollution indicators of mussel--farm impact in the gulf of gaeta (tyrrhenian sea).field studies were carried out to determine and compare the impact of organic loads due to the biodeposition of a mussel farm on the water quality and sediment in a coastal area of the tyrrhenian sea (western mediterranean). a total of five environmental and five microbial parameters were examined from march, 1997 to february, 1998 on a monthly basis at three stations: the first was located under the mussel farm, the second located at about 40 m away from the mussel farm, while the third designe ...200111695652
a mate family multidrug efflux transporter pumps out fluoroquinolones in bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.we cloned a gene, bexa, that codes for a multidrug efflux transporter from the chromosomal dna of bacteroides thetaiotaomicron atcc 29741 by using an escherichia coli deltaacrab deltaacref mutant as a host. although the initial recombinant construct contained other open reading frames, the presence of bexa alone was sufficient to confer to the e. coli host elevated levels of resistance to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ethidium bromide. disruption of bexa in b. thetaiotaomicron made the strain ...200111709306
[surveillance of various enteropathogenic bacteria from diarrheal cases during 1989-1999 in kobe city].incidence of various enteropathogenic bacteria was examined from diarrheal faecal samples that were collected from the patients of kobe city general hospital and some station hospitals (23,862), and from overseas travelers (2,855) over a period of decade (1989-1999) in kobe. a total of 1,580 strains were isolated from domestic and 331 strains from overseas travelers. the results are as follows. 1) thirteen kinds of enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated from domestic diarrheal cases (6.6%). sal ...200111712364
improved method for detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood.we have developed a new, effective procedure for detecting vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafoods using enrichment and plating onto a chromogenic agar medium. samples were cultured in salt trypticase soy broth, which is a nonselective medium, and then a portion of the culture was cultured with salt polymyxin broth, which is a selective medium for v. parahaemolyticus. this two-step enrichment was more effective than the one-step enrichment in salt polymyxin broth alone. the enrichment cultures were ...200111722939
withering syndrome of the small abalone, haliotis diversicolor supertexta, is caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus and associated with thermal induction.the susceptibility of the small abalone haliotis diversicolor supertexta to vibrio parahaemolyticus 880915 strain and its extracellular products (ecp) at different temperatures was investigated. the strain was previously isolated from the haemolymph of the moribund small abalone with withering syndrome during an outbreak of mass mortality among the cultured animals in september 1999 in i-lan, taiwan. the bacterium and its ecp were lethal to the small abalone. onset of the withering syndrome in t ...200111724402
evaluation of typing of vibrio parahaemolyticus by three pcr methods using specific primers.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophilic bacterium frequently involved in human outbreaks of seafood-associated gastroenteritis. for epidemiological purposes, different molecular typing methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) or ribotyping, have been developed for this pathogen; however, these methods are mostly labor-intensive and time-consuming. in this work, we designed and evaluated three rapid pcr typing methods for this pathogen using primers designed on the basis of the fo ...200111724826
growth and recovery of selected gram-negative bacteria in reconditioned wastewater.previous reports indicate that escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp., and vibrio cholerae can grow in nutrient-limited, reconditioned wastewater over the temperature range of 4 to 46 degrees c when the biological oxygen demand of this water is <2, while its coliform growth response (cgr) is >2. in the current study, we investigated the growth response of vibrio parahaemolyticus, shigella spp., vibrio vulnificus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa in water samples with a cgr of >2 over the temperatur ...200111726156
phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of begonia malabarica.phytochemical investigation of the various extracts of the leaves of begonia malabarica lam. (begoniaceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of six known compounds, viz. friedelin, epi-friedelinol, beta-sitosterol, luteolin, quercetin and beta-sitosterol-3-beta-d-glucopyranoside. the aqueous and organic solvent extracts were also tested against ten human pathogenic bacteria and four fungal strains by the agar-well diffusion method. all the extracts were devoid of antifungal activity a ...200211744306
vmra, a member of a novel class of na(+)-coupled multidrug efflux pumps from vibrio parahaemolyticus.gene vmra, cloned from vibrio parahaemolyticus, made escherichia coli resistant to 4',6-diamino-2-phenylindol, tetraphenylphosphonium chloride, acriflavine, and ethidium bromide. vmra belongs to the dinf branch of mate family efflux transporters. vmra catalyzed acriflavine efflux and showed na(+)/drug transporter activity because the addition of tetraphenylphosphonium to na(+)-loaded cells caused na(+) efflux.200211751837
[detection of tdh-producing vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 from naturally contaminated shellfish using an immunomagnetic separation method and chromogenic agar medium].we attempted to isolate tdh-producing vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 from shellfish. asari samples were incubated with tsb supplemented with 2% (w/v) nacl for 6 h, and then the 6-h cultures were incubated with salt polymyxin broth for 18 h. after the two-step enrichment, a 1 ml portion of the culture was treated with magnetic beads coated with k6 antibody for immunoconcentration of v. parahaemolyticus o3:k6. the immunoconcentrated and untreated cultures were plated onto a chromogenic agar and tcb ...200111766378
prevalence of the pandemic genotype of vibrio parahaemolyticus in dhaka, bangladesh, and significance of its distribution across different serotypes.sixty-six strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus belonging to 14 serotypes were isolated from hospitalized patients in dhaka, bangladesh, from january 1998 to december 2000. among these, 48 strains belonging to four serotypes had the pandemic genotype and possessed the tdh gene. a marker (open reading frame orf8) for a filamentous phage previously thought to correspond to the pandemic genotype was found to have a poor correlation with the pandemic genotype.200211773134
migratory responses of hemocytes to vibrio parahaemolyticus in the alimentary tract of an estuarine neritid gastropod, clithon retropictus.migratory responses of hemocytes to vibrio parahaemolyticus strain d3 in the alimentary tracts of an estuarine neritid gastropod, clithon retropictus, and a related marine neritid, nerita albicilla, were examined under the scanning electron microscope. after ingesting the strain, active responses were seen at the esophagus, stomach and anterior intestine of adult c. retropictus and at the middle and posterior intestines of adult n. albicilla. when the alimentary tracts were isolated from the gas ...200111789601
dominant-negative rho, rac, and cdc42 facilitate the invasion process of vibrio parahaemolyticus into caco-2 cells.to clarify the invasive process of vibrio parahaemolyticus, an invasion assay was performed using cells expressing dominant negative small gtpases of the rho family. this assay showed that the dominant negative host phenotype facilitates bacterial invasion, suggesting that the mechanism of v. parahaemolyticus invasion differs from that reported for other invasive bacteria.200211796633
identification and characterization of pvua, a gene encoding the ferric vibrioferrin receptor protein in vibrio parahaemolyticus.we previously reported that vibrio parahaemolyticus expresses two outer membrane proteins of 78 and 83 kda concomitant with production of siderophore vibrioferrin in response to iron starvation stress and that these proteins are the ferric vibrioferrin receptor and heme receptor, respectively (s. yamamoto, t. akiyama, n. okujo, s. matsuura, and s. shinoda, microbiol. immunol. 39:759-766, 1995; s. yamamoto, y. hara, k. tomochika, and s. shinoda, fems microbiol. lett. 128:195-200, 1995). in this s ...200211807053
vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in u.s. retail shell oysters: a national survey from june 1998 to july 1999.from june 1998 to july 1999, 370 lots of oysters in the shell were sampled at 275 different establishments (71%, restaurants or oyster bars; 27%, retail seafood markets: and 2%, wholesale seafood markets) in coastal and inland markets throughout the united states. the oysters were harvested from the gulf (49%). pacific (14%), mid-atlantic (18%), and north atlantic (11%) coasts of the united states and from canada (8%). densities of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus were determined us ...200211808810
characterization of united states outbreak isolates of vibrio parahaemolyticus using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric) pcr and development of a rapid pcr method for detection of o3:k6 isolates.outbreaks of vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in the united states (texas, new york and pacific northwest) in 1997-98 emphasized the need to develop molecular methods for identification and differentiation of these organisms. when outbreak isolates were analyzed for the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences, the texas and new york outbreak isolates had a specific 850-bp dna fragment that was absent in pacific northwest isolates. the 850-bp polymerase chain reaction (pc ...200211814665
microbial risks in mild hot smoking of fish.hot smoked fish should fulfill the requirements set up for ready-to-eat foods. the total bacterial count on the raw material is 10(3) to 10(5) cfu per cm2 of skin and 10(2) to 10(9) cfu per gram of intestines. contamination with pathogenic bacteria is very low, mainly with clostridium botulinum, listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, and vibrio parahaemolyticus. in the premises of low hygiene, the contamination may increase due to unsanitary procedures, rotation of assigned duties of wor ...200211833636
cloning and sequence analysis of a novel metalloprotease gene from vibrio parahaemolyticus 04.the metalloprotease gene (vppc) from vibrio parahaemolyticus 04 has been cloned and sequenced. the vppc gene contains an open reading frame of 2442 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 814 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 89,833 da. the predicted amino acid sequence of vppc containing a zinc metalloprotease hexxh consensus motif displays extensive homology to the collagenase from vibrio alginolyticus. the activity of the recombinant protease produced in escherichia coli was exami ...200211867235
effects of depuration of molluscs experimentally contaminated with escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae 01 and vibrio parahaemolyticus.the aim of the present study was to investigate the behaviour of two pathogenic vibrios (vibrio cholerae o1 and vibrio parahaemolyticus) during depuration and to compare it with that of escherichia coli, used as an indicator of suitability for consumption.200211872121
identification and functional characterization of flgm, a gene encoding the anti-sigma 28 factor in pseudomonas aeruginosa.we describe here the functional characterization of the putative flgm gene of pseudomonas aeruginosa. flgm of p. aeruginosa is most similar to flgm of vibrio parahaemolyticus. a conserved region is present in the c-terminal half of the flgm of p. aeruginosa and in flgm homologues of other organisms that includes the sigma(28) binding domain. a role for the flgm gene of p. aeruginosa in motility was demonstrated by its inactivation. the beta-galactosidase activity of a transcriptional fusion of t ...200211872701
molecular analysis of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from human patients and shellfish during us pacific north-west outbreaks.aims: the objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and distribution of haemolysin genes, plasmid profile, serogroup analysis and cellular urease activity for vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from infected human patients and oysters from the pacific north-western united states between 1988 and 1997. methods and results: all of the clinical and environmental isolates tested in this study exhibited the presence of the thermolabile haemolysin gene, tl, confirming that all of the iso ...200211874534
[studies on halophilic vibrios causing a food poisoning outbreak in the city of vladivostok].v. parahaemolyticus and v. alginolyticus strains isolated from patients during an outbreak of an acute enteric disease in vladivostok in 1997 were studied. all strains were found to possess typical taxonomic signs. v. parahaemolyticus isolated from humans had direct heat stable haemolysin exotoxin. the overwhelming majority of these strains belonged to serovar o3k6. among the cultures under study 7 phage types were determined: phage types 1, 2, 7, 10 in 8 v. parahaemolyticus strains and phage ty ...200111881491
a ligand-dependent conformational change of the na+/galactose cotransporter of vibrio parahaemolyticus, monitored by tryptophan fluorescence.purification and reconstitution of the active vibrio parahaemolyticus na+/galactose transporter (vsglt) enables us to do protein chemistry studies on a representative member of this class of membrane transporters. by measuring intrinsic tryptophan (trp) fluorescence, conformational changes on the binding of substrates could be investigated. trp fluorescence increased by 6% on the addition of saturating levels of both na+ and d-galactose, with a k0.5 for d-galactose of 0.6 mm. no change was seen ...200211891582
effects of heat shock on the thermotolerance, protein composition, and toxin production of vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus, an important seafood-associated enteropathogen, usually encounters different adverse conditions in its native or food-processing environment, and the stresses resulting from these conditions may affect the survival of this pathogen and thus change its risk with regard to food hygiene. in this study, we investigated the thermotolerance of v. parahaemolyticus under sublethal heat shock and characterized this response by examining the changes in protein profiles and toxin p ...200211899049
antimicrobial synergistic effect of linolenic acid and monoglyceride against bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus.the antimicrobial effect of linolenic acid with or without monoglyceride (glycerol laurate or glycerol myristate) against six food-borne microorganisms was determined in broth medium. minimum inhibitory concentration of linolenic acid on bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus was 20 and 50 ppm, respectively. the growth of b. cereus treated with linolenic acid at 10 ppm with 10 ppm monoglyceride was more inhibitory than that of linolenic acid alone, and the viable cell population was reduced 2 ...200211902977
levels of thermostable direct hemolysin produced by vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 and other serovars grown anaerobically with the presence of a bile acid.twenty-three v. parahaemolyticus strains, including 12 pandemic o3:k6 strains, were examined for their growth and production of thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) under an anaerobic culture condition with or without presence of a bile acid, taurocholic acid (tca). both bacterial growth and tdh production were markedly enhanced by tca for a majority of the strains, but the scale of the tdh production was disproportionately greater than that of the corresponding growth for 14 strains. such enhanc ...200211910503
antibacterial activity of chitosans and chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights.antibacterial activities of six chitosans and six chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights (mws) were examined against four gram-negative (escherichia coli, pseudomonas fluorescens, salmonella typhimurium, and vibrio parahaemolyticus) and seven gram-positive bacteria (listeria monocytogenes, bacillus megaterium, b. cereus, staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus plantarum, l. brevis, and l. bulgaricus). chitosans showed higher antibacterial activities than chitosan oligomers and markedly ...200211929171
polymorphism in repeated 16s rrna genes is a common property of type strains and environmental isolates of the genus vibrio.analysis of the 16s rdnas obtained from cultures of single colonies of either type collection strains or environmental strains of the genus vibrio revealed the presence of polymorphism in every one of the strains examined. polymorphism was detected by visualization of heteroduplexes produced after 16s rdna pcr amplification, a procedure that allows for the screening of a large number of isolates. amplified 16s rdnas obtained from both vibrio parahaemolyticus and an environmental strain were clon ...200211932467
environmental investigation of potentially pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus in the seto-inland sea, japan.seawater and organic material (live and/or dead matter deposited on any substratum submersed in seawater) were collected during the cool weather season from a coast of the seto-inland sea, japan, and analyzed to determine vibrio parahaemolyticus densities and the occurrence of pathogenic strains, defined as those possessing tdh and/or trh genes by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), using isolated dna from enrichment culture of the samples. about 95% of the samples were positive for v. parahaem ...200211934498
tropical diarrhoea: new developments in traveller's diarrhoea.traveller's diarrhoea is the most common illness acquired by visitors to developing countries, affecting 20-50% of the 35 million people who travel from industrialized countries each year. important risk factors include point of origin and destination of the traveller, host factors, and exposure to contaminated food and water. the most common causes of traveller's diarrhoea in adults in developing countries include infection with escherichia coli, shigella spp., salmonella spp., campylobacter sp ...200111964874
characterisation of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from fish in kenya.acute gastroenteritis associated with fish has been reported since 1951 but is gaining importance with increase in fish consumption in kenya. the causative agent is vibrio parahaemolyticus. the importance of this organism is increasing due to the rise in the incidence of outbreaks of food poisoning related to it.200112002050
purification and characterization of a putative virulence factor, serine protease, from vibrio parahaemolyticus.a protease (protease a) was successfully purified from the extracellular proteins of vibrio parahaemolyticus no. 93, a clinical strain carrying neither tdh nor trh genes, using phenyl-sepharose cl-4b hydrophobic interaction chromatography. the molecular mass of protease a was 43 kda using gel filtration, which was in agreement with the results obtained from sds-page, suggesting that protease a was a monomeric protein. additionally, the isoelectric point of this protein was 5.0. the optimum tempe ...200212007650
an investigation into the changed physiological state of vibrio bacteria as a survival mechanism in response to cold temperatures and studies on their sensitivity to heating and freezing.to induce pathogenic vibrio bacteria into a changed physiological state, in response to cold temperatures in sea water, and assess their sensitivity to heating and freezing, as compared with normal cells.200212010547
occurrence of pathogenic vibrios in coastal areas of france.this study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of vibrio in french marine and estuarine environments.200212010553
functional expression of the vibrio parahaemolyticus na+/galactose (vsglt) cotransporter in xenopus laevis oocytes.we have successfully expressed a bacterial cotransporter in a functional form in the xenopus laevis oocyte expression system. the goals were to compare the kinetics and selectivity of the cotransporter expressed in oocytes with those obtained in bacteria and in proteoliposomes, and to determine if it is possible to measure the electrical properties of the bacterial cotransporter expressed in oocytes. the vibrio parahaemolyticus na+/galactose cotransporter (vsglt) expressed in oocytes has functio ...200212029378
comparative phenotypic, molecular, and virulence characterization of vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 isolates.historically, vibrio parahaemolyticus infections have been characterized by sporadic cases caused by multiple, diverse serotypes. however, since 1996, v. parahaemolyticus serotype o3:k6 strains have been associated with several large-scale outbreaks of illness, suggesting the emergence of a "new" group of organisms with enhanced virulence. we have applied three different molecular subtyping techniques to identify an appropriate method for differentiating o3:k6 isolates from other serotypes. puls ...200212039748
purification of a serine protease of vibrio parahaemolyticus and its characterization.a 50 kda protease designated as vpp1 was purified from the culture supernatant of a clinical strain of vibrio parahaemolyticus by ammonium sulfate fractionation, sephacryl s-200 hr gel filtration and fractogel emd tmae 650 ion-exchange chromatography. vpp1 was inhibited by edta, egta and serine protease inhibitors, suggesting that it is a calcium-dependent serine protease. n-terminal amino acid sequence of vpp1 was quite similar to that of v. metschnikovii protease and antibody against vpp1 inhi ...200212061633
ligand-induced differences in secondary structure of the vibrio parahaemolyticus na+/galactose cotransporter.a detailed structural study of the prokaryotic sodium/galactose transporter (vsglt) from vibrio parahaemolyticus using attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared (atr-ftir) spectroscopy reveals stepwise increases in alpha-helicity upon binding of sodium and d-galactose. these increases in helicity correlate with decreases in beta-structural elements. the changes are accompanied by stepwise reductions in the degree of h/d exchange (hdx), suggesting reduced accessibility of water to th ...200212069600
[the current status of infectious enteritis in japan--reports of the "research group for infectious enteric diseases, japan" in the last 5 years (1996-2000)].the patients or carriers with infectious enteritis admitted to the hospitals for infectious diseases in the last 5 years (1996-2000) were studied. the total number of cases admitted in each year were 969, 1,113, 981, 637 and 573 respectively. a total of 1,527 shigella spp. strains including 1,078 strains from overseas travelers' cases were isolated. the isolates of salmonella spp. excluding s. typhi and s. paratyphi a were 562 in number. a total of 61 vibrio cholerae o1 strains including 44 stra ...200212073571
a semi-quantitative seafood safety risk assessment.as part of a semi-quantitative risk assessment of 10 seafood hazard/product combinations, a risk assessment tool was used to generate a risk ranking. the tool is in a spreadsheet software format and provides a risk estimate, which is scaled between 0 and 100, where 0 represents no risk and 100 represents all meals containing a lethal dose of the hazard. a full description of the tool is contained in ross and sumner (this issue). based on their ranking, seafoods in australia fell into three risk ...200212076038
genotyping of pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 still open to question. 200212089318
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