Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| disseminated mycobacterium avium complex disease in the swiss hiv cohort study: increasing incidence, unchanged prognosis. | disseminated disease due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteria is thought to occur less frequently in europe than in the usa. this study investigated time trends in the occurrence of, and survival with, disseminated mac disease in the swiss hiv cohort study (shcs). | 1997 | 9233465 |
| [current status in the prevention of mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with hiv infection]. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections in aids are increasingly common and contribute to the mortality in severe immunocompromised patients. in this paper, we review the published studies on the prevention of the mac infections. rifabutin and the new macrolides (clarithromycin, azithromycin) are shown to be effective in the primary prevention. however, they can fail and are difficult to manage with the antiretroviral treatment, specially antiproteases and prevention of the other opportunis ... | 1997 | 9238443 |
| [anti-mycobacterium avium complex activities of krm-1648, clarithromycin and levofloxacin in 7hsf medium at peak or average blood concentrations after their oral administration of clinical dosages]. | we evaluated the anti-mycobacterium avium complex (mac) activities of krm-1648 (krm), clarithromycin (cam) and levofloxacin (lvfx) in 7hsf medium at concentrations in human blood after their oral administration of clinical dosages. mac organisms were inoculated into tubes containing the medium with or without the addition of test drugs at either 1/10 cmax, cmax or c0-8h (average concentrations during the first 8 h) in the blood. krm at cmax or c0-8h showed strong bactericidal activity against ma ... | 1997 | 9259129 |
| rapid drug susceptibility of mycobacterium avium complex using a fluorescence quenching method. | mycobacteria growth indicator tube (mgit) is a recently introduced rapid growth detection method which uses an oxygen quenched fluorescent indicator. the present study evaluated the ability of this new method to determine the drug susceptibility of mycobacterium avium complex (mac). thirty strains recovered from patients with aids were tested for susceptibility to clarithromycin, rifabutin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and amikacin using mgit. results were compared to susceptibilities determined ... | 1997 | 9269603 |
| [mycobacterium avium complex infection: a growing problem in our country]. | since the emergence of aids, disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection has become a growing cause of morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. our objective was to study the incidence and the clinical and microbiological features of mac infection in hiv-positive patients as well as the response to a therapy regimen combining clarithromycin and ethambutol. at our hospital, the first patient with disseminated mac infection was diagnosed in 1988. since then, 54 hiv-positive ... | 1997 | 9273579 |
| effector molecules of the host defence mechanism against mycobacterium avium complex: the evidence showing that reactive oxygen intermediates, reactive nitrogen intermediates, and free fatty acids each alone are not decisive in expression of macrophage antimicrobial activity against the parasites. | in this study, we evaluated the roles of reactive oxygen intermediates (roi), reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni), and free fatty acids (ffa) as effectors of the macrophage-mediated host defence mechanism against mycobacterium avium complex (mac). first, m. avium (three strains) and m. intracellulare (two strains) were treated with the h2o2-fe2+-mediated halogenation system, acidified nano2-derived rni, or ffa (linolenic acid) in sodium acetate buffer ph 5.5, and then counted for the number of ... | 1997 | 9276519 |
| prophylaxis for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with aids: a cost-effectiveness analysis. | to determine the effectiveness and costs of prophylaxis for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with aids. | 1997 | 9292586 |
| synergistic antimycobacterial activity between ethambutol and the beta-lactam drug cefepime. | the activity of cefepime alone and in combination with ethambutol was assessed, using the bactec radiometric system, on 33 mycobacterial strains, 14 mycobacterium avium complex (mac), 6 isolates of m. malmoense, and 13 multidrug-resistant (mdr) isolates of m. tuberculosis. all tested mycobacteria were resistant to 8 mg/l cefepime. however, at a concentration of 32 mg/l cefepime was active on 7/13 (54%) mdr isolates of m. tuberculosis and 2/6 (33%) m. malmoense strains. all mac strains were also ... | 1997 | 9294701 |
| [atypical mycobacteria. disseminated infection in patients with hematologic diseases]. | during the last decade interest in atypical mycobacteria (am), especially mycobacterium avium complex (mac) has been intense, as a large number of aids patients develop disseminated infection with mac. disseminated infection has also been reported in other immunocompromised patients, but in much fewer cases. among haematological diseases hairy cell leukemia (hcl) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (cml) seem to predispose to disseminated am infection. we review 53 cases of disseminated am infectio ... | 1997 | 9304266 |
| altered il-1 expression and compartmentalization in monocytes from patients with aids stimulated with mycobacterium avium complex. | the pathophysiologic basis for the exuberant intracellular growth of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in aids patients is unclear but may relate to altered expression of modulatory cytokines. interleukin (il)-1, il-6, and tnf-alpha expression by monocytes from aids patients and healthy subjects (hs) stimulated with isogeneic mac strains (smt, smooth-transparent, virulent; smd, smooth-domed, avirulent) was examined. spontaneous cytokine production was not observed in patients with aids. mac stra ... | 1997 | 9327338 |
| [effects of various steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on in-vitro il-10 production of murine peritoneal macrophages infected with mycobacterium avium complex]. | in murine infections due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac), bacterial regrowth of the pathogens is frequently encountered in the relatively late phase of infection even in mice receiving daily treatments with antimicrobial agents including rifamycins and macrolides. in this case, the bacterial regrowth is usually accompanied by concomitant increase in the tissue levels of il-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta), well known immunosuppressive cytokines. in this context, it is of in ... | 1997 | 9339628 |
| molecular characterization of mycobacterium avium complex isolates giving discordant results in accuprobe tests by pcr-restriction enzyme analysis, 16s rrna gene sequencing, and dt1-dt6 pcr. | based on cultural and biochemical tests, a total of 84 strains (72 clinical and 12 environmental isolates from the caribbean isles, europe, and the indian subcontinent) were identified as members of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). they were further characterized with mac, m. avium, and m. intracellulare probes of the accuprobe system, and this was followed by selective amplification of dt6 and dt1 sequences. seventy isolates gave concordant results; 63 were identified as m. avium, 5 were ... | 1997 | 9350730 |
| a randomized evaluation of ethambutol for prevention of relapse and drug resistance during treatment of mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia with clarithromycin-based combination therapy. california collaborative treatment group. | patients with aids and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia are at high risk for relapse and emergence of resistant isolates during monotherapy with clarithromycin. ninety-five aids patients with mac bacteremia received clarithromycin plus clofazimine, with or without ethambutol, in a prospective, multicenter, randomized open-label trial. of 80 patients with positive baseline cultures, sterilization or a 2 log10 reduction in colony-forming units of mac in two consecutive blood cultures o ... | 1997 | 9359722 |
| analysis of mycobacterium avium complex serovars isolated from aids patients from southeast brazil. | the purpose of this study was to assess the distribution of mycobacterium avium serovars isolated from aids patients in são paulo and rio de janeiro. ninety single site or multiple site isolates from 75 patients were examined. the most frequent serovars found were 8 (39.2%), 4 (21.4%) and 1 (10.7%). the frequency of mixed infections with serovar 8 or 4 was 37.8%. among the 90 strains examined, m. intracellulare serovars (7 strains) and m. scrofulaceum (4 strains) were found in 11 isolates (12%) ... | 1997 | 9361739 |
| use of four dna insertion sequences to characterize strains of the mycobacterium avium complex isolated from animals. | the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) includes the closely related species m. avium, m. intracellulare and m. paratuberculosis. the insertion elements is900, is901, is1245 and is1311 were used as dna probes to characterize by restriction fragment polymorphisms (rflps) eight reference strains, three animal isolates of m. paratuberculosis from outside new zealand and 61 selected new zealand mac isolates from cattle, deer, pigs, sheep and humans. is900 was found only in strains of m. paratuberculos ... | 1997 | 9375297 |
| trends in incidence of aids illnesses in australia from 1983 to 1994: the australian aids cohort. | to assess time trends in incidence of aids illnesses in australia, a retrospective cohort of people diagnosed with aids from january 1, 1983 to december 31, 1994 in three hiv medicine units in sydney, melbourne, and perth was established. data on initial and subsequent aids illnesses were available for 2580 aids cases, or 45% of australian aids notifications over the study period. males represented 97.2% of the cohort, and hiv exposure category was homosexual contact for 89.9%. subcohorts were f ... | 1997 | 9377123 |
| [a case of aids with disseminated mycobacterium kansasii infection in which mycobacterium, avium complex was also detected from his sputum repeatedly]. | a 43 year-old japanese male was admitted to our hospital because of productive cough and fever. he was diagnosed as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in 1994. laboratory findings were as follows: wbc was 3200/microliter, cd4+ t lymphocyte count was 22/microliter. his chest x-ray film taken on admission showed infiltration with small cavity lesion in middle left lung field. tuberculin skin reaction was negative. he was treated with isoniazid 0.4 g, rifampicin 0.45 g, and ethambutol 0.75 g ... | 1997 | 9386356 |
| effector molecules in expression of the antimicrobial activity of macrophages against mycobacterium avium complex: roles of reactive nitrogen intermediates, reactive oxygen intermediates, and free fatty acids. | we studied microbicidal activities of reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni), free fatty acids (ffa), and reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and the mode of macrophage (mphi) production of these effectors. (1) intracellular growth of mac in murine peritoneal mphis was accelerated by scavengers for roi or rni and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase or phospholipase a2, indicating roles of roi, rni, and ffa in mphi anti-mac functions. (2) acidified nano2-d ... | 1997 | 9400821 |
| characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children at the time of death: an experience in the 1990s. | to describe the changes in the characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related deaths in children with perinatally acquired infection. | 1997 | 9427460 |
| evaluation of a new method for rapid drug susceptibility testing of mycobacterium avium complex isolates by using the mycobacteria growth indicator tube. | the reliability of the mycobacteria growth indicator tube (mgit [bbl]) for rapid drug susceptibility testing of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) isolates was evaluated. mics of amikacin, clarithromycin, clofazimine, ethambutol, and rifabutin were determined by the mgit system for 16 mac strains. the results were compared with those obtained by the bactec broth macrodilution method. the turnaround times were 6 to 8 days (median, 7 days) for the mgit and 5 to 7 days (median, 6 days) for the bacte ... | 1998 | 9431921 |
| electron microscopic analysis of mycobacterium avium complex isolates exposed to ciprofloxacin, rifabutin, ethambutol and clarithromycin. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) isolates grown in the presence of clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ethambutol or rifabutin were examined by electron microscopy for drug-induced ultrastructural changes. | 1997 | 9432376 |
| the cost-effectiveness of preventing aids-related opportunistic infections. | multiple options are now available for prophylaxis of opportunistic infections related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). however, because of differences in incidence rates as well as drug efficacy, toxicity, and costs, the role of different types of prophylaxis remains uncertain. | 1998 | 9440663 |
| activity of krm 1648 or rifabutin alone or in combination with clarithromycin against mycobacterium avium complex in human alveolar macrophages. | the activity of krm 1648 (krm), a new benzoxazinorifamycin, and rifabutin (rbt), alone or in combination with clarithromycin (cla), was evaluated against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) that multiplied in human alveolar macrophages (am). | 1997 | 9441102 |
| comparison of co2 generation (bactec) and viable-count methods to determine the postantibiotic effect of antimycobacterial agents against mycobacterium avium complex. | the postantibiotic effects (paes) of antimycobacterial agents determined with a bactec tb-460 instrument (co2 production) and by a traditional viable-count method against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) were not significantly different (p > 0.05). the longest paes following a 2-h exposure to 2x the mic were induced by amikacin (10.3 h), rifampin (9.7 h), and rifabutin (9.5 h), while the shortest paes resulted from clofazimine (1.7 h) and ethambutol (1.1 h) exposure. co2 generation is a valid a ... | 1998 | 9449284 |
| impact of opportunistic disease on survival in patients with hiv infection. | to assess the impact of opportunistic diseases on survival in patients with hiv disease. | 1998 | 9456252 |
| focal mycobacterial lymphadenitis following initiation of protease-inhibitor therapy in patients with advanced hiv-1 disease. | inhibitors of hiv-1 protease produce a rapid decrease in plasma hiv-1 rna, with concomitant increases in cd4 t-helper lymphocyte counts. the main side-effects of the protease inhibitors currently in use include gastrointestinal disturbances, paraesthesias, hyperbilirubinaemia, and nephrolithiasis. the increasing use of these agents in patients with advanced hiv-1 infection and cd4 counts of less than 50 cells/microl may be associated with unforeseen adverse effects not observed in earlier studie ... | 1998 | 9457095 |
| surgical management of mycobacterium avium complex disease. | between july 1991 and october 1996, eight patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) underwent pulmonary resection in our department. there was equal distribution of men women. the length of the preoperative period averaged 8.1 months (range: 1 to 30 months). surgical resection was complete, consisting of lobectomy in 4 patients, lobectomy with partial resection in 2, segmentectomy in 1, and segmentectomy with partial resection in 1. there were no major complications postoperatively. no pat ... | 1997 | 9477466 |
| evaluation of the mycoakt latex agglutination test for rapid diagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex infections. | rapid diagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia is important for management of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who have disseminated mac. the purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the mycoakt latex agglutination test for direct detection of mac in positive mycobacterial blood cultures. first, colonies of isolates of previously identified mycobacteria, including 35 mac, were tested. of the 55 isolates evaluated, 33 were identified as mac by ... | 1998 | 9488835 |
| hyposplenism from mycobacterium avium complex infection in a patient with aids and immune thrombocytopenia. | we describe a patient with hiv-related immune thrombocytopenic purpura with known mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage associated with severe thrombocytopenia who failed splenectomy following unsuccessful trials of corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin. his presplenectomy peripheral blood smear showed howell-jolly bodies and microscopic examination of his spleen demonstrated multiple granulomas with numerous acid-fast organisms replacing t ... | 1998 | 9490567 |
| enhanced interleukin-10 production in response to mycobacterium avium products in mononuclear cells from patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection are susceptible to infections with mycobacterium avium complex (mac). interleukin (il)-10 may impair immunity to mac; therefore, the effect of different mac preparations on il-10 production was examined in mononuclear cell cultures from hiv-infected patients. il-10 levels in cultures for 26 patients were higher than those in 20 control cultures. the highest il-10 levels were found in cultures from patients with the most advanced ... | 1998 | 9498436 |
| human immunodeficiency virus replication in aids patients with mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia: a case control study. california collaborative treatment group. | the development of opportunistic infections and the administration of vaccines have been associated with transient increases of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) rna plasma levels in hiv-infected patients. to determine the relationship between mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia and hiv rna levels, hiv rna levels in patients who developed mac bacteremia (cases) were compared with levels in patients who remained free of mac disease (controls). cases and controls were matched for cd4 cel ... | 1998 | 9498437 |
| pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease without dissemination in hiv-infected patients. | pulmonary disease due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) without evidence of dissemination is uncommon in hiv-infected patients. five cases were observed over a 2-year period. all patients had aids and the median cd4 cell count at the time of presentation was 90 x 10(6)/l. radiographic patterns included unilobar alveolar infiltrates or diffuse alveolar densities. all patients had a favorable clinical response to antimycobacterial chemotherapy with a median follow-up period of 10 months. mac sh ... | 1998 | 9498982 |
| antimicrobial activities of benzoxazinorifamycin krm-1648, clarithromycin and levofloxacin against intracellular mycobacterium avium complex phagocytosed by murine peritoneal macrophages. | the in-vitro activities of krm-1648, a new benzoxazinorifamycin, clarithromycin and levofloxacin against clinical isolates of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) were measured using various methods of assay and compared with their in-vivo therapeutic activities against mac infection in mice. the mics varied according to drug in the order krm-1648 << clarithromycin < levofloxacin. however, krm-1648 and clarithromycin but not levofloxacin had similar therapeutic outcomes in mac-infected mice. krm-16 ... | 1998 | 9511040 |
| once weekly azithromycin therapy for prevention of mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with aids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. | we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of azithromycin (1,200 mg once weekly) for the prevention of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with aids and a cd4 cell count of < 100/mm3. in an intent-to-treat analysis through the end of therapy plus 30 days, nine (10.6%) of 85 azithromycin recipients and 22 (24.7%) of 89 placebo recipients developed mac infection (hazard ratio, 0.34; p = .004). there was no difference in the ranges of minimal ... | 1998 | 9524832 |
| adjunctive corticosteroid therapy for patients whose treatment for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection has failed. | patients with aids and disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection can have progressive disease despite combination antimycobacterial therapy. our goal was to determine the utility of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for aids patients with disseminated mac infection and refractory symptoms despite combination antimycobacterial therapy. we retrospectively reviewed 12 consecutive patients whose therapy for mac infection clinically failed and who subsequently received low-dose ora ... | 1998 | 9524844 |
| use of is901 and is1245 in rflp typing of mycobacterium avium complex: relatedness among serovar reference strains, human and animal isolates. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) includes major acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids)-associated pathogens. formerly, mac serotyping was used for epidemiological purposes. recently, restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) typing has become available. | 1998 | 9526198 |
| the yield of bone marrow biopsy and culture compared with blood culture in the evaluation of hiv-infected patients for mycobacterial and fungal infections. | to compare the clinical utility of bone marrow biopsy and culture specimens with blood cultures for mycobacterial and fungal infections among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. | 1998 | 9528729 |
| immunomodulatory treatment of mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in patients with aids by use of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. | eight aids patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia were randomized to receive azithromycin with or without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) for 6 weeks to examine the effect of gm-csf administration on clearance of mycobacteremia and on monocyte function. superoxide anion production was significantly increased ex vivo in monocytes from patients receiving gm-csf but not in those from patients receiving azithromycin alone. relative to monocytes obtained ... | 1998 | 9534963 |
| [nontuberculous mycobacteriosis; the present status and in the future. mechanisms of host resistance to mycobacterium avium complex and mycobacterium tuberculosis infection]. | in order to know profiles of the antimicrobial action of some microbicidal effector molecules against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and m. tuberculosis (mtb), profiles of collaborating effects among reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni), free fatty acids (ffa), and reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) were studied, rni and ffa exerted synergistic effects in killing mac and mtb, while the combination of roi (h2o2-mediated halogenation system) with ffa conversely caused antagonism. the combinat ... | 1998 | 9545699 |
| [nontuberculous mycobacteriosis; the present status and in the future. 3-(2) long-term prognosis of mycobacterium avium complex disease]. | this paper shows long-term course of 71 patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease treated in national hiroshima hospital between 1977 and 1991 and were observed for more than 5 years or died between 6 months and years from the onset. in the patients who were not treated with chemotherapeutic agent or treated with less than 3 drugs, about 60 per cent deteriorated and few obtained persistent negativity of bacteria. in patients treated with at least 3 drugs out of isoniazid, rifampici ... | 1998 | 9545701 |
| haemolysin from mycobacterium avium complex isolates from aids patients. | cell-bound haemolytic activity was observed in isolates of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) from aids patients. m. avium type strains showed negligible activity. none of the culture supernates exhibited any haemolytic activity. zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethyl-ammonio]-1-propanesulphonate (chaps) was used to extract haemolysin from ethanol-treated m. avium complex strain 101 (mac101) cells. haemolysin was isolated from chaps extract (ce) by metal affinity chromatography an ... | 1998 | 9569004 |
| multicenter comparison of esp culture system ii with bactec 460tb and with lowenstein-jensen medium for recovery of mycobacteria from different clinical specimens, including blood. | the recently developed esp culture system ii (accumed, chicago, ill.) was compared with radiometric bactec 460tb (becton dickinson, towson, md.) and with lowenstein-jensen medium for recovery of mycobacteria from over 2,500 clinical specimens both of respiratory and nonrespiratory origin, including blood. the majority of the 219 mycobacterial isolates (129) belonged to the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, followed by 37 isolates of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and 53 isolates of eigh ... | 1998 | 9574709 |
| weight loss as a predictor of survival and disease progression in hiv infection. terry beirn community programs for clinical research on aids. | severe weight loss in hiv is associated with decreased length of survival. it is unclear whether mild weight loss is associated with an increased risk of death or opportunistic complications of hiv. participants in four interventional studies (n = 2382) conducted by a community-based clinical trials network were evaluated for percentage change in weight during their first 4 months in the study. proportional hazards models were performed for the occurrence of opportunistic complications and death ... | 1998 | 9593462 |
| rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis in various biopsy and body fluid specimens by the amplicor mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction test. | this study was undertaken to determine the usefulness of the amplicor mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test (roche diagnostic systems, inc; branchburg, nj) in diagnosing tb in tissue and body fluid specimens other than respiratory secretions. | 1998 | 9596293 |
| treatment and prophylaxis of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex in hiv-infected individuals. | to review the pathophysiology, epidemiology, treatment, and prophylaxis of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in hiv-infected individuals. | 1998 | 9606478 |
| proinflammatory cytokine and human immunodeficiency virus rna levels during early mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in advanced aids. | the relationship between mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia and proinflammatory cytokine and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) rna levels in aids was investigated. during a prospective study, blood samples were drawn monthly for mycobacterial cultures. sera were available at baseline and onset of mac bacteremia from 20 cases and at corresponding times from 19 controls. mean interleukin-6 (il-6) levels were 154% greater at the time of mac bacteremia in cases than in controls. ... | 1998 | 9607863 |
| [uveitis, arthralgia and pseudo-jaundice in a hiv seronegative patient due to rifabutin]. | rifabutin is an effective drug in the treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac). rare adverse effects have been described in non immunocompromised patients. we report the case of a 35 year-old woman, negative for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), who had an isolated pulmonary infection caused by mac. under rifabutin (600 mg/day), clarithromycin and ethambutol, an uveitis, associated with a pseudojaundice and polyarthralgia, appeared, while pulmonary infection improved. improvement of ... | 1998 | 9608993 |
| mechanism of mycobacterium avium complex pathogenesis. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) group of microorganisms are the most common opportunistic bacterial pathogens causing disseminated disease in hiv infected patients. these microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature, and are acquired by respiratory and oral routes. pathogenesis of mac depends on the ability of the organisms to colonize intestinal/respiratory mucosa, penetrate the protective barriers and resist intracellular killing by macrophages. transient and reversible variation of colony morpho ... | 1998 | 9616131 |
| [hrct findings of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex: a comparison with tuberculosis]. | computed tomographic (ct) findings of 70 patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease were analyzed by two chest radiologists and compared with those of 37 patients with mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. common ct findings in patients with mac, included bronchiectasis (97%), small nodules (89%), parenchymal distortion (60%), bronchial wall thickening (56%), consolidation (50%) and cavity formation (49%) and small nodules (86%), bronchiectasis (70%), consolidation (57%) and bronchi ... | 1998 | 9617137 |
| evaluation of in vivo therapeutic efficacy of a new benzoxazinorifamycin, krm-1648, in scid mouse model for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection. | in this study, profiles of infection due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in cb-17 scid mice deficient in t and b cell functions were examined, when mice were given or not given a new benzoxazinorifamycin, krm-1648 (krm), during the course of infection. when mice were infected intravenously with mac, the bacterial loads in their visceral organs were larger than those of their co-isogenic cb-17 counterparts. the incidence and the degree of gross lung lesions were less in scid mice compared to ... | 1998 | 9624545 |
| altered natural history of aids-related opportunistic infections in the era of potent combination antiretroviral therapy. | since potent hiv protease inhibitor drugs became widely available in early 1996, many hiv clinical specialists have noted a marked decrease in the occurrence of aids-related opportunistic infections, and some specialists have reported unusual clinical presentations and manifestations of previously common opportunistic infections. in this article, we will review (1) the available data regarding recent trends in aids-related opportunistic infections incidence and manifestations, (2) clinical and i ... | 1998 | 9632998 |
| [geographical distribution of mycobacterium avium complex in environment and serovars of mycobacterium avium complex isolates from patients with and without aids]. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) organisms have been isolated from water and soil. it is now generally accepted that environmental sources, especially natural waters, are the reservoirs for most human infections caused by mac. previously, we reported that m. avium and m. intracellular were distributed predominantly in the eastern and western part of japan, respectively. to clarify the factor(s) of the difference, the following experiment was undertaken. mac was isolated from soil samples collec ... | 1998 | 9637823 |
| trends in aids-related opportunistic infections among men who have sex with men and among injecting drug users, 1991-1996. | incidence trends for the 13 most frequent aids-defining opportunistic infections (ois) among men who have sex with men (msm, n = 15,588) and injecting drug users (idus, n = 4475) were examined using data abstracted from medical records in >90 hospitals and clinics in nine us cities during 1991-1996. among msm, the most frequent ois were mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and cytomegalovirus (cmv) retinitis; decreasing (p < or = .05) trends occurred f ... | 1998 | 9652430 |
| initial (6-month) results of three-times-weekly azithromycin in treatment regimens for mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. | two consecutive, open, prospective trials of intermittent azithromycin (600 mg), usually given monday, wednesday, and friday (tiw) for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) lung disease were initiated in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. regimen a consisted of tiw azithromycin and daily ethambutol (15 mg/kg/day), daily rifabutin (300 mg/day), and initial twice weekly (biw) streptomycin. regimen b consisted of tiw azithromycin, tiw ethambutol (25 mg/kg/dose), tiw rifabutin (600 mg/dose) ... | 1998 | 9652431 |
| cellular reaction to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) clinical isolates differing in hemolytic activity and virulence for c57bl/6 mice. | in this study we showed that mycobacterium avium complex (mac) clinical isolates differed by the expression of hemolytic activity. two hemolytic mac strains were less susceptible to the mycobactericidal effect of murine macrophages than two unhemolytic mac isolates. in vivo, hemolytic mac bacilli survived in the spleens of infected mice for a longer time than unhemolytic mac strains. this suggested a role of hemolysins in the virulence of mac strains. there was no difference in the cytotoxicity ... | 1998 | 9654367 |
| [disseminated infection with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in hiv infection]. | disseminated mac-infection is one of the most frequent opportunistic infections occurring in hiv-infected patients. severely immunocompromised patients with cd4-counts < 50/microliter are at greatest risk for the disease. survival of untreated infection is very poor (5 to 6 months). with therapy survival is prolonged by about 4 months. clinical presentation and diagnostic procedures: the leading symptom of mac-infection is fever eventually accompanied by weight lost, night sweats, enlarged lymph ... | 1998 | 9662943 |
| identification of a gene unique to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and application to diagnosis of paratuberculosis. | mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis (johne's disease), a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. currently, there is a need for improved diagnostic tests because of the lack of methods for accurate, rapid and reliable detection of m. paratuberculosis infection. a m. paratuberculosis gene (hspx) was cloned, sequenced, and a 30 bp species-specific oligonucleotide was synthesized. as an internal control to identify m ... | 1998 | 9664574 |
| clinical and radiographic manifestations of uncommon pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in aids patients. | to determine the clinical and radiographic findings of nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) other than mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and mycobacterium kansasii in aids compared with non-aids patients. | 1998 | 9674460 |
| co-infection by cryptococcus neoformans and mycobacterium avium intracellulare in aids. clinical and epidemiological aspects. | in the observation of various opportunistic pathogens in hiv-positive persons, co-infection by cryptococcus neoformans together with mycobacterium avium intracellulare was found if there was a cd4 lymphocyte count as low as 3-20/microliters. in 1540 hiv-positive patients under treatment at a berlin hospital (auguste-viktoria-krankenhaus) during 1985-1994, all aids-relevant diseases were examined in a multivariate analysis as variables of influence on the manifestation of a systemic mycobacterium ... | 1997 | 9691498 |
| current strategies for the prevention and treatment of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with aids. | disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is a common opportunistic disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. macrolides effectively prevented and treated the disease in clinical trials. in general, prophylaxis with clarithromycin or azithromycin is indicated for patients with cd4 cell counts below 50 cells/mm3. treatment of disseminated mac infection is lifelong and must include two agents with antimyco ... | 1998 | 9692648 |
| the diagnostic usefulness of bone marrow cultures in patients with fever of unknown origin. | bone marrow cultures (bmcs) and blood cultures (bcs) are frequently obtained in the evaluation of fever of unknown origin (fuo). however, the low yield of clinically significant isolates leads to questions about their cost-effectiveness. we retrospectively compared bmc with bc and studied the usefulness of bone marrow trephine biopsy (bmtb) histopathology in detecting infection in an unselected population of 61 patients with fuo, among whom 215 bmcs had been performed. for patients who had under ... | 1998 | 9704612 |
| modification of results of drug susceptibility tests by coexistence of mycobacterium avium complex with mycobacterium tuberculosis in a sputum sample: case report and experimental considerations. | we report on a patient whose sputum contained both mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex (mac). the mac failed to be detected by the pcr-based amplicor test. the unrecognized coexistence of mac in the sample modified the results of drug susceptibility tests. experiments revealed that the presence of both m. tuberculosis and mac was not detected by the amplicor test under certain conditions. | 1998 | 9705428 |
| clinical features and outcome in disseminated mycobacterial diseases in aids patients in taiwan. | to describe and compare the clinical features and outcome of disseminated tuberculosis (tb) and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease in aids patients. | 1998 | 9708409 |
| long-term outcomes of treatment of mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia using a clarithromycin-containing regimen. | to describe the long-term outcomes of treatment of aids-related mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia using a standard clarithromycin-based regimen. | 1998 | 9708410 |
| preventing mycobacterium avium complex in patients who are using protease inhibitors: a cost-effectiveness analysis. | practice guidelines recommending mycobacterium avium complex (mac) prophylaxis for patients with hiv disease were based on clinical trials in which individuals did not receive protease inhibitors. | 1998 | 9727572 |
| genetic diversity among mycobacterium avium complex strains recovered from children with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. | the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections in children with and without human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection were evaluated. isolates recovered from 136 children were subtyped by sequence analysis of a 360-bp region of the gene (hsp65) encoding a 65-kda heat-shock protein. twenty-one distinct hsp65 alleles were identified. on the basis of hsp65 genotype, 6 isolates were not mac organisms. of the remaining 130 samples, 61% were m. aviu ... | 1998 | 9728547 |
| elevated levels of serum-soluble cd14 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection: correlation to disease progression and clinical events. | soluble (s) cd14, a marker for monocyte/macrophage activation and a mediator of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) action, was elevated in serum from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv- 1)-infected individuals (n = 92) compared with seronegative controls. the highest levels were found in patients with advanced clinical and immunological disease. patients with ongoing clinical events had significantly higher scd14 levels than symptomatic hiv-1-infected individuals without clinical events, w ... | 1998 | 9731066 |
| inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha alters resistance to mycobacterium avium complex infection in mice. | increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) appears to play an important role in the progression of human immunodeficiency virus disease. one treatment strategy being explored is the use of tnf-alpha inhibitors. tnf-alpha also appears to be important in conferring resistance to infections, and the inhibition of this cytokine may exacerbate the emergence of opportunistic pathogens, such as mycobacterium avium complex (mac). the present study examines the possibility that inhib ... | 1998 | 9736559 |
| estimating the effect of treatment on quality of life in the presence of missing data due to drop-out and death. | quality of life was measured in a study of two multidrug regimens for mycobacterium avium complex mac bactaeremia using the mos-hiv questionnaire. the effect of treatment on quality of life was estimated at each follow-up time in three ways: (1) using only the observed data, (2) after assigning the worst possible quality of life scores for individuals who died, and (3) after imputing missing scores for patients who either died or dropped out of the study. the overall quality of life scores were ... | 1998 | 9737138 |
| different effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 on replication of mycobacterium avium in monocyte-derived macrophages from human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects and healthy controls. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is the most common cause of disseminated bacterial infection in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) and macrophage dysfunction is important both in the pathogenesis of aids- and mac-infection. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 (1,25d), the active metabolite of vitamin d, has a number of effects on cell types of the immune system including monocytes/macrophages. the present study was designed to investigate whether 1,25d supplementation in vitro could ... | 1998 | 9761372 |
| comparison of algorithms for selective use of nucleic-acid probes for identification of mycobacterium tuberculosis from bactec 12b bottles. | we retrospectively compared the sensitivity of two approaches, a time-to-detection algorithm and the presence of serpentine cords of acid-fast bacilli, for discriminating between bactec 12b cultures containing either mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtb) or mycobacterium avium complex (mac). from january 1996 through march 1997 a total of 217 of 2089 respiratory specimens received in our laboratory were positive in the bactec 12b radiometric culture system for either mtb (120 specimens) or ma ... | 1998 | 9764392 |
| mycobacterium avium complex strains from aids patients belong to a homogeneous group ascribed by rrna typing methods. | 16s rrna rflp analysis of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) strains isolated from 25 aids patients led to identification of seven ribotypes. the same ribotype was determined for strains from 19 patients with and without disseminated disease. when isolates representing the seven ribotypes were examined for their internal transcribed spacer (its) between the 16s and 23s rrna gene nucleotide sequence, four different sequences, including a new its type, were recovered. all isolates with the most com ... | 1997 | 9765853 |
| polyclonal mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with nodular bronchiectasis. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) isolates among patients with chronic lung disease were studied for their heterogeneity using genetic identification methods, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and seroagglutination. a mean of 7.3 cultures per patient were collected from 17 patients with nodular bronchiectasis who were elderly (mean age 66 yr), predominantly female (76%), had smoked a mean of only 5 pack-years, and had multifocal bronchiectasis. a mean of 7.7 cultures per patient were colle ... | 1998 | 9769287 |
| mycobacterium avium complex augments macrophage hiv-1 production and increases ccr5 expression. | infection with hiv-1 results in pronounced immune suppression and susceptibility to opportunistic infections (oi). reciprocally, oi augment hiv-1 replication. as we have shown for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and pneumocystis carinii, macrophages infected with opportunistic pathogens and within lymphoid tissues containing oi, exhibit striking levels of viral replication. to explore potential underlying mechanisms for increased hiv-1 replication associated with coinfection, blood monocytes w ... | 1998 | 9770527 |
| eradication of aids-related disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection after 12 months of antimycobacterial therapy combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy. | to determine if microbiologic cure of aids-related disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is possible in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart), 4 patients with a history of disseminated mac received >/=12 months of macrolide-based antimycobacterial therapy. all were asymptomatic and had absolute cd4 cell count >100/microl (range, 137-301) and <10,000 copies/ml of human immunodeficiency virus rna (range, <500-1250). a bone marrow aspirate and peripheral blood wer ... | 1998 | 9780266 |
| [effects of half-sized secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and chinese traditional medicines, yokuinin and mao-bushi-saishin-to, on therapeutic efficacies of benzoxazinorifamycin krm-1648 against mycobacterium avium complex infection induced in mice]. | we examined the effects of such drugs having anti-inflammatory activity as half-sized secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (1/2 slpi) and chinese traditional medicines, yokuinin (yok) and mao-bushi-saishin-to (mbst), on therapeutic efficacies of benzoxazinorifamycin krm-1648 against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection induced in mice, since it is possible that these agents inhibit the increase in tissue levels of immunosuppressive cytokines due to mac infection. first, zymosan a-induce ... | 1998 | 9780605 |
| [promotion of phagocytosis and prevention of phagosome-lysosome (p-l) fusion in human peripheral blood monocytes by serotype specific glycopeptidolipid (gpl) antigen of mycobacterium avium complex (mac)]. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is one of the most important opportunistic pathogens co-infected with hiv (aids) and a typical intracellular parasitic bacteria similar to m. tuberculosis. it is also noticed that m. avium infection causes immunosuppression especially in the cellular immunity of host animals, and specific serotype-subspecies such as sero-2, -4 or -8 can be isolated frequently in human infection. furthermore, the prognosis after infection differs by the serotypes and serotype-4 s ... | 1998 | 9796207 |
| clarithromycin resistance and susceptibility patterns of mycobacterium avium strains isolated during prophylaxis for disseminated infection in patients with aids. | a randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of clarithromycin in the prevention of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with aids; special attention was given to the development of clarithromycin resistance. the median time to documented mac bacteremia was 199 days for placebo-treated patients, 217 days for clarithromycin-treated patients infected with clarithromycin-susceptible mac, and 385 days for clarithromycin-treated patient ... | 1998 | 9798037 |
| mycobacterium avium complex common-source or cross-infection in aids patients attending the same day-care facility. | to delineate the epidemiology of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, we studied 32 case patients with disseminated mac infection who attended the same daycare facility during a period of 13 months. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis showed very low similarity between mac strains, suggesting that, despite close contacts between the patients, nosocomial cross-transmission or exposure to a common source of mac did not occur. | 1998 | 9801289 |
| prolonged fever due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease in advanced hiv infection: a public health concern. | from march 1997 to june 1998, infectious etiologies of prolonged fever was prospectively investigated in 104 advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infected patients admitted to siriraj hospital. the etiology could be identified in 91 cases (87.5%). of these, blood cultures from 68 patients yielded mycobacteria and fungi. mycobacterium avium complex was the most common blood isolate in 24 per cent of the patients; followed by mycobacterium tuberculosis in 20.2 per cent, cryptococcus neoform ... | 1998 | 9803090 |
| enhanced induction of interleukin-12(p40) secretion by human macrophages infected with mycobacterium avium complex isolates from disseminated infection in aids patients. | interleukin-12 (il-12) is a key cytokine in the immune response to infection with mycobacterium avium complex (mac). human immunodeficiency virus infection, a predisposing factor for disseminated mac infection, causes a drop of bioactive il-12(p70), mainly by decreasing the constitutive production of p35. il-12(p40) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) levels in supernatants of mac-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages with intracellular growth rates were compared. isolates from aid ... | 1998 | 9806063 |
| rapid identification of mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis within sigma factor regions. | a single polymerase chain reaction (pcr) within the rpov gene was developed to rapidly distinguish mycobacteria isolated from clinical specimens. the species identifications of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and mycobacterium tuberculosis were congruent with standard typing techniques. the analysis was targeted toward the identification of species-specific markers for the clinically relevant m. tuberculosis and m. avium. in addition, haeiii digestion of the amplification products yielded isol ... | 1998 | 9812321 |
| primary mycobacterium avium complex infections correlate with lowered cellular immune reactivity in matschie's tree kangaroos (dendrolagus matschiei). | the national zoological park has maintained a breeding colony of matschie's tree kangaroos (dendrolagus matschiei) since 1975 with a documented history and continued prevalence of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections. no evidence of immunosuppressive retrovirus infections or loss of heterozygosity that may have led to an immune dysfunction in these animals was found. isolates of mac organisms from affected tree kangaroos and from their environment had no common restriction fragment dna t ... | 1998 | 9815225 |
| change in colony morphology influences the virulence as well as the biochemical properties of the mycobacterium avium complex. | factors that influence colony morphology are of crucial importance for drug development as well as for understanding the virulence of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) strains. the mac 101 strain used in the present study grows as smooth transparent (smt) colonies that tend to become opaque and pigmented when incubated for long periods of time. however, when mac was passaged in animals, two types of colonies were recovered. the new rough transparent (rgt) colony morphology appeared more flat and ... | 1998 | 9817824 |
| a uk centre's experience of mycobacterial infections in hiv-infected patients. | a descriptive retrospective review of 26 patients with mycobacterial infection; 7 mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), 17 mycobacterium avium complex (mac), one m. xenopei and one m. kansasii. diagnosis of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) was made mainly from blood in 68%, with biopsy material initially useful in 68%. all mtb were fully sensitive. no patients received mac chemoprophylaxis, yet resistance to rifabutin, ciprofloxacin and ethambutol was noted. it is important to examine the uk exper ... | 1998 | 9819114 |
| randomized, open-label trial of azithromycin plus ethambutol vs. clarithromycin plus ethambutol as therapy for mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. veterans affairs hiv research consortium. | disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection continues to be a common opportunistic infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the optimal therapy for disseminated mac infection is unclear. we compared azithromycin plus ethambutol with clarithromycin plus ethambutol in the treatment of disseminated mac infection in hiv type 1-infected patients, examining the frequency of bacteremia clearance, time to clearance, and study drug tolerance after 16 weeks of t ... | 1998 | 9827282 |
| prophylaxis for opportunistic infections among hiv-infected patients receiving medical care. | in 1995 and 1997, the united states public health service (usphs) and the infectious disease society of america (idsa) published recommendations for primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), mycobacterium avium complex (mac), and toxoplasmosis in hiv-infected adults. we evaluated their implementation at four hospital-based hiv clinics in new york city in patients who initially met the cd4+ criterion for prophylaxis between january, 1995 and april, 1997. medical records were re ... | 1998 | 9833748 |
| frequency of abdominal ct findings in aids patients with m. avium complex bacteraemia. | use of blood culture studies for early diagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection has become important due to the recent development of effective antibiotic therapy for this condition. this study assessed the abdominal computed tomography (ct) findings in patients with aids who presented with bacteraemic mac infection. | 1998 | 9833784 |
| detecting disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infections in hiv-positive patients. the usefulness of bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens, aspirate cultures, and blood cultures. | disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections are common in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). these patients frequently seek care with fever accompanied by generalized systemic symptoms and undergo bone marrow biopsy. it is our practice to stain all bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens from patients infected with hiv for acid-fast bacilli (afb). we evaluated this practice by comparing the sensitivity and turnaround time for detection of mac by biopsy specimen ... | 1998 | 9844594 |
| use of pcr in detection of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia: sensitivity of the assay and effect of treatment for mac infection on concentrations of human immunodeficiency virus in plasma. | we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of a pcr-based qualitative test for the rapid diagnosis of mycobacterium avium-m. intracellulare complex (mac) bacteremia in patients with aids disease. eleven subjects with newly culture-proven mac bacteremia had the following tests performed at biweekly intervals during the first 8 weeks of therapy: blood culture, mycobacterium-specific pcr, and quantitative human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) viral-load testing. mycobacterium genus-specific biotinyl ... | 1999 | 9854069 |
| does in vitro susceptibility to rifabutin and ethambutol predict the response to treatment of mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia with rifabutin, ethambutol, and clarithromycin? canadian hiv trials network protocol 010 study group. | the in vitro susceptibilities of baseline mycobacterium avium complex (mac) blood isolates from 86 patients with aids who were treated with clarithromycin, ethambutol, and rifabutin were determined to examine whether these results predict bacteriologic response to treatment. no patient received prior prophylaxis with clarithromycin or azithromycin. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of clarithromycin for all isolates were < or = 2 micrograms/ml. the median mic of rifabutin was between 0.25 ... | 1998 | 9868650 |
| therapeutic effects of benzoxazinorifamycin krm-1648 administered alone or in combination with a half-sized secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor or the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium against mycobacterium avium complex infection in mice. | the effects of half-sized secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor or diclofenac sodium administered alone or in combination with the benzoxazinorifamycin krm-1648 on the therapeutic efficacy of krm-1648 against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in mice were studied. neither of the two anti-inflammatory drugs affected the efficacy of krm-1648, while they exerted significant modulating effects on tumor necrosis factor alpha production by mac-infected macrophages. | 1999 | 9925533 |
| severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to mycobacterium avium complex in a patient receiving immunosuppressive therapy. | intense immunosuppressive therapy is used frequently for treatment of systemic vasculitides, collagenoses, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and after organ transplantation. numerous serious treatment-related side effects include localized or disseminated opportunistic infections, and require careful monitoring of immunosuppressed patients. gastrointestinal infections with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) or other nontuberculous mycobacteria have been previously identified in hiv seroposi ... | 1999 | 9934762 |
| mycobacterium avium complex activates nuclear factor kappab via induction of inflammatory cytokines. | a variety of microorganisms has been reported to directly induce nf-kappab, a critical step in the regulation of genes involved in the cellular immune response. in this study, we demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha) produced upon activation by the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) preceed nf-kappab activity in u937, a human monocytoid cell line. mac induction of tnfalpha mrna expression was detected within 15 min after mac infection, whereas e ... | 1999 | 9973533 |
| multicenter evaluation of the bactec mgit 960 system for recovery of mycobacteria. | we evaluated the bactec mgit 960 system, which is a fully automated, noninvasive system for the growth and detection of mycobacteria with a capacity to incubate and continuously monitor 960 7-ml culture tubes. we studied 3,330 specimens, 2,210 respiratory and 1,120 nonrespiratory specimens, collected from 2,346 patients treated at six sites. processed specimens were inoculated into the bactec mgit 960 and bactec 460 tb systems, as well as onto lowenstein-jensen slants and middlebrook 7h11/7h11 s ... | 1999 | 9986844 |
| successful short-term suppression of clarithromycin-resistant mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in aids. california collaborative treatment group. | during a randomized study of clarithromycin plus clofazimine with or without ethambutol in patients with aids and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia, eight participants received additional antimycobacterial drugs following the detection of a clarithromycin-resistant isolate (mic, > 8 micrograms/ml). a macrolide (seven received clarithromycin, one azithromycin) and clofazimine were continued; additional treatment included various combinations of ethambutol, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and ... | 1999 | 10028084 |
| effects of the chinese traditional medicine mao-bushi-saishin-to on therapeutic efficacy of a new benzoxazinorifamycin, krm-1648, against mycobacterium avium infection in mice. | the chinese traditional medicine mao-bushi-saishin-to (mbst), which has anti-inflammatory effects and has been used to treat the common cold and nasal allergy in japan, was examined for its effects on the therapeutic activity of a new benzoxazinorifamycin, krm-1648 (krm), against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in mice. in addition, we examined the effects of mbst on the anti-mac activity of murine peritoneal macrophages (m phi s). first, mbst significantly increased the anti-mac the ... | 1999 | 10049260 |
| lysosomal alterations induced in cultured rat fibroblasts by long-term exposure to low concentrations of azithromycin. | computer-aided simulations suggest that the doses and schedules of administration of azithromycin proposed in treatment and prophylaxis of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in aids patients will result in drug concentrations in serum and extracellular fluids remaining for sustained periods of time in the 0.03-0.1 mg/l range. we exposed cultured rat embryo fibroblasts to these concentrations (and multiples up to 20 mg/l) for up to 16 days. electron microscopy showed that after 7 days' incubation ... | 1998 | 10052900 |
| opportunistic hepatic infections in aids patients with fever of unknown origin. | the clinical features and histopathologic manifestations of hepatic opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in taiwan remain unexplored. we report 28 aids patients (25 men, 3 women; mean age, 34 years) with fever of unknown origin who underwent 31 liver biopsies from december 1995 to may 1997. in most cases, the biochemical tests showed moderate to markedly elevated alkaline phosphatase concentrations, but normal or mildly elevated aminotransferase con ... | 1999 | 10063267 |
| heterodimer-loaded erythrocytes as bioreactors for slow delivery of the antiviral drug azidothymidine and the antimycobacterial drug ethambutol. | disseminated infection with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) remains the most common serious bacterial infection in patients with advanced aids. the organisms that make up this complex are found ubiquitously in the environment, yet rarely cause disseminated disease in nonimmunocompromised human patients; on the contrary, up to 50% of patients with aids may ultimately develop the pathology. hence, therapeutic strategies able to inhibit hiv and mycobacterium replication are needed. because of the ... | 1999 | 10082118 |