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substructure within salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates from australian wildlife.multilocus sequence typing of 56 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains isolated from australian wildlife hosts was performed. the results of population assignment algorithms revealed that the 56 strains could be subdivided into two distinct clades. strains belonging to the two clades were further distinguished phenotypically, genotypically, and with respect to host distribution.201121378038
[investigation of potential risk factors for salmonella enterica subsp enterica serotype napoli: a nested case-control study in lombardia region].enter-net surveillance system has detected the re-emergence of salmonella enterica subsp enterica serotype napoli (s. napoli) since 2002. preliminary data show that food vehicle could not be the only one implicated in the transmission of this serotype. a nested case-control study has been conducted using data form a prospective cohort: for each salmonellosis notification in lombardia from may 2004 to december 2005 an ad hoc epidemiological investigation has been performed. cases have been define ...201021425643
antimicrobial resistance, virulence-associated genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from piglets with diarrhea in korea.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium was isolated from diarrheic piglets in 2 periods, 2000-2001 (n = 25) and 2005-2006 (n = 17). to compare the characteristics of the isolates collected during the 2 periods, all isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance, the presence of virulence genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns. all 42 isolates were resistant to at least 1 of the 20 antimicrobials tested, and 39 (93%) were resistant to 2 or more antimicrobi ...201121461195
monoclonal antibodies to lipopolysaccharide antigens of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium dt104.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium is one of the major causative agents of human gastroenteritis. here we raised a panel of 45 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against ser. typhimurium dt104 by immunizing mice with formalin-killed bacteria and demonstrated that all the mabs recognized the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) antigen. these mabs were specific for group o:4 salmonella with very little or no cross-reactivity with other closely related bacteria and were able to bind ...201121466285
culling decisions of dairy farmers during a 3-year salmonella control study.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica-serotypes lead to periodically increased morbidity and mortality in cattle herds. the bacteria can also lead to serious infections in humans. consequently, denmark has started a surveillance and control programme in 2002. the programme focuses on salmonella dublin which is the most prevalent and most persistent serotype in the danish cattle population. a field study in 10 dairy herds with persistent salmonella infections was carried out over three years to gai ...201121481960
russian tortoises (agrionemys horsfieldi) as a potential reservoir for salmonella spp.a total of 80 russian tortoises brought in poland were examined for presence of salmonella. salmonella was detected in 15 out of all the animals tested (18.75%). of the total of 56 strains, 30 (53.57%) belonged to salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (i) and 26 to salmonella enterica subsp. salamae (ii). the predominant serotype within subspecies i was s. newport, which is one of the most serotypes causing salmonellosis in humans and warm-blooded animals. in vitro determination of the susceptibil ...201121486674
ultra-fast and sensitive detection of non-typhoidal salmonella using microwave-accelerated metal-enhanced fluorescence ("mamef").certain serovars of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica cause invasive disease (e.g., enteric fever, bacteremia, septicemia, meningitis, etc.) in humans and constitute a global public health problem. a rapid, sensitive diagnostic test is needed to allow prompt initiation of therapy in individual patients and for measuring disease burden at the population level. an innovative and promising new rapid diagnostic technique is microwave-accelerated metal-enhanced fluorescence (mamef). we have adapted ...201121494634
equivalence of quality control strains of microorganisms used in the compendial microbiological tests: are national culture collection strains identical?the pharmacopoeias list a number of microorganisms to be used in the compendial microbiological tests for confirming the growth-promoting, indicative, and inhibitory properties of the media and demonstrating the suitability of the test for a specific test article. major national culture collections are specified as the sources for these test strains based on their history of deposition and maintenance and use in the compendial tests. using these microorganisms, it has long been assumed that thes ...201021502014
national outbreak of salmonella enteritidis phage type 14b in england, september to december 2009: case-control study.we conducted an unmatched retrospective case–control study to investigate an upsurge of non-travel-related sporadic cases of infection with salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype enteritidis phage type 14b with antimicrobial resistance to nalidixic acid and partial resistance to ciprofloxacin (s. enteritidis pt 14b nxcp(l)) that was reported in england from 1 september to 31 december 2009. we analysed data from 63 cases and 108 controls to determine whether cases had the same sources of in ...201121507321
rapid screening of epidemiologically important salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars using whole-cell maldi-tof mass spectrometry.currently, 2,610 different salmonella serovars are described according to the white-kauffmann-le minor scheme. they are routinely differentiated by serotyping, which is based on the antigenic variability at lipopolysaccharide moieties (o antigens), flagellar proteins (h1 and h2 antigens), and capsular polysaccharides (vi antigens). the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of maldi-tof mass spectrometry for rapid screening and identification of epidemiologically important salmonella en ...201121515723
inappropriate use of d-values for determining biocidal activity of various antimicrobials.the objective of this study was to investigate the application of established d-value calculations to survival curves for various bacteria using the following antimicrobials: acidified sodium chlorite, triclosan, octanoic acid, and sodium hydroxide. d-values can be calculated in 3 ways, a linear regression, an endpoint calculation, or an average of multiple endpoint calculations. the assumption made in calculating a d-value is that the rate of kill follows 1st-order kinetics under specified trea ...201121535698
dry-resistance of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is regulated by both sep22, a novel pathogenicity-related factor of salmonella, and nutrients.environmental isolates of salmonella enterica serover enteritidis (s. enteritidis) clones were grown to the logarithmic phase, washed and re-suspended in saline or luria-bertani (lb) medium, and then 10-µl aliquots of the suspensions were dried overnight at room temperature. the dried bacteria were mixed with 1 ml of ice-cold pbs, suspended and examined for colony-forming activity. all of the pathogenic clones with high levels of sep22, identical to salmonella dps, maintained good viability if s ...200921566364
onset of diarrhea and pyrexia and time to detection of salmonella enterica subsp enterica in feces in experimental studies of cattle, horses, goats, and sheep after infection per os.to determine time to first detection of salmonella organisms in feces of animals after experimental infection po and times to onset of diarrhea and pyrexia to evaluate a common method for identifying nosocomial infections on the basis of time of admission and onset of clinical signs (ie, the 3-day criterion).201121568780
application of multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (mlva), phage typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to subtype salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from pig farms, pork slaughterhouses and meat producing plants in ireland.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium is a common zoonotic pathogen encountered in irish pigs and the pork industry and its characterisation using highly discriminatory typing methods is necessary for epidemiological studies, outbreak investigation and control. multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (mlva), phage typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were applied to characterise 301 s. typhimurium isolates of porcine origin isolated from farms, slaug ...201121569956
subtyping salmonella serovar enteritidis isolates from different sources using sequence typing based on virulence genes and crisprs.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is a major cause of foodborne salmonellosis in the united states. two major food vehicles for ser. enteritidis are contaminated eggs and chicken meat. improved subtyping methods are needed to accurately track specific strains of ser. enteritidis related to human salmonellosis throughout the chicken and egg food system. a sequence typing scheme based on virulence genes (fimh and ssel) and crisprs (clustered regularly interspaced short palind ...201121571881
prevalence and counts of salmonella spp. in minimally processed vegetables in são paulo, brazil.minimally processed vegetables (mpv) may be important vehicles of salmonella spp. and cause disease. this study aimed at detecting and enumerating salmonella spp. in mpv marketed in the city of são paulo, brazil. a total of 512 samples of mpv packages collected in retail stores were tested for salmonella spp. and total coliforms and escherichia coli as indication of the hygienic status. salmonella spp. was detected in four samples, two using the detection method and two using the counting method ...201121645825
multi-locus sequence typing of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis strains in japan between 1973 and 2004.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) was responsible for a worldwide pandemic during the 1980s and 1990s; however, changes in the dominant lineage before and after this event remain unknown. this study determined s. enteritidis lineages before and after this pandemic event in japan using multilocus sequence typing (mlst). thirty s. enteritidis strains were collected in japan between 1973 and 2004, consisting of 27 human strains from individual episodes, a bovi ...201121672260
a multiplex real-time pcr assay targeting virulence and resistance genes in salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium.abstract:201121707966
effects of two simulated oxytetracycline dosing regimens on horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance plasmids in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model.to evaluate the impact of oxytetracycline exposure on horizontal transfer of an antimicrobial resistance plasmid.201121728847
methodologies for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica subtyping: gold standards and alternatives.for more than 80 years, subtyping of salmonella enterica has been routinely performed by serotyping, a method in which surface antigens are identified based on agglutination reactions with specific antibodies. the serotyping scheme, which is continuously updated as new serovars are discovered, has generated over time a data set of the utmost significance, allowing long-term epidemiological surveillance of salmonella in the food chain and in public health control. conceptually, serotyping provide ...201121856826
Genome sequencing reveals diversification of virulence factor content and possible host adaptation in distinct subpopulations of Salmonella enterica.Divergence of bacterial populations into distinct subpopulations is often the result of ecological isolation. While some studies have suggested the existence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica subclades, evidence for these subdivisions has been ambiguous. Here we used a comparative genomics approach to define the population structure of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, and identify clade-specific genes that may be the result of ecological specialization.201121859443
Identification of environmental reservoirs of nontyphoidal salmonellosis: aptamer-assisted bioconcentration and subsequent detection of salmonella typhimurium by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.In this study, identification of environmental reservoirs of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (abbreviated as Salmonella Typhimurium) in sediments, water, and aquatic flora collected from the Ganges River (Ganges riverine material) was carried out by adopting a two-step strategy. Step 1 comprised a selective serovar-specific capture of Salmonella Typhimurium from potential reservoirs. Step 2 involved culture-free detection of selectively captured Salmonella Typhi ...201121875107
comparison of two possible routes of pathogen contamination of spinach leaves in a hydroponic cultivation system.the route of pathogen contamination (from roots versus from leaves) of spinach leaves was investigated with a hydroponic cultivation system. three major bacterial pathogens, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, and listeria monocytogenes, were inoculated into the hydroponic solution, in which the spinach was grown to give concentrations of 10⁶ and 10³ cfu/ml. in parallel, the pathogens were inoculated onto the growing leaf surface by pipetting, to give concentrations of 10⁶ and 10³ cfu per leaf ...201121902924
Prevalence of Salmonella enterica and the hygienic indicator Escherichia coli in raw meat at markets in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.This study investigated the hygienic status and prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli in retail meat sold at open markets in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. A total of 150 samples of beef meat (n = 45), beef intestine (n = 45), mutton (n = 30), and chicken (n = 30) were collected from four local markets for investigation. The prevalence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was 9.3%, and six serotypes, all previously unreported in Burkina Faso, were identified: Derby, Tilene, Hato, Bredeney, ...201121902926
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of human salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- isolates in Slovakia.Forty-three epidemiologically unrelated emerging Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- strains isolated during the period 2009-2010 in Slovakia were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Thirty-one isolates (72.1%) expressed resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfizoxazole, and tetracycline [R-type ASSuT]. The majority of the strains belonged to both definitive phage types DT193 (30.2%) and U311 (27.9%). Other phage types identified were U302 (6.9%), DT18 (4. ...201121909783
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis supports the presence of host-adapted salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strains in the british garden bird population.salmonellosis is a frequently diagnosed infectious disease of passerine birds in garden habitats within great britain with potential implications for human and domestic animal health. postmortem examinations were performed on 1,477 garden bird carcasses of circa 50 species from england and wales, 1999 to 2007 inclusive. salmonellosis was confirmed in 263 adult birds of 10 passerine species in this 11-year longitudinal study. a subset of 124 fully biotyped salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sero ...201121948838
specific detection of campylobacter jejuni using the bacteriophage nctc 12673 receptor binding protein as a probe.campylobacter jejuni is found in the intestines of poultry, cattle, swine, wild birds and pet animals and is the major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in developed countries. we report the use of the receptor binding protein (rbp) of campylobacter bacteriophage nctc 12673 for the specific capture of campylobacter jejuni bacteria using rbp-derivatized capturing surfaces. the gp48 rbp was expressed as a glutathione s-transferase-gp48 (gst-gp48) fusion protein and immobilized onto surface plasmo ...201121955997
tn1548-associated arma is co-located with qnrb2, aac(6')-ib-cr and blactx-m-3 on an incfii plasmid in a salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar paratyphi b strain isolated from chickens in china. 201221965429
a whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism-based approach to trace and identify outbreaks linked to a common salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar montevideo pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type.in this study, we report a whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (snp)-based evolutionary approach to study the epidemiology of a multistate outbreak of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar montevideo. this outbreak included 272 cases that occurred in 44 states between july 2009 and april 2010. a case-control study linked the consumption of salami made with contaminated black and red pepper to the outbreak. we sequenced, on the solid system, 47 isolates with xbai pfge pattern jixx01 ...201122003026
Detecting non-typhoid Salmonella in humans by ELISAs: a literature review.Non-typhoid salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness throughout the world. Serological methods for the diagnosis of Salmonella infections vary widely and the most commonly used test is limited by high running costs as well as low sensitivity and specificity. Fast and reliable immunoassays which detect subunit antigens for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi are commercially available but at present there is no international consensus on similar tests for ...201222034162
Extended-spectrum ß-lactamases in German isolates belonging to the emerging monophasic Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium 4,[5],12:i:- European clone. 201122058374
septicemic salmonellosis caused by salmonella hessarek in wintering and migrating song thrushes (turdus philomelos) in spain.we investigated two mortality events in wintering and migrating song thrushes (turdus philomelos) in catalonia, northeastern spain in 2009 and 2010. both episodes occurred in late february to mid-march during the spring migration. salmonellosis produced by the serotype salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype hessarek (s. hessarek) was identified as the cause of death in both episodes. poor body condition, marked splenomegaly, and microscopic disseminated intravascular coagulation with numer ...201222247379
tentative colistin epidemiological cut-off value for salmonella spp.the objective of this research was to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) population distributions for colistin for salmonella on subtype level. furthermore, we wanted to determine if differences in mic for colistin could be explained by mutations in pmra or pmrb encoding proteins involved in processes that influence the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. during 2008-2011, 6,583 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates of human origin and 1931 isolates of animal/meat orig ...201222300222
addition of a surfactant to tryptic soy broth allows growth of a lactic acid bacteria food antimicrobial, escherichia coli o157:h7, and salmonella enterica.this study aimed to determine the survival and growth of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in a medium supporting the growth of a lactic acid bacteria (lab) food antimicrobial culture.201222313253
comparative genomic analysis of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar weltevreden foodborne strains with other serovars.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar weltevreden is a dominant serovar associated with foodborne gastroenteritis in south-east asia and emerging in europe associated with fresh vegetables. here we compared the genome of strain 2007-60-3289-1 linked to an alfalfa sprout outbreak in scandinavia with a s. weltevreden strain isolated from scallops in the usa and with other s. enterica serovars. a unique plasmid psw82 was identified for s. weltevreden carrying a two-component type ii non-ribos ...201222341936
antimicrobial and safety properties of lactobacilli isolated from two cameroonian traditional fermented foods.twenty-one lactobacillus isolates from "sha'a" (a maize - based fermented beverage) and "kossam" (traditionally fermented cow milk) were selected in accordance with their antagonistic activities and tested for their bacteriocinogenic potential as well as safety properties. these isolates were preliminarily identified as lactobacillus plantarum (62%), lactobacillus rhamnosus (24%), lactobacillus fermentum (10%) and lactobacillus coprophilus (4%) based on phenotypic characteristics and rep-pcr gen ...201122396914
occurrence and antibiotic resistance of multiple salmonella serotypes recovered from water, sediment and soil on mid-atlantic tomato farms.salmonella outbreaks associated with the consumption of raw tomatoes have been prevalent in recent years. however, sources of salmonella contamination of tomatoes remain poorly understood. the objectives of this study were to identify ecological reservoirs of salmonella on tomato farms, and to test antimicrobial susceptibilities of recovered salmonella isolates. fourteen mid-atlantic tomato farms in the u.s. were sampled in 2009 and 2010. groundwater, irrigation pond water, pond sediment, irriga ...201222406288
extracellular proteins from lactobacillus plantarum bmcm12 prevent adhesion of enteropathogens to mucin.the aim of this study was to study the interference of the extracellular proteins produced by lactobacillus plantarum bmcm12 with the adhesion of some well-known gut pathogens. the extracellular proteins secreted by l. plantarum bmcm12 in mrs broth were precipitated, resolved by sds-page, and identified by tandem mass spectrometry. discordances between the observed and the theoretical molecular masses of several proteins suggested the presence of protein glycosylation, corroborated with specific ...201222461079
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi p-stx-12.we report here the complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi p-stx-12, a clinical isolate obtained from a typhoid carrier in india.201222461552
genome sequence of the persistent salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype senftenberg strain ss209.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype senftenberg is an emerging serotype in poultry production which has been found to persist in animals and the farm environment. we report the genome sequence and annotation of the ss209 strain of s. senftenberg, isolated from a hatchery, which was identified as persistent in broiler chickens.201222493197
genome sequence of the invasive salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype enteritidis strain la5.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype enteritidis is one of the major causes of gastroenteritis in humans due to consumption of poultry derivatives. here we report the whole-genome sequence and annotation, including the virulence plasmid, of s. enteritidis la5, which is a chicken isolate used by numerous laboratories in virulence studies.201222493198
comparison of the prevalence of salmonella infection in layer hens from commercial layer farms with high and low rodent densities.a comparison on the prevalence of salmonella infection in layer hens from commercial layer farms with high and low rodent densities was investigated. out of 280 laying hens sampled from three commercial layer farms with high rodent densities, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) was isolated from 20 (7.14%) hens and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis (salmonella infantis) from three (1.07%) hens. in contrast, layer hens sampled from f ...201222545525
a constitutively mannose-sensitive agglutinating salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strain, carrying a transposon in the fimbrial usher gene stbc, exhibits multidrug resistance and flagellated phenotypes.static broth culture favors salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium to produce type 1 fimbriae, while solid agar inhibits its expression. a transposon inserted in stbc, which would encode an usher for stb fimbriae of a non-flagellar salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium lb5010 strain, conferred it to agglutinate yeast cells on both cultures. rt-pcr revealed that the expression of the fimbrial subunit gene fima, and fimz, a regulatory gene of fima, were both incr ...201222654583
complete genome sequence of the strong mutator salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype heidelberg strain b182.in bacteria, normal mutation frequencies are mostly around 10(-10) per base pair. however, there exists natural isolates, called "mutators," that exhibit permanent mutation occurrences up to 1,000-fold greater than usual. as mutations play essential roles, particularly in the evolution of antibiotic resistance, bacteria showing elevated mutation rates could have an important responsibility in the emergence of antibiotic resistance, especially in the clinical background. in this announcement, we ...201222689230
isolation and partial characterization of φsp-1, a salmonella specific lytic phage from intestinal content of broiler chicken.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is a major causative agent of gastroenteritis with contaminated eggs and chicken meat being the major source of infection. phages are seriously being considered as a safe and cheaper alternative to antibiotics. the intestinal content of chicken was used as source for isolating phages. phage designated as φsp-1 was selected for the study. transmission electron microscopy (tem) of phage φsp-1 revealed that it belonged to family podoviridae. t ...201322733367
molecular characterization of salmonella strains in individuals with acute diarrhea syndrome in the state of sucre, venezuela.in venezuela, acute diarrheic syndrome (ads) is a primary cause of morbi-mortality, often involving the salmonella genus. salmonella infections are associated with acute gastroenteritis, one of the most common alimentary intoxications, and caused by the consumption of contaminated water and food, especially meat.201222760131
immunostimulatory effects of recombinant erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae expressing porcine interleukin-18 in mice and pigs.interleukin-18 (il-18), which was originally called gamma interferon (ifn-γ)-inducing factor, has been shown to play an important role in innate and acquired immune responses. in this study, attenuated erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains were engineered to produce porcine il-18 (poil-18) and evaluated for their potential immunostimulatory effect in animals. recombinant poil-18 was successfully expressed in the recombinant e. rhusiopathiae strains ys-1/il-18 and ko/il-18. the culture supernatant ...201222761300
salmonella prevalence among reptiles in a zoo education setting.clinically healthy reptiles may shed salmonella and therefore act as a potential zoonotic threat. most people in northern european countries are rarely exposed to reptiles, but many zoos have education departments where children have direct contact with this group of animals. the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and serotype distribution of salmonella among reptiles in the education department (n = 55) at copenhagen zoo and compare it to the zoo's main reptile collection ...201322835051
high pressure treatments on the inactivation of salmonella enteritidis and the characteristics of beef carpaccio.the effect of high pressure (hp) on salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis in beef carpaccio stored under temperature abuse conditions (8 °c) during 30 days was investigated. after treatment, reductions of s. enteritidis were 3.68 and 5.94 log cfu/g in samples pressurized at 450 mpa for 5 and 10 min, respectively, whereas the pathogen was only detected after enrichment of samples treated at 450 mpa for 15 min. during storage, counts of s. enteritidis decreased 0.26 log cfu/g in ...201222863078
electrochemical detection of salmonella using gold nanoparticles.a disposable immunosensor for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 (s) detection using a magneto-immunoassay and gold nanoparticles (aunps) as label for electrochemical detection is developed. the immunosensor is based on the use of a screen-printed carbon electrode (spce) that incorporates a permanent magnet underneath. salmonella containing samples (i.e. skimmed milk) have been tested by using anti-salmonella magnetic beads (mbs-psab) as capture phase and sandwiching aft ...201322884647
epidemiology of a salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strain associated with a songbird outbreak.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium is responsible for the majority of salmonellosis cases worldwide. this salmonella serovar is also responsible for die-offs in songbird populations. in 2009, there was an s. typhimurium epizootic reported in pine siskins in the eastern united states. at the time, there was also a human outbreak with this serovar that was associated with contaminated peanuts. as peanuts are also used in wild-bird food, it was hypothesized that the pine siskin ...201222885752
review of pathogenesis and diagnostic methods of immediate relevance for epidemiology and control of salmonella dublin in cattle.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin (s. dublin) receives increasing attention in cattle production. it is host-adapted to cattle, and leads to unacceptable levels of morbidity, mortality and production losses in both newly and persistently infected herds. cattle health promoting institutions in several countries are currently constructing active surveillance programmes or voluntary certification programmes, and encourage control and eradication of s. dublin infected cattle herds. ...201322925272
inactivation of salmonella enterica by uv-c light alone and in combination with mild temperatures.the aim of this investigation was to study the efficacy of the combined processes of uv light and mild temperatures for the inactivation of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and to explore the mechanism of inactivation. the doses to inactivate the 99.99% (4d) of the initial population ranged from 18.03 (salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium stcc 878) to 12.75 j ml(-1) (salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis atcc 13076). the ph and water activity of the treatment medium did not change the uv ...201223001665
occurrence and characterization of monophasic salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-) of non-human origin in poland.the epidemiological role of monophasic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium tends to increase, indicating pandemic spread. the aim of the present study was to confirm the occurrence of this serological variant in poland and to report the first cases in belarus and ukraine. genetic similarity of monophasic isolates with salmonella typhimurium already present in these countries was assessed. serotyping, duplex-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay, antibiotic resistance and puls ...201223009171
salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated from chicken carcasses and environment at slaughter in reunion island: prevalence, genetic characterization and antibiotic susceptibility.salmonella contamination of 71 chicken broiler flocks was investigated at the slaughterhouse in reunion island between october 2007 and january 2009. samples were collected from live broiler chickens and chicken carcasses as well as the slaughterhouse environment. salmonella spp. was isolated from 40 of 71 (56 % with a confidence interval 5 % [45-67]) broiler chicken flocks at slaughter. the most prominent serovars were blockley (31 %), typhimurium and brancaster (14 %), hadar (10 %), salmonella ...201323011670
salmonella enterica subsp. enterica producing vim-1 carbapenemase isolated from livestock farms. 201323034713
effect of chemical sanitizers on salmonella enterica serovar poona on the surface of cantaloupe and pathogen contamination of internal tissues as a function of cutting procedure.survival of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar poona on surface and stem scar portions of inoculated cantaloupe following sanitizer application, transfer of pathogen from the rind to the flesh during cutting, and growth of salmonella poona on cantaloupe cubes over 15 days of refrigerated storage were investigated. cantaloupes inoculated with a rifampin-resistant strain of salmonella poona (10(7) cfu/ml) for 3 min and dried for 12 h were washed with chlorine (200 mg free chlorine per lit ...201223043824
draft genome sequences of 21 salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strains.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is a common food-borne pathogen, often associated with shell eggs and poultry. here, we report draft genomes of 21 s. enteritidis strains associated with or related to the u.s.-wide 2010 shell egg recall. eleven of these genomes were from environmental isolates associated with the egg outbreak, and 10 were reference isolates from previous years, unrelated to the outbreak. the whole-genome sequence data for these 21 human pathogen strains ar ...201223045502
epidemic of salmonellosis in passerine birds in switzerland with spillover to domestic cats.a die-off of passerine birds, mostly eurasian siskins (carduelis spinus), occurred in multiple areas of switzerland between february and march 2010. several of the dead birds were submitted for full necropsy. bacteriological examination was carried out on multiple tissues of each bird. at gross examination, common findings were light-tan nodules, 1 to 4 mm in diameter, scattered through the esophagus/crop. histologically, a necroulcerative transmural esophagitis/ingluvitis was observed. bacteria ...201323125146
the effect of environmental pollutants and food processing on the development of antibiotic resistance.the purpose of this study was to determine how various compounds known to be positive mutagens, contribute to the development of mutations leading to ciprofloxacin resistance in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium. the molecular mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in treated strains was investigated.201423128813
comparison of heat stress responses of immobilized and planktonic salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.salmonellae are often present as immobilized cells in food products in the form of micro-colonies. despite this, most research into salmonella physiology has been performed with bacteria grown as planktonic cultures. in the current study, we compared the transcriptome of planktonic and immobilized salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) subjected to 30 min of heat stress at 45 °c. the expression of 538 genes was differently regulated between the two conditions af ...201323200655
prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens in dairy cattle in the eastern part of japan.to investigate the prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens [campylobacter spp., shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), listeria monocytogenes and salmonella spp.] in dairy cows, rectal content grab samples were collected from 250 dairy cows reared on 25 dairy farms in eastern japan from december 2010 through february 2011. campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 106 (42%) cows on 23 (92%) farms, stec o157 from three cows on one farm, l. monocytogenes from three cows on anot ...201323208291
an essential serotype recognition pocket on phage p22 tailspike protein forces salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a o-antigen fragments to bind as nonsolution conformers.bacteriophage p22 recognizes o-antigen polysaccharides of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (s.) with its tailspike protein (tsp). in the serovars s. typhimurium, s. enteritidis, and s. paratyphi a, the tetrasaccharide repeat units of the respective o-antigens consist of an identical main chain trisaccharide but different 3,6-dideoxyhexose substituents. here, the epimers abequose, tyvelose and paratose determine the specific serotype. p22 tsp recognizes o-antigen octasaccharides in an extended ...201323292517
genetic types, gene repertoire, and evolution of isolates of the salmonella enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- spanish clone assigned to different phage types.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica 4,[5],12:i:- is one of the most prevalent serovars associated with human infections worldwide. two multidrug-resistant clones, designated spanish and european clones, are recognized as having importance for public health and are subject to control measures in the european union. in this study, 23 clinical isolates belonging to the spanish clone were characterized by multilocus sequence typing, multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (mlva), pcr a ...201323325816
microfluidic chip-based detection and intraspecies strain discrimination of salmonella serovars derived from whole blood of septic mice.salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen that poses a considerable public health and economic burden in the united states and worldwide. resultant human diseases range from enterocolitis to bacteremia to sepsis and are acutely dependent on the particular serovar of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, which comprises over 99% of human-pathogenic s. enterica isolates. point-of-care methods for detection and strain discrimination of salmonella serovars would thus have considerable benefit to medical, vet ...201323354710
on the evolutionary history, population genetics and diversity among isolates of salmonella enteritidis pfge pattern jegx01.0004.facile laboratory tools are needed to augment identification in contamination events to trace the contamination back to the source (traceback) of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis). understanding the evolution and diversity within and among outbreak strains is the first step towards this goal. to this end, we collected 106 new s. enteriditis isolates within s. enteriditis pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) pattern jegx01.0004 and close relatives, and de ...201323383127
use of real-time pcr on faecal samples for detection of sub-clinical salmonella infection in cattle did not improve the detection sensitivity compared to conventional bacteriology.there is a need for more sensitive detection methods to improve effectiveness of control programmes of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes (salmonella) in cattle. we assessed the performance of a rapid, molecular-based, real-time pcr (rt-pcr) method against the conventional bacteriological culture-reference method (bcrm) on cattle faecal samples for detection of sub-clinical salmonella infections in cattle. thirty faecal samples were artificially contaminated with either 10 or 50 cfu o ...201323391438
the structural elucidation of the salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, reveals that it contains both o-factors 4 and 5 on the lps antigen.spectroscopic investigation of the o-antigen from salmonella enterica subsp. enterica revealed fine details on the acetylation pattern, the biological repeating unit and the polymerization degree. acetylation at o-2 of the abequose residue, defined both o-factors 4 and 5 in the o-antigen chain of the lipopolysaccharide. nmr observation of the terminal non-reducing end of the polymer confirmed previous data regarding the biological repeating unit and showed an average polymerization degree of 5. ...201323419941
[broncho-pulmonary salmonellosis--a case series and review of the literature].broncho-pulmonary salmonelloses are rare manifestations of extraintestinal focal infections in adults caused by different subspecies of salmonella. they may appear without previous gastroenteritic symptoms especially in patients older than 60 years, as well as in patients who are immunocompromised or suffer from chronic pulmonary diseases. the transmission route is hematogenous or via aspiration of contaminated gastric fluid. complications are acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung abscesses ...201323468341
the combination of crispr-mvlst and pfge provides increased discriminatory power for differentiating human clinical isolates of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a major cause of foodborne salmonellosis. rapid, efficient and accurate methods for identification are required to track specific strains of s. enteritidis during outbreaks of human salmonellosis. by exploiting the hypervariable nature of virulence genes and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs), we previously developed a powerful sequence-based subtyping approach, designated crispr-mvlst. t ...201223498194
loss of culturability of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium upon cell-cell contact with human fecal bacteria.loss of culturability of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium has been observed in mixed cultures with anaerobic fecal bacteria under conditions that allow local interaction between cells, such as cell contact. a reduction of a population of culturable s. typhimurium on the order of ∼10(4) to 10(5) cfu/ml was observed in batch anaerobic mixed cultures with fecal samples from different human donors. culturability was not affected either in supernatants collected at several time ...201323503308
polymerase chain reaction assay based on rata gene allows differentiation between salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum.salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum are classified as biovars of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum. these salmonellae are the causative agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid, respectively, and are widely distributed throughout the world. although many developed countries have eradicated these diseases from commercial poultry, they are still the cause of significant economic loss in developing countries. when serovar gallinarum is isolated, it is difficult to ...201323512922
fully assembled genome sequence for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar javiana cfsan001992.we report a closed genome of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar javiana (s. javiana). this serotype is a common food-borne pathogen and is often associated with fresh-cut produce. complete (finished) genome assemblies will support pilot studies testing the utility of next-generation sequencing (ngs) technologies in public health laboratories.201323516208
prospects for prevention of salmonella infection in children through vaccination.strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica are amongst the most commonly identified invasive bacterial pathogens in resource-poor settings, and cause significant mortality, particularly in children. in this study we review recent progress in the development of vaccines against s. typhi, s. paratyphi and nontyphoidal salmonella for children.201323591641
characterization of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- clones isolated from human and other sources in switzerland between 2007 and 2011.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of salmonella typhimurium. in this study, a total of 651 human and 107 food and environmental isolates of serovar 4,[5],12:i:- recovered from 2007 through 2011 in switzerland were characterized by antibiotic resistance profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). in addition, a selection of isolates belonging to the most frequent pfge patterns was further subjected to multilocus variable-number tandem-repea ...201323614800
antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated genes of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes muenster, florian, omuna, and noya strains isolated from clinically diarrheic humans in egypt.four serotypes recovered from clinically diarrheic human faecal samples (salmonella muenster, salmonella florian, salmonella omuna and salmonella noya) were investigated for the presence of 11 virulence genes (inva, avra, ssaq, mgtc, siid, sopb, gipa, sodc1, sope1, spvc, and bcfc) and their association with antibiotic resistance. the 4 salmonella serotypes lacked virulence genes gipa and spvc. resistance to 7 of the 14 antimicrobials was detected. the frequency of resistance, to lincomycin and s ...201323621859
isolation and characterization of a rare waterborne lytic phage of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi b.a lytic phage of salmonella serovar paratyphi b, named φspb, was isolated from surface waters of the pavana river in india. phage φspb is a member of the podoviridae family and is morphologically similar to the 7-11 phages of the c3 morphotype of tailed phages, characterized by a very long, cigar-shaped head. the head measured approximately 153 × 57 nm, and the tail size was 12 × 7 nm. the phage was stable over a wide range of ph (4-9) and temperature (4-40 °c). the adsorption rate constant was ...201323647344
subtyping of salmonella enterica serovar newport outbreak isolates by crispr-mvlst and determination of the relationship between crispr-mvlst and pfge results.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar newport (s. newport) is the third most prevalent cause of food-borne salmonellosis. rapid, efficient, and accurate methods for identification are required to track specific strains of s. newport during outbreaks. by exploiting the hypervariable nature of virulence genes and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs), we previously developed a sequence-based subtyping approach, designated crispr-multi-virulence-locus sequence ty ...201323678062
survey of enterobacteriaceae contamination of table eggs collected from layer flocks in australia.in the present study, eggs from commercial caged layer flocks at different stages of lay in australia were collected. enterobacteriaceae populations from eggshell surface and eggshell pore were enumerated and these populations characterized using api® rapid 20e strips. the eggshell surface, eggshell pore and egg internal content samples were also processed for the isolation of salmonella and these isolates were tested for the presence or absence of several virulence genes (prgh, sopb, spic, orfl ...201323680799
internalisation potential of escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium and staphylococcus aureus in lettuce seedlings and mature plants.the internalisation potential of listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium in lettuce was evaluated using seedlings grown in vermiculite in seedling trays as well as hydroponically grown lettuce. sterile distilled water was spiked with one of the four human pathogenic bacteria (10(5) cfu/ml) and used to irrigate the plants. the potential for pathogen internalisation was investigated over time using light mi ...201323708570
evaluation of aerated steam treatment of alfalfa and mung bean seeds to eliminate high levels of escherichia coli o157:h7 and o178:h12, salmonella enterica, and listeria monocytogenes.sprouts contaminated with human pathogens are able to cause food-borne diseases due to the favorable growth conditions for bacteria during germination and because of minimal processing steps prior to consumption. we have investigated the potential of hot humid air, i.e., aerated steam, to treat alfalfa and mung bean seeds which have been artificially contaminated with escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar weltevreden, and listeria monocytogenes scott a. in additio ...201323709507
antibiotic resistance in salmonella typhimurium associates with crispr sequence type.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium is a leading cause of foodborne salmonellosis in the united states. the number of antibiotic resistant isolates identified in humans is steadily increasing, suggesting that the spread of antibiotic resistant strains is a major threat to public health. s. typhimurium is commonly identified in a wide range of animal hosts, food sources, and environments, but little is known about the factors mediating the spread of antibiotic resistance i ...201323796925
ndm-1 carbapenemase-producing salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar corvallis isolated from a wild bird in germany. 201323818284
a multiplex real-time pcr assay for the identification and differentiation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and monophasic serovar 4,[5],12:i:-.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- is considered to be a monophasic variant of salmonella typhimurium and is increasingly associated with human infections. the use of pcr for the unequivocal identification of strains identified by conventional serotyping as 4,[5],12:i:- has been recommended by the european food safety authority (efsa), in particular the conventional multiplex pcr developed by tennant et al. (2010). an alternative protocol for the identification and differen ...201323827807
salmonella utilizes d-glucosaminate via a mannose family phosphotransferase system permease and associated enzymes.salmonella enterica is a globally significant bacterial food-borne pathogen that utilizes a variety of carbon sources. we report here that salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) uses d-glucosaminate (2-amino-2-deoxy-d-gluconic acid) as a carbon and nitrogen source via a previously uncharacterized mannose family phosphotransferase system (pts) permease, and we designate the genes encoding the permease dgaabcd (d-glucosaminate pts permease components eiia, eiib, e ...201323836865
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar manhattan strain 111113, from an outbreak of human infections in northern italy.we announce the draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar manhattan strain 111113, isolated from a patient during an outbreak in northern italy. the genome, which was obtained with illumina miseq technology, is composed of 21 contigs for a total of 4,684,342 bp, with a g+c content of 52.17%.201323950133
[salmonella serovars isolated in turkey up to the end of year 2011].bacteria in salmonella genus are separated into more than 2600 serovars. it is important that the isolated serovars and their sources are known in a certain country. this will help the identification of new salmonella serovars that will be isolated later on. since there is no salmonella reference center in turkey, salmonella serovars isolated in turkey were mainly reported by the articles of aksoycan's manuscripts in various years, and in the list of töreci and anğ in 1991. the aim of this meta- ...201323971922
molecular differentiation between salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar pullorum and salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar gallinarum.s. pullorum (sp) and s. gallinarum (sg) are very similar. they are the agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid, respectively, and the two diseases are responsible for economic losses in poultry production. although sp and sg are difficult to be differentiated in routine laboratory procedures, the ability to metabolize ornithine is a biochemical test that may be used to achieve this aim. while sp is able to decarboxylate this amino acid, sg is not. however, the isolation of strains showing at ...200924031341
carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae and non-enterobacteriaceae from animals and the environment: an emerging public health risk of our own making?acquired carbapenemases pose one of the most pressing public health threats relating to antibiotic resistance. in most countries, the number of carbapenemase-producing bacteria from human clinical specimens is rising, and the epidemiological status of these multiresistant bacteria is progressively worsening. furthermore, there is a growing number of reports of carbapenemases found either in bacteria isolated from non-human sources or in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, a zoonotic species. ho ...201424092657
characterization of drug resistance and virulotypes of salmonella strains isolated from food and humans.the virulence of bacteria can be evaluated through both phenotypic and molecular assays. we applied these techniques to 114 strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica collected from july 2010 to june 2012. salmonella strains were of human origin (71/114) or isolated from food (43/114). the strain set included only the three predominant salmonella serovars isolated in italy from humans (s. enteritidis, s. typhimurium, s. 4,[5],12:i:-). these strains were screened via polymerase chain reaction ...201324102078
occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases among isolates of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica from food-producing animals and food products, in portugal.a total of 1120 salmonella spp. isolates, recovered from poultry, swine and food products of animal origin (bovine, swine and poultry) over the period of 2009-2011, were investigated in order to determine their serotype, susceptibility to a panel of eleven antimicrobials (a, ampicillin; ct, cefotaxime; cp, ciprofloxacin; tm, trimethoprim; su, sulfamethoxazole; c, chloramphenicol; s, streptomycin; g, gentamicin; t, tetracycline; na, nalidixic acid; fl, florfenicol), and the presence of resistance ...201324135677
phylogenetic diversity of the enteric pathogen salmonella enterica subsp. enterica inferred from genome-wide reference-free snp characters.the enteric pathogen salmonella enterica is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness in the world. the species is extremely diverse, containing more than 2,500 named serovars that are designated for their unique antigen characters and pathogenicity profiles-some are known to be virulent pathogens, while others are not. questions regarding the evolution of pathogenicity, significance of antigen characters, diversity of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr) loci, ...201324158624
specific discrimination of three pathogenic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes by carb-based oligonucleotide microarray.it is important to rapidly and selectively detect and analyze pathogenic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in contaminated food to reduce the morbidity and mortality of salmonella infection and to guarantee food safety. in the present work, we developed an oligonucleotide microarray containing duplicate specific capture probes based on the carb gene, which encodes the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase large subunit, as a competent biomarker evaluated by genetic analysis to selectively and efficie ...201424185846
prevalence of the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase genes aph(3')-iiia and aph(3')-iia in escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and staphylococcus aureus isolates in austria.the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase aph(3')-iia primarily inactivates kanamycin and neomycin, whilst aph(3')-iiia also inactivates amikacin. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of both resistance genes in major human pathogens to obtain their baseline prevalence in the gene pool of these bacterial populations in austria. in total, 10 541 escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and staphylococcus ...201424194558
crispr-mvlst subtyping of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars typhimurium and heidelberg and application in identifying outbreak isolates.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars typhimurium (s. typhimurium) and heidelberg (s. heidelberg) are major causes of foodborne salmonellosis, accounting for a fifth of all annual salmonellosis cases in the united states. rapid, efficient and accurate methods for identification are required for routine surveillance and to track specific strains during outbreaks. we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and a recently developed molecular subtyping approach termed crispr-mvlst that e ...201324219629
functional insight from the tetratricopeptide repeat-like motifs of the type iii secretion chaperone sica in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.sica functions both as a class ii chaperone for sipb and sipc of the type iii secretion system (t3ss)-1 and as a transcriptional cofactor for the arac-type transcription factor invf in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium. bioinformatic analysis has predicted that sica possesses three tetratricopeptide repeat (tpr)-like motifs, which are important for protein-protein interactions and serve as multiprotein complex mediators. to investigate whether the tpr-like motifs in sica ar ...201424224875
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar thompson strain rm6836.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar thompson strain rm6836 was isolated from lettuce in 2002. we report here the complete sequence and annotation of the genome of s. thompson rm6836. this is the first reported complete genome sequence for s. thompson and it will enhance our understanding of this serovar and provide another point for comparative studies between salmonella enterica strains.201324233585
bioprotection of ready-to-eat probiotic artichokes processed with lactobacillus paracasei lmgp22043 against foodborne pathogens.the survival of 3 pathogens listeria monocytogenes atcc19115, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica atcc13311, and escherichia coli atcc8739 was evaluated over time in ready-to-eat (rte) artichoke products processed or not with the probiotic strain lactobacillus paracasei lmgp22043. both probiotic and standard products (final ph about 4.0; aw = 0.98) dressed with oil and packaged in modified atmosphere were inoculated with pathogens at a level of about 3 log cfu/g and stored at 4 ºc for 45 d. path ...201324245894
combining de novo and reference-guided assembly with scaffold_builder.genome sequencing has become routine, however genome assembly still remains a challenge despite the computational advances in the last decade. in particular, the abundance of repeat elements in genomes makes it difficult to assemble them into a single complete sequence. identical repeats shorter than the average read length can generally be assembled without issue. however, longer repeats such as ribosomal rna operons cannot be accurately assembled using existing tools. the application scaffold_ ...201324267787
salmonella in liquid eggs and other foods in fukuoka prefecture, japan.the study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of salmonella in retail and wholesale foods in fukuoka prefecture, japan. a total of 2,021 samples collected between 1999 and 2010 were tested using a culture method. samples consisted of liquid eggs (n = 30), meat (beef and pork) (n = 781), offal (n = 69), processed meats (n = 2), seafood (n = 232), processed seafood (dried fish) (n = 76), vegetables (n = 481), processed vegetables (n = 87), fruits (n = 167), and herbs (n = 96) from 574 outlets and who ...201324288539
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