Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| development of an elisa based on the baculovirus-expressed capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 as antigen. | the genome of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) contains two major open reading frames, which have been shown to encode the virus capsid and replication-associated proteins. the capsid protein is a major structural protein of the virus; it can be a suitable target antigen for detecting pcv2-specific antibodies to monitor pcv2 infection. to produce the antigen, the capsid protein coding sequence was cloned into a baculovirus transfer vector, and a recombinant capsid (rc) protein of pcv2 was expres ... | 2004 | 15107550 |
| systemic cytokine profile in feeder pigs suffering from natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) as determined by semiquantitative rt-pcr and flow cytometric intracellular cytokine detection. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is an economically important disease in pigs caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). development of this disease is presumably associated with an impairment of the immune system. we, therefore, investigated the systemic expression of relevant cytokines (il-1, il-2, il-4, il-6, il-8, il-10, il-12p40, tnf-alpha, ifn-gamma) and il-2ralpha at mrna (semiquantitative rt-pcr) and at protein level (flow cytometric intracellular cytokine detection aft ... | 2004 | 15113655 |
| interferon treatment of circovirus infection in grey parrots (psittacus e erithacus). | 2004 | 15119897 | |
| detection of enteric viruses in shellfish from the norwegian coast. | common blue mussels (mytilus edulis), horse mussels (modiolus modiolus), and flat oysters (ostrea edulis) obtained from various harvesting and commercial production sites along the norwegian coast were screened for the presence of norovirus by a real-time reverse transcription (rt)-nested pcr assay and for possible indicators of fecal contamination, i.e., for f-specific rna bacteriophages (f-rna phages) by plaque assay and for human adenoviruses and human circoviruses by nested pcr assay. the ai ... | 2004 | 15128518 |
| characteristics of porcine circovirus-2 replication in lymphoid organs of pigs inoculated in late gestation or postnatally and possible relation to clinical and pathological outcome of infection. | in this study, the characteristics of porcine circovirus-2 (pcv2) replication (infectious virus titrations, distribution, and immunophenotyping of infected cells) in lymphoid organs were examined and related to the development of clinical signs and histological lesions in 26 piglets that had been inoculated with pcv2 either in utero or at 1 day of age. piglets inoculated in utero at 92 or 104 gestational days (n = 12) were collected by caesarean section at term and either sacrificed immediately ... | 2004 | 15152830 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome: a review of aetiology, diagnosis and pathology. | this review paper concentrates on the aetiology, diagnosis, and pathological aspects of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). pmws was first recognized in canada in 1996 as a new emerging disease which caused wasting in postweaned pigs. since then, pmws has been recognized in pigs in many countries. the syndrome is caused by a dna virus referred to as porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), which is classified in the family circoviridae. pmws primarily occurs in pigs between 25 and 120 days of ... | 2004 | 15158207 |
| a chimeric porcine circovirus (pcv) with the immunogenic capsid gene of the pathogenic pcv type 2 (pcv2) cloned into the genomic backbone of the nonpathogenic pcv1 induces protective immunity against pcv2 infection in pigs. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs, whereas pcv1 is nonpathogenic. we previously demonstrated that a chimeric pcv1-2 virus (with the immunogenic capsid gene of pcv2 cloned into the backbone of pcv1) induces an antibody response to the pcv2 capsid protein and is attenuated in pigs. here, we report that the attenuated chimeric pcv1-2 induces protective immunity to wild-type pcv2 challenge in pigs. a total of 48 specific-pathogen-f ... | 2004 | 15163723 |
| detection and genetic typing of type 2 porcine circoviruses in archived pig tissues from the uk. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2) is implicated as the causative agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and is also associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns). the recent emergence of epidemic pmws in the united kingdom was predated by sporadic cases of pdns dating back to the early 1980's. the aim of this study was to investigate whether pcv-2 dna was present in archival tissues, and if so, to investigate the relatedness of these viruses with contemporary ... | 2004 | 15168203 |
| identification of an octanucleotide motif sequence essential for viral protein, dna, and progeny virus biosynthesis at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 2. | a plasmid-based transfection system capable of generating infectious porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was established. this system was then used in mutagenesis studies to investigate the involvement of a "conserved" nonanucleotide (which constitutes a portion of the loop sequence) located at the origin of dna replication of pcv2 with respect to viral protein synthesis, dna self-replication, and progeny virus production. the results demonstrated that an octanucleotide (agtattac) embedded in the l ... | 2004 | 15183050 |
| psittacine beak and feather disease virus in budgerigars and ring-neck parakeets in south africa. | psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) is a common disease of the psittacine species and is caused by the psittacine beak and feather disease virus (pbfdv). in this study the occurrence of the disease in ring-neck parakeets and budgerigars in south africa suffering from feathering problems, using polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic test was investigated. the genetic variation between viral isolates was also studied. results indicate that pbfdv can be attributed to being the cause of fe ... | 2004 | 15185572 |
| characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 in taiwan. | in an effort to understand the genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and the prevalence of pcv2 infection in taiwanese herds, we have sequenced the complete genomes from pcv2-infected specimens and individually measured the antibody titer against pcv2 from pigs reared in taiwan between the years 2000 and 2002. a total of 623 specimens originating from pigs displaying varied clinical signs were screened with the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). results showed that 309 pigs (49.6%) ... | 2004 | 15187354 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in the philippines: porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) detection and characterization. | four swine facilities located in northern luzon, in the philippines, showed lesions and clinical signs similar to those described in post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). post-mortem and histopathological examination revealed the presence of typical lymphoid lesions caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). an in situ hybridization (ish) technique allowed the detection of pcv2 nucleic acid associated with the lesions in target tissues. pcv2 dna from paraffin embedded tissues was ... | 2004 | 15187364 |
| detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in pigs from croatia. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) from the circoviridae family has recently been associated with two serious diseases of swine, post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns). during 2002, several outbreaks of clinical disease in pigs with weights ranging from 10 to 70 kg occurred on four farms in different locations in croatia. the signs were consistent with pmws and pdns. apart from progressive weight loss, pneumonia and/or diarrhoea, m ... | 2004 | 15196907 |
| the presence of co-infections in pigs with clinical signs of pmws in the netherlands: a case-control study. | in this study, 60 pigs with clinical signs of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) from 20 different pig herds and 180 control pigs (without clinical signs of pmws) were examined to get more insights into the frequencies of porcine circovirus 2 infections and the presence of co-infections in pigs with and without clinical signs of pmws in the netherlands. porcine circovirus type 2 was detected in 100% of the pigs with clinical signs of pmws by virus isolation and/or pcr and in 50% ... | 2004 | 15196908 |
| identification of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in european wild boar (sus scrofa). | 2004 | 15200077 | |
| detection and differentiation of porcine circoviruses in brazilian pigs. | 2004 | 15214518 | |
| multiplex pcr for rapid detection of pseudorabies virus, porcine parvovirus and porcine circoviruses. | a multiplex pcr (mpcr) assay was developed and subsequently evaluated for its effectiveness as a means to simultaneously detect multiple viral infections of swine. specific primers for each of four common dna viruses, namely, pseudorabies virus (prv), porcine circovirus type i (pcv1), porcine circovirus type ii (pcv2), and porcine parvovirus (ppv), were used for testing procedure. the assay was shown to be highly sensitive in that as little as 10(-4) ng of each of the respective amplicons (appro ... | 2004 | 15223125 |
| recombinant expression of a truncated capsid protein of beak and feather disease virus and its application in serological tests. | beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) causes severe disease characterized by irreversible feather disorders and severe immunosuppression in many psittacine species. bfdv cannot be propagated in tissue or cell cultures, rendering virus propagation and thus diagnosis rather difficult. to develop reliable diagnostic methods, the region encoding the bfdv capsid protein c1 was cloned from an infected sulphur-crested cockatoo (cacatua galerita). phylogenetic analysis showed this gene had 76.3 to 83.2% ... | 2004 | 15223562 |
| novel circovirus in mulard ducks with developmental and feathering disorders. | 2004 | 15233459 | |
| eucaryotic expression of the nucleocapsid protein gene of porcine circovirus type 2 and use of the protein in an indirect immunofluorescence assay for serological diagnosis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. | the purpose of this study was to develop a sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive immunofluorescence assay (ifa) using a recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) nucleocapsid protein for the serological detection of pcv2-specific antibodies in pig sera. the viral nucleocapsid protein encoded by the pcv2 orf2 gene has recently been identified as the most immunoreactive viral protein that carries type-specific antigenic determinants. the orf2 sequence of the iaf-2897 strain of pcv2 has been cloned ... | 2004 | 15242949 |
| epitope mapping of the major capsid protein of type 2 porcine circovirus (pcv2) by using chimeric pcv1 and pcv2. | type 2 porcine circovirus (pcv2) is associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs, whereas the genetically related type 1 pcv (pcv1) is nonpathogenic. in this study, seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against pcv2-orf2 capsid protein were generated, biologically characterized, and subsequently used to map the antigenic sites of pcv2 capsid protein by using infectious pcv dna clones containing pcv1/pcv2-orf2 chimeras. the pcv1/pcv2-orf2 chimeras were constructed by serial del ... | 2004 | 15254185 |
| genome sequence analysis of 10 dutch porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) isolates from a pmws case-control study. | the factors responsible for the emergence of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) as an epidemic disease with significant impact upon the pig industry are not all known. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) has been shown to be necessary but not sufficient for the expression of pmws. retrospective serological and molecular surveys have shown that pcv-2 was widespread and was maintained with only occasional reports of sporadic pmws in the 30 year period prior to the recent emergence of ... | 2004 | 15276779 |
| expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 in porcine circovirus 2-induced granulomatous inflammation. | the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (mcp-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (mip-1) in granulomatous inflammation of lymph nodes was determined in 1-day-old piglets inoculated intranasally with porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2). the methods used were reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), granulomatous lesion scoring, and in-situ hybridization. maximum mcp-1 expression and mip-1 expression were observed at 17 and 21 days post-inoculation (dpi), respectively. g ... | 2004 | 15276851 |
| [disinfectant tests at 20 and 10 degrees c to determine the virucidal activity against circoviruses]. | to evaluate virucidal activity against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), four disinfectants were tested under laboratory conditions. as basis to perform the testing the "guidelines for testing chemical disinfectants" of the german veterinary association (dvg-guidelines) were applied. for simulation of field conditions, the tests were carried out in virus carrier tests, at 20 and 10 degrees c, and under protein load (40% foetal calf serum (fcs) in virus suspension). for disinfection of pcv2 at 20 ... | 2004 | 15287578 |
| analysis of the beak and feather disease viral genome indicates the existence of several genotypes which have a complex psittacine host specificity. | a study was made of the phylogenetic relationships between fifteen complete nucleotide sequences as well as 43 nucleotide sequences of the putative coat protein gene of different strains belonging to the virus species beak and feather disease virus obtained from 39 individuals of 16 psittacine species. the species included among others, cockatoos ( cacatuini), african grey parrots ( psittacus erithacus) and peach-faced lovebirds ( agapornis roseicollis), which were infected at different geograph ... | 2004 | 15290360 |
| palindrome regeneration by template strand-switching mechanism at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus via the rolling-circle melting-pot replication model. | palindromic sequences (inverted repeats) flanking the origin of dna replication with the potential of forming single-stranded stem-loop cruciform structures have been reported to be essential for replication of the circular genomes of many prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. in this study, mutant genomes of porcine circovirus with deletions in the origin-flanking palindrome and incapable of forming any cruciform structures invariably yielded progeny viruses containing longer and more stable pali ... | 2004 | 15308698 |
| evidence of unique genotypes of beak and feather disease virus in southern africa. | psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd), caused by beak and feather disease virus (bfdv), is the most significant infectious disease in psittacines. pbfd is thought to have originated in australia but is now found worldwide; in africa, it threatens the survival of the indigenous endangered cape parrot and the vulnerable black-cheeked lovebird. we investigated the genetic diversity of putative bfdvs from southern africa. feathers and heparinized blood samples were collected from 27 birds repre ... | 2004 | 15308722 |
| genetic similarity between porcine circovirus type 2 isolated from the first reported case of pmws in south africa and north american isolates. | 2004 | 15338708 | |
| features of cell degeneration and death in hepatic failure and systemic lymphoid depletion characteristic of porcine circovirus-2-associated postweaning multisystemic wasting disease. | tissue section replicates from lymphoid tissues and livers of gnotobiotic swine were examined by immunohistochemistry for the colocalization of porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) nucleocapsid and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (tdt)-mediated incorporation of biotinylated nucleotides (utp) onto the 3'-exposed hydroxyl groups (nick end labeling) nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (tunel), a marker for apoptosis. single- and dually stained replicates from uninfected controls, subclinically affected pcv ... | 2004 | 15347819 |
| enteritis associated with porcine circovirus 2 in pigs. | this report describes the diagnosis of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2)-associated enteritis in 6 weaned pigs without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by histopathology, virus isolation, and in situ hybridization. the most unique lesions were granulomatous inflammation affecting peyer's patches, characterized by infiltrates of epithelioid macrophages and giant multinucleated cells. large, multiple, basophilic or amphophilic, grape-like intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were often seen in th ... | 2004 | 15352548 |
| an attempt to render oocytes and embryos free from the porcine circovirus type 2 after experimental in vitro exposure. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of rendering oocytes and embryos free of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). groups of cumulus oocytes complexes, cumulus free oocytes, and embryos 3 to 5 d post breeding were exposed to pcv2 (10(5) tcid50/ml) prior to disinfection by washing and different combinations of enzymatic treatments. the study suggests that under the in vitro conditions used, standard washing procedures with, or without, trypsin or incorporating pronase or hyal ... | 2004 | 15352549 |
| phylogenetic analysis of type 2 porcine circoviruses identified in wild boar in slovenia. | 2004 | 15357380 | |
| apoptosis in lymphoid organs of pigs naturally infected by porcine circovirus type 2. | the objective of the present study was to evaluate the involvement of apoptosis in the development of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) lymphoid-depletion lesions. twenty-one pigs that were categorized into three different lesional severity stages (s1, n=5; s2, n=7; s3, n=9) and five healthy control pigs (stage s0) were used. from all pigs, samples of thymus, spleen, tonsil, ileum and superficial inguinal lymph node were processed for histological examination, in situ hybridizat ... | 2004 | 15448345 |
| assessing the risk potential of porcine circoviruses for xenotransplantation: consensus primer-pcr-based search for a human circovirus. | an important issue with respect to virus safety in xenotransplantation is the search for human analogues of porcine viruses, because transmission of a porcine virus followed by recombination with a related human virus may lead to a new emerging virus of unknown pathogenicity, host range and virulence. in case of circoviruses, two types of porcine circovirus (pcv1 and pcv2) are described, but the existence of an analogous human circovirus has not yet been investigated. | 2004 | 15479465 |
| detection and in vitro and in vivo characterization of porcine circovirus dna from a porcine-derived commercial pepsin product. | non-pathogenic porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) and pathogenic pcv2 are widespread in swine herds. in this study, the detection and characterization of pcv1 and pcv2 dna from porcine-derived commercial pepsin are reported. the complete genomic sequences of the pepsin-derived pcv1 and pcv2 share 76 % nucleotide sequence identity with each other and 95-99 % identity with respective north american pcv1 and pcv2 isolates. however, the pcv-contaminated pepsin lacks infectivity in pk-15 cells. to furt ... | 2004 | 15483254 |
| porcine circovirus as a possible cause of postweaning wasting in pigs in switzerland. | postweaning wasting is a major worldwide problem in pig production, particularly with respect to the disease termed postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in addition to wasting, pmws symptoms include respiratory distress, diarrhoea, pallor and occasional cases of jaundice. the causative agent is porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). the objective of the present study was to determine the significance of pmws and similar conditions in switzerland. a total of 72 weaned piglets from 26 fa ... | 2004 | 15526602 |
| monitoring for presence of potentially xenotic viruses in recipients of pig islet xenotransplantation. | this study represents a long-term follow-up of human patients receiving pig islet xenotransplantation. eighteen patients had been monitored for up to 9 years for potentially xenotic pig viruses: pig endogenous retrovirus, pig cytomegalovirus, pig lymphotropic herpesvirus, and pig circovirus type 2. no evidence of viral infection was found. | 2004 | 15528741 |
| prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 in aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets. | a retrospective study of natural cases of abortion, recorded between october 2000 and september 2002, was made to determine the prevalence of abortions associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). the virus was detected by pcr, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation. a total of 46 (13.1 per cent) of 350 aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets were positive for pcv-2 by pcr, and the virus was detected in fetuses at all stages of gestation. viral antigen was detected in macrophages fro ... | 2004 | 15537144 |
| genetic influence on the expression of pcv disease. | 2004 | 15537153 | |
| quantitation of porcine circovirus type 2 isolated from serum/plasma and tissue samples of healthy pigs and pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome using a taqman-based real-time pcr. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been linked to several disease syndromes during the last decade. in this context, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) has emerged as a significant disease. as most pig herds are infected with pcv2, the determination of viral load in animals may be useful in discriminating between healthy and pmws pigs. a taqman-based real-time pcr for quantitation of pcv2 in serum/plasma and tissue samples was established. a standard curve was created from seria ... | 2004 | 15542141 |
| comparitive sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of psittacine beak and feather disease on feather samples, cloacal swabs and blood from budgerigars (melopsittacus undulates, shaw 18005). | a longitudinal study was performed in order to investigate virus excretion and viraemia during a clinical outbreak of the psittacine beak and feather disease in budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus). viral nucleic acid was detected in feathers, cloacal swabs and blood samples. overall, beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) dna was detected most commonly in feather samples, followed by cloacal swabs, and least frequently from blood samples. in most cases the viraemia was short lived and correlate ... | 2004 | 15545027 |
| circovirus infection in a gouldian finch (chloebia gouldiae). | the bird examined was a 10-week-old female gouldian finch (chloebia gouldiae) from an aviary that had housed about 100 gouldian finches, which had nasal discharge, dyspnoea, anorexia, depression and a very high mortality (50%) in both adult and young birds. gross and histopathology revealed moderate to severe lymphoid depletion in the bursa of fabricius and thymus, and sinusitis/rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia, myocarditis, nephritis and splenitis. circovirus infection was diagnosed in th ... | 2004 | 15545033 |
| experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs by dual infection with mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus type 2. | the objectives of this study were to investigate the interactions between mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and to establish a model for studying the pathogenesis of and testing intervention strategies for the control of pcv2-associated porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc). sixty-seven pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. group 1 (n=17) pigs served as controls, group 2 (n=17) pigs were inoculated with m. hyopneumoniae, group 3 (n=17) pigs were dual infect ... | 2004 | 15557072 |
| [pathological findings in pigs affected by the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in argentina]. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome was first described in canada in 1991 and at present an increasing number of cases has been diagnosed worldwide. in argentina the first cases of pmws were reported recently. forty eight 5 to 12 week old pigs with signs characteristic of pmws from 19 farms were studied. although the real distribution of the virus in our country is not known it was observed an increasing number of farms with pmws distributed in the major producing provinces. the histopath ... | 2004 | 15559193 |
| two amino acid mutations in the capsid protein of type 2 porcine circovirus (pcv2) enhanced pcv2 replication in vitro and attenuated the virus in vivo. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs. to identify potential genetic determinants for virulence and replication, we serially passaged a pcv2 isolate 120 times in pk-15 cells. the viruses harvested at virus passages 1 (vp1) and 120 (vp120) were biologically, genetically, and experimentally characterized. the pcv2 vp120 virus replicated in pk-15 cells to a titer similar to that of the pk-15 cell line-derived non ... | 2004 | 15564454 |
| distribution of pcv-2 dna in the reproductive tract, oocytes and embryos of pcv-2 antibody-positive pigs. | 2004 | 15573953 | |
| replication kinetics of different porcine circovirus 2 strains in pk-15 cells, fetal cardiomyocytes and macrophages. | in this in vitro study, the replication kinetics of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in porcine alveolar macrophages (pam) and fetal cardiomyocytes (fcm), two target cells in vivo, was compared with that in pk-15 cells. cultures were inoculated with either the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-associated strain stoon-1010 or the abortion-associated strain 1121. viral proteins were visualized and virus production was determined. in pk-15 cells, the capsid protein was expressed bet ... | 2004 | 15578238 |
| development of a reverse transcription-pcr assay to detect porcine circovirus type 2 transcription as a measure of replication. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a non-enveloped, single-stranded, circular dna virus. in situ hybridization and pcr assays have detected pcv2 dna in multiple organs and cell types from infected pigs; however, it is not clear if this represents replicating virus or virion dna. we describe the development of a single-tube rt-pcr assay to differentiate pcv2 replication products and virus dna. primers targeted to the open-reading frame 2 (orf2) of pcv2 were designed to amplify both virus dna (98 ... | 2005 | 15582706 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome--pmws. the first year with the disease in sweden. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is causally associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection of pigs. pcv2 has been present in the swedish pig population for at least ten years. despite this, no signs of pmws were observed in pigs of sweden until 2003. since then the disease has spread slowly in sweden. the pig population of sweden is geographically isolated, the density of pigs and the pathogen load in the country is low and the trade of animals is organised in a res ... | 2004 | 15663213 |
| real-time pcr for quantitation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 in naturally-infected and challenged pigs. | real-time pcr assays were developed for quantitative detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). the established real-time pcr for the quantitation of prrsv cdna and pcv2 dna were found to be in the 9-log(10) linear dynamic range with excellent linearity and reliable reproducibility. using these techniques, the distribution and quantitation of prrsv and pcv2 in naturally infected and challenged pigs were investigated. the viral c ... | 2004 | 15664045 |
| effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in porcine circovirus type-2-transfected piglets. | post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a complex disease syndrome in swine, affecting nursery and fattening pigs. although ongoing evidence suggests that porcine circovirus type-2 (pcv2) is the causal agent of pmws, the host immune system appears to have a crucial role in the pmws pathogenesis of pcv2-affected pigs. owing to difficulties in producing a biologically pure form of pcv2 devoid of the other viral agents commonly present in swine tissues, we decided to use a tandem-clon ... | 2005 | 15676031 |
| detection of rampant nucleotide reversion at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1. | mutational analysis was conducted to investigate the involvement of the "loop-sequence" (which is flanked by a pair of 11-nucleotide inverted repeats) at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1 with respect to viral protein synthesis, dna self-replication and progeny virus production. the results demonstrated that an octanucleotide (a1g2t3a4t5t6a7c8) embedded in the loop is essential for viral dna replication. similar to previous work with porcine circovirus type 2, this octan ... | 2005 | 15708589 |
| necrotising lymphadenitis associated with porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs. | 2005 | 15736700 | |
| detection of porcine circovirus type 2, porcine parvovirus and porcine pseudorabies virus from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by multiplex pcr. | multiplex pcr was established to detect porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine pseudorabies virus (prv) and applied to samples from 137 piglets exhibiting clinical signs of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). pcv-2 dna was detected from all samples. moreover, 43 samples were positive for ppv but negative for prv; 11 samples were positive for prv but negative for ppv; and 35 samples were positive both for ppv and prv. these results suggests that pcv ... | 2005 | 15736858 |
| birth abnormalities in pregnant sows infected intranasally with porcine circovirus 2. | six pregnant sows were inoculated intranasally at 3 weeks before the expected farrowing date with porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2). the pcv2-inoculated sows showed abortion and premature farrowing, whereas two uninfected negative control sows remained clinically healthy and farrowed normally. pcv2 antigen and dna were detected by immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization, respectively, in lymph node, spleen, thymus, lung, tonsil and liver from both stillborn and liveborn piglets. simultaneous de ... | 2005 | 15737340 |
| experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs in sweden and denmark with a swedish isolate of porcine circovirus type 2. | an experimental model using 3-day-old snatch-farrowed colostrum-deprived piglets co-infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine parvovirus (ppv) is at present one of the best methods to study factors affecting development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). a swedish isolate of pcv2 (s-pcv2) retrieved in 1993 from a healthy pig has been used in this model to reproduce pmws in pigs from northern ireland. this virus has been present in the swedish pig population fo ... | 2005 | 15737473 |
| detection of beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) and avian polyomavirus (apv) dna in psittacine birds in italy. | beak and feather disease (psittacine circovirus) and budgerigar fledgling disease (avian polyomavirus) are viral diseases that can frequently affect captive psittacine birds. we designed the first survey to investigate the presence of beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) and avian polyomavirus (apv) inside the population of captive psittacine birds in italy. samples were collected in 18 italian psittacine breeding centres and four trade centres over a 4-year period. a total of 1516 birds were t ... | 2005 | 15752264 |
| duplex shuttle pcr for differential diagnosis of budgerigar fledgling disease and psittacine beak and feather disease. | two common viral diseases in psittacine birds including budgerigar fledgling disease (bfd), generally called avian polyomavirus (apv) infection, and psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) have similar clinical manifestations characterized by feather disorders. a duplex shuttle pcr was developed for detection of apv and pbfd virus (pbfdv). two pairs of oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify a 298-bp fragment of the t/t antigen region of apv genome and a 495-bp fragment of the capsid ... | 2005 | 15781996 |
| identification of pig circovirus type 2 in new zealand pigs. | interest in porcine circovirus has been stimulated by the recent emergence of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs and the potential use of pig organs for xenotransplantation in humans. porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) is considered to be widespread in pigs but nonpathogenic. circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a similar virus but has been differentiated only recently as a separate type. high tissue concentrations of pcv2 are associated with lesions in pmws cases, but the etiologica ... | 2005 | 15808691 |
| lack of evidence of porcine circovirus type 1 and type 2 infection in piglets with congenital tremors in korea. | 2005 | 15816185 | |
| a review of porcine circovirus 2-associated syndromes and diseases. | clinical expression of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection in swine may result in several distinct syndromes and diseases including post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns), reproductive failure, porcine respiratory disease complex, granulomatous enteritis, necrotizing lymphadenitis, and possibly exudative epidermitis. association of pcv2 with congenital tremor in piglets is still controversial. the extent of the involvement of pcv2 ... | 2005 | 15848776 |
| identification of viral pathogens in aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets from cases of swine reproductive failure in spain. | the objective of the present study was to determine the presence of recognised abortifacient viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (prrsv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), in tissues from aborted fetuses and stillborn neonates in cases of late reproductive failure in swine. a total of 293 specimens (fetuses aborted in the last third of gestation and stillborn piglets) from 100 different cases of late-term abortio ... | 2005 | 15848788 |
| human circovirus tt virus genotype 6 expresses six proteins following transfection of a full-length clone. | the expression profile of the circovirus ttv has not yet been fully characterized. in this paper, we show that following transfection of a full-length viral clone of ttv genotype 6, each of the three virally encoded mrnas is translated from two initiating augs, and therefore, the ttv genome generates at least six proteins. localization studies of hemagglutinin-tagged versions of these proteins in fixed cells, and green fluorescent protein-tagged versions of these proteins in living cells, expres ... | 2005 | 15858033 |
| evaluation of virus decontamination techniques for porcine embryos produced in vitro. | the objective of this study was to explore approaches to decontaminate embryos either contaminated naturally or under experimental conditions with different viruses. embryos were obtained from in vitro maturation and fertilisation of porcine oocytes. after 7 days of development, morula and blastocyst stages were exposed for 1 h to the following viruses: encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vir ... | 2005 | 15910918 |
| experimental infection of 3-week-old conventional colostrum-fed pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus. | this report describes an experimental infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in combination with porcine parvovirus (ppv) in 3-week-old conventional colostrum-fed pigs with maternal antibodies to both viruses. two groups of four pigs each were inoculated with pcv2 and ppv. one of the groups received also a commercial inactivated vaccine against porcine pleuropneumonia to evaluate possible effects of the stimulation of the immune system of pigs on the infection. another group of four pig ... | 2005 | 15916871 |
| immunosuppression as a feature of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | 2006 | 15919218 | |
| reduction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection in swine alveolar macrophages by porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2)-induced interferon-alpha. | two common viral pathogens of swine, namely, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), were investigated in regard to their effects on monolayer cultures of swine alveolar macrophages (ams). the purpose was to identify selected cellular changes and responses potentially associated with the clinical reactions of pigs infected with either or both of these viruses. measurements included the (1) absolute and relative numbers of infected, viable ... | 2005 | 15936905 |
| subset-dependent modulation of dendritic cell activity by circovirus type 2. | viral interactions with dendritic cells (dcs) have important consequences for immune defence function. certain single-stranded dna viruses that associate with a number of species, including humans and pigs, exhibit interesting characteristics in this context. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) can persist within myeloid dcs in the absence of virus replication. internalization was observed with both conventional blood dcs and plasmacytoid dcs [natural interferon-producing cells (nipcs)], as well as ... | 2005 | 15946256 |
| features of porcine circovirus-2 disease: correlations between lesions, amount and distribution of virus, and clinical outcome. | tissue sets from 36 snatch-farrowed colostrum-deprived (sf/cd) and 71 caesarian-derived gnotobiotic swine infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) as neonates were examined and scored for the types and tissue distribution of histologic lesions associated with this viral infection. the occurrence and severity of these lesions were correlated with qualitative and quantitative determinations of viral burden in tissues by immunohistochemistry (ihc) and tissue titrations for infectious virus, ... | 2005 | 15948294 |
| muco-cutaneous candidiasis in two pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | in two distinct commercial swine herds, poor weight gain and an increased number of animals showing wasting were observed among nursery and growing pigs. cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and infection with haemophilus parasuis had been previously diagnosed in these herds. one growing wasted pig from each herd was necropsied and showed enlarged lymph nodes. pseudomembranous material adhered to the dorsum of the tongue, soft and hard palate in case 1, and in case 2, fibri ... | 2006 | 15955715 |
| characterization of a previously unidentified viral protein in porcine circovirus type 2-infected cells and its role in virus-induced apoptosis. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. in this study, transcription and translation of a novel viral gene (termed orf3 here) was detected during productive infection of pcv2 in pk15 cells. the results of infection with orf3-deficient pcv2 by site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the protein is not essential for viral replication. to investigate the underlying mechanism of cell death caused by replication of pcv2, apoptosi ... | 2005 | 15956572 |
| the detection of porcine circovirus in the australian pig herd. | to determine if porcine circovirus (pcv) type 1 (pcv1) or type 2 (pcv2) is present in the australian pig herd, to conduct preliminary genetic characterisation of any viruses detected, and to determine if there is any obvious virological reason why post-weaning multisystemic wasting disease (pmws), associated with pcv infection in other countries, has not been detected in australia. | 2005 | 15957393 |
| binding and entry characteristics of porcine circovirus 2 in cells of the porcine monocytic line 3d4/31. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and reproductive problems in pigs. cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage are important target cells in pcv2-infected pigs, but the method of binding and entry of pcv2 into these cells is unknown. therefore, binding and entry of pcv2 to the porcine monocytic cell line 3d4/31 were studied by visualization of binding and internalization of pcv2 virus-like particles (vlps) by confocal microscopy and chemica ... | 2005 | 15958685 |
| porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) is associated with a systemic cytokine expression profile indicative of proinflammation and a th1 bias. | porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) is broadly discussed as a porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-associated disease, although pcv2, in contrast to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), has to date not been proven to be the aetiologic agent. in order to better understand the complex immunopathology of pdns, the systemic cytokine expression profiles of (i) five pigs suffering from pdns, (ii) five animals suffering from naturally acquired pmws and (iii) five controls were ... | 2005 | 15963571 |
| synthetic peptide-derived antibody-based immunohistochemistry for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 in pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) was detected consistently in formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded lymph node and spleen from experimentally and naturally infected pigs by synthetic peptide-derived polyclonal antibody-based immunohistochemistry. synthetic peptides were generated from open reading frame 2 of pcv2 by solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified by high performance liquid chromatography, and injected into rabbits to produce polyclonal antibody. positive cells had large nuclei with abundant c ... | 2005 | 15964590 |
| in vitro expression, monoclonal antibody and bioactivity for capsid protein of porcine circovirus type ii without nuclear localization signal. | we expressed firstly the capsid protein gene defecting the nuclear localization signal (nls) of porcine circovirus type ii (pcv2) in escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione s-transferase (rgst-dcap protein). the purified rgst-dcap protein and the recombinant nls-defected cap protein of pcv2 (rdcap protein) from the purified rgst-dcap protein reacted specifically with swine antiserum to pcv2. furthermore, the obtained monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to rdcap protein were shown to bind ... | 2005 | 15964652 |
| [antigenic analysis of the recombinant capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2]. | the nuclear localization signal (nls)-defected capsid protein gene (dcap) of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was expressed firstly in escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione s-transferase (rgst-dcap protein). the purified rgst-dcap protein and nls-defected cap protein of pcv2 (rdcap protein) from the purified rgst-dcap protein reacted specifically with swine antiserum to pcv2. furthermore, the obtained monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to rdcap protein were shown to bind to pcv2 partic ... | 2005 | 15989230 |
| [pcr detection of pcv-2 and prrsv in porcine pleuropneumonia samples]. | pcv-2 (porcine circovirus type-2, pcv-2) and prrsv (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, prrsv) were detected by pcr from 253 porcine pleuropneumonia samples and 125 clinically healthy lung samples were collected from different districts of shandong province. the results showed that 171 samples for pcv-2 and 101 samples for prrsv were positive. the positive ratio were 67.5% and 40%, respectively. the co-infection number of pcv-2 and prrsv was 68 in 253 samples, the positive ratio ... | 2005 | 15989234 |
| pmws: an emerging disease identified in archived porcine tissues. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a disease caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). the disease was present as early as 1986 in spain, 1989 in japan and 1993 in thailand. in view of this, we considered it possible that the disease may also have been present in switzerland prior to its first description in 2001. a retrospective investigation was performed on paraffin-embedded lymphoid organs and ileum from 496 pigs aged 5-13 weeks collected between 1976 and mid-2001. the s ... | 2005 | 15993797 |
| mutational analysis of the direct tandem repeat sequences at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1. | mutational analysis was conducted to investigate the role of the nucleotide sequences flanking the stem-loop palindromic structure at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) with respect to self-dna replication and progeny virus generation. the results demonstrated that the a-rich sequence to the left of the palindrome is non-essential for virus replication. although a set of four hexanucleotide (h) sequences to the right of the palindrome (organized in two tandem repea ... | 2005 | 15993915 |
| immunogenicity of a recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing orf1-orf2 fusion protein of porcine circovirus type 2. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). pseudorabies (pr) is also an important infectious disease in swine and sometimes co-infect with pcv2. an attenuated pseudorabies virus (prv) has been successfully used as a vector for live viral vaccines. in this study, a recombinant prv expressing orf1-orf2 fusion protein of pcv2 was constructed and its immunogenicity was tested in mice and pigs. the orf1 and partial orf2 gene of pcv2 yu-a st ... | 2005 | 16006077 |
| comparative genetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 samples from german wild boar populations. | pcv-2 is involved in "postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome" (pmws), "porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome" (pdns), respiratory and reproductive disorders, and thereby plays a crucial role in today's swine production world-wide. the virus is apparently ubiquitous in domestic pigs and has also been demonstrated in wild pigs. up to now, a characterization of pcv-2 samples from wild pigs, which might help to estimate the possible role of wild pigs as sources of domestic pig infection, h ... | 2005 | 16023798 |
| correlation between type of adaptive immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 and level of virus replication. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) replication is characterized by high variation among infected pigs. this study investigated the role of immunologic responses in causing this variation. twelve gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated with pcv2. four of these pigs were treated with cyclosporin a (cysa) to monitor the effect of the adaptive immunity on the development of the pcv2 infection. through lymph node biopsies at 10, 15, and 21 days postinoculation (dpi), pcv2 replication in lymphoid tissues was monito ... | 2005 | 16035945 |
| seroprevalence of six reproductive pathogens in european wild boar (sus scrofa) from spain: the effect on wild boar female reproductive performance. | we studied the seroprevalence of six reproductive pathogens in spanish hunter-harvested wild boar females. the sample was representative of the hunting harvest in the studied hunting estates. mean antibody prevalences were: 60.6+/-0.06% for aujeszky's disease virus (adv), 56.6+/-0.09% for porcine parvovirus (ppv), 51.8+/-0.06% for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), 29.7+/-0.09% for brucella spp. and 36.3+/-0.1% for toxoplasma gondii. we did not detect antibodies against porcine reproductive and r ... | 2006 | 16076482 |
| nonsuppurative myocarditis caused by porcine circovirus type 2 in a weak-born piglet. | reproductive failure associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was observed in a farm, and a weak-born 8-day-old piglet was examined pathologically. focal to locally extensive lesions, including infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes, fibrosis and degeneration of the myocardium were observed in the heart. pcv2 antigens and nucleic acids were detected in degenerated cardiomyocytes and macrophages infiltrating the heart by immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization. depleti ... | 2005 | 16082126 |
| genotyping of porcine circovirus type 2 from a variety of clinical conditions in china. | genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in clinical tissue specimens collected from pigs of different region in china between 2001 and 2003 were analyzed by pcr and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of pcv2 genomic dna encompassing the complete orf2. the results showed that nine different genotypes (a-i) were identified and designated chn-2a, chn-2b, chn-2c, chn-2d, chn-2e, chn-2f, chn-2g, chn-2h and chn-2i, respectively. amongst the genotypes, 0.6% were chn-2a (1/17 ... | 2005 | 16105722 |
| [recombination and expression of orf1 and orf2 gene of porcine circovirus type 2 and gene of pseudorabies virus]. | orf1 and orf2 gene of porcine circovirus type 2 were cloned by pcr with the specific primers designed according to genome of pcv2 (ay035820). following extraction and digestion, pcr products were subsequently inserted into universal transfer vector plecmv (deleted partial ge and gi of pseudorabies virus) to generate recombinant transfer plasmid pieorf1-orf2. the genomic dna of prv tk-/ge- /lacz+ strain and pieorf1-orf2 were co-transfected into ibrs-2 cells with lipofectin, and recombinant virus ... | 2005 | 16108358 |
| australian piggeries investigated for pmws. | 2005 | 16119414 | |
| reproduction of pmws in immunostimulated spf piglets transfected with infectious cloned genomic dna of type 2 porcine circovirus. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a recently emerged disease affecting pigs. type 2 porcine circovirus (pcv2) has been associated with this syndrome although other factors are required in association with this virus for pmws expression. the aim of this study was to investigate whether general immunostimulation (injections of keyhole limpet hemocyanin emulsified in incomplete freund adjuvant and of thioglycollate medium) could strengthen the severity of pmws in six-week-old spe ... | 2005 | 16120245 |
| spatial and temporal patterns of pig herds diagnosed with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) during the first two years of its occurrence in denmark. | the clinical syndrome postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs has emerged globally during the last decade. in october 2001, the first pig herd diagnosed with pmws was reported in denmark, and since then the number of herds diagnosed with pmws has increased markedly. the etiology of pmws is not well understood, but increased knowledge of the causal factors is prerequisite for applying preventive interventions. in this study we described the temporal (time of diagnosis), spatial ... | 2005 | 16126352 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs in croatia: detection and characterisation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). | the objective of this study was to characterise porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) from pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in croatia, and to determine the epizootiological, clinical and pathomorphological features of the disease. during a systematic health monitoring programme conducted in the period from january 2002 to june 2003, pmws was suspected on eight different pig-producing farms in croatia. the diagnosis of pmws met all three key criteria: th ... | 2005 | 16156133 |
| analysis of the subcellular localization of the proteins rep, rep' and cap of porcine circovirus type 1. | porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) encodes two major orfs. the cap gene comprises the major structural protein of pcv, the rep gene specifies rep and rep', which are both essential for initiating the replication of the viral dna. rep corresponds to the full-length protein, whereas rep' is a truncated splice product that is frame-shifted in its c-terminal sequence. in this study, the cellular localization of pcv1-encoded proteins was investigated by immune fluorescence techniques using antibodies a ... | 2005 | 16168452 |
| circovirus-infected geese studied by in situ hybridization. | it has now been established that circovirus infection is common in farmed geese, but little is known about the clinicopathological significance of such infections. ten clinically diseased geese suspected of being infected by circovirus were studied by in situ hybridization using a goose circovirus dna probe. circovirus dna was demonstrated in the bursa of fabricius (bf), spleen, thymus, bone marrow, liver, kidney, lung and heart, indicating that infection can be multisystemic. in some birds, vir ... | 2005 | 16191706 |
| new data on the transmission of pigeon circovirus. | nineteen racing pigeons aged from one to five years were examined postmortem. pcr tests showed that the spleens of 16 of them were positive for pigeon circovirus, the livers of six were positive, and blood from one of them was positive for the virus. five of 44 embryos in embryonated eggs collected from three lofts were positive by pcr, but swabs taken from the crops of 64 adult birds which were feeding one- to 10-day-old squabs in these three lofts were negative for the viral dna. | 2005 | 16199776 |
| ultrastructural alterations in human blood leukocytes induced by porcine circovirus type 1 infection. | swine infectious pathogens, especially viruses, represent a potential public health risk associated with the use of pig tissues for xenotransplantation in humans. we hypothesized that porcine circovirus type i (pcv-1) may infect human mononuclear cells, resulting in ultrastructural alterations of the target cells. | 2005 | 16202070 |
| amplification and sequencing of brachyspira spp. specific portions of nox using paraffin-embedded tissue samples from clinical colitis in austrian pigs shows frequent solitary presence of brachyspiramurdochii. | brachyspira infections are significant causes of enterocolitis in pigs. in order to differentiate pathogenic species (brachyspira (br.) hyodysenteriae, brachyspira pilosicoli) from less pathogenic or non-pathogenic species (brachyspira intermedia, brachyspira innocens, brachyspira murdochii) in paraffin-embedded tissue samples a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol allowing identification of brachyspira at species level in archival material was developed. this approach was complemented by se ... | 2005 | 16213113 |
| a comparison of haemagglutination, haemagglutination inhibition and pcr for the detection of psittacine beak and feather disease virus infection and a comparison of isolates obtained from loriids. | psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) is recognized as a threat for endangered psittacine birds in australia, new zealand and south africa. several diagnostic methods for the detection of beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) infection have been developed but there are few studies comparing the relative merits or sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test. in this report, the results of pcr, haemagglutination (ha) and haemagglutination inhibition (hi) testing of diagnostic samples ... | 2005 | 16227226 |
| co-occurrence of west nile fever and circovirus infection in a goose flock in hungary. | the authors investigated an outbreak of west nile fever characterized by severe neurological symptoms and death in a flock of 3600 6-week-old geese. ataxia, intermittent torticollis and opisthotonus, incoordination, rhythmic side-to-side movement of the head, wriggling of the neck and abnormal head position were features of the disease. death occurred within 4 to 5 days after the clinical signs appeared. the average daily mortality was 5 to 15, reaching 14% (in total) over a period of 6 weeks. t ... | 2005 | 16236574 |
| a disease complex associated with pigeon circovirus infection, young pigeon disease syndrome. | in order to collect more convincing data on the aetiological agent of young pigeon disease syndrome (ypds), a comprehensive study was performed on pigeons in german lofts with or without outbreaks of ypds. the investigations included examination of histories, clinical signs and pathology, as well as parasitological and microbiological analysis. pigeons in their 4th to 12th week of life exhibited clinical signs at higher frequency and with greater severity than pigeons of other ages. greenish liq ... | 2005 | 16236576 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs with particular emphasis on the causative agent, the mode of transmission, the diagnostic tools and the control measures. a review. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a worldwide emerging disease of weaned piglets. the objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding pmws, its causative agent, mode of transmission, diagnostic techniques to detect pcv-2, the possible control measures, and the association of pmws and pcv-2 with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns). the causative agent of pmws is porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), however, not all pigs infected with pcv-2 ... | 2005 | 16238110 |