Publications

identification of ehrlichia spp. and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ticks in the baltic regions of russia.	the presence and distribution of ehrlichia spp. and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was demonstrated among ixodid ticks collected in the baltic regions of russia, where lyme borreliosis is endemic. a total of 3,426 ixodes ricinus and 1,267 ixodes persulcatus specimens were collected, and dark-field microscopy showed that 265 (11.5%) i. ricinus and 333 (26.3%) i. persulcatus ticks were positive. from these samples, 472 dark-field-positive and 159 dark-field-negative ticks were subjected to pcr an ...	2001	11376063
isolation and characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains in an area of italy where lyme borreliosis is endemic.	between 1993 and 1998, we isolated borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from 55 of the 119 patients with clinically diagnosed lyme borreliosis who were admitted to "san martino" hospital in belluno, veneto, an adriatic region in northeastern italy where lyme borreliosis is endemic. upon hospitalization, all patients presented erythema migrans. isolates were typed using ribosomal dna pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the rrfa-rrlb intergenic spacer. of the 41 isolates typ ...	2001	11376066
risk for human tick-borne encephalitis, borrelioses, and double infection in the pre-ural region of russia.	we assessed the risk for human tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), ixodid tick-borne borrelioses, and double infection from 1994 to 1998 in perm, which has among the highest rates of reported cases in russia. we studied 3,473 unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from vegetation in natural foci and 62,816 ticks removed from humans. tbe virus and borrelia may coexist in ticks.	2001	11384529
distinct combinations of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies found in individual questing ticks from europe.	the genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was assessed in individual adult ixodes ricinus ticks from europe by direct pcr amplification of spirochetal dna followed by genospecies-specific hybridization. analysis of mixed infections in the ticks showed that b. garinii and b. valaisiana segregate from b. afzelii. this and previous findings suggest that host complement interacts with spirochetes in the tick, thereby playing an important role in the ecology of lyme borreliosis.	2001	11571205
[demographic structure of the population of taiga tick (ixodidae) in coniferous forests of the kemchug upland in 1986-1991].	it is recovered, that full engorged females of ixodes persulcatus lay average of 25,250 eggs per 1 ha during the season in the test area. it produces 13,750 larvae. the abundance of hungry larvae is reduced up to 12,500 during the winter period. 11,643 larvae become engorged. the total abundance of hungry nymphs counts: 10,933 in autumn, and 9895 in spring. the total abundance of hungry adults, half of which is represented by females, makes 1774 in autumn, and 1084 in spring. about 10 females fo ...	2001	11605451
lyme disease borrelia spp. in ticks and rodents from northwestern china.	in may 1999, field surveys of lyme disease spirochetes were conducted around the tianshan mountains in xinjiang uygur autonomous region in northwestern people's republic of china. ixodes persulcatus ticks were obtained in a tianchi lake valley with primary forest, while the tick fauna was poor in the semidesert or at higher altitudes in this region. species identities were confirmed by molecular analysis in which an internal transcribed spacer sequence was used. of 55 adult ticks, 22 (40%) were ...	2001	11679340
[detection of the genotypic heterogeneity of ixodes persulcatus schulze (acari: ixodidae) of the north-west region of russia and characteristics of distribution of tick-borne pathogens causing lyme disease and ehrlichia infections in various genotypes].	the heterogeneity of the ixodes persulcatus population in the vicinity of saint petersburg was estimated by using malate dehydrogenase (mdh) isoenzyme. there are six mdh genotypes carrying 3 alleles in the ixodes persulcatus population. the prevalence of borrelia and ehrlichia species in the study genotypes was analyzed. there was a difference in the prevalence and intensity of infection. the greatest abundance of borrelia was described in the genotypes to genogroup 1 (with allele 1). among them ...	2001	11680364
characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from latvia: evidence for co-circulation of three distinct subtypes.	viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) antigenic complex within the family flaviviridae cause a variety of diseases, including uncomplicated febrile illness, meningoencephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever. different domesticated animals or wildlife species often act as reservoir hosts and ixodid ticks serve as vectors. although tbe is a serious problem in latvia, the knowledge concerning tbe virus (tbev) strains circulating in the country is most limited. only two strains (latvia-1-96 isolated ...	2001	11745938
in-vitro and in-vivo antibiotic susceptibilities of lyme disease borrelia isolated in china.	the antibiotic susceptibilities of seven borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from ixodes persulcatus in china were examined by in-vitro microdilution minimum inhibition concentration (mic) and macrodilution minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) methods. all isolates tested were susceptible to amoxicillin, erythromycin, and minocycline. the mics of these drugs for the chinese isolates were 0.025-0.1 microg/ml, <0.012-0.05 microg/ml, and <0.012-0.05 microg/ml, respectively. the mbcs were 0 ...	2000	11810535
tick-borne encephalitis virus in lithuania.	tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a severe problem in lithuania, indicated by the 171 to 645 serologically confirmed cases that occurred each year between 1993 and 1999. in the present report, the first isolation and partial genetic analysis of a lithuanian tbe virus (tbev) strain isolated from a patient's serum sample is described. the patient was bitten by a tick while visiting the lazdijai district (veisiejai forest) in the southernmost part of lithuania, a geographical area where ixodes ricin ...	2001	11837641
[multistage mechanism of reproductive sympatric isolation of the closely-related species, ixodes persulcatus and i. pavloskyi (ixodidae)].	the closely related species ixodes persulcatus and i. pavlovskyi are vectors of agents tick-born encephalitis and lyme disease. these species have two great disjunctive sympatric distribution areas (fig. 1), where both species inhabit the same biotopes, and during the same season. in these conditions there are prerequisites of contacts of opposite sexes of the different species during ambushing the hosts on vegetation. sequence of "switching on" of the morphological, physiological, and hostparas ...	2001	11871251
[involvement of the common shrew, sorex araneus (insectivora, soricidae), in circulation of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in south-western siberia].	we presented the data on the abundance of immature instars of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus schuize on the common shrews sorex araneus l. in natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the south of western siberia. basing on the results of virological and serological studies we demonstrated a low effectiveness of this host species as a donor of disease agent strains, which are predominant in the territory under study, for ticks feeding on shrews. the analysis of samples taken from the young s ...	2001	11871252
[histopathologic changes of bird skin in feeding places of ticks of the genus ixodes (acari: ixodidae)].	histopathological changes of skin of passeriformes birds in the places of attachment and feeding of the ixodes persulcatus and i. lividus were investigated. the inflammation of bird skin is analogous to one of mammalian skin. the mouthparts of tick are surrounded by the fibrin cone and collagen capsula. they are formed by host. ticks of these species do not form the cement. a proliferation stage of skin inflammation in birds is expressed. the thick collagen capsula develops in a result of prolif ...	2001	11881134
[estimation of the absolute density of adult ixodes persulcatus ticks according to the results of collecting per flag-hour (ixodidae)].	the results of two methods of estimation of abundance of adult ixodes persulcatus ticks, the absolute (at the sample plots) and the relative (per flag-hour) estimations, were compared. collecting of ticks and estimation of their abundance was conducted during 9 years at the forests of the far east and pre-ural region. the total of 1995 plots (100 sq. m each) were studied and 865 flag-hours were carried out. a good correlation of the data, obtained by these methods, was revealed. the average numb ...	2002	11962198
genetic identification of rickettsiae isolated from ticks in japan.	following the description in japan of japanese spotted fever, caused by rickettsia japonica, a search for the vector of this disease led to the isolation of several rickettsiae from various tick species. sixty-three rickettsial isolates were obtained from six different tick species, and six type strains were described by pcr and monoclonal antibody testing. we identified these six strains by amplification and sequencing of the genes encoding 16s rrna and citrate synthase. we confirmed that the i ...	2002	12037083
borrelia burgdorferi population kinetics and selected gene expression at the host-vector interface.	by using real-time quantitative pcr, the population dynamics and gene transcription of borrelia burgdorferi were examined in ticks and skin of mice during acquisition of the infection from mice by ticks and during transmission of the infection from ticks to mice. population dynamics were determined by using a flab dna target. a quantitative analysis of flab, ospa, ospc, dbpa, and arp transcription was also performed. the results revealed that both uninfected larval and nymphal ixodes scapularis ...	2002	12065476
simultaneous detection of anaplasma marginale and a new ehrlichia species closely related to ehrlichia chaffeensis by sequence analyses of 16s ribosomal dna in boophilus microplus ticks from tibet.	to identify ehrlichial agents in boophilus microplus ticks, dna samples of b. microplus collected from the tibet autonomous region and sichuan province of china were screened by a nested pcr. sixteen of 43 (37%) dna samples of b. microplus from tibet were positive in nested pcr analysis. all 27 samples from sichuan were negative. the screen identified two ehrlichial agents based on different 16s rrna genes that were found after amplifying and sequencing the 5'-end fragments of the 16s rrna genes ...	2002	12202567
determination of novel borrelia genospecies in swedish ixodes ricinus ticks.	a total of 301 adult questing ixodes ricinus ticks were collected at 15 different locations along the south and east coasts of sweden to determine the borrelia genospecies diversity. thirty-two ticks (11%) were found to be positive by nested pcr with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-specific primers. species determination was based on partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene and the flagellin gene. five different borrelia species were found. the nucleotide sequence of the borrelia dna found in two ...	2002	12202571
[risk of human infection with ixodes tick-borne relapsing fever in different regional subzones of the perm region].	serological and epidemiological surveys covered 2407 persons in 20 populated localities situated in all large geographical and regional subdivisions (subzones) in the perm region. indirect immunofluorescence tests revealed serum immunoglobulins to borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. antibodies in 1:40 or higher dilution were found in nearly 5 to 11% of the dwellers of localities in the subzones of south taiga, coniferous broad-leaved forests, and forest steppe; about 3-7% and 1-6% of them were pres ...	2002	12224266
[a laboratory model of the parasitic system of lyme disease].	a laboratory model of the parasitic system of lyme borreliosis (lb) with ixodes persulcatus and borrelia burgdorferi s.s. underwent 5 epizootic cycles (cycle i transition of borreliae by the scheme a tick-->a mouse-->a tick corresponds to the seasonal cycle). a group of 5-6 mice was inoculated with the suspension of infected nymphs by the intracutaneously route and 35-45 days later intact tick larvae or nymphs were fed on them. in the first three cycles, 40-100% of mice in a group (a total of 33 ...	2002	12224267
pcr detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in ixodes persulcatus ticks from western siberia, russia.	pcr assays were used to test adult ixodes persulcatus ticks from western siberia, russia, for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent. of the 150 ticks that were studied, 38% were infected with b. burgdorferi, 46% were infected with tbev, and 8% were infected with the hge agent. these three pathogens were distributed in the ticks independently of one another.	2002	12354885
[detection and sequential analysis of granulocytic ehrlichia 444-epank gene].	to provide further pathogenic evidence of granulocytic ehrlichia infection in china.	2002	12411075
[exploratory study on natural focus and its causative agent of genotype of lyme disease by polymerase chain reaction in the forest areas of beijing].	to learn the existence of natural focus of lyme disease and its distribution.	2002	12411092
seasonal correlation of sporadic schizophrenia to ixodes ticks and lyme borreliosis.	background: being born in winter and spring is considered one of the most robust epidemiological risk factors for schizophrenia. the aetiology and exact timing of this birth excess, however, has remained elusive so far. since during phylogeny, borrelia dna has led to multiple germ-line mutations within the cb1 candidate gene for schizophrenia, a meta analysis has been performed of all papers on schizophrenic birth excesses with no less than 3000 cases each. all published numerical data were then ...	2002	12453316
[reason for fluctuation in the demographic structure of the taiga tick population (ixodidae) in dark conifer-leaf forests of kemchug upland].	it was found out, that mean ratio of unfed taiga ticks ixodes persulcatus having a life cycle of 3-5 and 6 years counts respectively (n = 6) 33.6, 52.8, 13.2 and 0.4%. data on absolute number of i. persulcatus individuals in the process of onthogenesis is given. it is shown, that mortality of different unfed stages increases from larva to imago. in the autumn-winter period, the mean ratio of eliminated individuals counted 16% of larvae, 20% of nymphs, and 38 of imago. the mortality in the spring ...	2002	12481603
survey of ixodid tick species on domestic cats in japan.	various species of ixodid ticks, attached to domestic cats in japan, were identified in spring (april to june) and autumn (september to november). in the spring, a total of 282 ticks, including 61 larvae, 70 nymphs, 127 females and 24 males were collected from 126 cats. of these, 264 were identified up to the species level. in the spring, haemaphysalis longicornis was the most frequently (39.7%, 50/126) found tick species on feline hosts, followed by ixodes ovatus (35.0%, 44/126), ixodes nippone ...	2003	12531297
[comparative characterization of a risk for infection with tick-borne encephalitis in the foci with different regional confinement].	a comparative study of the foci of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) has revealed that the infectivity of vectors taiga ticks (ixodes persulcatus) plays the leading role in the formation of foci with the highest epidemic activity (including forest steppe ones). the morbidity rates in each regional focus are directly related to the number of tick-bitten persons and to the quantity of the vector.	2002	12557579
the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae) in the sakha republic (yakutia) of russia: distributional and reproductive ranges.	the finding of an unfed adult female of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus schulze is reported from the northern part of eastern siberia (the central part of the sakha republic [former yakutia]) of russia. this finding supplements other reported single findings of the taiga tick in different sites of the central part of the sakha republic, thus increasing its distributional range. the reproductive range of the taiga tick is limited to two separate areas in the southern parts of the republic. the ...	2003	12597666
[morphological barrier in mechanisms of reproductive isolation acting in areas of sympatry of closely related species ixodes persulcatus-i.pavlovskyi and i. persulcatus-i. ricinus (ixodidae)].	a morphometric analysis of different male and female organs used in the process of copulation, including an attachment of the spermatophore to the genital opening of female and placing the spermatophore into the vestibular part of vagina, was carried out for the pairs of ixodid tick species ixodes persulcatus--i. pavlovskyi and i. persulcatus--i. ricinus in areas of their sympatry. in two disjunctive areas of sympatry of i. persulcatus--i. pavlovskyi (south-east altai and southern primorye), the ...	2002	12624962
a relapsing fever group spirochete transmitted by ixodes scapularis ticks.	a species of borrelia spirochetes previously unknown from north america has been found to be transmitted by ixodes scapularis ticks. infected ticks are positive for borrelia spp. by dfa test but negative for borrelia burgdorferi by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using species-specific primers for 16s rdna, outer surface protein a, outer surface protein c, and flagellin genes. a 1,347-bp portion of 16s rdna was amplified from a pool of infected nymphs, sequenced, and compared with the homologous ...	2001	12653133
[interrelations between ixodes persulcatus ticks and the tick-borne encephalitis virus of the red vole (clethrionomys rutilis) in western siberia].	we present the data of 12-year survey (1989-2001) of the red vole population in southeastern west siberia, including estimation of host relative numbers, abundance of immature taiga ticks, and percentage of animals with antigemagglutitnins against tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus. we discuss the role of demographic groups of voles as tick's hosts and their participation in the maintenance of tbe causative agent population. the estimation of spontaneous tbe infection rate in summer as well as ...	2003	12677668
identification of ehrlichia chaffeensis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and a. bovis in haemaphysalis longicornis and ixodes persulcatus ticks from korea.	a total of 1,467 tick (1,463 of haemaphysalis longicornis, three of ixodes persulcatus and one of i. turdus) collected from nine provinces of korea were examined by taqman real-time pcr for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma species. one set of primers and a probe were designed for detection of all of the ehrlichia and anaplasma species. template dnas (total 803) were prepared either from pools of larvae, nymphs, adult males and females, or from the salivary gland and midgut of adult ticks. ...	2003	12804377
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophila and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes persulcatus ticks from northeastern china.	a total of 1,345 ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from northeastern china were investigated for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophila and borrelia burgdorferi by a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). sixty-two (4.6%) ticks were positive for a. phagocytophila and 454 (33.8%) were positive for b. burgdorferi. seven (0.5%) were coinfected with both agents. sequence analysis of 919-basepair pcr amplicons revealed three types of a. phagocytophila. type 1 was identical to the published sequen ...	2003	12812342
"candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae" in ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in russia.	we collected 209 ixodes persulcatus ticks in various regions of russia, including the southern urals and western and eastern siberia. using pcr amplification and sequencing of the citrate synthase-encoding gene (glta), we detected a new rickettsial genotype, which we named "candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae." this bacterium was found in 9.27%, 10.0%, and 20.5% of the ticks collected in western siberia, eastern siberia, and the southern urals, respectively. "candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae" ...	2003	12860621
[ixodes tick-borne borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in the udmurt republic: retrospective analysis of their spread].	the primary clinical-anamnestic and laboratory data on 1,062 cases, registered in udmurtia in 1965-1968 and caused by the bites of taiga ticks (ixodes persulcatus), were retrospectively analyzed. the study revealed that not less than 27% of these cases could be regarded as cases of ixodes tick-borne borreliosis (itbb); formerly they were classified with tick-born encephalitis (tbe) or diseases of unclear etiology. the spread of itbb on the territory of the udmurt republic was shown to be similar ...	2003	12886603
[the possibility of the detection of one more tick-borne infection--babesiosis--on the territory of russia].	a total of 739 taiga ticks of ixodes persulcatus species, obtained in the recreational zone of st. petersburg, were studied for the presence of babesia sp. with polymerase chain reaction. all these ticks underwent the preliminary examination for the presence of borrelia (3 species), ehrlichia (2 species) and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus. in 7 cases babesia were detected among 413 ticks containing other pathogens. among 326 ticks no babesia were detected, as well as no other pathogens. all ...	2003	12886630
a description with scanning electron microscopy on the tick ixodes persulcatus (schulze, 1930) male and female specimens.	the surface fine structures of ixodes persulcatus (schulze, 1930) male and female specimens were observed by means of a scanning electron microscope. a brief review on the biology of the ticks and their disease relationships was also presented. the sexual dimorphism of the specimen was marked; the male was quite smaller than the female. the genital groove was well developed and deep, the anal groove was distinct and characteristically extending anteriorly around the anus. the 4th article was muc ...	1985	12888675
real-time pcr for simultaneous detection and quantification of borrelia burgdorferi in field-collected ixodes scapularis ticks from the northeastern united states.	the density of spirochetes in field-collected or experimentally infected ticks is estimated mainly by assays based on microscopy. in this study, a real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) protocol targeting the borrelia burgdorferi-specific reca gene was adapted for use with a lightcycler for rapid detection and quantification of the lyme disease spirochete, b. burgdorferi, in field-collected ixodes scapularis ticks. the sensitivity of qpcr for detection of b. burgdorferi dna in infected ticks was comp ...	2003	12902243
diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis by a mu-capture immunoglobulin m-enzyme immunoassay based on secreted recombinant antigen produced in insect cells.	acute tick-borne encephalitis is diagnosed by detection of igm antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (genus flavivirus) in patient serum. tbev membrane (m) and envelope (e) proteins have previously been shown to form virus-like particles when expressed in mammalian cells. we expressed the prm/m and e proteins in insect cells with a recombinant baculovirus system and obtained antigenic protein secreted into the cell culture medium, as evidenced by detection by a panel of five monoclo ...	2003	12958266
[characteristics of daily rhythm of dropping off from cows of engorged with blood female ixodes persulcatus].		1954	13220470
[problem of seasonal variations and life of ixodes ricinus l. and ixodes persulcatus p. sch].		1956	13418169
[duration of eradication of ixodes persulcatus p. sch. in areas treated with acaricides and possibilities of utilization of aircraft dusting].		1957	13530894
[the phenology of ixodes persulcatus in the state reservation of stolby near krasnoiarsk].		1958	13551660
[experimental study on the infection of ticks (ixodes persulcatus) with tick-borne encephalitis virus by feeding them on immune animals].		1958	13569992
[horizontal movements of ixodes persulcatus p. sch].		1958	13589478
[reaction of ixodes persulcatus and of other ticks to ddt dusting of underbrush in foci of tick-borne encephalitis].		1958	13604101
[studies on ixodes persulcatus p. sch. population during years consecutive to spraying forests with acaricides].		1958	13605065
[geographic variability of seasonal activity of ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus and causes of their annual numerical fluctuations].		1958	13632340
[certain data on ixodes persulcatus sch. larvae and nymphae activity in the kalinin region].		1958	13632341
[activity of ixodes persulcatus in the kalinin region; preliminary communication].		1959	13643328
[ixodes persulcatus in the tuva autonomous region].		1959	13643329
[studies on the effect of hexachlorane on sexually-immature repleted ixodes persulcatus p. sch].		1959	13673801
[result of zoo-parasitological investigation of natural foci of tick encephalitis in the tiazhinsk district of the kamerov region. iii. symphysiology of natural foci. relationship between ixodes persulcatus and their hosts].		1961	13729052
[experience in the use of polychlorpinene for spraying large forest areas against ixodes persulcatus ticks in the kuibyshev region in 1959-1960].		1961	13761544
[a method for laboratory investigations on repellents against the tick ixodes persulcatus].		1959	13847397
[determination of the physiological age and age composition of fasting female ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus in the leningrad region].		1962	13864256
[activation, abundance and duration of the active life of ixodes persulcatus ticks in the forests of the krasnoiarsk region].		1963	14032353
[isolation of a virus from the tick ixodes persulcatus in western siberia and from patients which differs from the pathogen of tick encephalitis].		1963	14040681
report on the isolation from ixodes persulcatus ticks and from patients in western siberia of a virus differing from the agent of tick-borne encephalitis.		1963	14040682
[isolation of a virus from the tick ixodes persulcatus in western siberia and from patients which differs from the pathogen of tick encephalitis].		1963	14041352
report on the isolation from ixodes persulcatus ticks and from patients in western siberia of a virus differing from the agent of tick-borne encephalitis.		1963	14041353
report on the isolation from ixodes persulcatus ticks and from patients in western siberia of a virus differing from the agent of tick-borne encephalitis.		1963	14041448
tick-borne encephalitis viruses recovered by different methods from ixodes persulcatus ticks.		1964	14128981
[determination of the individual activity of ixodes persulcatus sch. ticks by labelling].		1963	14159832
[research on chemoreception in flies and ticks: behavior of ixodes persulcatus p. sch. ticks following the action of repellents].		1964	14177722
isolation from ixodes persulcatus ticks of cytopathic agents (kemerovo virus) differing from tick-borne encephalitis virus and some of their properties.		1964	14204742
[industrial tests on new gnat and tick (ixodes persulcatus) repellents. i].		1964	14331770
[results of fumigation in the control of ticks ixodes persulcatus; results of activities of the combined expedition of the institute of malaria, medical parasitology, and helminthology of the ministry of public health of ussr, of the d. i. ivanovskii institute of virology of the academy of medicine of ussr, of the kuibyshev regional station for the control of malaria during 1954].		1955	14387231
[on the parasitization of siberian forest ticks ixodes persulcatus p. sch. on wild animals in natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the kalinin region].		1960	14445569
[indication of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the taiga tick larvae obtained from spontaneously infected females].	hungry larvae from 17 clutches by spontaneously infected ixodes persulcatus females were examined by inoculation of the bsk ii medium, by microscopy of fixed smears, and by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with the primers specific toward the conserved sequences of borrelia burgdorferi 16s ribosomal rna gene. a study of 781 larvae individually or as pools could not reveal borrelia dna by pcr. inoculations of the bsk ii medium with 600 larvae yielded no positive results either; immobile spiral for ...	2003	14564837
[long-term morbidity and spatial distribution of tick-borne encephalitis and ixodes tick-borne borreliosis in udmurtia].	the paper considers the trends of morbidity due to tick-borne encephalities (tbe) and lxodes tick-borne borrelioses (ltbb) in udmurtia during 35 years (1965-2000) and evaluates the long-term influence of measures aimed at suppressing natural foci by eliminating the basic vector on this process. for this, data on 1062 cases of fevers occurring after the bite of a tick in udmurtia in 1965-1968, the similar data on 1509 cases in 1983-1987, and the official data on the incidence of these infections ...	2003	14564842
photoperiodic control of developmental diapause in nymphs of prostriate ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae).	extrinsic control of developmental diapause in nymphs of prostriate ticks of the subgenus ixodes sensu stricto (ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus from eurasia and ixodes scapularis from north america) appears to be based on a complex two-step photoperiodic reaction of a short-day/long-day type. diapause control in the subgenus afrixodes (the south african tick ixodes rubicundus) appears to be based on a simple long-day reaction. the option between non-diapause development and diapausing arre ...	2002	14570127
tick-host-borrelia population interactions: long-term records in eastern europe.	during 10 spring and summer seasons (1992-2001), the dynamics of the epizootic process in natural foci were studied in taiga forests of the pre-ural region, russia. in these foci, borrelia garinii, borrelia afzelii and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus circulate transmitted by their main vector tick, ixodes persulcatus. main parameters of the epizootic process were calculated for each season. in three seasons (1993, 1996, and 1999) all parameters characterizing the abundance of unfed nymphs an ...	2002	14570135
detection and typing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in ixodes persulcatus ticks in west siberia, russia.	the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) genospecies in west siberia as well as in many other regions of russia remains insufficiently investigated. in the present study a total of 151 adult female ticks ixodes persulcatus schulze, collected at three localities in eastern regions of west siberia, where lyme disease is endemic, were examined for the presence of the spirochete b. burgdorferi s.l. by polymerase chain reaction targeting the 23s-5s rrna intergenic spacer regions. spir ...	2003	14592703
genetic diversity among borrelia strains determined by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the ospc gene and its association with invasiveness.	lyme borreliosis (lb) is a tick-borne spirochetal infection caused by three borrelia species: borrelia afzelii, b. garinii, and b. burgdorferi sensu stricto. lb evolves in two stages: a skin lesion called erythema migrans and later, different disseminated forms (articular, neurological, cardiac.). previous research based on analysis of ospc sequences allowed the definition of 58 groups (divergence of <2% within a group and >8% between groups). only 10 of these groups include all of the strains i ...	2003	14605139
detection of antibodies to anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis antigens in sera of korean patients by western immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence assays.	two hundred seventy one serum samples from south korean patients were tested to detect antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum (the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent) and ehrlichia chaffeensis (the human monocytic ehrlichiosis agent) by indirect fluorescent-antibody assay (ifa) and the western blot assay. these sera were collected from patients with symptoms of high fever. the rate of seropositivity for orientia tsutsugamushi was 50.9% by ifa at the public health & environmental researc ...	2003	14607867
evidence of babesia microti infection in multi-infected ixodes persulcatus ticks in russia.	to detect babesia-infected ixodes persulcatus shulze in a suburb of st. petersburg, russia, 738 adult ticks were studied using babesia specific primers and pcr techniques. the entire sample (more than 1,200 individuals) was screened for the presence of borrelia spp., ehrlichia spp. and tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev). all 7 ticks infected with babesia microti, were also infected with other pathogens (all 7 among 417 infected ticks, zero amongst the remaining 321 naive ones (chi2 = 5.25, p<0 ...	2003	14635819
emerging infectious diseases in mongolia.	since 1990, mongolia's health system has been in transition. impressive gains have been accomplished through a national immunization program, which was instituted in 1991. nevertheless, the country continues to confront four major chronic infections: hepatitis b and c, brucellosis, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases (stds). as of 2001, only two cases of hiv infections had been detected in mongolia, but concern grows that the rate will increase along with the rising rates of stds and ...	2003	14720388
mechanisms of immunity to ehrlichia muris: a model of monocytotropic ehrlichiosis.	ehrlichia species can cause life-threatening infections or chronic persistent infections. mechanisms of protective immunity were examined in an ehrlichia muris mouse model of monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. c57bl/6 mice possessed strong genetic resistance to e. muris of an undetermined mechanism. cd8 t lymphocytes were particularly important, as revealed by 81% fatalities for e. muris-infected, major histocompatibility complex class i gene knockout mice compared with no deaths for wild-type c3h mic ...	2004	14742542
ability of ixodes persulcatus, haemaphysalis concinna and dermacentor silvarum ticks to acquire and transstadially transmit borrelia garinii.	in china, the ability of ixodes persulcatus, haemaphysalis concinna and dermacentor silvarum to transmit borrelia spirochetes was determined under laboratory conditions. results showed that all three tick species can acquire spirochetes by feeding on infected mice. however, the capability of the three species to maintain spirochetes was different. only i. persulcatus is able to maintain spirochetes alive during molting, and subsequent tick stages transmitted the infection to naive mice. in h. co ...	2003	14756409
characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from novosibirsk region (west siberia, russia) based on direct pcr.	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infecting ixodes persulcatus ticks near novosibirsk, russia were detected using pcr with primers specific to 5s and 23s rrna genes. two genospecies, b. afzelii and b. garinii, were identified by the pcr-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with tru9-i restriction endonuclease. comparison of the corresponding nucleotide sequences revealed considerable diversity of the 5s-23s intergenic spacer structure among b. garinii.	2003	14758874
[northern boundary of propagation of ticks ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus in karelian-finnish socialist soviet republic].		1950	14789205
[longevity of forest and taiga ticks (ixodidae) infected and non-infected with borrelia burgdorferi groups].	a life longevity of ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus have been examined in laboratory conditions. it was found that specimens infected with borreliae live slightly longer than non-infected ones (difference is not reliable); females live 1.5 times longer than males; i. ricinus lives 2-4 times longer than i. persulcatus. it is suggested that i. persulcatus has a higher rate of metabolism than i. ricinus and that the latter species obtains an ability to survive after the last moult two winters and ...	2003	14964854
evaluation of groel gene analysis for identification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.	the nucleotide sequences of the groel genes, the flagellin genes, and the 16s rrna genes from 22 reference strains of borrelia were compared. groel sequence analysis is useful not only in interspecies differentiation but also in intraspecies differentiation of borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii isolates.	2004	15004091
[microorganism "montezuma" of the order rickettsiales: the potential causative agent of tick-borne disease in the far east of russia].	a new microorganism, tentatively named "montezuma" was detected in ticks and in specimens (blood, bioptic specimens of the primary affect) taken from patients with an acute fever disease, etiologically linked with the bites of ixodes ticks in the far east of the russian federation. after sequencing the products of the amplification of dna isolated from ticks with wide-spectrum primers new primers were developed, highly specific to the unusual sequence thus obtained. the study revealed that ticks ...	2004	15024973
identification of three clinically relevant borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16s-23s ribosomal dna spacer amplicons.	we report the results of a study of the prevalences of three clinically relevant borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies (borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii, and borrelia garinii) in 1,040 questing ixodes ticks from all regions of latvia, where lyme borreliosis is endemic. the prevalences of borrelia in ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus were 22.6 and 27.9%, respectively. molecular typing of b. burgdorferi from infected ticks was performed by restriction fragment length ...	2004	15070987
the emergence of lyme disease.	since its identification nearly 30 years ago, lyme disease has continued to spread, and there have been increasing numbers of cases in the northeastern and north central us. the lyme disease agent, borrelia burgdorferi, causes infection by migration through tissues, adhesion to host cells, and evasion of immune clearance. both innate and adaptive immune responses, especially macrophage- and antibody-mediated killing, are required for optimal control of the infection and spirochetal eradication. ...	2004	15085185
a novel alpha-proteobacterium resides in the mitochondria of ovarian cells of the tick ixodes ricinus.	an intracellular bacterium from ixodes ricinus ticks collected in italy was characterized by electron microscopy (em), pcr sequencing of the 16s rrna gene, molecular phylogenetic analysis, and in situ hybridization (ish). this bacterium was shown by em to be present in the cytoplasm, as well as in the mitochondria of ovarian cells. when universal 16s rrna bacterial primers were used, pcr amplification of ovarian dna followed by cloning and sequencing resulted in the same sequence being found in ...	2004	15128508
detection of a rickettsia closely related to rickettsia aeschlimannii, "rickettsia heilongjiangensis," rickettsia sp. strain rpa4, and ehrlichia muris in ticks collected in russia and kazakhstan.	using pcr, we screened 411 ticks from four genera collected in russia and kazakhstan for the presence of rickettsiae and ehrlichiae. in russia, we detected "rickettsia heilongjiangensis," rickettsia sp. strain rpa4, and ehrlichia muris. in kazakhstan, we detected rickettsia sp. strain rpa4 and a rickettsia closely related to rickettsia aeschlimannii. these agents should be considered in a differential diagnosis of tick-borne infections in these areas.	2004	15131195
survey of rodents and ticks in human babesiosis emergence area in japan: first detection of babesia microti-like parasites in ixodes ovatus.	babesia microti-like parasites were detected for the first time in ixodes ovatus in hyogo prefecture, japan, where two reported types of b. microti-like parasites were recognized in many rodents. of 80 adult i. ovatus ticks collected, 5 possessed the reported type and 1 possessed a new type of b. microti-like parasite.	2004	15131209
studies on the transovarial transmission of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus.	the possibility of vertical transmission of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes persulcatus schulze, 1930 ticks was studied in the progeny of 20 females collected from the vegetation in an active focus of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses (itbb) located in the perm oblast, russia, where borrelia garinii and b. afzelii are circulating. the presence of borrelia dna was detected by the pcr method after feeding and egg laying in 16 engorged females (80.0%), as well as in 36.5 +/- 7.2% samples cont ...	2004	15139380
vectors of tick-borne diseases and epidemiological situation in latvia in 1993-2002.	during the period of 1993-2002 an increase and the remarkable changes in the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) and lyme borreliosis (lb) as well as annual activities of vector species were noticed. the highest increase of tbe morbidity in latvia has been observed in 1994 and 1995, and less expressed also in 1998 which was followed by a significant decrease during subsequent years. whereas the highest peak of lb morbidity has been noticed in 1998 with only a minor decrease during subsequ ...	2004	15146983
first report on the coexistence and compatibility of seven tick-borne pathogens in unfed adult ixodes persulcatus schulze (acarina: ixodidae).		2004	15146991
[long-term dynamics of the epizootic process in natural foci of ixodid tick borreliosis in mountain taiga forests of the middle ural].	during eleven spring-summer seasons (1992-2002), the dynamics of the epizootic process in natural foci of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses (itbb) were studied in taiga forests of the middle ural (perm province, russia). in these foci, borrelia garinii and b. afzelii circulate, and their main vector is the ixodes persulcatus tick. main parameters of the epizootic process were calculated for each season. in four seasons (1993, 1996, 1999 and 2002), the parameters characterizing the abundance of unfed ...	2004	15174388
[new evidence for the detection of ehrlichia and anaplasma in ixodes ticks in russia and kazakhstan].	polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis were used to screen ehrlichia and anaplasma dna in 900 specimens of ixodes ticks of four genera (dermacetor, haemaphysalis, ixodes, and hyalomma) collected on 14 administrative territories of russia and kazakhstan. anaplasma phagocytophilia dna was detected and identified in ixodes persulcatus ticks gathered in the altai and primorye territories. ehrlichia muris dna was genotyped in the i. persulcatus ticks collected in the tyumen, omsk, and novosi ...	2004	15193042
abiotic parameters and diel and seasonal activity of borrelia-infected and uninfected ixodes persulcatus (acarina: ixodidae).	during the 1997 season of ixodes persulcatus schulze tick activity, 579 specimens were collected by flagging in the vicinity of st. petersburg (morskaja, lisy nos). collections were made from april to july, and at each collection time the following measurements were recorded: light intensity (in lux); temperature of soil 1-1.5 cm below leaf litter, at the soil surface, and in the air 1.5 m above the soil surface; and relative humidity. the gradient between soil at a depth of 1-1.5 cm and soil su ...	2000	15218900
[the siberian and far-eastern subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus registered in russia's asian regions: genetic and antigen characteristics of the strains].	agar gel precipitation test with cross-adsorbed immune sera was used for the antigenic differentiation of strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev). fifty strains of the far east tbev serotype and 46 strains of the siberian (aina) tbev serotype were isolated from ixodes persulcatus, which is the main vector of the above tbev subtypes in the asian and european parts of russia. the fragment of the envelope protein gene was sequenced for tbev strains. sequences of new-group strains of the sib ...	2004	15293507
comparison of disseminated and nondisseminated strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in mice naturally infected by tick bite.	clinical isolates of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto have been categorized into disseminated and nondisseminated groups based on distinct ribosomal spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism genotypes (rsts). in order to determine whether transmission by tick bite would alter the dissemination dynamics and disease produced by distinct genotypes, disseminated isolates (rst1), nondisseminated isolates (rst3), and a standard laboratory strain (b-31) were established in a murine cycle utiliz ...	2004	15322021
a comparison of serologic tests for the detection of serum antibodies to whole-cell and recombinant borrelia burgdorferi antigens in cattle.	serum samples from healthy dairy and beef cattle, living in tick-infested areas of connecticut, usa, were analyzed by polyvalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) staining methods, or western blot procedures to detect antibodies to tick-borne agents. of the 80 sera tested by elisa with whole-cell or 10 separate recombinant antigens (fusion proteins) of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, 57 (71%) were positive to 1 or more antigens, while 36 (45%) re ...	2004	15368740
[population dynamics of ixodes persulcatus in a subzone of the south taiga of the middle urals].	the results of a 27-year follow-up of the size of the taiga tick in a subarea of the south taiga of the middle urals are summarized. the author has established the period of its activity, the change in the parameter of the activity by years, and the rise in the size of the vector in the past decade.	2004	15484981